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    Coeficiente of restitution and rotational motions of rockfall impacts

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views9 pages

    Coeficiente of Restitution and Rotational Motions of Rockfall Impacts

    Uploaded by

    David Puente C
    Coeficiente of restitution and rotational motions of rockfall impacts

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences PERGAMON International Joural of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 69-77 ‘wan seevereomvocstejanme Coefficient of restitution and rotational motions of rockfall impacts K.T. Chau*, R.H.C, Wong’, J.J. Wu? ‘Deparment of Chil and Sueur Kygieervg, The Hong Kong Polyteclaie Unwersty, Yuk Chot Read, Hany Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong “Deparaent of Mechanics Larshow Universi, Lash, Cina ‘Accopted 14 February 2002 Abstract ‘This paper presents experimentally obtained results for the coefiient of restitution for spherical boulders impacting on rock slopes, Plaster modeling ynaterial is used for casting both the boulders and slopes, Tc is observed that the normal component of the coefficient of restitution (R.) increases with the slope angle a, which agrees with Wu's observations (Trans, Res. Ree. 1-5 (1985) 1031). However, there appears to be no clear correlation between the tangential component ofthe cooficient of restitution (R,) and the slopo angle &, When the ratio ofthe resultant velocities and the ratio of the kinetic energies before and after impacts ar used to define the coefficient of restitution (.t. Ry and Rr), a very clear increasing trend in the coeliient of restitution with 2 is observed. ‘When all data are plotted onto the Ri — Ry space, our laboratory data fll into the rock slope regime proposed by Fornaro et al. (i: D.G. Price (Ed), Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress IAKG, Amsterdam, Balketna, Rotterdam, 1990, . 2173) and also agree with those data gleaned from literature. In addition, the rotational kinetic energy Z,, induced at each impeet, increases with the slope angle a, achieves a maximum at about «= 40°, before decreasing again to 4 negligible value at a ‘theoretical model is proposed to explain this observation based on the locking between th «ation by the Japanese Railway Association chat the induced rotational energy is cesdependence of F, differs from the recom 0°. A simple boulder and the slope during impact. The about 10% of that of the translational kinetic energy. © 2002 Elsevier Science Lid. All rights reserved. 1, Introduction Rockfall poses serious hazards to highways, residen- tial areas and facilities in the world’s mountainous regions. Therefore, rockfall mitigation is extremely important in protecting highways and, as a conse- quence, residents, To illustrate the rockfall_ problem, Fig, | shows a rockfall event which occurred in Hong Kong on April 28, 2000. A boulder of more than 5ton landed on Castle Peak Road, interrupting the passage of an oncoming motorcyclist. A plausible falling path of ‘the boulder is marked by a sequence of arrows. Incidents such as detached boulders landing on high- ways are not uncommon in Hong Kong. ‘To seduce rockfall hazard, mitigation techniques, such as ditches, cable nets, rockfall shelters, and rock fences, have been widely used. The design of these rockfall mitigations is based on an estimation of the size fof the rockfall, the horizontal and vertical travel “Corresponding author, Tel: +SS2-T766-6015; fax: 4852-2534. 89, ama aves: cekichau@polya.edk (KT. Cha, distances of the probable rockfall events, the bouncing height at various positions along the slope, as well as the kinetic energy level of the boulder at the location where the mitigation device is to be installed, The use of computer programs in rockfall simulations is one of the most popular approaches Tor developing this informa- tion [F-10}. The most crucial input parameter control- Tig the estimated rockfall hazard by computer simulations is the coefficient of restitution. ‘Therefore, the reliability of the estimation of the coefficient of restitution must be ensured, : The coefficient of restitution has been found from fick! tests (1,11,12], by back analysis [2.47-9,11,13} or by theoretical cstimation (7,14), Itis well known that the coefficients of restitution depend on the angk of impact 4s well as other impact conditions [1,3,15). To date, our knowledge on the coefficient of restitution is rather limited, especially in terms of the effect of the impact encray level, the deformability of both the boulders and slopes, and the angle of impact. Hence, the present study experimentally determines the coefficient of restitution for boulders impacting on rock slopes under various impact conditions, Spherical 1365-160902) see front matter © 2002 Blsvier Seisnos Lt All hts reserved. Pl: $1365-1609(02)00016-3 n KT. Chau et al IneratonolFoural of Rock Mechanles & Mining Scenes 39 (2002) 69-77 Fig. 1. Photographs of zoek vert which accrted on April 28, 2000 in Hong Kong, The ton boulder dislodged fom a ek slope and landed ‘on the Castle Penk Rood It hd been raining fora number days when the event occured. boulders made of plaster are dropped from a release platform and the free fall and rebounding trajectories of the boulders are captured using a high-speed video ‘camera. ‘The artificial rock slope is a lat platform made of the same plaster. In reality, natural boulders are not likely to be perfectly spherical, However, the results of impacts by spherical boulders can be considered as a first step towards understanding the complicated ro- bound behavior of irregular boulders and later used as a benchmark for further studies. To validate the labora- tory sts, experimentally obscrved results are also compared to field data and to adopted values in computer simulations. One of the potential applications of the current results is to provide a more accurate input ‘of the coefficient of restitution in rockfall simulation ‘computer programs, As a consequence, a better rockfall, mitigation design can be achieved. ‘Another motivation of the present study is the necessity to examine the degree of boulder rotation induced after impacting with the slope surface. As reported by Kobayashi [7], disk-shaped slate boulder can smash trees of up to 0.6m in diameter. The rotational motion of disk-shaped boulders is similar to that of «rotational blade and is capable of causing severe damage to structures in their path. Rockfall barrier nets appear to be most vulnerable to the rotational motion of disk-shaped boulders. In study, only the rotations of spherical boulders are considered, Based on the data of 60 field tests conducted at four different locations in Japan, the Japan Road ‘Association concluded that the rotational energy asso ciated with boulder fall is always <40% of the translational kinetic energy; and the rotational energy is <10% of the translational kinetic energy for more than half of the data. The rock slope angle at these 4 locations ranges from 32° to 55°, and the boulder shape js from round to angular, From the point of view of mechanics, the locking phenomenon, which is respon- sible for causing the rotation, should depend on the angle of impact. However, little is known about the angle dependency of induced rotational energy. Based on our experiments, this is examined in more detai simple theoretical model will also be proposed to explain our data. 2. Coefficient of restitution Various definitions for the coefiicient of restitution have been proposed, but there seems to be ne consensus ‘on which definition is more appropriate for rockfall prediction. In this study, various definitions of the coefficient of restitution are used and the results are compared. ‘The most commonly used definitions are the tangen- tial and normal components of coefficient of restitution: Rats, R=", w ‘a Fi where Vu and Vig are the magnitudes of the normal ‘component of the rebounding and incoming velocities, respectively. Similar definitions also apply to the tangential components of velocity denoted by subseript “C°. This definition has been used and adopted by many authors (1,24,7,11-13,15-17]. ‘Another popular definition for the coefficient of restitution is defined as the ratio between the magni- tudes of the rebounding and incoming velocities: @ where ¥; and Hate the rebounding and incoming Veloce, spectively, This Gefnition prolly had is Dries in Ce time of Newton whon impact dynamics was considered, and has since been used by many authors [3,8,18-21} "The Wid dafinon wes the rato of the energies before und afer impact Inv _ v3 fen bart @ where mis the mass of the boulder, This definition has ‘been used and adopted by Chau et al (22}, Azzoni etal [11], and Bozzolo and Pamini [14]. KT. Chan of a1 Inematonal Jounal of Rock Mechanics & Moning Scenes 39 (2002) 69-77 n ZL oe 5. Yants) Cas Varta) Fig.2. Three paits of position and time are recorded in order to calculate the ooefcent of restitution of te boulder pact, The angle slope is denoted by 2, andthe angular eoiation by 0. Fig. 2 illustrates the three pairs of position and time that are required in our calculations of the coefficient of 2, a is the slope angle and , is the angular velocity of the boulder after impact. Once these

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