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# ......................................................... Economics & Costing $  %&'(

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, ................................... Production & Inventory Control 


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2# ....................................................... Manufacturing Technology /.0 34

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2) .................................................................................. Management *-

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28 ....................................................... Information Technology 9:;< 34

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=> .............................................................. Project Management -6 *-

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== ....................................................................... Human Resource @ 

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=# .......................................................... Operation Research 9: % 7A6

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=) ....................................................................................... Layout 3$B-<

=D ........................................................................... (%C   !)

=D ..................................... Work Measurement & Time Study  C   C


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Benefit – Cost Ratio 2,5 ! + '1

Break – Even #

Capital Budgeting ,+


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Cash Flow M2,N ,(

Cost – Volume – Profit Analysis  %O ! 2,5 BP<  ,5O<

Cost Accounting 2,5


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Decision Making Under Certainty 2?K Q,  'P<


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Decision Making Under Risk G, Q,  'P<


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Decision Making Under Uncertainty 2?K  Q,  'P<


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Depreciation RJ"


Design to Cost 2,5
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Economies of Integration M$S=,


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Economies of Scale N+


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Economies of Scope
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Equivalent Uniform Annual Value


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External Rate of Return (ERR) (8 ,+ 'L# U

Extra Investment Analysis &V


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Inflation <

Interest Rate "# U

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 8  ,+ 'L# U

Life Cycle Costing ?  #,2,5

Minimum Attractive Rate of Return


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Net Present value (NPV) /& X;8 T

Payback Period ,+ 'L# 

Rate of Return (ROR) ,+ 'L# U

Tax Rate :;+ U

Time Value of Money E*  + T

Activity – Based Costing (ABC) ';/&


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Benefit – Cost Ratio 2,5 ! + '1

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Quality -.

Acceptable Process Level (APL) E14 B#4 2,& YZ

Acceptable Quality level (AQL) E14 B#4 '- YZ

Acceptance Sampling T,W*


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Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) [8 :\HP+ '- M +

Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL) [8 :\HP+ '- M + +

Average Total Inspection (ATI) # + B  /< Q+

Canada Awards for Business Excellence ?+


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#   5, (

Certificate of Quality (COQ) '-  

Chain – sampling plan


O 
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Company – Wide Quality Control (CWQC) ' YZ  '- E2

Control station E2 M,

Corrective action J7 :+ 4

Customer Based Quality


L+ 
21+ # '-

Customer Satisfaction
L+ ]V

Deming Application Prize ^2+


# 5,(

Designing – in Product Quality EHP+  K  '- # (<

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Exception report XN  + T 5

Failure Mode Effects & Criticality Analysis


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Fish diagram '- E2   +  `  ?

Fishbone (Cause & Effect) Diagrams E/+  '


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Foolproof mechanisms (Poke – Yoke) Z8 22 5


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House of Quality '-  8

ISO – 14000 abccc


   


ISO – 9000 dccc


   


Indifferent Quality Level (IQL) :-<# '- YZ

In process inspection report '8 ,(  EHP+ # T 5

Inspection level # YZ

Ishikawa Diagrams =L,


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Level of significant X`L< YZ

Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD) EHP+  E14 B#4 # 8 7 %?,5+

Lot formation 1 B=L<

Lot size 1 %O

Lower Control Limit (LCL) E2 ,* 

Malcome Baldrige National Quality


I,;# =;+ + - 5, (
Awards

Off – Line Quality Control %N+e - E2

On – Line Quality Control %N+ - E2

Operation Characteristic (OC) =? H`L+ 2P2+

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Pareto diagram <*  ?

Percent defective :/,V 7

QS – 9000 QS ! dccc
   


Quality Control Circles '- E2


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Quality Control Circles (QCC) '- E2 , 

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) - =? T

Quality Improvement (QI) '- 1"#

Quality Information Equipment (QIE) '- < JK : 5"O<

Quality Loss Function - /,V 6#<

Quality assurance '- 2?K

Quality inspection '- #

Rejectable Quality Level (RQL)   B#4 '- YZ

Sample approach
 # ? T

Statistical process Control (SPC)


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Statistical Quality Control (SQC)


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Taguchi Methods $<


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Total Product Quality (TPQ)  & EHP+ '-

Total Quality Control (TQC)  & '- E2

Total Quality Management (TQM)  & '- ',,+

Unacceptable Quality Level (UQL) T,W* B#4e '- YZ

Up Control Limit (UCL) E2


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Warranty of quality '- ?f<

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Production & Inventory Control  '4$4  345 #2)

ABC Inventory Classification ABC :7 #


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Aggregate Planning (AP) /?O<


5,+ #

Analysis of planning
5,+ # BP<  ,5O<

Average inventory Q+


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Back – log T-  & 0N

Backward (Upstream) Scheduling 0N # 


21 +
5,+ #

Balance Delay g \# 8h<

Bill Of Material (BOM)  +


O- '#

Bottleneck 

Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)  + '&i


5,+ #

Closed – Loop MRP # N MRP

Continuous Flow Processes ?+ ,(


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Cost of Carrying \ B? 2,5

Delay in delivery B,P<  8h<

Demand Forecasts VN<


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Demand Management VN< ',,+

Decision – Making
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Direct inventory reduction %N+


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Distribution Requirements Planning


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Distribution Resource Planning (DRP2) 6,< 6#2+


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Double Declining Balance method


B# ;5
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Earning Per Share (E.P.S) %"  + , 

Economic Order Quantity (E.O.Q)


H4 T-  N+

Economic Per Period (E.P.P)


H4 T- 

Economic planning
H4
5,+ #

Enterprise Logistic Planning :J=L< : <


5,+ #

Expected profit under certainty 2?K Q,   j + 

Fixed order interval '#k T-  + 7&

Forecast 2# *

Forward (Downstream) Scheduling ( # 


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5,+ #

Hybrid System N-< %

Inducement  + T *

Inefficiency ,  

Intermittent Flow Processes l2+ ,(


 
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Inventory holding cost


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Inventory control
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Inventory provision \
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Jop Shop Processes   ;<


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Jop product =< ;<

Jop shop product   ;<

Just – In – Time 64+ # ;<

Kanban 1 

Lag '&mm g*

Lead time \ '&, < T-  + 7&

Line Balancing Q8 g \#

Lot size ;< (%O)  N+

Manufacturing Resource Planning (MPR2) ;< 6#2+


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Marginal profit ," 

Market Price  # '?4

Market equilibrium  #  E/<

Market survey  # #

Mass Production 1 ;<

Master production Schedule (MPS) ;< J


21 +
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Material Requirement planning (MRP)  +  +


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Net inventory value X;8


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On – OFF Product (OOP) =< ;<

Optimization
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Optimized Production Technology (OPT) 2"# ;<
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Ordering time T- +

Order size T-  N+

Paper backlog report & 0N T- +


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Periodical inventory method 


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Price stability '?4 :1k

Product divisional organization ;<


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Production Cycle
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Production Management System (PMS) ;< ',,+ %

Production Scheduling ;<


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Production Smoothing ;<


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Productivity
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Pull System LL %

Purchase order ,8 T-

Push system
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Reaction O+ ;<

Rebate discount p-`<

Reorder Point O+ T- ZN

Reorder level system O+ T- YZ %

Repetitive Flow Processes


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Replenishment level
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Rough – Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP) '&i LM 
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Safety (Buffer) Inventories 2?K



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Sales discount T&  p-`<

Set – Up cost
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Shop Floor Control (SFC)  YZ E2

Shortage losses
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Stock – taking 1


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Stock 8C

Stock Adjustment
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Stock – out
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Time Series  +





Time – lag in production ;< + & g*

Toyota Production System <,<


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Work – In – process Inventory '8 ,( 


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Actual cost /4  2,5

Advanced Manufacturing Technology


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Agile Production G#$ ;<

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) G<+<  ',  N Q,

Automated Storage & Retrieval System


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Batch Product   ,


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Combination of production factors ;< B+  0<

Computer Aided Design (CAD) <S+ G? #  K

Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) <S+ G? # 2"+

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) <S+ G? # '8

Computer Aided Process planning (CAPP) <S+ G? # 2,&


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Computer Integrated Enterprise (CIE)


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Computer Integrated Manufacturing



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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)


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Continuous product ?s  ;<

Continuous production line * ;< Q8


Contract product ;<   4

Design For Assembly (DFA)  +


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Design For Manufacturing (DFM) '8


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Distributed Numerical Control (DNC)  6,<


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Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) pZ/2+ ;< %

Intelligent Manufacturing System (IMS) 2?


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Intermittent product * ;<

Lean Production l ;<

Maintainability
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Manufacturing Automation Protocol


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Numerical Control (NC) Technology


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Predictive Maintenance (PM) 2# *


21+ #
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Preventive Maintenance (PM)


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Reliability 2?K '#4

Repairability
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Total production Maintenance  & "# : ?/< 


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Management -2 

Benchmark GP+

Business Process Reengineering (BPR)


O<
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Competitive Benchmarking #4  GP+

Competitive Dimensions #4 /#

Concurrent Engineering (CE) +5? 2"+

Continuous And Never ending


,*#  ?+ 1"#
Improvement (Can 1)

Core Competencies  


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Corporate Mission RL+ ',+h+

Corporate Strategy '


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Corrective Action J7 ';/&

Decision Making centers


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Decision Tree %?H< '8

Delphi Method (
%?H< ) -; T

Downstream Integration ( # 


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Enterprise Integration :J=L<


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Entrepreneurial Leadership  2,&


1 

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Executive director , ( ,+

Fast Response Organization (ERO) 6, ,M`* '78 # +

Fast Response Process Capability (FRPC) 6, ,M`* '78 # 2,& '#4

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Z8 '8 BP<  ,5O<

General manager , ( + ,+ ! B ,+

Global Company  "( '

Global Competition  "( '#4

Global Enterprise Integration :J=L<  "(


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Globalization   "(

Heuristics
=#
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Joint Venture  # 'L+

Kaizen (5,) ,S"#

Learning Organization
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Management By Objective (MBO) t


21+ # ',,+

Management audit ',,+ #

Marketing #, #

Middle Manager  + ,+

Multi – National + 2$

Participative Management L+ ',,+

Simulation
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Strategic Management G,)<  ',,+

Strategic Planning G,)< 


5,+ #

Supply Chain +h< O 

Upstream Integration 0N # 
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Value Chain T O 

Virtual Plant / Company


O+ ' /  8

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Information Technology =>?@ 8 9

Artificial Intelligence (AI)  2H+ T

Brainware  5& 5v+

Computer – Aided Software Engineering


<S+ G? #  5&  2"+
(CASE)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


5+ T *  

Data Dictionary   
2L=,

Database Management   M,* ',,+

Decision Support System (DSS) %?H<  1L* %

Electronic Commerce (E – commerce) = =; :O<

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)   = =; :\1<

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Electronic Information System (EIS) = =; : JK %

Electronic Mail (E – mail) = =; '*

Group Decision Support System (GDSS)  


%?H<  1L* %

Hierarchy Of System  % 0< + 

Inference Engine [2 <+

Information System (IS) < JK %

Interpretation process -< 2,&

Knowledge – Based Expert System


 # 21+ 18 %
(KBES)

Knowledge Management  ',,+

Machine Intelligence (MI)  2H+ +

Machine Language + #

Management Information System (MIS) ',,+ : JK %

On – Line Transactions Processing


%N+ ;N T *
(OLTP)

Personal Computer (PC) H` <S+

Program Structure Chart (PSC) + # 8  ?

Programming Language , + # #

Structured Decision &, 8 %?H<

System Analysis & Design Methodology %  K  BP<  ,5O< T

System development Life Cycle % +=< 8$

1
Top – Down Design ,* # \#   K

Word processor  * 

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Project Management 2; -2 

Activity Cost Slope ';/& 2,5 0

Activity On Node (AON)  :7 # ';/& ,?

Activity Slack Time ';/&


O+ +

Actual Cost of Work Performed  O  /4  2,5

Allocation of resource 6#2+ XH`<

Back ward induction L# :1P+

Budjetted Cost of Work Scheduled



21 +  
2#(# 2,5
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Critical Path Method (C.P.M)  P# + T

Critical activity  P# ';/&

Critical path  P# +

Decision Flow Diagram %?H< ,(  ,

Dummy Activity
O+ ';/&

Earliest Likely (Optimistic) Time B?P+ + ,<

Earliest Due Date (EDD) B,P<  + ,<

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Earliest Start Time (EST) ';/& G, @
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Forward computation L* :1P+

Free Float (F.F)  


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Gant Chart '   ?

Graphical Evaluation & Review


=& 
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Technique (GERT)

Independent Float (I.F) BN+


2

Latest Likely (pessimistic) Time` B?P+ + ,<,

Least Cost Scheduling 2,5 B4  # *


21 +

Minimum Slack Time (MST)  + (& ,?

Most Optimistic Time (MOT)  2#T8 + 3 

Most Pessimistic Time (MPT)  2## + 3 

Network Analysis Methods =1 BP<  ,5O<


 T

Node network   =1

Normal duration ';/&


(
 :+

Performance budget :? q1K (# %j2<

Phase +

Phased Project
+ *

Precedence network (PN) 8h<  N<


 =1

Precedence relationship
 *  8h<  N< Q# 

Probability Time ;? +

Program Evaluation & Review Technique


+ #
M #  #, G2=<
(PERT)


Project Breakdown Structure (P.B.S) *
 ';/& G=-< T

Project Expediting * # L`#' 

Project selection DK 2,5

Resource Allocation 6#2+ XH`<

Resource Leveling 6#2+   <

Resource allocation 6#2+ XH`<

Run time ( +

Scheme = Project *

Slag time  +

Stochastic processes ;?


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Sub Project * ,

Total Float (T.F) /?(


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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)   = 8

Work Time Unit Specification   +   :H`L+

Work stoppage  p4<

(-A  !" # $)

Human Resource
B 

Appraisal System T * %


Automation
8

Experience Curve #O< 2P2+

Human Factors Engineering (Ergonomics)  


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Human Resource Information System


  6#2+ < JK %
(HRIS)

Human Resource Management (HRM)   6#2+ ',,+

Job Compatibility Questionaire v q#Z< +2L*

Job Design v  K

Job Enlargement v /<

Job Enrichment v


2e

Job Evaluation v #,

Labor Specialization 



XH`+

Learning Curve
, 2P2+

Method Study T /;Z+

Methods – Time Measurement +   T O2

Predetermined Time Standards  /< *   +


   

Team Work  

Time Study + /;Z+

Work Groups

 

Work Safety v '2+

Work Study  /;Z+


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Operation Research =!> ' <C;

Artificial variable  2H+ v+

Assignment Problem XH`< ;+

Basic feasible solution E14 B#4  l (

Basis variable ,* v+

Corner – point Solution  l (

Decision variable %?H< v+

Dynamic Programming ,*


5,+ #

Entering basic variable


  v+

Entering variable
 v+

Free variable   v+

Game Theory ",#


r<

Goal Programming  +


5,+ #

Graphical Sensitivity Analysis =&  ' 5; 

Graphical solution ?< l (

Infeasible Solution  l (


Integer Programming YP7 
5,+ #

Learning variable   [8 v+

Linear programming (LP) Z8


5,+ #

Linear programming Z8


5,+ #

Maximum Flow / Minimum Cut Problem T# B4  / ,( 3  ;h+

Network Flows Programming =1


5,+ #

Non basic variable  e v+

Non – Linear Programming (NLP) Z8e


5,+ #

Operation Research (OR) <? )* ! :?  qNP<

Optimal solution 2"# l (

Pivot column \; 

Pivot element \; H2

Primal Problem ; ;+

Revised simplex method  j ,O< g=S? T

Sensitivity Analysis ' 5; 

Sensitivity Analysis ' BP<  ,5O<

Simplex method g=S? T

Slack time 1? 9 =? 9 M2; v+

Surplus basic  + v+

Transportation Problem BN  B? ;+

+
Traveling Salesman Problem  2& ;+

Two – phase method (& )


+  T

Unique solution & # HP2+ l (

Variable v+

Vehicle Routing Problem N  #,+ ;+

Zero – One programming G,  -7


5,+ #

('  !" # $)

Layout 8& D2@

Automated Layout Design Program G<+<  N  K + #

Cellular Layout ;  N  K

:!7 !# Q!#   N! ! K


5!,+ #
Computerized Relationship Layout
Planning (CORELAP)
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:!!7 !!# :J"!!< 1!! XH!!`< G!2=<


Computerized Relative Allocation of
Facilities Technique (CRAFT)
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Facility Layout :J"<  N  K

Facility Location :J"< #,=+

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Group Technology (GT)  
;2=<

Process Layout 2,&  N  K

Process Location 2,&  N  K

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Work Measurement & Time Study E  


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Activity relationship diagram :K1<  ?

Allowance time O+


=# +

Basic time   L+ +

Down – time
=# +

Duty cycle  # + +

Facility layout : =+  N P

Flow chart  ,(  ?

Man – Hour '  ! -

Material flow  + ,(

Normal element time


 H2 E+ +

Observed time   L+ +

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Operation Process Chart (OPC) :? 2,&  ?

Organization chart  +  ?

Permanent storage ?s  1

Personal chart (B2*)  2+  ?

Process chart symbols 2,&  ?


 M;

Regular time E?/+ ,


 +

Simultaneous Motion Chart (S.M.C) +5? :  ?

Temporary storage '4+ 1

Time Measurement Unit (TMU) +


   

Time and motion study +  '  ?

Time study sheet O2+ &

Turn around %   T +

Turn over  T

Work measurement (O2 ) 


 

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