Mt.

Calavite
Wildlife Sanctuary

Protected Area Management Plan

(2017-2021)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR)
PROVINCE OF OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
REGION IV-B (MIMAROPA)
MT. CALAVITE
WILDLIFE
SANCTUARY
A protected area wherein
biodiversity is valued,
conserved and protected
and ecosystems are resilient
and functional, through the
collective effort of
empowered indigenous
peoples and local
communities led by well-
informed protected area
managers.
Contents
List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... ii
List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ii
List of Annexes ................................................................................................................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER 1: Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................................2
1.1. MCWS as a Protected Area ..........................................................................................................................................................2
1.2. Management Planning Framework ...............................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: Profile and Assessment ...................................................................................................................................................7
2.1. Area, Location, Access ....................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2. Historical Context ...........................................................................................................................................................................9
2.3. Geophysical Features ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4. Biological Resources ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.5. Socio-Economic Profile ................................................................................................................................................................ 17
2.6. Cultural Profile ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.7. Pressures and Threats to Forests and Ecosystems in MCWS........................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 3: Institutional and Management Arrangement .................................................................................................. 25
3.1 Stakeholder Profile ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.2 Policies and Regulations related to Protected Area Management ............................................................................................ 27
3.3 Situational Analysis and Management Issues and Concerns ....................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 4: MCWS Management Plan .......................................................................................................................................... 34
4.1. Vision Statement ............................................................................................................................................................................ 34
4.2. MCWS Goals and Logical Framework..................................................................................................................................... 34
4.3. Strategic Direction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35
4.4. Management Zones....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.5. Management Prescriptions .......................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.6. Management Standards and Guidelines ................................................................................................................................... 48
4.7. Management Structures and Responsibilities ......................................................................................................................... 50
4.8. Five-Year Work Plan .................................................................................................................................................................... 53
4.9. PA Staff Profile, Requirements, and Capacity Building Needs ........................................................................................... 59
4.10. Proposed Organizational / Management Structure of Protected Area Office .............................................................. 62
4.11. Monitoring and Evaluation .......................................................................................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 5: MCWS Financial Plan ................................................................................................................................................... 64
5.1. Sustainable Financing .................................................................................................................................................................... 64
5.2. Existing Budget Allocation and Revenue Sources ................................................................................................................. 65
5.3. Financial Requirements for MCWS Management Plan Implementation .......................................................................... 65
5.4. Revenue-Generating Schemes for MCWS.............................................................................................................................. 66
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 70
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Process Flow for the Preparation of the MCWS Management Plan ................................................................................5
Table 2. Boundaries of Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary .......................................................................................................................7
Table 3. Slope Classification in Paluan ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Table 4. Tally of Species by Type and Endemicity .............................................................................................................................. 16
Table 5. Population and Household Count in Paluan per Barangay, 2012. .................................................................................. 17
Table 6. Access to Electricity in Paluan, Occidental Mindoro ......................................................................................................... 18
Table 7. Access to Improved Water Services (IWS) in Paluan, Occidental Mindoro ............................................................... 18
Table 8. Types of Toilet Facility of Households in Paluan, Occidental Mindoro ...................................................................... 18
Table 9. Access to Sanitary Toilet Facility in Paluan, Occidental Mindoro .................................................................................. 18
Table 10. Recognized Indigenous Peoples' Organizations (IPO) in MCWS ................................................................................. 19
Table 11. Severity of Threats/Pressures to Forest and Wildlife in MCWS ................................................................................. 22
Table 12. Summary Ratings of Threats/Pressures to Forest and Wildlife in MCWS ................................................................ 22
Table 13. List of Other National Government Agencies that have overlapping interests on MCWS ................................. 26
Table 14. Selected National Policies and Legislations on Forest and Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource
Management relevant to PA Management,.................................................................................................................... 28
Table 15. National Greening Program (NGP) Sites within MCWS ............................................................................................... 32
Table 16. PO Clusters identified in MCWS ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 17. Strict Protection Zone (SPZ) ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Table 18. Multiple Use Zones (MUZ) .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Table 19. Management Approach and Prescriptions per Management Zone ............................................................................. 44
Table 20. Current Staff Profile of MCWS, as of April 2016 ............................................................................................................ 59
Table 21. Proposed Staff Complement of MCWS ............................................................................................................................. 61
Table 22. IPAF Accounts pursuant to Joint DBM-DENR Circular No. 2015-01........................................................................ 64
Table 23. MCWS Current Budget and Revenues ............................................................................................................................... 65
Table 24. Estimated Five-Year Budget Requirement for MCWS, 2017-2021 ............................................................................. 66
Table 25. Annual Budget Requirement for MCWS Management Plan Implementation, by Program ................................... 68
Table 26. Annual Budget Requirement for MCWS Management Plan Implementation, by Expense Item .......................... 69

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. PA Management Planning Process for MCWS ......................................................................................................................5
Figure 2. Location of MCWS relative to the Province of Occidental Mindoro .............................................................................7
Figure 3. Mindoro Administrative Map. ....................................................................................................................................................8
Figure 4. Slope Map of MCWS ................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 5. Mineral Resources Map of MCWS ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 6. Aerial view of the sloping areas in MCWS ......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7. Selected Fauna in MCWS ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 8. Community-Plotted Map of Threats, Biodiversity Habitats, and Land Uses in MCWS .......................................... 23
Figure 9. MCWS Logical Framework ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 10. MCWS Management Zones ................................................................................................................................................. 41
Figure 11. Sub-Zones of the MCWS Strict Protection Zone .......................................................................................................... 42
Figure 12. Sub-zones of the MCWS Multiple Use Zone ................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 13. Natural Attractions in MCWS ............................................................................................................................................. 48

LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex A. Technical Description of MCWS ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Annex B. Coordinates of Natural Features, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Man-made Features in MCWS ............................ 75
Annex C. Ratings of Selected Species in MCWS ................................................................................................................................ 76
Annex D. Floral Species in MCWS Ecosystems .................................................................................................................................. 78
Annex E. Faunal Species in MCWS Ecosystems .................................................................................................................................. 79
Annex F. Pictures during the different PA Management Planning Activities ................................................................................ 81
Annex G. MCWS Five-Year Work Plan with Cost Estimates by Initiative/Activity .................................................................. 86
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1. MCWS as a Protected Area
The Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MWCS) is one of
the six protected areas in the Mindoro Island. The
MCWS has a total land area of 18,016 hectares and lies
in the Municipality of Palauan, which is located in the
northern-west tip of the Province of Occidental
Mindoro. It is bounded in the north by the Verde Island
Passage and on the west and south by the Mindoro Strait
and the West Philippine Sea, respectively.
The ecological importance of this protected area is
underscored by the rich biodiversity that it supports.
MCWS forms part of the Greater Mindoro
Biogeographic Region. It is classified as one of the Key
Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines and is also a
recognized Important Bird Area (IBA). The wildlife
sanctuary is known to be home to hundreds of species of
flora and fauna, with a high percentage of endemicity.
According to recent studies, MCWS is one of the few
remaining areas in the whole province where the
critically endangered endemic Tamaraw (Bubalus
mindorensis) can be found. Other rare, and threatened
species in MCWS include the Mindoro Bleeding-heart
pigeon (Gallicolumba platenae), Spotted Imperial-pigeon
(Ducula carola), Mindoro Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides
mindorensis), and Scarlet-collared Flowerpecker (Dicaeum
retrocinctum).
Aside from its biodiversity, MCWS serves as home to
groups of Mangyans who consider the protected area as
their ancestral land. These indigenous peoples rely on
agriculture, fisheries, hunting and forest resources for
their livelihood. The protected area is also very valuable
because of its watershed services, catering to the
Municipality of Paluan with a population of more than
15,000 as of 2010. It is culturally rich, being one of the
oldest towns in the province. Recently, the ecotourism
potential of the protected area has also drawn attention.
MCWS is an ideal mountaineering/ trekking site not only
for its scenic view especially at the mountain peak, but
also because of its good weather, clean water (rivers and
lakes) and fresh air.
PROCLAMATION AS A PROTECTED AREA
In order to protect its forest and biodiversity, Mt.
Calavite was declared as a Game Refuge and Bird
Sanctuary as early as 1920. Upon the passage of Republic
Act No. 7586 or the National Integrated Protected Area
System (NIPAS) Act of 1992, it was listed as an initial
component of the Philippine National Protected Areas
System.
Page 2 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
In 2000, it was formally proclaimed as a national park and
was renamed as Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary by virtue of
Presidential Proclamation No. 292.
In accordance with the proclamation of MCWS as a
protected area, the area was placed under the
administrative jurisdiction of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). However,
a multi-sectoral approach in protected area management
is promoted through the creation of the Protected Area
Management Board (PAMB). The PAMB is considered the
highest policy and decision-making body in the protected
area. As prescribed by the NIPAS Act, the PAMB draws
representation from different sectors including national
government agencies, local government units (LGUs),
non-government organizations (NGOs), and indigenous
peoples. The PAMB of MCWS is currently composed of
eight members representing the DENR, the municipal
and barangay LGUs covering MCWS, the National
Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), and
representatives from its tribal communities. The MCWS-
PAMB convenes regularly and is supported by the
Protected Area Superintendent (PASu).
CONSERVATION CHALLENGES
Despite the proclamation of MCWS as a protected area,
the forest and biodiversity in MCWS continue to be
threatened. Previously lush forests in MCWS have been
diminished to patches found in gullies and its steep slopes
near the peak. According to the Protected Area
Suitability Assessment (PASA) conducted by the DENR in
2007, there was a significant decrease in the flora and
fauna in MCWS. A more recent biodiversity assessment
conducted in 2013 revealed that there are at least two
critically endangered, three endangered, three vulnerable,
and 24 restricted-ranged species in the wildlife sanctuary
(MBCFI, 2013; CI-Philippines, DENR-PAWB, Haribon,
2006). Furthermore, tracks and actual sightings of the
critically endangered Tamaraw have become rarer
throughout the years, even among indigenous peoples.
This implies the continued decline of valuable fauna in the
backdrop of retreating forest cover. Previous studies and
key informant accounts have identified anthropological
causes such as timber poaching, charcoal-making, slash-
and-burn agriculture, and unsustainable practices such as
wildlife hunting and burning of honeycombs as some of
the main reasons for the deforestation and loss of
habitat.
At the protected area management level, other hindering
factors to the effective management of the wildlife
sanctuary include lack of support from local communities
and other stakeholders in conservation and protection
efforts, as well as limited financial and human resources
for the protection and implementation of conservation
initiatives.
The Management Effectiveness and Capacity Assessment
conducted in 2013 by the GIZ-Protected Area
Management Enhancement in the Philippines (PAME)
Project also identified the lack of a management plan as
one of the key challenges confronting the effective
management of MCWS. While the technical description
of the boundaries of the MCWS has been clearly defined,
validated, and properly supported by a legal basis, the
management zones have not yet been delineated. This
resulted in land uses that are sometimes incompatible
from the ecological standpoint of MCWS as a wildlife
reserve. Also, the issues and threats to MCWS have
been recognized through a number of stakeholder
1.2. Management Planning Framework
The MCWS Management Plan was formulated in close
coordination and consultation with the MCWS-PAMB,
the PASu, and key stakeholders of the protected area.
This management plan is intended to serve as an overall
guide for the PAMB, as the primary policy-making body
of the PA, on the overall management of the MCWS. The
management plan specifies the goals and objectives,
management zones and prescriptions, and indicative
activities towards the vision of the protected area.
At the time of the preparation of the MCWS
Management Plan, several initiatives of the DENR, LGU,
and partner NGOs, which are directly or indirectly
related to MCWS, were ongoing or have been recently
concluded. The Mindoro Biodiversity Conservation
Foundation, Inc. (MBCFI), an NGO that implements
conservation initiatives in the Mindoro Island, has
conducted a number of researches on the ecological and
socio-cultural aspects of MCWS. The MBCFI has also
conducted a workshop on land resource use mapping
and was assisting the DENR and MCWS PAMB in
developing Mountaineering Guidelines. The Biodiversity
Management Bureau (BMB), supported by the Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
GmbH through the Protected Area Management
Enhancement (PAME) in the Philippines Project, has been
providing technical assistance in enhancing the
management of the MCWS. Recently, DENR partnered
with MBCFI with the support of the GIZ-PAME project
to enhance the Biodiversity Management System (BMS)
of MCWS. MBCFI contracted CCI-PH as resource
Page 3 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
workshops and studies conducted in the past, but the
corresponding goals and objectives at the protected area
level have not been identified and formally adopted.
Moreover, projects and activities implemented in MCWS
were mainly driven by the DENR as part of its annual
work and financial plans. However, these projects and
activities were not guided by well-defined objectives at
the protected area level nor are seldom initiated by the
PAMB based from a plan.
PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN
The formulation of the MCWS Management Plan
presents an opportunity to set the direction of MCWS in
a programmatic way. The management zones will help
align land uses within MCWS to suit the ecological
importance of the protected area. The management plan
will also strategically identify the key policies and
programs needed to address the myriad of issues
confronting the wildlife sanctuary.
persons for the roll-out of the LAWIN, a technology-
based system that integrates forest, biodiversity, and
threats monitoring and implementation of management
responses to the reported threats. In addition to these,
the Municipal Government of Paluan will also soon be
updating its Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP).
To avoid overlapping of management policies and
promote complementation of the aforementioned
initiatives, the preparation of the MCWS Management
Plan employed a participatory and consultative approach.
This approach followed a simplified management planning
process that entails four phases (Figure 1).
The first phase covers PA Profiling phase and was
conducted from October to December 2015. During this
phase, stocktaking and assessment of available data and
literature on MCWS was done. Information on the
geophysical, biodiversity, socioeconomic and cultural,
dominant resource use patterns, and existing
management and institutional arrangements were
gathered and analyzed from various sources. These
include the biodiversity and socio-economic assessments
conducted by MBCFI with support from the Foundation
for the Philippine Environment (FPE), and the
Management Effectiveness and Capacity Assessment
conducted through the DENR-GIZ PAME Project, and
the Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) of the
Municipal Government of Paluan, among others.
The second phase of the management planning process
covers the Assessment and Analysis Phase, which was
done from November to December 2015. A stakeholder
consultation workshop was conducted on November 20,
2015. This workshop was participated by representatives
from the DENR, Municipal LGU of Paluan, and tribal
leaders from all the clusters of Barangay Harrison,
Paluan. The workshop sought to understand and analyze
the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and strengths
(SWOT) of MCWS from the viewpoint of stakeholders;
identify and validate the list of issues and concerns
gathered from the profiling phase; engage stakeholders in
a community-based mapping to spatially locate the key
biodiversity habitats, threats and pressures to the forests;
and identify existing dominant resource uses in MCWS.
The outputs of the workshop were used as inputs to the
formulation of the protected area vision, goals, and
objectives. Data gathered were also analyzed and used in
the delineation of the management zones and
identification of the corresponding management
prescriptions.
During the assessment and analysis phase, information
gathered from primary and secondary data sources was
also used to assess gaps and formulate recommendations
on the institutional aspects of protected area
management. These recommendations cover proposed
management structure and responsibilities, human
resource such as proposed staffing and capacity-building,
and financial resources, among others.
The third phase of the planning process is the
management zoning. This phase includes the delineation
of the Strict Protection Zone (SPZ) and Multiple Use
Zone (MUZ) of the protected area, formulation of
management approaches and prescriptions, as well as
identification of allowed, restricted and prohibited
resource uses and activities in line with the identified
management zones. The management zoning exercise
took into account the diverse primary data on habitats,
location of threats, and resource use practices from the
consultation workshop, secondary data gathered from
previous ecological and socio-economic studies, and
information from the analysis of the natural geophysical
features and biological characteristics of MCWS. The
management zones were validated through ground
truthing, on-site visit and consultation with the
communities. Moreover, during this phase, the indicative
five-year work program for MCWS was drafted and
Page 4 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
policy options for the MCWS PAMB’s consideration
were outlined.
Through the planning process for the MCWS
Management Plan, the following key outputs were
achieved:
 Compiled and updated geophysical,
biodiversity, socioeconomic, cultural, and
institutional profiles of MCWS based from
published resources, key information
accounts, and contributions from
stakeholders;
 Formulated a detailed situational analysis of
MCWS, focusing on the strengths and
opportunities in MCWS as well as key
management issues and concerns that
require appropriate actions from key
stakeholders;
 Delineated proposed management zones and
management prescriptions that cater to the
conservation values of MCWS, while at the
same time being responsive to the socio-
economic and cultural importance of
MCWS; and,
 Formulated indicative five-year work
program for MCWS, which can serve as
basis for the annual work planning of the
DENR and a platform for strengthening
collaboration and partnership with
stakeholders.
The last phase of the management planning process
entails presentation and validation of the draft MCWS
Management Plan through stakeholder consultation
meetings; revisions and adjustments to the plan, if
necessary; and consequently, formal adoption of the
Management Plan by the MCWS PAMB. For this phase, it
is also recommended that the Municipal Government of
Paluan formally adopt and support the MCWS
Management Plan through a municipal ordinance.
This phase also entails harmonizing the management plan
with the LGU’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)
consistent with the Implementing Rules and Regulations
of the NIPAS Act. Other stakeholders like the indigenous
peoples groups may also issue their resolutions of
support or consent to the MCWS Management Plan.
 Validation,
Management
PA Profiling Assessment Adoption, and
Zoning
Integration

Figure 1. PA Management Planning Process for MCWS

Table 1. Process Flow for the Preparation of the MCWS Management Plan
Phase Method Key Outputs
Profiling  Stocktaking and  Geophysical, Biological, Socio-economic and cultural
assessment of profile and dominant resource use patterns
available data  Existing management and institutional arrangements
 Review of  Listing of issues and concerns
related literature
Assessment  Stakeholder  Analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses,
consultation Opportunities, and Strengths (SWOT) of MCWS
 Validation of issues and concerns
 Validation and mapping of key biodiversity areas
within MCWS, threats, and resource uses
 Human and financial resources, management
structure, and capacity-building requirements for the
management of MCWS
Management  Stakeholder  Identification of Strict Protection and Multiple Use
Zoning consultation Zones
 Review and  Formulation of management approaches and
analysis of maps prescriptions
and data from  Identification of allowed, restricted and prohibited
key informants resource uses and activities
 Drafting of indicative work program and policy
options
Validation,  Presentation to  Draft MCWS Management Plan submitted and
Adoption and the MCWS presented to the PAMB
Integration PAMB  PAMB resolution adopting the Management Plan
 Strengthening of  LGU resolution adopting and supporting the MCWS
stakeholder Management Plan
support through  Resolution of support/ consent/ approval from other
stakeholders (e.g., indigenous peoples)

Page 5 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 CHAPTER 2
Profile and Assessment

Page 6 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

CHAPTER 2: Profile and Assessment
2.1. Area, Location, Access
The entire MCWS lies in the Municipality of Palauan,
located at the northern-west tip of Occidental Mindoro,
with the specific coordinates 3°28’54” North Latitude
and 120°24’11” East Longitude (CRMP, 2014). Based on
the proclamation of MCWS, the wildlife sanctuary has an
approximate area of 18,016.19 has. However, when its
technical description was plotted, the total area was
found to be about 16,344.37 has only (CRMP, 2014).
Based on the status report on delineation made by the
DENR Regional Delineation and Demarcation Team
(RDDT) on August to September 2012, the MCWS has a
total area of 18,235.42 hectares. However, based on
validation made by the National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA), the MCWS exhibit a
total area of 18,172.69 hectares. The location map of
MCWS is presented in Figure 2 while the technical
description of the wildlife sanctuary is attached as Annex
A to this Management Plan.
Figure 2. Location of MCWS relative to the
Province of Occidental Mindoro
Page 7 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
Mindoro is located about 130 km south of Metro Manila
and about 90 km from Busuanga Island in Palawan
(MBCFI, 2014). The Municipality of Paluan is accessible
via two common entry points. One is by land travel of
thirty one kilometers (31 kms.) from Mamburao. Second
is by sea travel from the neighboring towns such
Mamburao, Abra de Ilog and other nearby towns. The
use of helicopter is also possible because Paluan has a
vast open area located in the eastern part of the town.
Most parts of MCWS are located within Barangay
Harrison. The protected area is surrounded on the east
by two other barangays of Paluan, namely, Barangay
Mananao and Alipaoy.
The natural vegetation of MCWS extends at 1,100
meters at its southern section with vegetative cover
concentrated on steep areas and gullies. On the other
hand, variety of grass species covers the exposed ridges.
Specifically, these grass species are mostly cogon
(Imperata cyindrica) and talahib (Saccharum spontaneum.).
Also, climbing bamboos (Dinochloa) are present along the
edges and adjoining forest fragments (Balete, 2013). In
western portions of the MCWS, the grasslands are
composed of Imperata cylindrica, Chrysopogon aciculatus
and Ischaemum rugosum (MBCFI, 2014).
There are also rice farmlands in the western portion of
the MCWS. These rice fields are concentrated in the flat
sections of the mountain which are close to the coast
and in between hills. Other agricultural crops, such as
cassava (Manihot esculenta) and banana, are also being
planted in gentle to moderate slopes. (CRMP, 2014).
Table 2. Boundaries of Mt. Calavite Wildlife
Sanctuary
Direction Boundaries
North Verde Island Passage
South West Philippine Sea
East Brgys. Mananao and Alipaoy,
Paluan
West Mindoro Strait
(Source: MBCFI, 2014)

Figure 3. Mindoro Administrative Map.

Page 8 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

2.2. Historical Context
DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
Calavite was an old village of Paluan located at
Occidental Mindoro. Originally, it was named Kalawit
after the shape of the mountain behind the village. During
the Spanish Colonial Period, the entire Island of Mindoro
was part of the Corregimiento of Bonbon, which is
presently the Province of Batangas. Franciscan
missionaries headed the spiritual welfare and
development of the people. Around 1580, the Parish of
Calavite was created. A church was also constructed
under the assignment of two Franciscan friars named Fr.
Juan de Porras and Fr. Esteban Ortiz.
During the same period, the area served as a trading
point for Chinese businessmen. Elders of the Iraya Tribe,
an indigenous group of people in the area, still remember
a Chinese ship which sank at sea near Calavite. The
waves brought the remnants of the ship to what is now
Sitio Purao of Paluan. Accordingly, a number of historical
accounts characterized the area surrounding Mt. Calavite
to have strong easterly winds which deterred travelers
to easily travel by sea. In the historical account of Fr.
Francisco Collin, a Jesuit historian, six Spanish ships
headed to Terrenate, Moluccas sank near Calavite in
1613.
Meanwhile, in the accounts of the Dutch historian
Antoon Postma, the area near Calavite was called Sitio
Paluan or Paloang. This is because when fishermen set
sail, the bay appears to become wider from their
viewpoint at sea. In the Tagalog dialect, Paluwang
(Paloang) means becoming wider hence the name of the
area. On the other hand, old folks of Paluan believed that
the place was named after the place known for
punishment or whipping place for captured pirates. In the
same Tagalog dialect, paluan means ‘whipping place’.
Aside from the Franciscans, the Parish of Calavite was
also previously placed under the Order of the
Augustinian Recollects headed by Fr. Diego dela
Resurreccion as parish priest. During that time, seventy
three houses were built and the population was just 119
persons, including indigenous peoples who were
converted to Catholic and were encouraged to live in the
lowlands. Due to the unique terrain and geography of the
area, missionaries found it difficult to reach villages as
they needed to walk for hours and even days, after
having to ride horses or sailboats. Apart from that, they
also faced dangers from the attacks of Moro pirates.
There are accounts of missionaries who had malaria and
died, including four missionary priests, namely, Fr.
Agustin dela Concepcion, Fr. Ignacio de San Bernardo, Fr.
Bernardo dela Santisima Trinidad and Fr. Francisco de
San Miguel.
Page 9 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
The bay of Calavite also served as patrolling route for
the Spanish steamship, which sailed to and from Palawan
and Mindoro. The steamship prevented the attack of the
Moro pirates to the villages under the jurisdiction of
both the Islands of Palawan and Mindoro. However,
between 1730 and 1734, Moro pirates attacked Mindoro
and burned the convent in Calavite. Personal belongings
of priests were stolen in two separate pirate attacks.
Despite these instances, the parish grew and in the 1749
census conducted by the Spanish government, the total
population of the Parish of Calavite reached 2,190.
During that time, the Parish of Calavite included the
villages of Sto. Tomas, Mamburao, Sta. Cruz, Dongo,
Ililin, Mangarin and Iling.
In November 1742, pirates attacked Calavite again. The
people fled to the mountains, led by Fr. Francisco de San
Miguel who eventually was speared by a pirate while
praying. A new friar, Fr. Agustin de Sto. Tomas de
Villanueva, was assigned in Calavite in 1753. In August
1754, pirates attacked Calavite again and almost captured
the friar. It was because of these destructive attacks that
the people of Calavite transferred to other places like
Calapan and Subaan, the town of San Teodoro at
present. However, the inhabitants of Calavite still
maintained rice fields and frequented these during the
planting and harvest season.
In 1780, the Dutch soldiers attempted to occupy Manila.
The battle between the Spanish and Dutch warships
reached the sea of Calavite.
In 1783, the Iraya Mangyan Tribe requested that they be
allowed to return to Calavite for they found life in
Subaan difficult. According to them, within the twenty
year period that they lived in Subaan, they were still
going to Calavite to get honey and beeswax which they
used to pay government taxes. However, their request
was not approved by the Governor General in Manila.
The last official report about Calavite was made in 1791
by Governor Ladero. In 1800, Calavite was not included
in the map drawn by the Spaniards. With the
disappearance of Calavite from the map, the people
settled in Paluan which was one of its sitios. People from
other places such as the Island of Lubang also migrated to
Paluan.
During those times, farming, animal raising and logging
were the primary sources of income of the people of
Lubang who transferred to Paluan. Carpenters from
Paluan were also famous builders of quality sea vessels. In
fact, the Sitio Ipol of Paluan was known as the place
where sturdy and beautiful sailboats were built. It was
only in 1980 that the construction of this kind of sea
vessel was stopped. In a Spanish document, Sitio
Pamutusin was mentioned to have been founded in 1829.
In another document, it was also mentioned that Paluan
was one of the four mission stations of the Spanish
government.
In the 1850 census conducted by the Spanish
government, the total number of houses in Paluan was 54
while the total number of residents totaled 325. In the
census, it was also mentioned that there was also a
prison, a convent, a church and a cemetery in the town.
The area continued to be a good trading point. In fact, in
the autobiography of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the first
President of the Republic of the Philippines, he
mentioned that he bought a big sailboat and bartered
goods with the people of Lubang, Paluan Sablayan and
Mangarin. The parish priest of Paluan, Fr. Julian Llorente,
who was assigned in the parish from 1887 to 1894, also
became his friend. In addition, Gen. Aguinaldo also
mentioned that he had his sailboat, known as San
Bartolome, be repaired in Paluan. However, he stopped
bartering goods with the people when his relative and
one of his sailors, Patricio Solis accidentally fell to the sea
between Golo Island and Calavite Point.
According to a Spanish document, the town of Paluan
reached the apex of its prosperity in 1886, in the time
when logging flourished. Paluan prospered due to the
huge volume of trees from the town that were being cut,
turned to logs and then transported to other provinces
and countries. The census in 1887 showed that the
population of Paluan was 1454.
During the 1896 revolution of the Filipinos against the
Spaniards for freedom, two leaders namely Capitan
Mariano Abeleda and Capitan Agustin Liboro formed the
group of revolutionaries in Occidental Mindoro. The
group captured Fr. Brunis Capanagan, the parish priest of
Mindoro during that time. Capitan Abeleda burned the
records of the Catholic church. They also captured
Spanish missionaries in Mamburao, Abra de Ilog,
Sablayan, Magarang and Mangarin. In June 1898, the
revolutionaries attacked the seat of the Spanish
government at Calapan. In July 1898, the Spanish soldiers
headed by Governor Rafael Morales surrendered to the
Filipino revolutionaries at the plaza of Calapan.
Afterwards, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared Mindoro as a
free province and appointed Capitan Agustin Liboro as
the new general of the island.
DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME
In 1901, American soldiers attacked the Island of
Mindoro. The Filipino revolutionaries resisted the attack
but were defeated by the American soldiers, who were
able to successfully occupy Mindoro.
Page 10 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
On January 5 of the same year, the town of Paluan was
created by virtue of a resolution passed by the members
of the Municipal Council of Mamburao. On the other
hand, Paluan was reverted to its old status as a barrio of
Mamburao through Act 1280 of the Philippine
Commission. However, in May 10, 1910, Governor
General Cameron Forbes returned the municipality
status of Paluan by virtue of Executive Order No. 31.
In 1914, American Governor General Francis Burton
Harrison visited the town of Paluan and hunted for
Tamaraw at Mt. Calavite. He was also met by the people
of Sitio Pula which was later on renamed after him. By
1919, the seat of the local government was transferred
to Lipa, a sitio named after a medicinal plant. However,
the people got used to calling the place Paluan. The
former center of the town was later renamed to
Lumangbayan. In 1933, a lighthouse was built by the
Americans in Sitio Calangigan, Harrison to avoid ship
wrecks near Calavite.
DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF MINDORO
In March 1942 the Japanese soldiers landed in Mindoro.
On April 27, 1942, Captain Ishii and Mindoro Governor
Felipe Abeleda arrived in Paluan and confirmed the
appointments of municipal officials.
During the resistance of the Japanese occupation, it was
in Paluan where the group of guerillas under Major
Esteban Beloncio recruited members. As Mt. Calavite is
strategically located, it became a communication post
where experts led by Major Lawrence Phillips sent
information about the movements of Japanese warships
in Manila Bay including the vessels passing by the sea
between Batangas and Mindoro know as Apo West Pass
and Verde Island Passage. The communication post set in
Mt. Calavite enabled the American Navy to destroy
enemy warships through its submarines. However, in
March 1944, the Japanese soldiers were able to locate
Major Phillips through spies. The military officer and his
soldiers were all killed in Kabilugan River, Abra de Ilog.
On December 15, 1944, the US led Allied Forces under
the command of Brig. Gen. William Dunckel arrived in
San Jose. On January 5, 1945, the combined forces of the
American soldiers and Filipino guerrillas defeated the
Japanese Imperial Army stationed in Paluan. Enemy
soldiers who managed to escape were encountered and
defeated by the guerrillas led by Lieutenant Pedro Nitura
at Sitio Mananao. Afterwards, the American soldiers
made Lumangbayan as their headquarters. During these
times they constructed a wooden bridge over the Paluan
River. The bridge connected Lumangbayan and Lipa
which were the old and new center of Paluan,
respectively.
AFTER WORLD WAR II
In 1946, the Paluan Academy was founded by Judge Jesus
Abeleda and Mrs. Maura Liboro. On November 15, 1950,
Mindoro was divided into two provinces: Oriental
Mindoro and Occidental Mindoro. President Elpidio
Quirino was the first governor of Occidental Mindoro.
He was succeeded by Judge Mateo Virola of Lubang who
served as governor on August 15, 1951.
In 1956, the construction of roads in the different barrios
of the province was initiated under the administration of
Mayor Mariano Tajonera. Accordingly, the municipal hall
and the public market were constructed under the
administration of Mayor Nestor Abeleda and Mayor
Amado San Agustin, respectively. It was also during the
time of Mayor San Agustin that a school building was
constructed at the southern portion of the town’s
center. Since then, there were a number of elected
congressmen and governors in the country who hailed
from Paluan. However, they did not concentrate the
implementation of infrastructure project in the said
municipality. The road and bridge construction was done
gradually.
In terms of income sources, the people of Paluan
engaged in farming, fishing and logging. The total area of
agricultural land of Paluan was limited and time came
when the sturdy species of trees in the mountains were
all felled. This caused internal migration of families from
Paluan to other towns of Occidental Mindoro such as
Sta. Cruz and San Jose.
Under the term of Mayor Pablo Quiñones, the
construction of the municipal hall, improvement of the
Calawagan Resort, electrification of the town center,
establishment of the water system in Poblacion,
conversion of the Paluan Academy into Paluan Municipal
High School and the building of concrete roads were
some of the infrastructure projects were implemented.
Page 11 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
During the time of Martial Law, the National Irrigation
Administration (NIA) improved the communal irrigation
systems in Barangays Alipaoy, Tubili and Sitio Pamutusin.
These irrigation systems are still being used by farmers
up to today. After the People Power Revolution in 1986,
Hon. Abelardo Pangilinan was appointed as officer-in-
charge (OIC) Mayor of Paluan. Under his term, various
infrastructure projects were made, one of which is the
construction of the swimming pool in Calawagan Resort.
In 1988, Mayor Anacleto Terrenal constructed the
second building for the public market and the hanging
bridge at Calawagan Resort. Other projects under his
term include the improvement of the natural bathing
place of the resort. After the term of Mayor Terrenal,
former Mayor Abelardo Pangilinan was reelected. One of
his major infrastructure projects is the construction of
the seawall from Barangay 1 to Barangay 6, Poblacion.
The Paluan Municipal High School became Paluan
National High School in 1993. New buildings were also
constructed for students. During the reelection of Mayor
Pangilinan, the Calawagan River was recognized as the
Cleanest Inland Body of Water in Philippines. This
recognition was given to the river from 1996 to 1998.
The Calawagan River was also enshrined in the country’s
Clean and Green National Hall of Fame.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION AS A WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Mt. Calavite was formerly declared as a game refuge and
bird sanctuary through Executive Order No. 9 issued on
January 28, 1920. This then became the basis of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources to
move towards the mountain’s proclamation as a wildlife
sanctuary. Pursuant to Republic Act No. 7586 or the
NIPAS Act, the 18,016.19-hectare Mt. Calavite in the
Municipality of Paluan, Occidental Mindoro was
proclaimed as an initial component of the Philippine
Protected Areas System. In 2000, it was formally
proclaimed as a national park and was renamed as Mt.
Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) by virtue of
Presidential Proclamation No. 292.
2.3. Geophysical Features

Information on the geophysical features of MCWS was About 15,800 hectares or 96.67% of the wildlife
adopted from the results of the Community Based sanctuary is comprised of pre-jurassic or sedimentary
Monitoring System (CBMS) of the Municipal Government and metamorphic rock groups which are associated with
of Paluan, the Resource and Socio-Economic Assessment marble, limestone and arenite. The rest of the rock
(RSEA) conducted by MBCFI, and results of other formations in MCWS are Cretaceous-Palogene and
scientific studies in MCWS. Oligocene at 495.53 hectares or 3.03% and 35.95
hectares or 0.22% of the wildlife sanctuary, respectively.
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPE Both of these rock formations are characterized as
Generally, the Municipality of Paluan has rolling to steep igneous rock types. The remaining area of 12.91 hectares
mountain range, but majority of the MCWS has steep to or 0.08% can be classified as recent rock formations
very steep slopes. The highest peak is estimated to be which are mostly located at flat areas or near the
1,520 meters above sea level. shorelines. The presence of some active and offshore
fault lines was also observed. Some areas are also prone
In terms of erosion potential, 58% of the slopes within to subsidence, which happens when large amount of
MCWS can be classified with high susceptibility to groundwater is extracted from an aquifer.
erosion, while 27% of the slopes have medium
susceptibility to erosion. Severe erosion can be observed SOIL TYPES
particularly in the high mountain ridges of the mountain. More than half or about 56% of the area of Paluan, which
Apart from its natural topography and geology of the covers the MCWS, can be classified as rough
MCWS, other socio-cultural and economic factors mountainous land. This soil type is generally good for
exacerbate the incidences of erosion such as agriculture. Other soil types in the area are Louisiana clay
unsustainable farming practices like slash-and-burn (24%) which is suitable for treetops, Alaminos silty clay
agriculture. This then affects the flow of water in loam (14%) that is suitable for secondary forest, San
riverbanks, which also affects rice fields in low-lying Miguel silty clay (5%) and beach sand (1%) which are
barangays in Paluan especially Brgy. Alipaoy. suitable for lowland and upland crops and coconut
farming, respectively.
Table 3. Slope Classification in Paluan
RIVER SYSTEM
Slope Area Percent Erosion Major rivers identified in MCWS are the Binuangan River,
Percentage (ha) (%) Potential Hinugasan River, Igmanukan River, Aglimasan River,
0-3% 3,400 6.01 Low Talahib River, Ekbo River, Cagiban River, Balacone River
susceptibility and Malugao River. These rivers were then used as focal
3-8% 4,800 8.49 Low
points in the delineation of 19 sub-watersheds in the PA.
susceptibility
9-15% 15,525 27.46 Medium
Binuangan River is considered the largest river in the
susceptibility Municipality of Calavite.
15% 32,815 58.04 High
susceptibility CLIMATE
Total 56,540 100 The entire Municipality of Paluan is classified under the
(Source: CBMS, 2012.) Climate Type I of the Modified Corona System of
Climate Classification. In this type of climate, the dry and
wet seasons are the pronounced seasons.
GEOLOGY
The mineral resources found in Mindoro are nickel and The dry season is experienced during the months of
chromite. These resources are associated with the November up to April. During this period, the driest
ultramafic rocks present in the area. Other metallic month is usually in January, with the lowest recorded
mineral deposits include iron, copper and gold, while rainfall of 3.7 millimeters. On the other hand, the wet
non-metallic deposits include barite, marble, jade and season in the municipality starts from May and lasts up to
coal. The presence of chromite, nickel, silica and talc October. The average rainfall during the wet season is
were also recorded in Paluan. 2,398.1 millimeters. The highest rainfall of 492.9
millimeters is recorded during August.

The average annual humidity in the municipality is 77%.

The lowest temperature (average of 22.3 ̊C) is observed
in the month of February.

Page 12 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 (Source: MBCFI, 2014)

Figure 4. Slope Map of MCWS

(Source: MBCFI, 2014)

Figure 5. Mineral Resources Map of MCWS

Page 13 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

2.4. Biological Resources Moreover, there are cases of rampant illegal timber
poaching in So. Ulasan and So. Binagyuhan areas in Brgy.
The ecological importance of the MCWS and the need Harrison. Most of the residents use this domestically, but
for its effective protection and conservation are widely some individuals were rumored to sell timber in nearby
acknowledged locally and internationally. The Haribon places, such as Mamburao and Brgy. Harrison. Many of
Foundation and Birdlife International – a global the trees selectively poached were also important
partnership of organizations focused on the conservation perching and nesting trees of canopy birds, such as the
of birds, their habitats and global biodiversity – have Mindoro Hornbill, Green Imperial Pigeon and Blue-
identified MCWS as one of the 117 Important Bird Areas crowned Racquet-tail Parrot as well as mammals, like
(IBA) in the Philippines. Aside from this, the MCWS was Long-tailed macaques.
also identified as one of the 10 Key Biodiversity Areas
(KBA) in Mindoro. KBAs are regarded as sites that are The forest fragment also forms an integral source of
critical for the conservation of globally important water for the watersheds within MCWS. It serves as the
biodiversity. main source of drinking water and water for agricultural
production. The impacts of the loss of forests were
already felt locally, with most of the rivers and streams
ECOSYSTEM AND HABITAT TYPES have already dried up. Local residents are also aware that
the flow of spring water is decreasing in volume,
The habitat types found in MCWS can be classified as
especially during dry period. The reduction in the volume
tropical moist deciduous forest; montane forest;
of water has also been observed in the ponds of Sitio
grasslands; freshwater ecosystems; or agricultural areas.
Binagyuhan, which serves as an important roosting site
The description of the ecosystem and habitat types in
for the vulnerable Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica) as well
this section was culled from the Resource and Socio-
as wallowing grounds for the carabaos of farmers.
Economic Assessment (RSEA) conducted by MBCFI in
2014.
B. Montane Forest
A. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
The montane forest in MCWS is confined to elevations
above 1,000 meters above sea level (masl). Patches of
Based on Fernando et al. (2008) as cited by MBCFI
clumps of stunted trees, that were observed along gullies,
(2014), the tropical moist deciduous forest typically
sides of ridges and alongside streams, form a network of
occurs in areas of seasonally drier climates and where
montane forest vegetation. Lianas and climbing bamboo
water availability can be periodically limiting to plants and
are dense while ferns and mosses are moderately dense.
the forest. These forests are usually found in coastal hills,
Clearings, created mostly from intentional burning of
or at the leeward side of the mountains. The species
forest and grasslands, intersperse between patches of
found in this area are likely unbuttressed, low branching
native vegetation.
and form an uneven low canopy of often less than 30 m
tall. Dipterocarp species are much less abundant here or
even totally absent. This is also evident during the
C. Grassland
inventory in the site where only one Dipterocarp species
was recorded, Hopea acuminata.
The grasslands in MCWS are mainly composed of
Imperata cylindrica, Chrysopogon aciculatus and Ischaemum
The remaining forests in MCWS are mostly regenerating
rugosum. In Binagyuhan area, Imperata cylindrica had the
and composed mostly of Ochrosia oppositifolia and Leea
highest relative density, while in Ulasan area Ischaemum
indica, both have the highest relative density in the areas
rugosum was found highest in terms of relative density.
of Binagyuhan and Ulasan in Paluan, respectively. Other
Other grasses that were observed in the MCWS are
species that were found to have high relative density in
Saccharum spontaneum, Axonopus compressus, Blumea
MCWS are Voacanga globosa, Lepisathes fruticosa, Knema
balsamifera and Chromolaena odorata, among others.
glomerata, Premna cumingiana and Syzygium longiflorum.
These areas are mainly found along ridges near Mt.
Calavite.
The local residents rely on the deciduous forest for
timber, which are usually used for household fire and
construction of wooden bridges to connect barangays.

Page 14 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 (Source of Photo: DENR)
Figure 6. Aerial view of the sloping areas in MCWS
Grasslands appear to be important to a few individuals
engaged in farming free-ranging cattle from the lowlands
to the higher elevations of MCWS. Some communities in
the area, including the Iraya tribe of the Mangyan,
practice small scale, or backyard farming, of free-ranging
cattle. To a number of community members, cogon grass
Imperata cylindrica appears to be an important local
product as roof material for temporary shelters in the
field and their homes. Most residents also burn the grass
within their claim lots to initiate new growth of cogon
grass for their goats, carabaos and cattle.
D. Freshwater Ecosystems
Fresh water ecosystems include ponds and water
systems. A major river in the area is the Calawagan
River. Other rivers in the MCWS include the Binuangan
River, Hinugasan River, Igmanukan River, Aglimasan
River, Talahib River, Ekbo River, Cagiban River, Balacone
River and Malugao River. There is also a small pond
which is observed to be a roosting site of the endemic
Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica) and other water birds
(MBCFI, 2014).
E. Agricultural Areas
Agricultural areas in MCWS are mainly found on its
western portions and are usually planted with rice
throughout the year. The rice fields are generally
concentrated to flat sections close to the coast and in
between hills and mountains. Other agricultural areas are
confined in gentle to moderate slopes. These areas are
planted with cassava Manihot esculenta and bananas. Some
fruit trees, like jackfruit, mangoes and tubers, are also
grown in backyard farms and orchards
Page 15 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
FLORA AND FAUNA
The MCWS is home to 154 species of plants of which 19
species are endemic to the Philippines and three are
threatened species (Mitrephora lanotan, Polyalthia
oblongifolia and Intsia bijuga) (MBCFI, 2014).
Further, the isolation of the MCWS on the island of
Mindoro enabled it to support unique species of fauna
like mammals. There are seven species of non-volant
small mammals which can found on MCWS and of these
seven species four are endemic to the Philippines. The
endemic species include two forest mice (Apomys cf.
microdon and A. cf. musculus), a striped shrew rat
(Chrotomys mindorensis), and Mindoro climbing rat
(Anonymomys mindorensis). On the other hand, the other
three species are introduced commensals. These species
include the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) and two
rodent pests (Rattus exulans and R. tanezumi). The
presence of non-native rodents can be attributed to the
habitat disturbance caused by the regular burning of
grasslands (Balete, 2013).
There are also 14 confirmed and 9 unconfirmed species
of bats in Mt. Calavite. The 14 confirmed species of bats
include 5 species of fruit bats, 1 species of ghost bat, 2
species of round lead bats, 1 species of horseshoe bat
and 5 species of evening bats. There are also 8 identified
species of amphibians of which 4 are endemic in the
Philippines whereas 2 are endemic in Mindoro while 1 is
a native species. Also, there are 13 species of reptiles and
4 unidentified species of damselflies in the MCWS
(CBMS, 2012).
In addition, the MCWS is home to 109 bird species Table 4. Tally of Species by Type and Endemicity
which includes Philippine endemic species like the
No. of No. of
Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica) while some species are
Type Species Endemic
endemic in Mindoro such as the Scarlet-collared
Present Species
Flowerpecker (Dicaeum retrocinctum) and the Mindoro
Hawk-Owl (Ninox mindorensis). There are also some Flora 154 19
signs of presence of Tamaraws are evidenced by dried up Mammals
wallows with Tamaraw tracks (Balete, 2013). A list of Non-volant 7 4
both floral and faunal species in MCWS is found as Bats 14 -
Annex to this Management Plan. Amphibians 8 4
Reptiles 13 -
Birds 109 -

Figure 7. Selected Fauna in MCWS

Conservation
Species Name and Photo
Status / Remarks
Critically Endangered
Species

Tamaraw Mindoro bleeding-heart pigeon

(Bubalus mindorensis) (Gallicolumba platenae)
Source: MBCFI, Photo by Don Geoff Tabaranza Source: Haribon Foundation

Endangered Species

Mindoro Variable-back Frog Mindoro Hornbill

(Hylarana mangyanum) (Penelopides mindorensis)
Source: MBCFI, Photo by Kathy Lene Cielo Source: MBCFI, Photo by Godfrey Jakosalem
Vulnerable Species

Philippine Ducks Scarlet-collared Flowerpecker

(Anas luzonica) (Dicaeum retrocinctum)
Source: MBCFI, Photo by Don Geoff Tabaranza Source: MBCFI, Photo by Virtito Natural, Jr.
Data Deficient and
Species not yet
assessed

Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat Mindoro Monitor Lizard

(Styloctenium mindorensis) (Varanus bangonorum)
Source: MBCFI, Photo by Virtito Natural, Jr. Source: MBCFI, Photo by Don Geoff Tabaranza

Page 16 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

2.5. Socio-Economic Profile

POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD COUNT
The Municipality of Paluan is subdivided into 12 barangays
with a total population of 15,494 and total household
count of 3,261 based on the 2012 CBMS Survey of the
municipality (Table 5). Six of these barangays are
urbanized poblacions, while the remaining six are rural
areas.
Based on the Survey and Registration of Protected Area
Occupants (SRPAO) conducted by the DENR in 2011, a
total of 284 households were initially recorded within the
MCWS situated at Barangay Harrison. The 284
households consist of 1,496 total individuals, of which
780 are male and 716 are female (CRMP, 2014).

Paluan has a total land area of 56,540 hectares, of which HOUSING TYPES
more than half is still heavily forested. The municipality’s In Barangay Harrison, where majority of the occupants of
population density is only 0.24 person per hectare, the the wildlife sanctuary are located, the predominant type
lowest population density in the entire Province of of housing is made of light materials such as bamboo,
Occidental Mindoro. sawali, and nipa/cogon. Of the 652 households recorded
in the CRMP of Paluan, about 450 households (70%) have
MCWS encompasses three barangays. The significant this type of shelter. The remaining shelters are made of
portion of the wildlife sanctuary lies within Barangays permanent materials such as concrete, wood and
Harrison and Alipaoy, but some portions are also within Galvanized Iron (G.I.) sheets for roofing (100 households
the boundaries of Barangay Mananao. Among the three or 15%) and semi-permanent materials such as bamboo,
barangays, Harrison has the most number of residents, sawali, and nipa/cogon (102 households or 16%).
with 652 households and a total population of 3,302.
However, it has the lowest population density as the
people are largely dispersed along the areas within Mt. BASIC SERVICES AND SOCIAL INDICATORS
Calavite. The CBMS and RSEA provide a comprehensive profile of
the basic services, social indicators, and other socio-
Relative to the other barangays in Paluan, the three economic characteristics of the communities in the
barangays are heavily populated as they are ideal Municipality of Paluan.
settlement for farmers and fisher folks. However, some
farmers also build their houses in the urban or poblacion Paluan is linked to other neighboring towns by a network
area while they work on their lands in the upland areas of roads and bridges. As of 2014, a total of 159 kms of
(CBMS, 2012). interconnected roads within the municipality are in place.
Of this length, about 19.5 kms are already concrete,
Table 5. Population and Household Count in while 69 kms are gravel and 70.5 km are still dirt roads.
Paluan per Barangay, 2012.
The most common means of transportation in the
Total Household municipality are bicycles and tricycles. Public utility
Barangay
Population Count
jeepneys are limited. Other modes of transport in the
Harrison 3,302 652
locality include private cars and jeeps, caretela, trucks,
Alipaoy 1,478 276
Mananao 1,641 329
motorboats and bancas.
Lumangbayan 755 166
Marikit 1,696 371 Newspapers, magazines, and other general circulation
Mapalad Pob. (Brgy 1) 1,932 405 publications reach Paluan via the two shipping lines plying
Handang Tumulong Pob. 419 98 Batangas City to Abra de Ilog. However, these print
(Brgy 2) information sources are only available at the town
Silahis ng Pag-Asa Pob 652 152 proper. Television and radio broadcasts, meanwhile, run
(Brgy. 3) from 12 noon to 12 midnight.
Pag-Asa ng Bayan Pob. 430 107
(Brgy. 4) At present, 10 out of the 12 baragays in the municipality
Bagong Silang Pob. (Brgy. 5) 243 56 are already provided with 24-hour electricity. Only
San Jose Pob. (Bry. 6) 602 140 Barangays Mananao and Harrison have not been
Tubili 2,344 509
connected to the main grid. Based from the 2012 CBMS
Total 15,494 3,261
*Note: The shaded areas are the barangays overlapping with MCWS
of Paluan, total of 1,606 households have access to
(Source: CBMS, 2012) electricity (Table 6).

Page 17 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Of this number, majority rely on the Paluan Municipal Out of the total households in the entire municipality,
Electric Services, the electric company that supplies about 422 households or 13% have no access to
power to Paluan. Some households use generator, while improved water sources. The MCWS is the major
few households make use of solar power and depend on watershed of Palaun. Despite this, Brgys. Alipaoy,
batteries. Mananao and Harrison, where MCWS is located, have
the most number of households with no access to
Table 6. Access to Electricity in Paluan,
improved water sources, estimated at 49.94%, 34.35%,
Occidental Mindoro
and 22.70%, respectively, out of their respective
No. of Percent household population.
Source of Electricity
Households (%)
No. of Households with 1,606 The 2012 CBMS of Paluan also reported that while most
access to Electricity households in the poblacion use water-sealed flush type
Source of Electricity of toilets, majority of households in rural barangays are
Paluan Municipal Electric 1,263 78.64 still utilizing pit direct and open pit types for their human
Services
waste disposal. Furthermore, more than a third of the
Generators 336 20.92
Solar panels 37 2.30
entire municipal population have no toilet facility at all.
Batteries 30 1.87
(Source: CBMS, 2012) Among all barangays in Paluan, the three barangays that
cover MCWS are included among those with the highest
percentage of households that do not have access to a
In terms of water supply, all barangays except Brgy. sanitary toilet facility. Almost two-thirds of all
Mapalad Pob. (Brgy. 1) and Brgy. Tubi have access to households in Brgy. Mananao and Brgy. Harrison do not
improved water sources such as faucets, public tap/stand have access to sanitary toilet facility. Meanwhile, about
pipe, tube well, protected dug well, semi-protected dug 43% of all households in Brgy. Alipaoy don’t have sanitary
well, protected spring water, rainwater and toilet facility.
bottled/mineral water.
Table 8. Types of Toilet Facility of Households
Among the surveyed households in the 2012 CBMS of in Paluan, Occidental Mindoro
Paluan, majority of the households depend on protected
spring (41.41%) and tube well of borehole (39.42%) for Type of Toilet No. of Percent
their water requirements. Only a few of the households Facility Households (%)
in the municipality sourced their water from faucets. Water-sealed flush to 1,504 46.13
sewerage/septic tank-
owned
Table 7. Access to Improved Water Services Water-sealed flush to 526 16.14
(IWS) in Paluan, Occidental Mindoro sewerage/septic tank-
shared
Households without Closed pit 25 0.77
No. of access to IWS Open pit 49 1.50
Barangay
Households Percent No toilet facility 1,156 35.45
Magnitude
(%) Total 3,260 100.00
Alipaoy 276 136 49.94 (Source: CBMS, 2012)
Mananao 329 113 34.35
Harrison 652 148 22.70
Lumangbayan 166 - -
Table 9. Access to Sanitary Toilet Facility in
Marikit 371 17 4.58
Paluan, Occidental Mindoro
Mapalad Pob. 405 2 0.49
Handang 98 - - Households without
Tumulong Pob. access to Sanitary
No. of
Silahis ng Pag- 152 - - Barangay Toilet Facility
Households
Asa Pob. Percent
Magnitude
Pag-Asa ng 107 - - (%)
Bayan Pob. Mananao 329 220 66.87
Bagong Silang 56 - - Harrison 652 409 62.73
Pob Alipaoy 276 118 42.75
San Jose Pob. 140 - - Tubili 509 282 55.40
Tubili 509 6 1.18 Marikit 371 152 40.97
Total 3,261 422 Mapalad Pob. 405 22 5.43
*Note: The shaded areas are the barangays within MCWS San Jose Pob. 140 1 0.71
(Source: CBMS, 2012)

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 Households without At present, there are some locals who still engage in
access to Sanitary hunting animals for food. Some of the animals being
No. of
Barangay Toilet Facility hunted include wild pig, deer, labuyo (native chicken),
Households
Percent papan (wild duck), giant fruit bat, bayawak, imperial
Magnitude
(%)
pigeons (balud), punay, hornbill, lintoy, tiktik and pugo,
Silahis ng Pag- 152 1 0.66
among others.
Asa Pob.
Lumangbayan 166 - -
Handang 98 - - Honey is also being collected by the Mangyans. They
Tumulong Pob. collect honey from the forest. However, the burning of
Pag-Asa ng 107 - - pukyutan to gather the honey sometimes causes forest
Bayan Pob. fire (CRMP, 2014).
Bagong Silang 56 - -
Pob Aside from honey, wood are also being harvested
Total 3,261 1,205 regularly by the settlers in the area (Malayang, 2013). The
*Note: The shaded areas are the barangays within MCWS wood from the forests are being used personally as
(Source: CBMS, 2012)
source of heat and fire in their homes and are sometimes
being sold to other members of the community.
Charcoal making is also a usual livelihood activity in the
RESOURCE USE PATTERNS
area. These activities alter the forest environment in the
The main source of livelihood of the local population of area. These activities aggravate the natural occurrence of
Paluan are farming and fishing. For the agricultural land, soil erosion which is also affected by its topography
the areas of the MCWS which can be characterized to be (CBMS, 2012).
in gentle to moderate slopes are being planted with
cassava (Manihot esculenta) and bananas. Some areas are In addition, clearing activities are also being done to
also being used as rice fields. In addition, grasslands are harvest cogon grass. Cogon Grass is considered as an
also being converted to rice fields. However, some of the important local product which is being used as roof
local residents also use grasslands as pastureland or as material for temporary shelters. Some residents also
grazing areas or paligawan for cattle and carabaos. Free burn grass within their claimed lots to allow new growth
ranging of cattle is very common from the lowlands to of cogon grass for their goats, carabaos and cattle
the higher elevations of the MCWS (CRMP, 2014). (CRMP, 2014).
The Municipality has two irrigation systems which are the
Tubili and Calawagan Irrigation Systems. These systems
2.6. Cultural Profile
need immediate repair and upgrading, the two have a
combined service area of 459 hectares. The residents
There are eight Mangyan tribes in Mindoro, each with its
especially the upland dwellers also rely on lumber,
own culture. The seven tribes (excluding the Ratagnon)
bamboo, rattan, nito, and other minor forest products
are already organized as Indigenous Peoples
like wild honey as sources of income (CBMS, 2012).
Organizations (IPO), and were formed as a federation
known as the Kapulungan Para sa Lupang Ninuno (KPLN).
In a specific note, most of the families living within the
The KPLN works for the ancestral domain claims of the
buffer zones of the protected area engage in farming as
Mangyans and initiates activities for the unity of the
means of livelihood. The common agricultural practices
different Mangyan Tribes.
of settlers are slash and burn agriculture as well as
unregulated animal grazing. In a consultation conducted Table 10. Recognized Indigenous Peoples'
with the Mangyan indigenous groups, a local leader Organizations (IPO) in MCWS
remarked that the cutting of trees maybe stopped
however, the slash and burn farming is already part of the Organized as
Tribe
tradition and culture of the Mangyan, and thus it will be IPO
hard to intervene and stop with this farming system Alangan 
(MWCS-MECAP, 2013). These agricultural practices Bangon 
contribute to the decline of the forest cover of the Buhid 
MCWS. Hanunuo 
Iraya 
Tadyawan 
Tau-buid 
Ratagnon -



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The Mangyans are the original inhabitants of Mindoro, 1
but the wave of civilization and the influx of migrants
from other parts of the Philippines have pushed many of
them towards the interior mountains, scattered
throughout the different municipalities in the two
provinces of the island.
The term “iraya” is said to mean "man" or "human
being." The Irayas are the Mangyans of Mindoro who
occupy the northwestern part of Mindoro Island. The
estimated population of the Iraya-Mangyan is 10,689
(1991) distributed around 141 settlements in the
Municipalities of Abra de Ilog, Mamburao and Paluan.
Some Iraya Mangyan can also be found in the
municipalities of Puerto Galera, San Teodoro and Baco in
Oriental Mindoro. The Iraya has curly or deep wavy hair
and dark skin but not as dark as that of the Negrito.
The Mangyans were once coastal dwellers driven into the
mountains to avoid religious conversion by the Spaniards,
raids by Moro pirates, and the influx of recent migrants.
They now lead a semi-nomadic existence. Mangyans live
in loose clusters of up to 20 bamboo huts with thatched
roofs and raised floors. They sometimes are away from
their families for many weeks in search of food.
The Irayas are also skilled in nito-weaving. Handicrafts
such as jars, trays, plates and cups of different sizes and
design are being marketed to the lowlanders. During
Christmas season, they go down to lowlands with some
of their handicrafts to sell or exchange for consumer
items such as clothes, foods and others. They subsist on
rice, banana, sweet potato, and other root crops.
Some Mangyans in remote areas have conserved their
traditional lifestyle - hunting with bows and arrows and
gathering food. The majority though practices small-scale
and self-supporting agriculture. Tagalog settlers employ
them for "dirty work", such as cleaning the plantations
from unwanted plants or even converting forests into
plantations - which contributes to further reduction of
their habitats. Most of them rely on planting rice, corn,
vegetables and hunting wild animals to support their daily
existence. A male at age 16 can become a family man if
he can build his own house, which is made up of coconut
leaves, bamboo, tree for its pillar, and other materials.
1
The National Council for Indigenous People (NCIP) estimated the
Mangyan population at 193,482 individuals, which is 16.7% of the
total population (1,157,721) of Mindoro Island based on the 2007
Population Census of the National Statistics Office.
Page 20 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
Traditionally, the Mangyans are animists and are known
to be superstitious. Today, however, many Irayas are
Roman Catholic, Evangelical Christian, and Iglesia ni
Cristo. The Iraya language is an Austronesian language
belonging to the northern Mindoro group. The known
dialects of Iraya are Abra-de-Ilog, Alag-Bako, Pagbahan,
Palauan-Calavite, Pambuhan, and Santa Cruz. Each dialect
is distinct, but the basic vocabulary and grammar of
everyday speech are the same. Tagalog slowly replacing
their native language and few show interest in preserving
their language, as perhaps it is no longer useful to them.
The Irayas are skilled in nito-weaving and women were
still observed doing this and some household items were
made of woven nito. Handicrafts such as jars, trays,
plates and cups of different sizes and design are being
marketed to the lowlanders.
The communities subsist on rice, banana, sweet potato,
and other root crops. Some work in cashew and coconut
plantations and shelling cashew were one of the activities
women and older children do in Ulasan.
Some Mangyans in both Ulasan and Binagyuhan still hunt,
and gather food from the forests. Most would look for
freshwater fish, crabs, snails, frogs and edible plants and
fruits. The majority practices small-scale and shifting
agriculture or kaingin. This practice has converted most
of the remaining forests into grasslands, which
contributes to further reduction of their habitats.
Random interview, with at least eight individuals of the
Iraya tribe of Mangyans, in both Ulasan and Binagyuhan
communities, was conducted during the field survey. A
focus group discussion was also done on both Ulasan and
Binagyuhan communities with representatives from the
tribal communities. The team took the opportunity to
ask individuals about traditional beliefs, sacred places,
practices and rituals. All eight respondents shared that
they no longer follow their traditional beliefs and
practices. At least three of the key persons of the
Mangyan group interviewed mentioned that they are no
longer interested in following the traditions of their
ancestors. When asked if there are sacred places that we
need to respect, most would not understand the
question or would just say that they no longer follow the
beliefs of the older generations.
2.7. Pressures and Threats to Forests Box 1. Criteria used in Community Rating of
and Ecosystems in MCWS Threats to the Natural Forests in MCWS

Addressing the threats and pressures to the forest and

A. Ratings for Scope of Threat
wildlife in MCWS entails assessing and analyzing the
sources of the threats. Six threats were identified Rating Description
through the extensive review of literature conducted Not The scope of the threat cannot be
in the profiling phase. These threats were then Specified identified given the available information
validated by stakeholders during a stakeholder and knowledge of the community
participants
consultation workshop for the preparation of the
MCWS Management Plan conducted in November Low The threat is likely to be very narrow in
2015. its scope, affecting the target across a
small proportion (1-10%) of its
occurrence/ population
The following are the six identified threats, which were
validated by key stakeholders of MCWS: Medium The threat is likely to be restricted in its
scope, affecting the target across some
(11-30%) of its occurrence/ population
 Timber poaching
High The threat is likely to be widespread in its
 Kaingin farming
scope, affecting the target across much
 Charcoal-making (31-70%) of its occurrence/ population
 Burning of Honey combs Very High The threat is likely to be pervasive in its
 Wildlife hunting scope, affecting the target across all or
 Unregulated grazing activities most (71-100%) of its occurrence/
population
These threats are proximate human activities that have
caused or are causing the destruction, degradation and
impairment of ecosystems and habitats inside the B. Ratings for Severity of Threat
wildlife sanctuary. Two kinds of validation and analysis
were done to spatially locate and assess the level of Rating Description
impact of the threats to MCWS, which served as Not The scope of the threat cannot be
Specified identified given the available information
important inputs in the formulation of management
and knowledge of the community
zones and site-level strategies for the MCWS participants
Management Plan.
Low Within the scope, the threat is likely to
only slightly degrade/reduce the target or
First, the threats were rated by the stakeholders based reduce its population by about 1-10%
on scope and severity. Scope refers to the spatial within ten years or three generations
coverage of the protected area that is affected by the
Medium Within the scope, the threat is likely to
threat. Seven geographical clusters were identified for only moderately degrade/reduce the
the MCWS, from which the threat was rated in terms target or reduce its population by 11-30%
of scope, as follows: within ten years or three generations
High Within the scope, the threat is likely to
 Sitios Ulasan, Pula, and Bulacan, Brgy. Harrison only seriously degrade/reduce the target
 Sitios Pamutusin, Hinugasan, and Igmanukan, Brgy. or reduce its population by 31-70% within
Harrison ten years or three generations
 Sitios Calangigan, Binuangan, and Ignonok, Brgy. Very High Within the scope, the threat is likely to
Harrison only destroy or eliminate the target or
 Sitios Aglimasan, Agbakong, and Itbo, Brgy. reduce its population by 71-100% within
Harrison ten years or three generations
 Sitios Pinagbayanan and Agbalite, Brgy. Harrison
 Sitio Calansan, Brgy. Mananao
 Sitio Tico-Tico, Brgy. Alipaoy Note: Threat Rating inspired by the Open Standards for the practice of
conservation (Salafsky, 2007). The rating and ranking of pressures to natural
forests are based on a slightly modified process contained in the Miradi
software.

Page 21 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Severity refers to the level of damage of the threat to
the target. For ecosystems and ecological communities,
severity is typically measured as a degree of
destruction of degradation to the target within the
scope. For species, it is usually descried as the degree
of reduction of the target population within the scope.
Assessing both the scope and severity of threats will
help resource managers not just in identifying
responses but also in prioritizing management
interventions to address threats that have the largest
impact to the forests and ecosystems.
Table 11 presents the severity and scope of the six key
threats as rated by the stakeholders of MCWS, while
Table 12 presents the summary of the threat rating.
Secondly, a community-mapping exercise was
conducted in order to spatially locate the sources of
the threats in relation to the natural features of
MCWS as a protected area (see Figure 8). The
community first located the known habitats and
sightings of key fauna in MCWS. Key species identified
include the rare Tamaraw, Deer, Papan, Bats, Warty
Pig, Hornbill and other birds, and Monkey. Thereafter,
the community identified the main land resource uses
such as areas for agricultural farming, grazing, and
livestock raising. They also mapped ecotourism (e.g.,
location of campsite, lighthouses, old church) and
cultural values (e.g., burial ground) of MCWS. Finally,
the locations of the six key anthropological threats
were mapped. The output of the mapping exercise
served as a key input to the management zoning in the
MCWS Management Plan.

Table 11. Severity of Threats/Pressures to Forest and Wildlife in MCWS

Human-induced Threats to MCWS
Burning Unregulated
Geographic Clusters Timber Kaingin Charcoal - Wildlife
of Honey grazing
poaching farming making hunting
combs activities
Cluster 1: (So. Ulasan, Pula,
Very High Medium High Medium Low -
Bulacan, Brgy. Harrison)
Cluster 2: (So. Pamutusin,
Hinugasan, Igmanukan, Brgy. High Low Low Medium Low Low
Harrison)
Cluster 3 (So. Calangigan,
Binuangan, Ignonok, Brgy. Medium Very High - Medium Low -
Harrison)
Cluster 4 (So. Aglimasan,
Agbakong, Itbo, Brgy. High Low High Medium Low Low
Harrison)
Cluster 5 (So. Pinagbayanan,
Medium - High - Low -
Agbalite, Brgy. Harrison)
So. Calansan, Mananao - - MEDIUM - LOW -
Tico-Tico, Alipaoy - HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW -

Table 12. Summary Ratings of Threats/Pressures to Forest and Wildlife in MCWS

Burning of Unregulated
Timber Kaingin Charcoal - Wildlife
Honey grazing
poaching farming making hunting
combs activities
Very High Very High Very High Very High Very High Medium
Scope (5 out (5 out
(6 out
(5 out
(7 out (2 out of 7 sites)
of 7 sites) of 7 sites) of 7 sites)
of 7 sites) of 7 sites)

High Med High Medium Low Low

Severity

Page 22 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Figure 8. Community-Plotted Map of Threats, Biodiversity Habitats, and Land Uses in MCWS

Page 23 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 CHAPTER 3
Institutional
and Management
Arrangement

Page 24 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

CHAPTER 3: Institutional and Management Arrangement
3.1 Stakeholder Profile
Numerous institutions and groups from both public and
private sectors have different interests on MCWS, and
these have varying levels of impact on the management of
the protected area. The different key stakeholders,
including their respective description, mandates,
interests, and levels of impact on the management of
MCWS are described in this section.
A. Protected Area Management Board (PAMB)
The NIPAS Act provides for the creation of a PAMB for
each protected area to promote a multi-sectoral
approach in protected area management. The PAMB is a
multi-sectoral body that is considered the highest policy
and decision-making body in any protected area in the
country. As prescribed by the law, the PAMB draws
representation from different sectors including national
government agencies, local government units (LGUs),
non-government organizations (NGOs), and indigenous
peoples. The MCWS-PAMB convenes regularly and is
supported by the MCWS Protected Area Superintendent
(PASu).
B. Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR)
The DENR is the lead government agency responsible for
governing and supervising the exploration, development,
utilization and conservation of the country’s environment
and natural resources. The DENR has established
structures operating at the national, regional, provincial,
and even at the community level. Pursuant to the NIPAS
Act, the administration and management of the Philippine
Protected Areas System, of which MCWS is a
component, was placed under the authority of DENR.
Related to this, the DENR has issued various policies and
technical bulletins to guide the establishment and
management of protected areas.
At the national level, the Biodiversity Management
Bureau (BMB) is the lead bureau in-charge of providing
direction and supervision on protected area
management. However, in terms of the operational level
of the management of MCWS, the Regional Director
(RD) of DENR Region IV-B provides technical guidance
to the protected areas in the region and also sits as the
Chair of the PAMB.
Page 25 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
The PASu, who is appointed by the DENR Regional
Director, provides primary support to the PAMB and
oversees the day-to-day administration and operations of
the protected area.
C. Local Government Units (LGUs)
Local government units (LGUs) are the elected bodies of
local governance from the provincial, municipal and
barangay levels. They are in charge of policy formulation
and overseeing planning and project implementation in
their respective jurisdictions. The Local Government
Code did not devolve the function of protected area
management to the LGUs; however, LGUs play crucial
roles through their representation in the PAMB. In
addition to this, LGUs at the provincial, municipal, and
barangay levels all play critical roles in the management of
MCWS because of their shared role with the national
government in ensuring the sustainable management of
natural resources and in ensuring the ecological balance
in their respective jurisdictions. LGUs can enact
appropriate ordinances to advance conservation
initiatives; provide financial, material, and human
resources to support environmental activities; enforce
laws and environmental ordinances within their
respective authorities as well as coordinate with law
enforcement bodies such as the AFP and PNP; ensure
delivery of basic social services to the protected area
occupants within their jurisdiction; and provide general
supervision over all programs and projects implemented
in their localities, among others.
Moreover, LGUs have their own development and land
use plans and generate own funding to implement
programs, projects, and activities according to their
development objectives. These local development and
management plans (e.g., CLUP) and their corresponding
zoning ordinances are adopted/enacted by the Sanggunian
Bayan (Municipal Council). Local plans of the LGU and
the MCWS Management Plan should be harmonized to
prevent conflicting land uses and management regimes.
The harmonization of local development plans with the
MCWS Management Plan is a key area of concern that
needs to be addressed early on. The Municipality of
Paluan will be updating its Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP) soon after the completion of protected area
management planning.
D. Indigenous Peoples
While there is no formal and recognized Certificate of
Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) inside MWCS, some
Mangyan tribes claim ancestral domain rights over some
areas of the wildlife sanctuary (MBCFI, 2014). The
estimated population of the Iraya-Mangyan in the
northwestern part of Mindoro Island is 10,689 as of a
1991 survey. They are distributed around 141
settlements in the Municipalities of Abra de Ilog,
Mamburao and Paluan. Some of these Mangyans reside
within the MCWS, mostly near kaingin areas, in coastal
areas along the periphery of the protected area, or in
settlements near rivers and other bodies of water. These
communities highly depend on the natural resources for
their livelihood, with agriculture, fishing and forest-based
resources as the primary sources of income and basic
needs.
The high dependency of local communities and IPs to the
remaining natural resources in MCWS is very evident.
Key informant interviews and stakeholder consultation
revealed that many of these communities also engage in
unsustainable practices, such as timber-poaching, slash-
and-burn farming, unregulated wildlife hunting especially
of deer and wild pigs, among others.
Many Mangyans have also admitted engaging in burning of
honeycombs to harvest honey, which can cause forest
fires.
Presently, the involvement of local communities,
especially of indigenous peoples, in the protection and
overall conservation of MCWS is wanting. The issue on
limited information, knowledge and appreciation on
biodiversity conservation among most IPs is complicated
by the remoteness of settlements and inaccessibility,
which hinders information, education and communication
(IEC) and awareness raising initiatives of the DENR.
E. Other National Government Agencies
Other national government agencies are also considered
stakeholders of MCWS because of their respective
mandates and the nature of services that they provide.
With the presence of settlements inside the MCWS, the
delivery of services of these government agencies can
provide a means to address various socio-economic
issues within the park and help alleviate threats to the
forest caused by anthropological causes. Some of the
services may be compatible to the conservation
objectives of MCWS as a protected area, but some may
also pose threats if not harmonized and aligned with the
objectives of the protected area.

Table 13. List of Other National Government Agencies that have overlapping interests on MCWS
National Government
Agency
National Council for
Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)
Department of Tourism
(DOT)
Department of Social
Welfare and Development
(DSWD)
Department of Agriculture
(DA) and National
Irrigation Authority (NIA)
Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP); and
Philippine National Police
(PNP)
Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP)
Mandate Interest/Stake on the Management of MCWS
Protection of the rights  Delineation of ancestral domains
of indigenous peoples  IEC/Awareness raising to indigenous peoples
Tourism development  Developing and promoting the ecotourism potential of
and promotions MCWS
Promotion of the rights  Delivery of basic social services to indigent communities
and welfare of inside MCWS
marginalized sectors
Agricultural  Technical assistance and capacity building on sustainable
development upland agriculture for tenured migrants and indigenous
peoples
 Irrigation facilities to improve upland farm productivity
Law enforcement  Capacity building for deputized forest rangers
 Support in enforcing environmental laws in MCWS
Forest fire prevention  Lead response in suppressing forest fires
and suppression  Capacity-building for forest rangers and responders of forest
fires

Page 26 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

F. Protected Area Occupants
At the time of the preparation of the MCWS
Management Plan, the Office of the PASu is still
conducting the survey and registration of protected area
occupants (SRPAO). As provided by DENR
Administrative Order No. 2013-20, the SRPAO will
serve as basis for the recognition of tenured migrants in
the protected area. Tenured migrants are individuals and
households who have actually and continuously occupied
MCWS prior to its declaration as a protected area and
are dependent on the resources inside the protected
area for their subsistence needs. These tenured migrants,
once completely identified and certified by the DENR,
are eligible to become stewards of portion of lands
within the designated multiple use zones of MCWS.
G. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and
Locally- and Foreign-assisted Programs/
Projects in MCWS
There are a number of NGOs and programs/projects
that provide support to MCWS. The Mindoro
Biodiversity Conservation Foundation, Inc. (MBCFI) is
very active in advancing conservation initiatives in the
Mindoro Island. It has conducted a number of researches
on the ecological and socio-cultural aspects of MCWS.
The MBCFI has also recently conducted a workshop on
land resource use mapping for MCWS as well as initiated
the preparation of a Mountaineering Guide in response
to the emerging ecotourism in the area. In January 2015,
MBCFI launched its list of new faunal species records in
Mindoro, which includes terrestrial and marine species
found in different parts of Mindoro including MCWS.
The Biodiversity Management Bureau, with the support
of GIZ through the Protected Area Management
Enhancement (PAME) in the Philippines Project, has been
providing technical assistance to enhance the
management of MCWS together with other protected
areas in the country. DENR partnered with MBCFI with
the support of the GIZ-PAME project to enhance the
BMS. MBCFI contracted CCI-PH as resource persons for
the LAWIN. LAWIN is a tablet-based protected system
that integrates forest, biodiversity, and threats
monitoring. The system aims to improve the responses
mechanisms to address the observed threats and ensure
the sustainability of conservation initiatives
Page 27 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
3.2 Policies and Regulations related to
Protected Area Management
This section discusses the different laws, policies, and
issuances affecting or related to MCWS at the national
and local levels.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The establishment and management of protected areas
are in line with the international commitments signed by
the Philippines such as the Convention on Biological
Diversity, Ramsar Convention, World Heritage
Convention, Convention on Migratory Species, and the
ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources.
NATIONAL LAWS
Protected area management as a resource management
strategy has also been adopted as one of the major
strategies in the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable
Development (PSSD). It is consistent with the Philippine
Agenda 21 where sustainable development is viewed as a
life-enhancing process that integrates ecological integrity
with sound and viable economy, responsible governance,
and social cohesion/harmony.
The Philippine Constitution is hailed for its categorical
commitment to promoting and protecting the right of a
sound and healthful environment in accord with the
rhythm and harmony of nature. One important
declaration in the Constitution is the inclusion of national
park as one major land classification in the Philippines.
The three others are agricultural lands, mineral lands and
forestlands. Boundaries of national parks could not be
altered, except by law, which shall be passed by the
Congress.
In terms of legislation, the Republic Act No. 7586 or
most commonly known as the NIPAS Act provides the
basic framework for the establishment and management
of protected areas in the Philippines. The NIPAS Act
pursues the policy of the State to secure for the present
and future generations of Filipinos the perpetual
existence of all native plants and animals. The law aims to
set aside specific portions of land and water that are of
unique physical and biological significance to enhance
their biological diversity and protect them against
destructive human exploitation. These areas are
constituted into the National Protected Area System.
The System encourages cooperation among national
government agencies, LGUs, and concerned private
organizations towards the effective administration and
management of protected areas.
Accordingly, the Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary which
was then declared as a game refuge and bird sanctuary as
early as 1920, was included as one of the initial
component areas under the protected areas system. The
entire system was placed under the administration of the
DENR. Under the law, the DENR Secretary is authorized
to adopt and enforce an environmental plan in the
protected areas, prescribe reasonable fees for use of any
portion of the site, accept any form of donation for the
NIPAS, among others. The Secretary was also mandated
to update the Congress and the President on the status
of the protected areas. The Biodiversity Management
Bureau (BMB) of the DENR is the lead bureau for the
system-wide planning, coordination, policy development,
monitoring and evaluation, and technical assistance on
protected area programs and projects. At the site level,
however, a PAMB is formed to act as the management
body. This PAMB is supported and assisted by the DENR.
The Regional Director of DENR sits as the Chair of the
PAMB while day-to-day operations are supported by a
Protected Area Superintendent (PASu).
The NIPAS Act is considered as a “process legislation” as
it indicates the process of establishment of protected
areas as well as provisions for creating site-specific
legislations. The MCWS was identified as a wildlife
sanctuary by virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 292
issued on April 23, 2000. This executive issuance
provided the legal basis for the technical description on
the boundaries of the protected area. However, MCWS
still has no congressional legislation and the DENR is
lobbying for the enactment of the MCWS bill into law.
Aside from these, there are several national policies and
legislations on forest and biodiversity conservation and
natural resource management that are relevant to
protected area management. These are presented in
Table 14. The legal system in the Philippines follows a
hierarchical system of laws and policies, whereby local
issuances and regulations should be consistent and must
not run in conflict with laws and policies issued by higher
authorities, such as national government agencies and the
Congress, in particular.

Table 14. Selected National Policies and Legislations on Forest and Biodiversity Conservation and Natural
Resource Management relevant to PA Management,
Policy/Law
Presidential Decree No. 705,
series of 1975
Republic Act No. 8550
Republic Act No. 9147
Republic Act No. 9072
Republic Act No. 7160
Republic Act No. 8371
Republic Act No. 9275
Republic Act No. 9003
Executive Order No. 533
Republic Act No. 9729
Executive Order No. 111
DENR-NCIP Joint Memorandum
Circular No. 01-07
Title/Description
Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines
Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (An Act Providing for the Development,
Management and Conservation of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Integrating All
Laws Pertinent Thereto, and for other purposes
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (An Act Providing for the
Conservation and Protection of Wildlife Resources and Their Habitats, Appropriating
Funds Therefor and for other purposes)
National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act. (An Act to
Manage and Protect Caves and Cave Resources and for other purposes)
Local Government Code of 1991.(An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of
1991)
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water
Quality Management and for other purposes)
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (An Act Providing for an Ecological
Solid Waste Management Program, Creating the Necessary Institutional Mechanisms
and Incentives, Declaring Certain Acts Prohibited and Providing Penalties,
Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for other purposes)
Adopting Integrated Coastal Management as a National Strategy to Ensure the
Sustainable Development of the Country’s Coastal and Marine Environment and
Resources and Establishing Support Mechanisms for its Implementation (2006)
Climate Change Act of 2009 (An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into
Government Policy Formulations, Establishing the Framework Strategy and Program
on Climate change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate Change Commission, and
for other Purposes)
Establishing the Guidelines for Ecotourism Development in the Philippines
Policy on the management of Overlapping Protected Areas and/or their Buffer Zones
and Ancestral Domains of the Indigenous Peoples

Page 28 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Policy/Law
DENR-DILG Joint Memorandum
Circular No. 98-01
Executive Order No. 23, series
of 2011
Republic Act No. 10629 and
DBM-DENR Joint Memorandum
Circular No. 2015-01
Joint FMB-BMB Technical
Bulletin No. 2016-01
Title/Description
Manual of Procedures for DENR-DILG-LGU Partnership on devolved and other forest
management functions
Declaring a Moratorium on the Cutting and Harvesting of Timber in the Natural and
Residual Forests and Creating the Anti-Illegal Logging Task Force
An Act Providing for the Retention of the Protected Area Management Board of
Seventy-Five Percent (75%) of the Revenue Accruing to the Integrated Protected
Areas Fund (IPAF), Amending for the Purpose Section 16 of Republic Act No. 7586
National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 and its Implementing Rules
and Regulations
Enhancing Forest Protection through Application of the LAWIN Forest and
Biodiversity Protection System

LOCAL POLICIES AND ISSUANCES establishment of response mechanisms and

At the local level, the implementation of national policies
can be strengthened through the issuance of appropriate
instruments such as resolutions adopted by the MCWS
PAMB or ordinances passed by the Municipal
Government of Paluan.
One particular aspect of protected area management
where support from the local authorities, particularly the
LGU, is very important is forest and biodiversity
protection. The support and participation of the
community and various stakeholder groups in park
protection can be achieved through the passage of
relevant ordinances by the respective LGUs. In MCWS,
for instance, the Municipal Government of Paluan passed
a resolution supporting and endorsing the
implementation of the Saknungan Pagsupil sa Pagkaubos
ng Kagubatan ng MCWS on October 20, 2014 which
complemented the MCWS PAMB Resolution No. 2014-
03 on the same subject. Through these issuances, the
support of the MLGU and PAMB was secured and
institutionalized for the implementation of the initiative
to address deforestation in MCWS through the
implementation of the project spearheaded by MBCFI in
collaboration with the DENR, LGU and other partners.
Other areas where the issuance of local PAMB resolution
and/or municipal policies/ issuances are welcome include,
but are not limited to:
 Conduct of business by the PAMB
 Municipal adoption and expression of support for
the implementation of the MCWS Management
Plan
 Institutionalization of the flagship species of
MCWS and recognition/public awareness raising
on the key floral and faunal species present in
MCWS
 Strengthening of forest and biodiversity protection
initiatives in MCWS, including the formation of
community forest volunteers for patrolling,
environmental law enforcement (ELE) protocols
 Enactment of policies on preventing and
suppressing forest fires
 Implementation of LGU-supported livelihood
projects for MCWS communities
 Promotion of ecotourism potentials of MCWS
through mountaineering/trekking policy, which
takes into account the carrying capacity of the
protected area and equity and inclusiveness in the
sharing of benefits
 Implementation of revenue-generating schemes for
MCWS through resource use fees such as
entrance fees, mountaineering/trekking fees, user
fees for commercial filming and still photography,
among others
3.3 Situational Analysis and Management
Issues and Concerns
A. Situational Analysis of MCWS
STRENGTHS
Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) is characterized
with rich biodiversity and remarkable landscapes as
evidenced by the thick forests and various species of
indigenous and native trees found in the Protected Area
(PA). It also serves as a bird sanctuary and a home of the
endangered species such as Tamaraw, wild pigs, and deer,
among others. Relative to the records of sightings and
tracks of Tamaraws, some elders from the Mangyan
tribes has also reported that Tamaraws used to drink in a
‘kima’ (giant clam) that catches rainwater and is usually
found at the mountain peaks. They have also associated
the MCWS with “Batong agila” – rock formation that
looks like an eagle perched on a rock.
MCWS is also known not only for its scenic view
especially at the mountain peak but also because of its
good weather, clean water (rivers and lakes) and fresh
air. The threatened (IUCN: EN) Mindoro Island endemic

Page 29 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

species Hylarana mangyanum was observed in MCWS.
This species is a bio-indicator of good water quality, thus,
the number of individuals observed in the area indicates
that the quality of water in MCWS is still in good
condition (MBCFI, 2014). The preservation of cultural
heritage in the area is also noteworthy. For instance,
Maria Capra, a famous local dance inspired by a bird
found in Calavite, has been recognized by the Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP). Furthermore, the
increasing awareness of Indigenous People groups on the
importance of Mt. Calavite as a wildlife sanctuary is
considered as strength of the protected area.
WEAKNESSES
As an agriculture-based municipality, Paluan is
economically driven by the primary sector. The sources
of income in the community rely heavily on farming,
fishing and forestry. The lowland portion of MCWS is
devoted to the cultivation of crops, such as rice, root
crops and vegetables. The high dependency of local
communities and IPs to the remaining natural resources
in MCWS is very evident. This can also be attributed to
the low literacy rate and lack of other livelihood options
that match the skills and abilities of the residents that
results to high rate of poverty incidence in the locality.
Poverty drives residence to exploit natural resources to
earn for food. Local timber needs for housing and fuel
are also widely expressed in different areas.
Communities are not fully engaged in the protection and
overall management of MCWS. The support of
communities for PA management is wanting. These
communities also have limited information, knowledge
and appreciation on biodiversity conservation.
Furthermore, some areas inside the MCWS (i.e.
Calangigan) are inaccessible and difficult to reach due to
its location and geographic features. This makes it even
more difficult for some stakeholders to participate in
consultations or attend seminars that can help enrich
their knowledge and awareness about the protected
area. These areas are also seldom visited by patrollers
and forest rangers.
Policies and regulations for monitoring the entrance of
tourists and profiling of the guests and their purpose of
visiting the PA are not yet established and
institutionalized. The lack of a Protected Area Office
near the MCWS also contributes to this limitation.
The institutional system in MCWS, which serves as the
backbone for PA management, is also considered weak.
While the PAMB has already been organized, there is an
urgent need to capacitate all members in various aspects
of PA management. The conservation awareness of the
frontline actors and PA managers should further be
Page 30 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
enriched and developed in order to facilitate proper
planning and management of the protected area.
With the limited manpower and staff to support the
management of the PA, which is further exacerbated by
the lack of budget or other financing options, there is
difficulty in executing the functions and responsibilities of
PA managers thereby often resulting to delay in the
implementation of programs and projects.
Other matters which affects the management of the
MCWS is the occasional clash between the military
personnel and rebel groups in the area, which puts the
lives of forest rangers and volunteers at risk.
Furthermore, the inadequate transportation facilities and
access roads as well as the unstable weather pattern are
some of the factors that contribute to the limited
patrolling activities of the forest rangers.
OPPORTUNITIES
MCWS shows a lot of potential for research and
ecotourism development. The peak of Mt. Calavite is
becoming a famous attraction among hikers especially
during the months of November to May. Other potential
tourist attractions in MCWS include the Agbokbok Falls,
and Ruins of Pinagbayanan Church, which is claimed to
be the first Church in Occidental Mindoro; among
others. The presence of seasonal and migratory birds in
the PA also makes it a good site for bird watching. Local
dances and delicacies such as the Maria Capra, a famous
local dance and the uok, a wood worm which is being
served as a native delicacy, can also be enjoyed by both
local and foreign tourists.
A lot of foreign and domestic back-packers visit the
Calawagan Mountain Resort, an LGU-operated resort
found near the protected area. Ecotourism in MCWS can
also be complemented by improving the existing and
identified tourism sites and facilities in the municipality of
Paluan. The Paluan Bay, Pamutusin Cove and Ignonok Bay
found on the southwestern portion of the MCWS are
famous coastline spots in the area. In addition to the
Cape Calavite, Calangigan Bay and Ekbo Bay found on the
northwestern parts of the MCWS, the snorkeling and
diving sites can also be introduced and promoted as
additional tourism options. These activities are perceived
as good sources of income for locals who can serve as
guides for visitors.
The development of ecotourism activities in the area will
open livelihood opportunities not only for the residents
in Paluan but most importantly for the marginalized
households in MCWS. Some of the potential alternative
livelihood activities include the production of nito,
cashew nut processing, basket weaving, making of
tourism souvenirs and preparation and selling of food for
mountaineers and other visiting groups, which can
further be developed through conduct of livelihood
training. Such programs will help divert the pressure of
excessive resource extraction in the protected area.
Research and development particularly in the aspect of
biodiversity, renewable energy, and water resources can
be explored in MCWS. The implementation of NGP in
selected lowland sites of MCWS will help boost the
development of agro-forestry as an alternative livelihood
option for the residents. Meanwhile, the abundance and
good quality of water resources in MCWS can also be
maximized and utilized to supply water for other areas.
THREATS
Just like in other protected areas, the destruction and
fragmentation of habitats due to timber poaching, kaingin
farming and unregulated land use conversion or
agricultural expansion is also being observed in some
portions of the MCWS. Trees that are being cut and
logged include ipil, amugin, anabitan, mulawin, lawaan, and
kabolo for banca making. These unsustainable practices
coupled by uncontrolled hunting activities of residents
have been increasing the threat to biodiversity and
endangered species found in the protected area.
The forests fragments within MCWS serve as sources of
water for drinking, household consumption and
agricultural production. Along with the decline in forest
cover, it is observed that the flow of spring water used
for drinking is also decreasing, especially during dry
periods. Furthermore, the intensive use of fertilizers and
other non-biodegradable farm wastes also cause land and
water pollution which may adversely affect the quality of
water in the river and other fresh water sources in the
protected area.
MCWS’s exposure to natural hazards is also considered
a threat to the PA. Some portions of the PA are found to
be highly susceptible to soil erosion and rain-induced
landslides. These are exacerbated further by kaingin
farming and agricultural expansion which results to river
siltation and overflow of water along the riverbanks.
Based on the rapid site assessment of MBCFI (2014), one
of the major geo-hazards in MCWS is the presence of
active and offshore fault lines. Although these fault lines
are quite distant from MCWS, historical records of
earthquake events showed otherwise. Some earthquake
records revealed that these shocks happened near the
shorelines, thus signifying possible occurrence of
tsunamis. Likewise, the potential impacts of climate
change in the protected area which may be driven by the
projected decrease in rainfall during summer season and
increased average temperature throughout the year will
have an implication to their agricultural production as
well as other sectors of development. Furthermore, the
Page 31 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
increased volume of rainfall during the Habagat season
will increase the probability of landslide occurrence.
The remaining patches of lowland forests of MCWS are
very important habitats for threatened endemic species
of wildlife. Between the two habitats, the lowland forests
are most vulnerable of disappearing and are slowly being
converted into grasslands and agricultural areas as well as
pasturelands. This unregulated agricultural expansion may
lead to occurrence soil erosion and landslides.
Hunting appears to be a major concern for larger species
of mammals, including the Philippine Brown Deer,
Mindoro Warty Pig and larger species of birds. The
presence of Mindoro Warty Pig was made evident
through presence of tracks, pig wallows and reports from
hunting incidences. Harvesting and processing of
honeycomb is considered as a forest livelihood of many
residents in the PA. However, this practice usually results
to burning of honeycombs that causes forest fires within
MCWS. Excessive charcoal production also results to
reduction of forest cover. It has also been said that
unregulated grazing activities adversely affects the
implementation of reforestation programs in selected
NGP sites within the PA. This further supports the need
for proper zoning and delineation of land uses in MCWS.
B. Management Interventions
At the time of the preparation of the MCWS
Management Plan, several initiatives of the DENR, LGU,
and partner NGOs, which are directly or indirectly
related to MCWS, are ongoing or have been recently
concluded.
One of the major management interventions present in
the MCWS is the National Greening Program (NGP) of
the DENR. The NGP is a nationwide massive
reforestation program that aims to grow 1.5 billion trees
in 1.5 million hectares nationwide within a period of six
years, from 2011 to 2016 (NGP-DENR). Under the
NGP, the ridge-to-reef approach is being implemented.
Multiple areas are also being identified for planting fruit
bearing trees to give alternative sources of income to
settlements near the NGP sites. The planting of fruit
bearing trees is also in response to the Executive Order
No. 25 on the implementation of log ban from natural
forests (NGP-DENR).
The NGP implementation in MCWS is also in
alignment with the identified vision of the Municipality
of Paluan of ensuring the sustainable development of its
forest and watershed along with the maintenance of
the ecological balance and preservation of the integrity
of the environment (CBMS, 2012).
 This is also being supported by the Municipality’s
action statements for forestry which includes the
following:
a. Establishment of tree parks and green belt areas;
b. Implementation of community-based forestry;
c. Implementation of agro- forestry as alternate
means of livelihood for upland dwellers; and
d. Sustained reforestation and reduction of
dependency on forest products for household
and/or commercial purposes.
At present, a total of 1,897 hectares of land were already
planted with indigenous species of trees such as narra,
dungon, malabayabas, bani, malaruhat, duhat, inyam, ipil
alakaak and kamagong (CRMP, 2014).
Table 15. National Greening Program (NGP)
Sites within MCWS
Year
Area
Location
(ha)
2011 40 So. Binagyuhan, Brgy. Harrison
2012 100 So. Binagyuhan, Brgy. Harrison
So. Anduling and So. Patag
2013 600
Igme, Brgy. Harrison
2014 1,157 So. Aglimasan, Brgy. Harrison
So. Bano Apo, So. Calangigan
2015 1,426
and So. Aglimasan, Harrison
Total 3,323
Apart from the NGP, an Integrated Social Forestry (ISF)
Program is also being implemented since 1994. Under
the program, DENR distributed about 204 hectares of
land to 106 beneficiaries who will steward the assigned
area. The areas which were distributed are located in
Sitio Hinugasan, Igmanukan and Sitio Balimbing in
Barangay Harrison. The ISF agreement, known as the
Certificate of Stewardship Contract (CSC), spans 25
years, which supposed to be renewable for another 25
years. The ISF sites are included as part Community-
Based Program (CBP) areas pursuant to DAO 2002-02
and DAO No. 2004- 32. This program was implemented
as a way to conserve the remaining forest (CRMP, 2014).
The Office of the PASu conducted the SRPAO, which
serves as basis for the recognition of tenured migrants in
the protected area. The data from SRPAO conducted in
2011 is still being reviewed. It was found out that SRPAO
in the whole protected area is not completed. Out of
four (4) barangays covering the MCWS, only one (1)
barangay (Harrison) has SRPAO and is still not
completed due to absences of maps showing the
homelots and farmlots. There is a need to complete the
SRPAO to include the three (3) remaining barangays.
Page 32 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
Furthermore, it is noted that there is an existing initiative
to help organize the tenured occupants and interested
indigenous peoples to form people’s organizations (PO)
who can then be recipients of the Protected Area
Community-Based Resource Management Agreement
(PACBRMA). A PACBRMA is an agreement between the
DENR and a concerned PO that grants tenure over a
specified area provided that the PO conforms to the
activities and guidelines as prescribed in the PA
Management Plan. A participatory planning workshop
was conducted for this purpose and five clusters were
identified, as follows:
Table 16. PO Clusters identified in MCWS
Cluster Areas Covered
1 So. Ulasan, So. Pula and So. Bulacan,
Brgy. Harrison
2 So. Pamutusin and So. Hinugasan
including Igmanukan, Brgy. Harrison
3 So. Calangigan, So. Binuangan and So.
Ignonok, Brgy. Harrison
4 So. Aglimasan, So. Agbakong and So.
Itbo, Brgy. Harrison
5 So. Pinagbayanan and So. Agbalite,
Brgy. Harrison
Aside from these, other private NGOs and foreign-
assisted projects are implementing initiatives in
MCWS. For instance, the Mindoro Biodiversity
Conservation Foundation, Inc. (MBCFI), an NGO that
implements conservation initiatives in the Mindoro
Island, has conducted a number of researches on the
ecological and socio-cultural aspects of MCWS. The
MBCFI also conducted a workshop on land resource
use mapping and is currently assisting the DENR and
MCWS PAMB in developing a Mountaineering Guide.
The Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB),
supported by the GIZ GmbH through the Protected
Area Management Enhancement (PAME) in the
Philippines Project, has been providing technical
assistance in enhancing the management of the MCWS.
Recently, PAME has also partnered with the Fauna and
Flora International (FFI) and MBCFI to launch the
LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity Protection System in
MCWS. LAWIN is a tablet-based protected system
that integrates forest, biodiversity, and threats
monitoring. The system aims to improve the responses
mechanisms to address the observed threats and
ensure the sustainability of conservation initiatives.
 CHAPTER 4
Management Plan and
Logical Framework

Page 33 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

CHAPTER 4: MCWS Management Plan
4.1. Vision Statement
A vision statement embodies the collective aspiration of
the stakeholders in terms of what they would like to
accomplish in the long-term through effective
management of the protected area.
By 2020, it is envisioned that MCWS is:
“A protected area wherein biodiversity is valued, conserved
and protected and ecosystems are resilient and functional,
achieved through the collective effort of empowered
indigenous peoples and local communities led by well-
informed protected area managers”
4.2. MCWS Goals and Logical
Framework
The overall management strategy of MCWS is anchored
on a multi-stakeholder approach made possible through a
strong working relationship among the PAMB and PASu
Office, local communities, and other stakeholders.
To help attain the long-term vision of MCWS, five major
goals that address the biodiversity, cultural, socio-
economic and institutional concerns of the wildlife
sanctuary were identified. These seven goals represent
the short-term objectives/outcomes that the
stakeholders of MCWS would like to accomplish through
the programs, projects, activities and policies
recommended in this Management Plan.
VISION GOALS
(Short-Term)
OBJECTIVES
(Long-Term)
Figure 9. MCWS Logical Framework
Page 34 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
GOALS
A. Biodiversity is valued, protected, and restored and
ecosystems that provide essential services are
managed sustainably, taking into account the needs
of women, indigenous and local communities, and
the poor and vulnerable.
B. Threats and pressures to biodiversity are reduced
and benefits of the protected area are increased
and shared in a fair and equitable manner
C. The community understands the significance of
biodiversity and actions that can be undertaken to
conserve species and protect ecosystems
D. Decision-making is based on sound science and the
knowledge and technologies relating to biodiversity
are improved, shared, and applied.
E. Financial resources from various sources are
mobilized for effective implementation of the
management plan
F. Management of the protected area is coordinated
and institutional capacities are strengthened
These six goals are then broken down into specific
objectives and a set of strategies and outcomes to guide
a more structured implementation of the MCWS
Management Plan. These are presented in the section on
the Strategic Direction of MCWS (Chapter 4.3). The
Strategic Direction is further elaborated and translated
into a set of planned programs/activities in the indicative
Five-Year Work Plan (Chapter 4.8).
PROGRAMS/
ACTIVITIES
(with indicators)
4.3. Strategic Direction
COMPONENTS OBJECTIVES
A. Biodiversity Values  To improve the status of biodiversity
Management by safeguarding ecosystems and
species diversity
 Biodiversity is valued,  To prevent extinction of known
protected, and restored threatened species, decrease number
and ecosystems that of threatened ecological communities
provide essential services  To protect the natural forest and
are managed sustainably, sustain or improve the functionality of
taking into account the ecosystems
needs of women,  To mainstream biodiversity values in
indigenous and local local development plans and poverty
communities, and the poor reduction strategies across
and vulnerable. government and society
 To enable the PAMB to make
 Threats and pressures to appropriate policies and decisions
biodiversity are reduced based on sound science and
and benefits of the updated/accurate field information
protected area are
increased and shared in a
fair and equitable manner
 To address the underlying causes of
biodiversity loss, manage threats and
prevent further degradation
 To protect areas of high conservation
significance at risk of unsustainable
grazing practices and timber-poaching
 To create livelihood opportunities as
alternative sources of income for the
STRATEGIES AND OUTCOME
Delineated and demarcated the strict protection zone, multiple use zone, and
proposed buffer zones of MCWS with visible markets and signed by 2017
Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) is implemented every quarter in the next five
years
Established conservation areas and formulated concrete and measurable conservation
targets to protect the MCW’s remaining natural forests
Intensive and targeted forest patrolling established, funded, and conducted regularly in
the next five years
Incentives for Green Brigade Volunteers (GBV) provided and basic equipment for
forest protection and environmental law enforcement (ELE) procured
Capacities of PA managers and law enforcers on forest protection, environmental law
enforcement (ELE), and para-legal strengthened
Forest fire prevention and response initiatives mainstreamed in the Forest Protection
Plan/ Strategy of MCWS
Resolutions/Ordinances/Policies on prohibited resource uses (e.g., charcoal
production, unsustainable harvesting of honey, hunting activities) that are identified as
key threats to MCWS issued by the PAMB and MLGU of Paluan and strictly enforced
Restored the denuded habitat through the National Greening Program (NGP) and
other reforestation / active forest restoration initiatives within the next five years
Adoption of the MCWS Management Plan by the Municipal Government of Paluan
through a municipal ordinance
Harmonization of Paluan’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) with the
Implementing Rules and Regulations of the NIPAS Act and the MCWS Management
Plan
Indigenous peoples groups formally issue resolutions of support or consent to the
MCWS Management Plan
Communities who are committed to forest protected are supported in establishing
viable, biodiversity-compatible livelihood projects
Establishment of designated wood lot sites within MCWS that will serve as a
sustainable source of fuelwood for cooking and timber for building materials for the
communities
Slope agriculture land technologies (SALT) introduced through trainings and other
capability-building sessions with local communities to help minimize surface soil
erosion and landslides
Programs/initiatives to address identified issues related to waste management in
Page 35 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
 COMPONENTS
B. Socio-economic and cultural
management
 The community
understands the
significance of biodiversity
and actions that can be
undertaken to conserve
species and protect
ecosystems
C. Institutional Development,
Partnership, and
Coordination
 Decision-making is based
on sound science and the
knowledge and
technologies relating to
biodiversity are improved,
shared, and applied.
 Financial resources from
various sources are
mobilized for effective
implementation of the
OBJECTIVES
people in the community
 To promote equity and benefit-
sharing through increasing the
benefits of protected areas and
enhancing the involvement of
indigenous and local communities and
relevant stakeholders
 To improve knowledge, raise
awareness, and access to information
of stakeholders
 To ensure the full and effective
participation of indigenous and local
communities in the conservation and
protection of MCWS
 To ensure that indigenous
communities have access to
resources to enable them to preserve
their indigenous knowledge about
biodiversity conservation
 To improve scientific knowledge and
access to information
 To ensure that scientific knowledge
contributes to protected area
establishment and effectiveness.
 To maintain and record indigenous
knowledge
 To enhance implementation through
participatory planning, knowledge
management and capacity building
 To enhance the benefits to all from
biodiversity and ecosystem services
STRATEGIES AND OUTCOME
MCWS funded and implemented by 2018
Pasturelands outside the Strict Protection Zone of MCWS identified and set aside for
sustainable grazing activities
Vulnerability assessment conducted and/or information on hazard-prone areas
disseminated to the communities
Households living in identified hazard-prone areas relocated to the Multiple-Use Zone
of MCWS in collaboration with the MLGU of Paluan
Fully functioning and operational Small Water Impounding Systems (SWIS) and rain
water harvesting/collection systems to impound water for human consumption and
help prevents floods constructed
Other disaster risk reduction strategies and climate change adaptation options
identified and implemented
Completed SRPAO to determine the tenured and non-tenured migrants within the
next year
Assisted tenured migrants on community organization and issuance of PACBRMA to
encourage conservation-compatible activities and resource uses
Appropriate IEC materials aimed at increasing public awareness on the importance of
MCWS, the threatened and vulnerable species that should be protected, and
community action to support conservation/protection initiatives in MCWS developed
and disseminated to the target communities within two years
Community-awareness campaigns launched
MCWS Flagship Species identified and institutionalized through a PAMB resolution
and/or a municipal ordinance by the Municipal Government of Paluan
Vulnerability assessment conducted and/or information on hazard-prone areas
disseminated to the communities
Develop and implement action researches that will enhance science-based policy
making and decisions in the management of the watershed by promoting the
development of long-term empirical database on the hydrologic function as influenced
by the biophysical factors and socio-economic conditions
Research agreements and partnerships with research and academic institutions and
other relevant organizations forged
Provide support to the indigenous people communities in MCWS on the
documentation of customary laws and practices to help preserve indigenous
knowledge, in collaboration with the NCIP and other organizations whose expertise
reside on this area
Set-up an account for the Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF) Retention Income
Account (RIA) of MCWS and designated Special Collecting and Disbursement
Officers, pursuant to Republic Act No.10629 and its implementing guidelines
Page 36 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
 COMPONENTS OBJECTIVES
management plan  To establish the conditions, generate
adequate financial resources, and
 Management of the enhance capacities and public support
protected area is for the implementation of the
coordinated and management plan
institutional capacities are
strengthened
 To provide institutional mechanisms
and implement appropriate policies
 To enhance capacities for planning,
implementation, and monitoring as
well as establishment and
management of protected areas
 To apply appropriate technologies
and ensure financial sustainability
STRATEGIES AND OUTCOME
Formulated and issued PAMB issuances/resolutions, which shall serve as basis for the
identification of revenue-generating mechanisms (e.g., entrance fees, mountaineering
fees, and other user fees) and determination of appropriate schedule of fees
Mountaineering/Trekking policy for MCWS put in place to designate official trekking
trails and campsites, enforce restricted and prohibited activities, and properly
promote ecotourism in MCWS without jeopardizing the conservation values of the
wildlife sanctuary
Physical structures (e.g., viewdecks, signages, cottages) constructed to support
ecotourism in MCWS
Completed the formulation of the Ecotourism Development Plan, which will serve as
a guide for the development and promotion of the ecotourism potential of MCWS.
This can be done in consonance with other ongoing initiatives such as the
development of the Mountaineering Guide for MCWS.
Pursue partnerships with the local government units, non-government organizations,
and private groups/associations on promoting ecotourism in MCWS
Constructed a Tourist/Visitor Center for MCWS where tourists will be oriented on
the biodiversity value of MCWS, the prohibited/restricted activities, and where a
souvenir shop for collected honey and handicrafts of the communities can be set-up
and showcased
PAMB Operations Manual formulated within the next year
PAMB en banc meetings conducted every quarter
PA Office administration building and/or forest ranger station constructed to facilitate
effective coordination and implementation of PA programs
Training Needs Assessment (TNA) to identify specific capacity-building needs of the
PA Staff and PAMB conducted by next year
Appropriate capacity-building activities/trainings on vulnerability and risk assessments,
natural resource accounting, GIS application, among others, conducted to enhance
the capacity of the PAMB and PA Staff on the management of MCWS
Page 37 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
4.4. Management Zones
Zoning is a tool for the administration and management
of protected areas. Its ultimate purpose is to protect
critical habitats and conserve biodiversity in order to
keep the natural ecosystems functional and healthy.
Accordingly, the identification of management zones in
MCWS was conducted through review of previous
studies and relevant information about the protected
area, analysis of natural geophysical features and
biological characteristics in MCWS, and consultation with
various stakeholders.
In addition to this, ground truthing was done in order
validate the initial designation of management zones in
MCWS. Actual field visit in both the coastal areas and the
mountain side were done during the validation activities.
Interviews with the local leaders and the locals from
Sitios Agbalite, Pinagbayanan, and Calangigan in Barangay
Harrison were done to identify areas where sustainable
resource uses such as grazing, agricultural farming, and
non-timber forest products (NTFP) gathering of the
communities are being conducted. In the mountain side,
the trek trail leading to the campsite near the peak of Mt.
Calavite was visited to validate its inclusion in the special
use zone.
As stipulated in the DENR Administrative Order (DAO)
No. 2008-26, the Protected Area shall be divided into
two (2) management zones, as follows:
 Strict Protection Zone
 Multiple Use Zone
A. STRICT PROTECTION ZONE
The Strict Protection Zone (SPZ) is designated mainly for
the conservation of biodiversity, protection of unique
habitats, conservation of soil and water, vegetation,
geologic formation and landscape, and minimization of
climate-related and other disaster risks. The strict
protection zone in the entire MCWS covers a total of
9,552 hectares (see Table 17).
Table 17. Strict Protection Zone (SPZ)
Area
Zone / Description
(in has)
Total Strict Protection Areas 9,552
Watershed Protection 1,576
Area with 1000 m elevation 1,026
Slope >50 3,805
River/Stream Buffer 817
Open Forest 4,279
NGP Areas 2,504
Page 38 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
This zone is characterized by old growth forest lands
above 50% slope and with 1,000 meters above sea level
(masl) elevation. Based from the mapping exercise, there
are 3,805 hectares of land within the wildlife sanctuary
with above 50% slope. The remaining natural forests or
closed forest in MCWS should be protected at all costs.
Based on Balete et al. (2013), the peak of Mt. Calavite
(1,100 m) covers extensive riparian vegetation along a
dried up river which is surrounded by steep slopes below
the exposed grassy ridges. Climbing bamboos were also
found to be abundant at both edges of the grassland
surrounding the remnant forest fragments, forming
defense cover over the canopy of the trees closest to
edges of the grassland. However, an extensive portion of
the surrounding grassland was observed to have been
burned thus reinforcing the need to institutionalize the
strict protection management zone in MCWS.
MCWS serves as habitat to two critically endangered,
three endangered, three vulnerable, and 24 others are
classified as restricted-ranged species of fauna (MBCFI,
2014). This zone covers areas with high biodiversity value
serving as habitat for endemic and threatened species
and breeding area for wild animals, birds, and other
forms of life, which should be closed to all human activity
except for scientific studies and/or ceremonial or
religious use by indigenous communities.
Areas with high numbers of mammal evidence such as
bats, wild pigs, deer, Tamaraw, and large flying foxes
belong under the strict protection zone. Based on
MCWS RSEA (MBCFI, 2014), three of the four large land
mammal species recorded in MCWS are endemic
threatened species. Of particular note are the Tamaraw
and Mindoro Warty Pig, which are both island endemic
species and categorized as critically endangered and
endangered, respectively, in the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. On the other hand, four of the
twelve species of bats recorded in MCWS are also
endemic. Three species are endemic to the country,
while one species (Styloctenium mindorensis) can only be
found in Mindoro Island.
This zone shall likewise serve as an area of seasonal
residency for migratory, endemic and endangered species
of birds. Out of the 109 species of birds that are
recorded in MCWS, seven are threatened endemic to
Mindoro Island and 12 are migratory species.
Areas that are highly erodible and prone to disasters are
also included in this zone. Based on the analysis of maps
and data from DENR Mines and Geosciences Bureau
(MGB), a total of 5,201 hectares are considered prone to
hazards. However, based on the ground truthing and field
validation conducted for the preparation of the MCWS
Management Plan, some areas that are landslide-prone
are currently being used by communities for grazing field
and coconut trees.
One of the major geohazards in MCWS is the presence
of active and offshore fault lines. Although these fault
lines are quite distant from MCWS, there are historical
records of earthquakes in the area. Some earthquake
records revealed that these shocks happened near the
shorelines, signifying the possible occurrence of tsunamis.
Some landslides in MCWS have been observed,
particularly adjacent to the Hinugasan River, while others
were found near the forest. These landslides are located
along steep slopes and some of which are exposed,
hence becoming more susceptible to such incidence
(MBCFI, 2014).
STREAM BUFFER/ PROTECTION BUFFER ZONE
The freshwater ecosystems in MCWS include ponds and
numerous networks of rivers and streams. One of the
major rivers in the area is Calawagan River. A small pond
close in MCWS was observed to be a roosting site for
the threatened endemic Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica)
and other species of waterbirds. The surrounding
vegetation of the pond was already converted to rice
paddies with few Nauclea trees left standing near the
banks (MBCFI, 2014).
By virtue of the Water Code of the Philippines (PD 705,
Section 17), the banks of rivers and streams and the
shores of the seas and lakes throughout their entire
length and within a zone of 3 m in urban areas, 20 m in
agricultural areas and 40 m in forest areas, along their
margins, are subject to easement of public use in the
interest of recreation, navigation, float age, fishing and
salvage. These areas are essential buffers for the rivers
that serve as filters to incoming sediments and other
pollutants. These buffers that are supposed to be
covered with vegetation are also excellent protection of
the stream flow against excessive solar exposure to keep
water temperature at ideal level.
This zone covers a total of 817 hectares in MCWS.
These areas that are currently covered with grassland,
annual crop, shrubs, or otherwise have inadequate
vegetation and must be targeted for revegetation using
perennial forest species. Planting of fruit trees or bamboo
is beneficial as these plants are known to be good soil
cover and at the same time provide income without the
need to clear the area.
Page 39 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
RESTORATION ZONE
This zone covers a total of 2,504 hectares. This zone is
characterized by deforested, degraded or highly marginal
areas above 50% slope and areas in highly hazardous
areas that are degraded, where the long- term goal will
be to restore natural habitat with its associated
biodiversity and to rezone the area to a more strict
protection level. Initially, natural regeneration will be
assisted through such human interventions as fire
control, cogon suppression and the planning of native
species.
HABITAT MANAGEMENT ZONE
This zone covers areas with significant habitat and
species values. The management practices are required
periodically to maintain the specific habitat types or
conditions required by native, rare, threatened or
endangered species. Examples in MCWS would be forest
openings for the Tamaraw. Human habitation and
sustainable use may be allowed if they play a habitat
management role. This zone serves as habitation,
breeding ground, sanctuaries and playground for
terrestrial wildlife.
The indigenous, endemic, native species planted in the
NGP sites in the upland areas are also under this zone.
The Ipil tree Intsia bijuga is most sought after due to its
ironwood quality. This tree can only be found in lowland
areas, and is most vulnerable to timber poaching and
habitat loss. A number of mature individuals (some were
mother trees) were encountered in MCWS that would
be good sources of seedlings for propagation. This tree
grows well in semi-dry conditions and is a light-loving
species, making it a good species for habitat rehabilitation
(MBCFI, 2014).
B. MULTIPLE USE ZONE
The Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) is where settlement,
traditional and/or sustainable land use, including
agriculture, agro forestry, extraction activities and other
income generating or livelihood activities, may be allowed
to the extent that will be prescribed in the management
plan. This zone is characterized by below 50% slope and
1,000 masl, existing adequately stocked residual forest or
plantation forest, area highly suitable for plantations,
generally accessible or not threatened by road
rehabilitation activities, minimal or few upland clearings.
Land tenure may be granted to tenured residents,
whether indigenous cultural community members or
migrants. The MUZ covers a total of 8,600 hectares in
MCWS. This also includes resource-use areas, individual
or communal grazing areas, ecotourism and other use
area, existing camp sites, and areas having traditional
rights.
 accessible to potential tourists provided that the number
of visitors will be monitored in consideration with the
Table 18. Multiple Use Zones (MUZ)
zone’s biodiversity character and carrying capacity.
Area
Zone / Description
(in has)
Multiple Use Zones 8,600 SPECIAL USE ZONE
Croplands 395 This zone covers areas containing physical installations of
Shrublands 4,412
national significance such as telecommunication facilities,
Grasslands 1,817
irrigation canals or electric power lines. This shall also
include existing camp sites such as the camp site in
Matingkaran and the trails for climbing the peak of Mt.
SUSTAINABLE USE ZONE
Calavite, which is within the strict protection zone.
This zone is characterized by areas where the habitat and
its associated biodiversity shall be conserved and where
indigenous community members and/or tenured migrants CULTURAL ZONE
and/or buffer zone residents may be allowed to collect
The multiple use zones with the sub-category cultural
and utilize natural resources using traditional sustainable
zone covers areas with significant cultural, religious,
methods that are not in conflict with biodiversity
spiritual or anthropological values where traditional
conservation requirements.
rights exist and ceremonies and/or other cultural
practices take place. In MCWS, this includes areas such
This zone likewise covers the production areas which are
as burial grounds, religious sites, and the like.
lands that are suited for intensive land uses such as
farming, agroforestry and other uses requiring
disturbance of the soil and other resources found in the
C. PROPOSED BUFFER ZONE
area. These areas are found in the western portions of
the protected area, and usually planted with rice
This zone covers areas within the 2-km radius from the
throughout the year. Other agricultural areas are
MCWS boundary and surrounding the entire PA.
situated in gentle to moderate slopes. A large portion of
Essentially, these are areas outside the declared PA
Paluan’s land area is classified as forestlands and within
boundary but adjoining it that will serve as extra layer of
MCWS. Some forestlands are also used for pasture and
protection to the PA. These are effectively multiple-use
grazing activities. This zone also covers settlement and
zones that are established to provide a social fence and
other built up areas inside MCWS.
safeguard the area from encroachment and to manage
processes or activities that may affect ecosystems within
the protected area.
RECREATIONAL ZONE
This zone cover areas of high recreational, tourism, While not specified in Presidential Proclamation No. 292,
educational, or environmental awareness values where the delineation of a buffer zone for MCWS is
sustainable ecotourism, recreational, conservation recommended for inclusion in the proposed legislative
education and public awareness activities may be allowed bill. The estimated total area of the recommended buffer
as prescribed in the management plan. MCWS is zone within the 2-km radius of MCWS is 23,197
bestowed with natural beauty and rich landscapes and hectares, covering both land and marine areas.
seascapes. Some potential ecotourism spots include
Pamutusin Cove, Ignonok Bay, Cape Calavite, among
others. With the support from various partner
organizations, the Mountain Peak is also being developed
for Mountaineering activities. This zone maybe made

Page 40 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Figure 10. MCWS Management Zones

Page 41 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Figure 11. Sub-Zones of the MCWS Strict Protection Zone

Page 42 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Figure 12. Sub-zones of the MCWS Multiple Use Zone

Page 43 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

4.5. Management Prescriptions

The management prescriptions are measures to enhance the objectives for which a zone has been identified. They are
inputs for better and holistic management of the zone. They can be amended depending on the progress of the
conservation objectives for the zone. These are zone-specific in nature thus enriching the applicable standards and
guidelines.

Table 19. Management Approach and Prescriptions per Management Zone

Management
Management Approach and Prescriptions
Zones

STRICT PROTECTION ZONE

This zone represents the core area where all forms of exploitations are prohibited due to its sensitivity to
human activities. The zone is strictly prohibited to be accessed by people with exceptions on scientific research
and monitoring activities. Management efforts are concentrated mostly on protection and preservation as they
are critical in enhancing and maintaining the ecological processes that are important to the downstream
economic and social activities.

Strict Protection Zone

(Core Conservation Areas)

 All remaining natural forests, all
areas with high geohazard
susceptibility and high erosion
potential, slope >50% and
>1,000 masl, all key biodiversity
spots
 Total priority for conservation
of species, habitats, ecosystems,
landforms and landscapes
 Normally allowing only limited,
non-destructive, management
oriented monitoring, and
research
 Develop specific nature trails within these areas to lessen human
disturbance during the conduct of scientific research and monitoring
activities. The frequency and number of persons that will be allowed
to enter this zone for management oriented monitoring, and
research activities shall be determined and regulated. Hiking trails
will be identified as part of the special use zone.
 The period of stay for purposes of monitoring and research should
also be determined.
 No materials and/ or wastes shall be left along developed nature
trails.
 Specific areas where researchers and monitoring and evaluation
experts shall also be designated to respective purposes of visit.
 Install warning signs in areas near the zone and distinctively mark the
boundary of this zone. These will detail reasons for the prohibitions,
the importance of the zoning, and the regulations that control the
activities within it.
 Ensure that each entrance to the zone is within the sight of a forest
ranger station.
 Secure a permit from the respective authority (i.e. PASu) prior to
entering the zone. This will also facilitate proper profiling and
monitoring of visitors and their purpose.
 Regularly patrol the area to monitor the activities within the zone.
Establish patrol routes especially in the areas where illegal activities
are reported to be rampant. Periodic change in patrol schedule and
routes are also being recommended.
 Conduct quarterly monitoring to ensure the status of the resources
and biodiversity in the protected area
 Conduct biennial assessment of environment and natural resources
along with natural resource accounting to appraise management
efforts especially in the strict protection zones

Page 44 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Management
Zones
Stream Buffer Zone
 All areas within 40 m of stream 
banks, all areas within 50 m of
major watershed divides
 Development of bamboo plantations on stream buffer areas. Bamboo
Restoration Zone
 Managed for conservation,
maintenance of natural
landscape values and quiet
enjoyment of nature and
natural areas.
Habitat Management Zone
 Protecting ranges of species,
habitats and ecosystems
 Encouraging maintenance of
landscape links; avoiding
fragmentation; maintaining
source populations outside the
PA; preventing flows of
pollutants
Management Approach and Prescriptions
Harvesting of fruits and bamboo shoots within the stream buffer
zone as a protection zone shall be allowed but no harvesting of trees
will be allowed.
is a versatile crop that grows well in practically any kind of soil
condition. It is both an excellent production crop that yields fair
income for its growers. At the same time, it is an excellent soil cover
crop that enhances the ability of the soil to resist erosion considering
its ability to stabilize slopes stream banks and other erosion prone
areas. It is known to grow well in both dry and wet environment.
 Issuance of permit to harvest fruits and bamboo shoots should be
institutionalized. This will allow regulation of harvest to ensure that
the anthropological activities do not underscore the carrying capacity
stream ecosystem.
 Rangers should also visit the stream buffer zone to monitor activities.
 Allows natural processes to occur with minimal management
intervention and without infrastructure development.
 Allows survey, research and monitoring and regulated low level, low
impact recreation with few facilities. Provision of basic off site
information facilities to assist access and use, but no permanent and
artificial structures.
 Exotic species (not native to the site) shall not be used in the
restoration process.
 Existing houses and agricultural developments may be allowed to
remain initially but would be phased out eventually.
 Identify other areas that need to be restored aside from the NGP
sites
 Coordinate with other agencies for possible assistance in restoration
works, particularly where agency stake is prominent.
 Use and enforcement of defined regulations for users,
 Acceptance of moderate user impact
 Updating and enhancement of baseline data and biodiversity
monitoring systems
 Continuous research on the conservation and preservation of
endangered and endemic species
 Coordinate with other agencies and experts for possible assistance in
habitat management
 Determine the cost of the program and source out funds if possible.
 Ensure kaingin, timber poaching and other deforestation activities are
strictly prohibited in these areas
 Strict implementation and monitoring in NGP sites
Page 45 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
MULTIPLE USE ZONE
This zone is an open zone which can be used for developmental programs consistent with the MCWS
Management Plan. Preferably, the Protected Area Office and other facilities managed by the DENR / MCWS
PAMB must be located within this zone.
Sustainable Use Zone
 Promoting and assisting non-
destructive, sustainable
activities that will not harm the
protected area.
 Accessible and less vulnerable
areas enabling large numbers of
visitors to use and enjoy the
area within acceptable limits
 Serves as production areas
where there are grasslands and
brushlands; built up and
cultivated areas
Recreational Zone
 This is aimed at the integration
of research, education, tourism,
sustainable use and
development and traditional
activities
Cultural Zone
 Protecting culture and
sustainable traditional practices
Special Use Zone
 Enabling continued function of
established developments inside
more restricted zones
 The office of the Protected Area Administration will be located in
this zone.
 Secure a permit from the respective authority (i.e. PASu) prior to
entering the zone.
 Maintain a centralized database for tourist profile.
 Regular patrolling to monitor the activities within the zone.
 Multi-storey timber, fruit tree plantations, agroforestry can be
allowed with suitable soil and water conservation measures.
 Since there are still forestlands outside MCWS, it is necessary for
the LGU to formulate its Forest Land Use Plan.
 Collaboration/consultation with land management agencies, local
authorities, local communities and other stakeholders is
recommended.
 Allow limited commercial and settlement development based on
defined environmental and design guidelines. Corresponding
resource use fees / charges may be imposed for the commercial
developments that will be allowed.
 Ensure strict implementation of proper waste disposal.
 Construction and design of a good sewage system for facilities
regardless of building materials used.
 Recreational facilities (nipa hut, food station, first aid and monitoring
station, camping grounds) must be located within this zone for better
control of visitors.
 Allow only nature-based recreational activities to be promoted.
 Visitor orientation should be conducted prior to entrance to the
protected area. Only authorized guides will be allowed to accompany
or attend to visitors’ touring needs.
 Install interpretive signs to guide visitors.
 Ensure cleanliness within the zone. Install proper waste disposal and
management systems.
 Very clearly defined boundaries and limits of use
 Regular monitoring
 Consult with the different cultural and community groups and their
leaders
 Encourage maintenance of traditional practices that support PA
objectives
 All development areas which include the mountain climbing and
access trails, and the like.
 Implementation of strict waste disposal rules
Page 46 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
 BUFFER ZONE

This zone covers areas within the 2-km radius from the MCWS boundary and surrounding the entire PA.
Essentially, these are areas outside the declared PA boundary but adjoining it that will serve as extra layer of
protection to the PA. These are effectively multiple-use zones that are established to provide a social fence and
safeguard the area from encroachment and to manage processes or activities that may affect ecosystems within
the protected area.

If legally declared as Buffer Zone following the legal steps in declaring a protected area, the herein management
prescriptions shall adopted.

Buffer Zone

 Proposed to be managed to  Frequently patrol this zone to monitor illegal activities.

provide social fence against
encroachment into the
protected area.
 Establish patrol routes especially in the areas where illegal activities
are reported to be rampant.
 Land tenure may be granted to occupants who qualify. Potential
occupants shall be under orientation training on the MCWS and the
rationale for its management, protection, and conservation.
 Establishment of volunteer-based patrol group from among the
qualified occupants of the buffer zone. This will allow ownership and
stake to the MCWS management efforts. It will also augment the
limited number of staff and rangers who patrols the area.
 Strengthen the implementation of Community-based Resources
Management Program, and related initiatives in the buffer zone to
increase the economic productivity

The PAMB shall approve the updates or modification of the size/area and management prescriptions of the management
zones, and/or any provisions of the PAMP, as the need arises, upon recommendation of the MCWS Protected Area
Office/PASu.

Page 47 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

4.6. Management Standards and Guidelines

The management standards and guidelines refer to the  Rules on recreational activities and tourism in the
rules and regulations that have to be observed in the PA should be developed and are to be strictly
protected area’s administration. They are subject to observed
revision to enhance further the approximation of goals,  Visitors are required to undergo an ecotourism
objectives and expected outputs. The standards and orientation to be conducted by the protected area
guidelines are likewise sensitive to the zoning regime. staff for the purpose of raising awareness on the
Where they are not applicable to a zone, the PASu must features and ecological importance of MCWS as well
see to it that zone managers and stakeholders are aware as informing them of the rules and regulations within
of such restrictions. Below are the minimum standards the protected area.
and guidelines for protected area management of MCWS:  Entrance of visitors and guests should be monitored
and documented properly by Protected Area Office
A. Biodiversity Management and Municipal Tourism Office, following a system to
be agreed upon by both offices.
 Introduction of exotic wild fauna is prohibited.  Recreational activities and tourism areas must be
However, exotic wild flora and fauna may only be secured from dangerous elements.
introduced if the species to be used have been  Recreational activities and tourism areas must be
scientifically proven to cause no significant harm to maintained following prescribed quality standards.
the ecology of the reserve.  Design of facilities, interpretive signs and
 Reforestation project that is designed to improve a infrastructures must follow a set of standards.
marginal forest land must use indigenous species and
must follow uneven-age and random distribution
pattern to approximate the succession stage usually
occurring in a typical rainforest ecosystem.
 No commercial collection of wildlife is allowed
unless results of studies on their population and
distribution show the practicability of engaging in the
sustainable management and development of the
economically important species.
 Scientific studies are allowed following the system of
control established by DENR.
 Conduct of natural resource accounting and
environment and natural resource assessment shall
be done for the financial valuation of management
efforts.
 At the minimum, trails and patrol routes are to be
located and constructed where there would be least
damage on soil, biodiversity rich habitats and where
the best scenic areas are located.
 Commercial or sports hunting is prohibited unless
otherwise scientifically determined to be appropriate
following the specific management prescriptions, and
after results of studies on population and distribution (Source: DENR-GIZ PAME, 2013)
within the protected area is not allowed.
Figure 13. Natural Attractions in MCWS
 Encourage scientific studies with priority to be given
on identifying the management indicator species per
zone or habitat type. C. Site Rehabilitation

 Assisted natural regeneration of degraded sites for

B. Recreation / Ecotourism the purpose of restoration of original micro-
ecosystem (induced succession) is to be the priority
 Recreational activities and tourism are allowed only over enrichment planting.
in designated areas.  An approved site-specific rehabilitation plan is
required prior to actual work implementation.

Page 48 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

D. Project Development
 Proposed projects outside of those included in the
approved management plan for the protected area
have to go through the environmental impact
assessment (EIA) process.
 Critical projects included in the approved
management plan have to go through the EIA
process.
 The PAMB shall designate a protected area planning
team to be led by the PASu. The planning team shall
coordinate all matters pertaining to the development
of specific projects prior to action by PAMB.
 Existing projects of the government and private
institutions that are using the resources of the
protected area must enter into contract/agreement
with the PAMB.
 The PASu and PAMB shall establish linkage with both
the local offices and provincial executives.
 Regular consultation with the local stakeholders
particularly those occupying the buffer zones and the
IPs should be conducted throughout the entire
project development process.
E. Protected Area Protection
 Only officially designated trails are to be maintained
by the protected area management. Illegal trails are
to be closed using vegetative controls along
approaches.
 Officially designated protected area/ forest rangers
shall use a standard uniform for identification
purposes and to establish authority.
 Deputized forest rangers are required to carry with
them identification papers and necessary equipment.
 All personnel involved in the protection program are
required to pass a training course on protected area
management.
F. Protected Area Administration
 The PASu shall guide the PAMB in developing/
updating of management plan, developing protected
area-wide policies, and in ensuring that such policies
are consistent with national statutes on protected
area administration and environmental management.
 The PASu shall implement the policies adopted by
the PAMB.
 A decision flow following the protected area
organizational set-up must be developed for the
guidance of personnel and administrators.
 The protected area infrastructure/ facilities are to be
developed with utmost regard for: 1) security and
safety of personnel and visitors; 2) durability of
Page 49 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
facility; 3) cost of maintenance; 4) cost of
construction; and 5) environmental compatibility.
G. Agricultural Production and Livelihood
Development
 The utilization of natural resources of the reserve
vis-a-vis designated multiple use and buffer zones
must be subjected to the EIA process.
 The harvesting of renewable resources is to be
limited to supply the domestic requirements of
those communities which are dependent on the
reserve in gathering such products.
 Alternative sources of livelihood in the nearby
vicinity are to be developed to lessen the pressure
on the PA.
 Capacity building and skills training of residents for
proposed livelihood programs
 Support for basic utilities such as electricity and
storage units, transportation (farm to market roads),
and development of small business enterprise, and
tourism
 Considering that farming and animal raising are still a
much preferred livelihood activity by many residents,
the plan will not attempt to deliberately convert the
use of areas into other uses. However, for the
cultivated areas mixed with grass and brush lands,
options will be presented to the farmers to convert
their farms to other equally if not more rewarding
land uses like agroforestry development.
 Promotion of sustainable agricultural methods such
as organic farming should be implemented.
H. Agroforestry Development
 The multi-storey system with a combination of
various fruit trees shall be adopted to improve the
structure, productivity and species diversity in the
protected area.
 Timber production in the multiple-use zone shall be
encouraged for utilization of local communities
surrounding MCWS who were largely dependent on
fuelwood for cooking (firewood and charcoal) and
timber for building materials. This shall reduce the
impact on the remaining forests habitats.
I. Settlement Management
 As the community population continuously grows,
the settlement and community areas may expand
only to production areas immediately adjacent to the
existing areas.
 By no means, the areas for settlement and
community purposes should be permitted to extend
over to protection areas as this will likely
compromise the ecological and environmental
integrity of the PA.
J. Information, Education and Communication
 The production and use of information, education
and communication (IEC) materials must be based
on their practicability in terms of having the simplest
individual understand the message being delivered.
 The development of IEC program and materials must
take into consideration the real needs of the
communities in appreciating any invitation to
participate actively in protected area conservation
and management.
 For self-recognition, historical and anthropological
information must be included in the IEC program
and other conservation education activities
 Knowledge and information from relevant studies
should be translated into information materials to
boost awareness of the different wildlife and
importance of remaining habitats in MCWS or
Mindoro Island.
4.7. Management Structures and
Responsibilities
In order to effectively implement management zoning,
prescriptions and identified programs in this Management
Plan, improvement in the capacities and structure of the
governing bodies of MCWS is recommended.
Based on the NIPAS Act, the PAMB is the highest policy
and decision-making body of any protected area. It is a
multi-sectoral body that draws representation from
different sectors including national government agencies,
LGUs, NGOs, and indigenous peoples, the academe,
among others. At the regional level, however, the
MCWS is under the jurisdiction and administration of
Region IV MIMAROPA, specifically the Regional Director
(RD) who sits as the chair of the PAMB. The Regional
Director, as PAMB Chair, presides during PAMB
meetings. In his/her absence during meetings, the
members through a vote of those in attendance in the
meeting, shall choose from among themselves a presiding
officer.
A. Organizational Structure of the PAMB
Presently, the PAMB of MCWS is composed of eight
(8) members, as follows: the DENR Regional Director,
Page 50 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
who also sits as the Chair of the PAMB; Municipal
Mayor of Paluan; Barangay Captains of Brgy. Harrison
and Brgy. Alipaoy; a representative from the NCIP; an
NGO representative from the MCWS Mountaineering
Group; and two representatives from the tribal
communities. Through the continuing efforts of
strengthening the MCWS PAMB, the composition of
the PAMB is proposed to be increase to 10 members
to include the Barangay Captain of Mananao and a
representative from the academe.
Pursuant to the law, every PAMB member shall serve
for a term of five years, provided that he/she remains
the authorized representative of the organization/office
that he/she is representing. Moreover, the members of
the PAMB do not receipt compensation or salaries for
their membership in the PAMB. However, the law
allows them to be compensated for actual and
necessary travelling and subsistence expenses incurred
in the performance of their duties.
In most protected areas with very large PAMB
membership, committees are organized to foster faster
decision-making and facilitate operations of the PAMB.
In the case of the MCWS with manageable
membership, the formulation of committees is not
recommended. However, the PAMB may elect among
themselves focal persons who will be in charge of
administering and leading the implementation of
programs under this Management Plan.
The following are the recommended areas of focus for
the designation of PAMB focal persons:
 Biodiversity Conservation – This area covers
the effective implementation of the management
zones of MCWS; protection and enforcement of
management prescriptions and guidelines in
accordance with the zones; restoration,
protection and maintenance of habitats, and
related functions. This reiterates the need to
safeguard the biodiversity interests of the MCWS.
The focal person in charge of this section will also
take the lead in ensuring due review process will
be done prior to the conduct of researches and
any project inside MCWS that may have impact to
the ecological attributes of the wildlife sanctuary.
Furthermore, he/she will closely coordinate with
the DENR and/or seek the assistance of experts
from other concerned government institutions or
private organizations concerning the protection
and conservation of the biodiversity in MCWS.
 Socio-economic and Cultural – This area of
focus covers functions related to coordinating
community-based resource management activities.
These include working with the PASu Office in
 ensuring accurate and efficient conduct of the
SRPAO, provision of appropriate tenure
instruments, community organizing, and
development of alternative livelihood
opportunities that are sustainable and biodiversity-
friendly. The focal person for this section should
have cultural sensitivity and healthy relationship
with stakeholders of MCWS, but should remain
unbiased and focused on the conservation
objectives of the wildlife sanctuary. Moreover, the
focal person for this area will also work with the
PASu Office in identifying and implementing
appropriate information, education and
communication (IEC) initiatives to enhance
community awareness and gather stakeholder
support for the conservation and improved
management of MCWS.
 Ways and Means / Institutional – This area of
focus is concerned on the general administration
and overall institutional development of the PAMB.
The focal person for this section will lead the
formulation and review process of recommended
PA-wide policies to be adopted or enacted by the
PAMB, in close coordination with the other focal
persons. In addition, this section will be
responsible in identifying and deliberating matters
pertaining to the formulation of sustainable finance
mechanisms; identifying needed capacity building
activities for the PAMB members; development of
management systems within the wildlife sanctuary,
and formulation of a PAMB Manual of Operations,
among others. This section is also expected to
handle all administrative and financial aspects of
the PAMB, in close coordination with the PASu
Office. As much as possible, the person who will
be assigned to lead in this section should have
good operational knowledge of legal and financial
matters, or should have close linkage to a related
office.
B. Function and Responsibilities
By law, the PAMB is vested with the authority to
decide on matters relating to the overall management
of the protected area. The PAMB, by a majority vote,
decide on matters relating to planning, resource
protection and general administration of the protected
area in accordance with the MCWS PAMP. It is also
given the authority to promulgate rules and regulations
to promote development programs and projects on
biodiversity conservation and sustainable development
within the PAMB, as long as this is consistent with
existing laws and administrative issuances of the DENR
and other concerned authorities. Decisions of the
Page 51 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
PAMB should be properly documented by supporting
minutes of the meetings of the PAMB and formalized
through PAMB resolutions as much as possible.
The key functions and roles of the PAMB, as enshrined
in DENR Administrative Order No. 2008-26 and as
determined in the MCWS Management Plan, are as
follows:
 Review and approve the adoption of the MCWS
Management Plan, including the delineation of the
prescribed management zones and implementation
of management interventions specified in the Plan;
 Facilitate the ground delineation and demarcation
of the boundaries of the protected area, its
management zones and buffer zones;
 Ensure that the Management Plan is integrated into
the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of the
LGU, including the complementation of activities
and initiatives;
 Ensure the harmonization of the MCWS
Management Plan with other management /
development / resource use plans;
 Decide and approve matters relating to work and
action plans, as well as guidelines and policies
related to the management of MCWS;
 Be informed, decide and approve all projects and
activities, regardless of nature, to be conducted
within MCWS or in adjacent areas that have direct
impact to MCWS;
 Adopt rules and procedures in the conduct of
business (e.g., meetings, approval processes), and
roles and responsibilities of the PAMB and its
members;
 Participate in the selection and designation
process of the DENR in the appointment of the
PASu, as well as in the evaluation of performance
of the PASu;
 Recognize the rights and privileges of indigenous
peoples and other constituents of MCWS under
the provision of the IPRA and other applicable
laws;
 Resolve conflicts or disputes among tenured
migrant communities relevant to the management
of MCWS and utilization of resources, which
cannot be addressed/resolved at the community
level;
 Recommend fees and other charges to the DENR
Secretary for the use of the protected area;
 Establish supplemental criteria and guidelines for
the implementation of sustainable finance
mechanisms, in accordance to the applicable laws
and subject to approval of the DENR Secretary
and other approval processes set forth in the
NIPAS Act;
  Accept donations, approve proposals for funding
and budget allocation, and exercise accountability
over all funds that may accrue to the account of
MCWS;
 Build partnerships with local and external
stakeholders, both from the private and public
sector, to mobilize financial, material, technical,
and human resources in pursuit of the objectives
of MCWS; and
 Other functions that are needed to advance the
biodiversity, socio-economic and cultural
objectives of the MCWS.
Protected Area Superintendent
The PASu is designated by the Regional Director of the
DENR, upon consultation with the members of the
PAMB. The PASu shall be primarily accountable to the
PAMB and the DENR for the implementation of the
Management Plan and operations of the protected area.
He/She shall, whenever practicable, be assisted by
technical and support staff to perform the day to day
management, protection and administration of MCWS.
A. Functions of the PASu
While overall management lies with the PAMB, the
day-to-day implementation responsibilities and
resolution of site-specific management issues rest
under the functions of the Protected Area
Superintendent (PASu).
The PASu is vested with both administrative and
regulatory functions in the PA. He/She is the chief
administrative officer who oversees the
implementation of the MCWS Management Plan as
detailed in the annual work and financial plans
submitted to the DENR and approved by the PAMB.
Aside from this, other recommended functions to be
performed by the PASu in this Management Plan are as
follows:
Administrative Functions
 Provide administrative support to the conduct of
business of the PAMB, by serving as Secretariat to
the PAMB, handling documentation of regular and
special meetings of the PAMB, and by providing
assistance in the formulation and follow-through of
decisions through PAMB resolutions and issuances,
among others;
 Prepare the annual work and financial plans of
MCWS based on its Management Plan, for the
PAMB’s approval and adoption;
Page 52 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
 Engage local communities, including indigenous
peoples, tenured migrants, and residents in the
buffer zones, in the planning, protection, and
management of MCWS;
 Enlist the full support LGUs in the protection and
conservation of MCWS;
 Collect and/or receive pertinent fees, charges,
donations and other income for MCWS;
 Ensure the proper utilization and transparent
accounting and reporting of the annual budget
allocation and other funds that may be generated
by MCWS;
 Inform and provide necessary reports to the
PAMB and the DENR on the status of completed
and ongoing initiatives in MCWS; and
 Perform other relevant functions that the PAMB
or DENR Regional Director may delegate in
pursuit of the objectives of the MCWS.
Regulatory Functions
 Enforce rules and regulations to protected MCWS
from trespassing, damage, vandalism, and illegal
occupancy;
 Assume custody of apprehended items in case of
seizure2;
 Issue appropriate permits for the use of PA
facilities and amenities and/or utilization of PA
resources in accordance with existing rules and
regulations and pursuant to resource use
agreements/instruments issued by the DENR
and/or the PAMB;
 Require, when necessary, any person or
organization entering, passing through, or utilizing
any resource inside the PA to produce, upon
demand, authority or permit to do so;
 Coordinate with LGUs and law enforcement
bodies in resolving any conflict or issue,
apprehension of crimes and offenses committed
inside the PA;
 Guided by the management zoning and
prescriptions adopted by the PAMB through the
MCWS Management Plan, issue corresponding
certification on whether a proposed activity or
project is allowable or not within the MUZ; and
 Perform other relevant functions that the PAMB
or DENR Regional Director may delegate in
pursuit of the objectives of the MCWS.
2
As provided by the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the
NIPAS Act, the disposition of confiscated items shall be subject to
the clearance of the PAMB except for items that are: held under
custodia legis, those that are subject of donation, those that must be
deposited with another appropriate government agency, and those
that will be utilized by the DENR in accordance with existing rules
and regulations.
4.8. Five-Year Work Plan

PROPOSED TIMELINE
PROGRAM STRATEGY INITIATIVE / ACTIVITY Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)
Biodiversity Management Community information
and Habitat Zoning dissemination, social preparation,
Protection, and delineation and demarcation
- X - - -
Research, of the protected area
Monitoring, management zones using visible
and markers
Restoration Forest and Establishment of Conservation
Program Biodiversity Areas within MCWS representing X - - - -
Protection patrol sectors
Implementation of intensive and
targeted regular forest patrolling
in the identified patrol sectors X X X X X
using the LAWIN Forest and
Biodiversity System
Procurement of basic patrol
equipment and supplies for Green
Brigade Volunteers (GBV) such as X - - - -
binoculars, boots, radio, among
others
Conduct of capacity-building for
PA managers, Green Brigade
X - - X -
Volunteers (GBV), and
environmental law enforcers
Development of Forest
Protection Plan, which takes into
X - - - -
account the different natural and
human-caused threats
Implementation of response /
environmental law enforcement
X X X X X
(ELE) interventions to address
reported threats
Conduct of training on forest fire
prevention and suppression in
X - - X -
collaboration with the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP)
Issuance of PAMB resolutions and
municipal ordinances/policies on
prohibited resource uses (e.g.,
charcoal production,
X - - - -
unsustainable harvesting of honey,
hunting activities) that are
identified as key threats to
MCWS
Forest Implementation of active forest
Restoration restoration through the National
Greening Program (NGP) and
other reforestation initiatives to X X X - -
increase forest cover of MCWS

Page 53 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 PROPOSED TIMELINE
PROGRAM STRATEGY INITIATIVE / ACTIVITY Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)
Biodiversity Continuous implementation of
Monitoring and the Biodiversity Monitoring X X X X X
Research System (BMS)*
Establishment of Permanent
Vegetation Monitoring Plots (one
X X X X X
every year for each cluster with a
total of 5 plots for five years)
Encourage scientific studies with
priority to be given on identifying
X - - X -
the management indicator species
per zone or habitat type
Prepare/Update the Coastal
Resource Management Plan X X X - -
(CRMP)
Support action researches that
will enhance science-based policy
making and decisions in the X X X X X
management of the protected
area
Provide support to the indigenous
people communities in MCWS on
the documentation of customary
laws and practices to help
- X X - -
preserve indigenous knowledge,
in collaboration with the NCIP
and other private NGOs whose
expertise reside on this area
Mainstreaming/ Adoption of the MCWS
Institutionalizing Management Plan by the
Conservation Municipal Government of Paluan X - - - -
Objectives through a municipal resolution or
ordinance
Harmonization of Paluan’s
Comprehensive Land Use Plan X X - - -
with the PA Management Plan
Waste Implementation of initiatives to
Management address concerns on waste
management in collaboration with - X X - -
the Municipal Government of
Paluan and other stakeholders
Community Community Complete the SRPAO to
Development Organization/ determine the tenured and non-
and Resource Development tenured migrants and their X - - - -
Management resource uses. Include mapping of
Program homelots and farmlots
Facilitate the issuance of
PACBRMA to tenured migrants
to encourage conservation-
compatible resource uses. Assist
the POs in the preparation of X X - - -
their Community Resource
Management Plan (CRMP), within
one (1) year upon issuance of
PACBRMA.

Page 54 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 PROPOSED TIMELINE
PROGRAM STRATEGY INITIATIVE / ACTIVITY Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)
Monitoring and continuous
community assistance to - X X X X
PACBRMA holders
Livelihood Identification of viable,
Opportunities biodiversity-compatible livelihood X X - - -
options
Livelihood support for local
communities who are committed - X X X -
to forest protection
Establishment of designated wood
lot sites as sources of fuelwood
for cooking and timber for - X X - -
building materials of local
communities
Develop and implement guidelines
on the collection/harvesting of
non-timber forest products (e.g.,
rattan, honey, and medicinal and - X - - -
ornamental plants) to ensure its
sustainability and prevent adverse
impact to the environment.
Conduct capacity-building for the
local communities to
enhance/improve existing NTFP
collection/harvesting practices - X X X -
and make it compatible with
sustainable and biodiversity-
friendly standards
Sustainable Identification of pasturelands
Agriculture outside the Strict Protection
X - - - -
Zone for sustainable grazing
activities
Introduction and capacity-building
on slope agriculture land
technologies (SALT) for local - X X - -
communities to help minimize
surface soil erosion and landslides
Community- Formulate the
based Mountaineering/Trekking Policy of
Ecotourism MCWS in collaboration with the
Development partner NGO/s(i.e. MBCFI), X - - - -
Municipal Government of Paluan,
local communities, and private
tourism associations
Designate the official trekking trail
and campsite for MCWS and
X - - - -
enforce allowed, restricted and
prohibited activities in these areas
Develop a system for monitoring
and documenting visitors/tourists
in collaboration with the X - - - -
Municipal Tourism Office of
Paluan

Page 55 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 PROPOSED TIMELINE
PROGRAM STRATEGY INITIATIVE / ACTIVITY Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)
Develop view decks, ecotourism
billboards, cottages in support of X X X - -
ecotourism in MCWS
Complete the formulation of the
Ecotourism Development Plan,
which will serve as a guide for the
- X - - -
development and promotion of
the ecotourism potential of
MCWS
Develop a module for the
orientation for tourists/visitors to
raise their awareness on the
features and ecological
X - - - -
importance of MCWS as well as
inform them on the rules and
regulations within the protected
area
Conduct Cave Assessment to
identify, profile, assess and classify - X - - -
caves in MCWS
Prepare and implement Cave
- - X X -
Management Plan
Construct a Tourist/Visitor
Center where tourists will be
oriented on the biodiversity value
of MCWS and where a souvenir X - - - -
shop for collected honey and
handicrafts of the communities
can be showcased
Disaster Risk Climate Change Conduct of Vulnerability
Reduction Adaptation Assessments and dissemination of
- X X - -
and Disaster Risk maps and information on hazard-
Management Reduction prone areas to local communities
Program In coordination with the
Municipal Government of Paluan
and relevant government
agencies, relocate households
- - X X X
living in identified hazard-prone
areas to the Multiple-Use Zone
and proposed Buffer Zone of
MCWS
Place markers and warnings on
conspicuous areas leading to - X X - -
hazard-prone areas
Construction of Small Water
Impounding Systems (SWIS) to
impound water for human - - X X X
consumption and help prevents
flooding
Provision of rain water
harvesting/ collection systems to
selected households in areas - X X - -
without access to improved water
services

Page 56 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 PROPOSED TIMELINE
PROGRAM STRATEGY INITIATIVE / ACTIVITY Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)
Conservation Information, Select and institutionalize the
and Education and MCWS flagship species through a
Awareness Communication PAMB resolution and/or a X X - - -
Program (IEC) municipal ordinance from the
LGU
Develop and launch community
awareness-raising campaigns on
X X X X X
the PA protection and
conservation
Develop IEC materials aimed at
increasing public awareness on
the importance of MCWS, the
threatened and vulnerable species X X X X X
that should be protected, and
community action to support
conservation/protection initiatives
Construct PA Billboards in
strategic locations within the PA
with information on the features, X X X X -
ecological importance, and
prohibitions in MCWS
Partner with schools for the
conduct of special events and
- X X - -
activities to orient the youth on
the conservation values of MCWS
Institutional PAMB Formulate the PAMB Operations
Strengthening, Management Manual, in line with the
X - - - -
Partnership and Operations recommendations in the MCWS
and Capacity- Management Plan
Building Conduct quarterly PAMB en banc
Program meetings and special PAMB X X X X X
meetings, as needed
Maintain an organized database of
scientific studies/researches,
PAMB issuances, and other X X X X X
data/information concerning
MCWS
Capacity- Conduct a Training Needs
Building Assessment (TNA) to identify
X - - - -
Activities specific capacity-building needs of
the PA Staff and PAMB
Conduct appropriate capacity-
building activities/trainings to
enhance the capacity of the PAMB
X X X X X
and PA Staff on matters
concerning MCWS conservation,
protection and management
Infrastructure Construct a Protected Area
Development Administrative Office within the
Sustainable Use Zone or within
X - - - -
Buffer Zone or within Adjacent
Sitios or Barangays.

Page 57 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 PROPOSED TIMELINE
PROGRAM STRATEGY INITIATIVE / ACTIVITY Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021)
Construct Forest Ranger Stations
in strategic locations within - X - - -
MCWS
PA Financing Set-up the MCWS Integrated
Protected Area Fund Retention
Income Account and designate X - - - -
Special Collecting and
Disbursement Officers
Implement appropriate revenue-
generating schemes to increase
internally-generated income
(Collection of Users' Fees shall be
- X X - -
implemented upon publications of
the ordinances setting up of fees
and promulgating Policies and
Guidelines within the PA.)
Partnerships Pursue partnerships with the local
government units, non-
government organizations, and
private
companies/groups/associations to X X X X X
catalyze wider support and
mobilize resources for MCWS
conservation, protection and
management
Monitoring, Develop a Monitoring and
Evaluation, and Evaluation (M&E) Plan with
Reporting concrete measurable targets and X - - - -
indicators and validate these with
key PA stakeholders
Conduct periodic monitoring on
the implementation of the priority
activities in the MCWS
- X X X X
Management Plan and report this
to the PAMB and key PA
stakeholders
Update the MCWS Management
- - - - X
Plan every five years or as needed

*There is one existing BMS site in the Cluster 1 area within the PA. There is a need to establish additional 4 BMS sites for the other 4 Cluster Areas. (Year 1 -
Additional 1 BMS site shall established within the Cluster 2 Area; Year 2 to 4 - BMS Sites within Clusters 3-5 will be established, one per year.)

Page 58 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

4.9. PA Staff Profile, Requirements, and Capacity Building Needs

PA Staff Profile and Requirements
As provided by DENR Department Administrative Order
No. 2008-26 (IRR of NIPAS Act), the PASu shall,
whenever practicable, be assisted by technical and
support staff to perform the day-to-day management,
protection, and administration of the protected area.
Presently, the MCWS PA Office is complemented with a
total of 12 DENR staff performing various functions. Of
this number, six are permanent while the other six staff
are employed under contract of service. However, out of
the total staff complement, only the PASu/ SVEMS and
the EMS II work on full-time capacity to support the
management and operations of MCWS. The rest of the
staff provide technical and administrative support to
MCWS in part-time capacity, or on a by assignment basis.
The Forest Rangers, for instance, conduct forest
protection activities for the whole Municipality of Paluan
and the wildlife sanctuary is only one of their areas of
jurisdiction.
Table 20 presents the list of the position, roles and
functions performed, and status of employment of the
existing staff complement of MCWS.

Table 20. Current Staff Profile of MCWS, as of April 2016

No. of
Position/ Designation
Staff
Protected Area
Superintendent (PASu) /
Supervising Ecosystem
Management Specialist
(SVEMS)
Ecosystem Management
Specialist (EMS) II /
Technical Staff
Park Maintenance Foreman
Administrative /
Information Aide
Forest Rangers
Extension Officers for the
NGP Projects within the
PA
Total number of staff
supporting MCWS
Roles/ Functions Performed Status
1  DENR Executive Officer in the PA Permanent
 Head Secretariat to the PAMB
 Supervision, management and protection of the
PA
1  Assist PASu in the management, protection and Permanent
overall administration of the PA
 Takes the lead in the implementation of the
Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS)
 Facilitates and supervises the operation of the
PAMB
1  Supports maintenance and protection of PA Permanent
 Conducts BMS, survey and mapping
1  Serves as secretariat to the PAMB Under
 Prepares finance and administrative related Contract of
documents for submission to the concerned Service
offices and sections
 Assist in the conduct of IEC and coordination
3  Conducts forest protection and law enforcement Permanent
activities in Paluan, including MCWS
 Assist in the conduct of BMS, IEC and
coordination
5  Assist and monitor People’s Organizations who Under
are engaged in the implementation of NGP- Contract of
related activities in their areas of assignment, Service
including MCWS
12

Page 59 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

In line with the MCWS Management Plan, it is
recommended that the existing PA technical and
administrative staff retain their respective roles and
functions. However, considering the need for increased
forest and biodiversity protection and the identified
programs/activities in the Management Plan, the following
additional staff and adjustments are proposed:
 Ecosystem Management Specialist (EMS) I
and Administrative Aides
There is also an urgent need to fill-in additional staff
positions, particularly one EMS 1 and additional
administrative aides.
The EMS 1 shall handle the PA conservation Section
and serves as focal person on BMS & researches.
Meanwhile, one Administrative Aide/Clerk 2 shall be
designated as the Special Collecting Officer for
MCWS. The other Administrative Aide shall serve as
an Information Aide whose task is to assist in IEC
activities & orientation of visitors.
 Community Relations Officer/ Facilitator
 Park Rangers and Forest Patrollers
In addition to the active restoration initiatives being
done through the NGP, forest protection in MCWS
should be intensified. This can be done through the
full-scale implementation of the LAWIN Forest and
Biodiversity Protection System as provided by the
Joint FMB-BMB Technical Bulletin 2016-01,
strengthening of the staff complement of MCWS
dedicated for forest protection, and conduct of
accompanying capacity-building activities.
In the current staff profile of MCWS, there are three
Rangers holding permanent positions in DENR, but
are working in MCWS in part-time capacity only.
This is because the MCWS is only one of their areas
of jurisdiction under the DENR’s forest protection
program for the Municipality of Paluan.
 Ecotourism and IEC Officer
The DENR through the GIZ-supported PAME
Project and MBCFI have recently launched LAWIN
in MCWS. LAWIN is a technology-based protection
system that integrates forest, biodiversity, and
threats monitoring. LAWIN recommends a ratio of
one patroller for every 1,000 hectares of natural
forest or patrol area (or a four-member forest
patrol team per 4,000 hectares). Given the total
timberland area of MCWS of 15,699 hectares where
patrolling can be done, 16 staff or four patrol teams
are recommended to be formed.
Ideally, Forest Patrollers are recommended to be
Park Rangers since the latter are deputized by the
DENR and have the institutional support to act on
certain violations/threats on-site. However,
depending on the situation, the Forest Patrollers
Page 60 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
need not necessarily be full-time DENR staff or
rangers, but could be community volunteers who
may be given training on species identification,
threats, and various aspects of forest protection and
environmental law enforcement. Either way, Park
Rangers and Forest Patrollers should be provided
with basic equipment and supplies such as uniform,
binoculars, notepads, tablets to be used for
recording of biodiversity and threats data in LAWIN,
and radio, if possible.
It is therefore recommended that four Park Rangers
be designated for MCWS. The Park Rangers can
provide on-site leadership roles in the conduct of
PA-level activities, under the direct supervision of
the PASu. Furthermore, each Park Ranger can be
assigned to lead a patrol team in the conduct of
forest protection activities within MCWS through
LAWIN. To complete the staffing, 12 Forest
Patrollers can be engaged to form the patrol teams.
Upon the completion of the SRPAO, the DENR
plans to assist tenured occupants and interested
indigenous peoples to form people’s organizations
who can then be issued with a Protected Area
Community-Based Resource Management
Agreement (PACBRMA). A PACBRMA is an
agreement between the DENR and a concerned PO
that grants tenure over a specified area provided
that the PO conforms to the activities and guidelines
as prescribed in the PA Management Plan. The
Community Relations Officer’s roles and functions
will include conduct of social preparation and IEC,
information dissemination on the guidelines of
PACBRMA for the participating local communities,
facilitating community organization, and monitoring
of the activities of the POs issued with PACBRMA.
The ecotourism potential of MCWS should be
developed and promoted. Ecotourism, if managed
properly, can significantly contribute in raising public
awareness on the ecological importance of MCWS,
and can provide a sustainable source of revenue for
the wildlife sanctuary through the user fees collected
from tourists. Aside from these, ecotourism can
open livelihood opportunities for local communities.
The Ecotourism and IEC Officer will spearhead all
initiatives related to the development and promotion
of the ecotourism potential of MCWS. These include
participating in the development of the
Mountaineering Guide; supporting the formulation of
the Ecotourism Development Plan; overseeing the
module preparation for the orientation of tourists;
liaising with the DOT, Municipal Tourism Office and
 other private tourism associations; development of a
monitoring/registry system for tourists entering
MCWS, and other related functions.
Aside from this, he/she will also be responsible in the
implementation of IEC initiatives of the wildlife
sanctuary. These include the development of
community awareness-raising campaigns on the
protection and conservation of MCWS and
development of IEC materials on the key species in
MCWS that should be protected, and community
action to support the DENR and PAMB’s
conservation/protection initiatives.
 Park Maintenance Foreman/ LAWIN Data
Manager and Patrol Organizer
The current Park Maintenance Foreman holds a
permanent position in the DENR, but currently
works in the PA by virtue of the issuance of Travel
Orders (TO) only on a weekly or on a per activity
basis. According to the PA Office, the Special Order
for his transfer/assignment in MCWS will be
facilitated by July 2016. Currently, the Park
Maintenance Foreman’s tasks include supporting the
maintenance and protection of the PA; and
conducting BMS, survey and mapping.
Aside from being transferred to the MCWS PA
Office, the Park Maintenance Foreman is proposed
to be trained as the LAWIN Data Manager and
Patrol Organizer. As the Data Manager, he will be
capacitated to handle the updating of the LAWIN
data model, transferring of patrol data from the
tablets used by Forest Rangers/Patrollers to the
computer, troubleshooting of technical issues, and
generation of patrol reports using automated/ pre-
designed templates in LAWIN.
There is a need for additional staff in the office.
There should be two (2) Park Maintenance Foreman:
one (1) as the chief PA resource protection & law
enforcement unit and another one (1) chief survey &
mapping unit & LAWIN Data Manager.
Aside from the long-term and short-term staff
complement of the protected area office, external
consultants or resource persons may be engaged in the
implementation of specific activities, which include but
are not limited to:
 Conduct of scientific studies or action research
in line with the MCWS Management Plan
 Preparation of plans (e.g. Ecotourism Plan)
 Capacity-building activities
Page 61 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
The table below summarizes the proposed staff
complement for MCWS:
Table 21. Proposed Staff Complement of MCWS
No. of
Position/ Designation
Staff
Protected Area Superintendent (PASu) 1
Deputy PASu / Ecosystem Management 1
Specialist (EMS) II
Ecosystem Management Specialist (EMS) I 1
Park Maintenance Foreman/ LAWIN Data 2
Manager and Patrol Organizer
Administrative / Information Aide 2
Park Ranger 4
Ecotourism and IEC Officer 1
Community Relations Officer / Facilitator 1
Forest Patroller 12
Total 25
Capacity-Building Needs
While a Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is needed to
determine the specific capacity-building requirements of
the MCWS PA Staff, the following are some of the
proposed capacity-building topics to enhance the capacity
of staff in the various aspects of PA management:
 PA Management and Administration
 Biodiversity Awareness and Values Formation
 LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity Protection
 Environmental Law Enforcement (ELE)
 Para-Legal Training
 Climate Change Adaptation / Disaster Risk
Reduction in the context of PA Management
 Vulnerability and Climate Risk Assessment in the
context of PA Management
 PACBRMA Process and Guidelines
 Enterprise Development
 Community-based Ecotourism Development
 Identification and Implementation of Sustainable,
Biodiversity-friendly Livelihood, Marketing and
Linkaging
 Mainstreaming Gender and Inclusion Issues and
Concerns in PA Management
 Sustainable Finance Mechanisms
 Environment and Natural Resources
Assessment
 Natural Resource Accounting
 Project Development
 GIS Map Development and Applications
The proposed capacity-building activities aim for
organizational development of PAMB and PA staff. It may
be in the form of formal training, orientation, coaching
sessions, or a refresher course on the topics identified.
4.10. Proposed Organizational / Management Structure of Protected Area Office

Protected Area
Superintendent (PASu)

Administrative and
Support Services

Assistant PASu

Biodiversity Values Socio-Economic Institutional Development

Management Section Management Section Section

Community PA Planning and

Management Zoning Organization/ Management
Development
Forest and Biodiversity
Livelihood PAMB Operation
Protection
Development
Biodiversity Monitoring and IPAF Operation and
Research Community Management
Awareness and IEC
Forest Conservation Capacity-Building and
Restoration Community-based Strengthening
Ecotourism
Development Networking and
Linkaging

Monitoring and
Evaluation

4.11. Monitoring and Evaluation

A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system shall be designed and implemented for the different prescribed program and
activities under the MCWS Management Plan. This M&E system generally aims to monitor the implementation of activities
and assess the achievability of the set goals and objectives at the protected area level, which will serve as inputs for an
informed-decision making of the PAMB towards effective adaptive management.

At the end of each calendar year, the PASu will report on accomplishments of the activities targeted for the year as well
as the status of ongoing initiatives to the PAMB. At the end of five years, evaluation shall be done to determine whether
the required outcomes of the MCWS Management Plan have been achieved.

Page 62 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 CHAPTER 5
Financial Plan

Page 63 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

CHAPTER 5: MCWS Financial Plan
5.1. Sustainable Financing The law further provides that disbursements from the
IPAF shall be made solely for the protection,
Financial sustainability is vital to achieving effective maintenance, administration and management of
management of any protected area. Without sufficient protected areas, and duly approved projects endorsed by
funds, park managers would not be able to implement the PAMBs in the amounts authorized by the DENR.
conservation and protection activities, hire adequate staff
to support day-to-day operations, conduct needed In 2014, Republic Act No. 10629 was passed into law.
planning, research, and monitoring, and implement This amended Section 16 of NIPAS Act and provides for
necessary activities to achieve the conservation the retention by the PAMB of 75% of all revenues
objectives of the protected area. accruing to the IPAF. This will allow the PAMBs to
immediately utilize funds without going through the
Presently, funding for the different activities and National Treasury as long as activities to be financed are
operations of the MCWS is highly dependent on the geared towards PA Management Plan implementation and
national government budget, through the annual are approved by the PAMB. To ensure that PA Offices
appropriations in the budget of the DENR. Specifically, are able to establish systematic, transparent and
the budget for MCWS is lodged to the annual work plan accountable mechanisms of managing the IPAF, the DBM-
of the DENR-Region IV-B, particularly the Protected DENR Joint Memorandum Circular 2015-01, which
Areas, Wildlife and Coastal Zone Management serves as the Implementing Guidelines of RA 10629, was
(PAWCZM) Unit. Funding allocated to MCWS, however, issued in September 2015. This specifies the details on
is not regular as it is subject to prioritization and other the steps and procedure of collection, disbursement and
considerations during the annual government budget accounting of resources that will accrue to the said
preparation. There are planned initiatives, including the account. Based from the implementing guidelines, three
proposed construction of a Protected Area Office inside IPAF accounts will be created, as follows:
MCWS that have been pushed back because of lack of
financial resources for its implementation. Another Table 22. IPAF Accounts pursuant to Joint DBM-
previously planned initiative – the introduction of DENR Circular No. 2015-01
alternative livelihood activities to Mangyans to wean
them away from illegal and destructive forest activities – IPAF Special
PA Retention PA Trust
was hampered by the lack of funding resources (MCWS- Account in the
Income Account Receipts (PA-
General Fund
MECAP, 2013). (RIA) TR)
(IPAF SAGF)
 PA income  Composed of  Composed of all
subject to 75% 25% of PA donations
Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF) retention by the income and all received by PA
PAMB accumulated with terms not
The NIPAS Act recognizes the importance of sustainable  To be deposited IPAF prior to exceeding one
financing and provides a structure to generate and in a current implementation year
allocate revenues for the protection, maintenance, account in the of RA 10629  Disbursements
administration and management of the protected areas AGDB under  Account with will be according
through the Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF). the name of PA the National to the purpose
Pursuant to the law, protected areas may generate  Utilization will Treasury of the fund,
follow existing  Made available subject to
revenues from:
accounting for PAs and pertinent
guidelines of BMB through a accounting and
 Fees from the permitted sale and export of flora and gov’t Special Budget auditing rules
fauna and other resources derived from protected and regulations.
areas;
 Proceeds from lease of multiple-use zones;
 Contributions from industries and facilities directly
benefitting from the protected area; and The implementation of RA 10629 is envisioned to
 Such other fees and income derived from the incentivize protected areas to develop and strengthen
operation of the protected area. innovative financing mechanisms since funds can now be
made available on time when management interventions
are needed.

Page 64 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

5.2. Existing Budget Allocation and 5.3. Financial Requirements for MCWS
Revenue Sources Management Plan Implementation

Presently, the budget for the operations, management,
and implementation of programs and projects for MCWS
is primarily sourced from the National Government
through the regular funding from the DENR. MCWS
does not receive income from internally-generated
revenue sources such as resource use fees.
From 2014-2016, MCWS received a total of P2.478
million to implement various programs and projects
within the protected area. These include the
implementation of the biodiversity monitoring system
(BMS), patrolling and monitoring initiatives within the PA,
community development and IEC initiatives, capacity-
building activities, construction of signages throughout
the wildlife sanctuary, preparation of various plans for
MCWS including the PA Management Plan (PAMP) and
Community Resource Management Plan (CRMP), and
operations of the PAMB, among others.
In addition to this, MCWS received a total of P3.419
million for the personnel services of the PASu and
technical staff supporting the protected area within the
three-year period. These are complemented with funding
support and contributions from the MLGU of Paluan and
counterpart funding from MBCFI and GIZ amounting to
P1.946 million.
The estimated total capital requirement for implementing
the different programs/projects and activities in the
MCWS Management Plan is estimated at P44.729 million
over the five-year period.
The cost estimates were arrived by following the
management planning and logical framework discussed in
Chapter 4 of the Management Plan, and conducting an
activity-based cost accounting tool. This is consistent
with the business planning approach used by the
Biodiversity Management Bureau in their PA Business
Plans. Through the activity-based cost accounting, the
different expense items (e.g., equipment, infrastructure,
meeting expenses, travel, supplies, training, utilities, etc.)
were computed per program/project, and by key activity.
The information from the Annual Work Plan and the
DENR Forward-Estimates were used as basis for the
computation of several cost items, but some costs were
adjusted to reflect the new target outcomes. Additional
activities were also added based on the
recommendations in the MCWS Management Plan.
The Financial Plan utilized the strategies and identified
programs/key activities found in the indicative Five-Year
Work Plan (Chapter 4.8) of MCWS. However, the
strategies were grouped into programs, as follows:

Table 23 summarizes the three-year budget and revenues  Biodiversity and Habitat Protection, Research,
of MCWS.3 Monitoring, and Restoration Program
 Community Development and Resource
Table 23. MCWS Current Budget and Revenues Management Program
 Ecotourism Development
Government Contribution  Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program
Appropriation (PhP) from LGU
Year  Conservation and Awareness Program
Personnel and Private
MOOE
Services Sector (PhP)  Institutional Strengthening, Partnership and
2014 290,000 927,000 Capacity-Building Program
2015 1,187,000 927,000 1,946,250  Management, Administrative and Operational
2016 1,001,000 1,565,172 Expenses
Annual
826,000 1,139,724 648,750
Average Table 24 presents the estimated five-year budget
3-Year requirement for the implementation of MCWS by
2,478,000 3,419,172 1,946,250
Budget program and by strategy. The breakdown of the annual
Total 7,843,422 budget by program and by expense item is presented in
Note: Figures from 2016 represent actual costs as of May 2016.
Table 25 and Table 26, respectively.

A complete five-year work plan with annual cost

3
There are other government programs and projects, such as the
National Greening Program (NGP), that were implemented in
MWCS during the three-year period. However, these were not
included in the computation of the current budget/revenues of
MCWS as these programs/projects are not considered as line-item
budget for the protected area.
estimates by program and by initiative/activity is attached
as Annex to the PAMP. It should be noted, however, that
the budget requirements for the implementation of the
five-year work plan are estimates only using available
data. These are intended to serve as a guide for the
preparation of Work and Financial Plans (WFP) by the
DENR / PA Office on an annual basis.

Page 65 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Table 24. Estimated Five-Year Budget 5.4. Revenue-Generating Schemes for
Requirement for MCWS, 2017-2021 MCWS

Five-Year Given the trend in the budget and revenues received by

PROGRAM STRATEGY MCWS from 2014-2016, and the capital requirement to
Total (PhP)
Biodiversity Management Zoning 500,000 implement the key activities prescribed in the MCWS
and Habitat Forest and 3,522,000 Management Plan, the MCWS should generate additional
Protection, Biodiversity income by tapping in the various potentials of the
Research, Protection protected area to close the funding gap.
Monitoring, Biodiversity 4,950,000
and Monitoring and In 2013, the World Bank-assisted Sustainable Financing of
Restoration Research Protected Areas Project commissioned by the DENR
Program Mainstreaming/ 40,000 Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) and implemented
Institutionalizing by the Resources, Environment and Economics Center
Conservation for Studies, Inc. (REECS), was completed. This project
Objectives aimed to provide technical assistance to 18 selected
Waste Management 80,000 protected areas in the country on increasing internally-
Community Community 630,000 generated financing for protected area management. The
Development Organization/ project enhanced the capacities of key PA managers of
and Resource Development the 18 selected sites on resource mobilization as well as
Management developed knowledge products called PA Business Plans.
Livelihood 1,745,000
Program Opportunities
While MCWS was not included among the 18 project
Sustainable 265,000
sites, the results and recommendations of the project can
Agriculture
be used as a general guide in identifying revenue-
Community-based 9,795,000
generating schemes that could be tailor-suited for
Ecotourism
MCWS. This section lists and describes the different
Development
revenue-generating schemes that the PAMB can explore.
Disaster Risk Climate Change 1,390,000 It should be clear, however, that the determination of
Reduction Adaptation Disaster the actual schedule of fees and implementation should
and Risk Reduction undergo appropriate approvals from the PAMB and
Management DENR and stakeholder consultations, as prescribed by
Program the law.
Conservation Information, 1,480,000
and Education and  Entrance Fees. Capitalizing on the recreational and
Awareness Communication (IEC) ecotourism potential of MCWS, a basic entrance fee
Program
can be charged by the PAMB for visiting local
Institutional PAMB Management 460,000 tourists and foreigners. This fee is targeted towards
Strengthening, and Operations bird watchers as well as tourists who like nature
Partnership Capacity-Building 1,550,000 recreation. A Visitor Office can be constructed to
and Capacity- Activities serve as a first stop of tourists in MCWS. From
Building Infrastructure 1,300,000 there, visitors will be required to undergo a brief
Program Development ecotourism orientation to be conducted by the
PA Financing 170,000 protected area staff. The purpose of this orientation
Monitoring, 240,000 is to raise visitors’ awareness on the features and
Evaluation, and ecological importance of MCWS as well as inform
Reporting them on the rules and regulations within the
Management Personnel Services 13,362,180 protected area. Entrance of visitors and guests
and Vehicles 2,000,000 should be monitored and documented properly by
Operational MOOE 1,250,000 Protected Area Office and Municipal Tourism Office,
Expenses following a system to be agreed upon by both
Total 44,729,180 offices.

 Mountaineering/Hiking Fee. MCWS is an ideal

mountaineering/trekking site not only for its scenic
view especially at the mountain peak, but also
because of its good weather, clean water (rivers and

Page 66 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 lakes) and fresh air. Tourists who would like to climb
the summit of Mt. Calavite can be charged
mountaineering or trekking fee in lieu of entrance
fees. This fee should be higher than the basic
entrance fees as the length of stay for
mountaineering is longer and the level of impact to
the protected area is also higher. This also means
that the level of effort that should be exerted by the
protected area staff in terms of monitoring the
activities should be higher to ensure that the
mountaineering/trekking activities do not cause
adverse impact to the environment. The MCWS
Management Plan prescribes that the trek trails for
climbing the peak of Mt. Calavite be designated as a
Special User Zone. Other recommendations on the
management of the trek trails are prescribed under
the Management Prescriptions and Standards.
However, before the volume of mountaineers
visiting MCWS surges, there should be an
appropriate system to help ensure the safety of the
tourists as well as prevent adverse effects on the
protected area due to the influx of tourists. The trek
trail should be properly maintained and guides
should be trained on first-aid, rescue and survival,
and other aspects of mountaineering.
 User Fees for Special Activities. Aside from
mountaineering, the protected area offers other
potential recreational activities.
For instance, there is a plan to conduct a cave
assessment in 2018 to identify, profile, assess and
classify caves in MCWS. This then shall be the basis
for the preparation of a Cave Management Plan in
2019-2012. In the event that caves where caving and
spelunking activities can be allowed, separate user
fees should be charged for the use of such natural
features of the wildlife sanctuary.
In addition to this, guided tours to the cultural sites
or other areas of interested in the wildlife sanctuary
can be designed. Interested women and men from
the local communities, including indigenous peoples,
can be capacitated as tour guides for this activity
which will also serve as a sustainable alternative
livelihood for them. Separate fees can be charged for
the guided tour, as well as for the services of the
tour guides.
 User Fees for Commercial Filming and Still
Photography. Many protected areas globally charge
user fees for commercial activities such as filming
and still photography. These activities contribute to
increasing awareness of the ecological importance
and natural attractions inside the protected area,
which in turn contributes to heightened interest on
Page 67 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
conservation. However, if not managed properly,
allowing such activities may cause disturbance to
wildlife and could adversely impact the natural
ecosystem. Careful monitoring and management
system should be put in place to ensure that these
activities do not cause negative effects to the wildlife
sanctuary.
A User Fee for commercial filmmakers and
videographers, as well as professional photographers
is recommended to capture the recreational and
scenic value of MCWS. The user fees can be a daily
rate that is computed on the basis of the number of
persons involved in the activity, level of impact, and
number of days of filming. It can also be a fixed price
charged depending on the output/product produced
from the activity such as: full-length movies,
commercials produced within Mt. Calavite,
promotional video clips intended for marketing/
commercial purposes, photo shoots, among others.
 Development Fees. Development fee applies to
the long-term use of the protected area. The user
can be an individual or a company setting up a
business establishment inside the protected area.
Development fees can be computed in a number of
ways, including calculating excess profit, or through
the use of zonal or market value of land. Uses of
land where development fees can be applied include
installation of towers by telecommunications and
broadcast companies; establishment of ecotourism
enterprises inside the Park; and energy projects
allowed by the PAMB, among others. It should be
noted, however, that project development should
follow the management standards and guidelines
prescribed in this Management Plan.
 User Fees for Resource Use Extraction. User
Fees can be imposed for the extraction – gathering
and utilization – of certain non-timber forest-based
products (NTFP) such as honey, rattan, medicinal
and ornamental plants.
However, before such activities can be promoted,
there should be clear guidelines on the
collection/harvesting of NTFP to ensure its
sustainability and prevent adverse impact to the
environment.
Table 25. Annual Budget Requirement for MCWS Management Plan Implementation, by Program

Cost Estimate (in PhP) Five-Year Total

Budget Percentage
Program
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement Share
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)

Biodiversity and Habitat

Protection, Research, Monitoring, 2,539,000 2,297,000 1,482,000 1,732,000 1,042,000 9,092,000 20%
and Restoration Program

Community Development and

Resource Management Program 2,900,000 7,190,000 2,020,000 280,000 45,000 12,435,000 28%

Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Program - 670,000 720,000 - - 1,390,000 3%

Conservation and Awareness

Program 320,000 370,000 370,000 270,000 150,000 1,480,000 3%

Institutional Strengthening,
Partnership and Capacity-Building 1,540,000 790,000 460,000 390,000 540,000 3,720,000 8%
Program

Management and Operational

Expenses 4,374,436 3,398,436 2,922,436 2,946,436 2,970,436 16,612,180 37%

Annual Total Cost 11,673,436 14,715,436 7,974,436 5,618,436 4,747,436 44,729,180 100%

Page 68 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Table 26. Annual Budget Requirement for MCWS Management Plan Implementation, by Expense Item

Cost Estimate (PhP) Five-Year Total

Budget Percentage
Expense Item / Category Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement Share
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Infrastructure, Equipment,
Vehicle 4,917,000 2,480,000 1,580,000 100,000 - 9,077,000 20%

Meetings, Planning Activities,

Workshops, and Special 740,000 605,000 455,000 315,000 225,000 2,340,000 5%
Events

Training and Capacity-Building

Expenses 435,000 230,000 220,000 285,000 300,000 1,470,000 3%

Travel-related Expenses 515,000 570,000 400,000 435,000 310,000 2,230,000 5%

Supplies, Materials and

Publications 252,000 212,000 207,000 217,000 202,000 1,090,000 2%

Direct Activity Costs (Forest

Patrolling, Law Enforcement,
Biodiversity Monitoring, 720,000 1,750,000 1,320,000 800,000 720,000 5,310,000 12%
Livelihood)

Utilities, Maintenance and

Other Operating Expenses 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 850,000 2%

Research and Short-Term

Project Staff and Consultants 1,300,000 6,050,000 950,000 600,000 100,000 9,000,000 20%

Staff Salaries 2,624,436 2,648,436 2,672,436 2,696,436 2,720,436 13,362,180 30%

Annual Total Cost 11,673,436 14,715,436 7,974,436 5,618,436 4,747,436 44,729,180 100%

Page 69 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

REFERENCES

Balete, D. (2013). Final Report on the Survey of the Mammals of Mt. Calavite, Occidental Mindoro Province, Mindoro Island.
BirdLife International. (2015). Important Bird Areas Factsheet: Mount Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary. Retrieved October 10, 2015,
from http://www.birdlife.org
DENR. (2004). DENR Administrative Order No. 2004-32 - Revised Guidelines on the Establishment and Management of
Community-Based Program in Protected Areas.
DENR. (2008). DENR Administrative Order No. 2008-26.
DENR. (2013). DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-20 - Revised Guidelines on the Survey and Registration of Protected Area
Occupants.
DENR. (2014). Community Resource Management Plan (CRMP) for Barangay Harrison (First Draft).
Mindoro Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Inc. (2014). Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary Resource and Socio-Economic
Assessment (RSEA) Final Report. Muntinlupa City. Mindoro Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Inc.
La Viña, A., Kho, J., & Caleda, M. J. (2010). Legal Framework for Protected Areas: Philippines.
Malayang, B., Oracio, E., Padin, J. I., & Canlas, P. A. (2013). Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary: Management Effectiveness and
Capacity Assessment Report. Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Areas and Wildlife
Bureau (PAWB) and Deutsche GesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Municipal Government of Paluan. (2012). Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) of Paluan, Occidental, Mindoro.
(n.d.). Presidential Proclamation No. 292.

Page 70 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Annexes

Page 71 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Annex A. Technical Description of MCWS

MT. CALAVITE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Beginning at a point marked “1” on the Map, being S 50°36’04” W, 603.56 meters from PRS92 Control Monument
“MRW-49” with geographic coordinates 13°26’52.50293”N, 120°27’52.40745”E located at Brgy. Alipaoy,Paluan,
Occidental Mindoro

thence N61°14'34"W 808.96 meters to corner 2;

thence N50°47'49"W 577.5 meters to corner 3;
thence N32°33'43"W 703.02 meters to corner 4;
thence S40°18'50"W 984.61 meters to corner 5;
thence N40°22'36"W 720.74 meters to corner 6;
thence S47°11'58"W 673.81 meters to corner 7;
thence S39°51'30"E 717.38 meters to corner 8;
thence S18°22'26"E 426.76 meters to corner 9;
thence S16°53'14"E 529.63 meters to corner 10;
thence N63°19'10"W 421.59 meters to corner 11;
thence S41°38'1"W 245.9 meters to corner 12;
thence S21°50'28"W 717.33 meters to corner 13;
thence N85°3'4"W 355.99 meters to corner 14;
thence N33°18'8"W 1,222.78 meters to corner 15;
thence S12°28'16"E 969.63 meters to corner 16;
thence S38°4'11"W 469.4 meters to corner 17;
thence N88°49'1"W 523.57 meters to corner 18;
thence S59°25'56"W 1,541.63 meters to corner 19;
thence N70°25'53"W 387.9 meters to corner 20;
thence N75°53'39"W 655.73 meters to corner 21;
thence S76°52'5"W 848.83 meters to corner 22;
thence S43°31'19"E 1,097.16 meters to corner 23;
thence S67°50'21"E 470.51 meters to corner 24;
thence S76°6'50"W 879.28 meters to corner 25;
thence N37°10'41"W 216.04 meters to corner 26;
thence N87°38'20"W 384.73 meters to corner 27;
thence S82°24'36"W 331.08 meters to corner 28;
thence S14°56'4"E 374.37 meters to corner 29;
thence S51°18'52"W 302.11 meters to corner 30;
thence S8°17'2"E 423.25 meters to corner 31;
thence S29°52'30"E 411.13 meters to corner 32;
thence S35°20'2"W 505.78 meters to corner 33;
thence S29°6'55"E 347.17 meters to corner 34;

Page 72 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

thence S65°20'15"E 446.69 meters to corner 35;
thence S51°10'3"E 678.04 meters to corner 36;
thence S28°25'10"W 429.77 meters to corner 37;
thence S63°51'22"W 681.89 meters to corner 38;
thence S55°11'15"E 614.83 meters to corner 39;
thence S82°41'38"W 1,008.89 meters to corner 40;
thence N75°36'13"W 996.46 meters to corner 41;
thence N50°11'52"W 1,036.31 meters to corner 42;
thence N46°25'7"W 969.33 meters to corner 43;
thence N36°8'28"W 420.45 meters to corner 44;
thence S1°21'34"W 584.18 meters to corner 45;
thence S3°2'50"E 562.3 meters to corner 46;
thence S87°39'36"W 963.98 meters to corner 47;
thence N51°33'16"W 1,097.38 meters to corner 48;
thence N38°45'14"W 1,172.30 meters to corner 49;
thence N37°6'22"W 1,211.67 meters to corner 50;
thence N52°20'26"W 629.48 meters to corner 51;
thence N27°52'9"W 1,084.98 meters to corner 52;
thence N70°24'15"W 689.39 meters to corner 53;
thence N0°58'45"W 1,167.52 meters to corner 54;
thence N39°42'51"W 1,212.07 meters to corner 55;
thence N25°40'46"W 725.21 meters to corner 56;
thence N67°50'21"E 663.3 meters to corner 57;
thence N37°41'30"E 1,028.47 meters to corner 58;
thence N6°11'32"E 1,170.09 meters to corner 59;
thence N41°56'4"E 388.99 meters to corner 60;
thence N1°3'33"W 939.63 meters to corner 61;
thence N70°5'7"E 742.85 meters to corner 62;
thence N21°58'42"E 610.23 meters to corner 63;
thence N59°15'35"E 387.4 meters to corner 64;
thence N20°52'16"E 520.03 meters to corner 65;
thence N76°45'18"E 914.12 meters to corner 66;
thence N57°11'0"E 943.35 meters to corner 67;
thence N22°28'50"E 1,015.86 meters to corner 68;
thence N64°9'44"E 1,366.35 meters to corner 69;
thence N61°37'43"E 1,115.79 meters to corner 70;
thence N70°22'9"E 1,353.67 meters to corner 71;
thence N71°27'31"E 1,941.34 meters to corner 72;
thence S85°35'23"E 1,138.24 meters to corner 73;
thence N81°42'4"E 543.94 meters to corner 74;
thence N73°57'25"E 537.96 meters to corner 75;
thence S85°11'17"E 828.97 meters to corner 76;

Page 73 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 thence S87°23'50"E 858.81 meters to corner 77;
thence S65°50'1"E 1,211.44 meters to corner 78;
thence N86°28'30"E 457.03 meters to corner 79;
thence S54°6'22"E 696.5 meters to corner 80;
thence S24°14'35"E 668.15 meters to corner 81;
thence S71°52'42"E 581.74 meters to corner 82;
thence S2°26'17"E 7,586.44 meters to corner 1

the point of beginning containing an area of EIGHTEEN THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED SEVENTY-TWO and 69/100
(18,172.69) HECTARES

Page 74 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Annex B. Coordinates of Natural Features, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Man-made Features in MCWS

I. Location of Sitios inside MCWS IV. Biodiversity Hotspot

Coordinates Coordinates
Sitio Species
Longitude Latitude Longitude Latitude
Binunganan 120.31464 13.47046 Papan 120.362518 13.383259
Calangigan 120.30875 13.45175 Papan 120.366919 13.382081
Aglimasan 120.342 13.49498 Bats 120.348654 13.505471
Pinagbayanan 120.41208 13.52501 Hornbill 120.464991 13.450587
Agbalete 120.44557 13.51933 Bats 120.428315 13.456453
Kalansan 120.4564 13.51082 Hornbill 120.424566 13.455343
Paluan Proper 120.44988 13.42441 Campsite 120.414215 13.467153
Pamutusin 120.38854 13.40132 Hornbill 120.411933 13.452569
Ignonok 120.35642 13.38509 Deer 120.395633 13.467232
Tamaraw 120.394736 13.458434
Warty Pig 120.391802 13.453995
Birds 120.390335 13.448209
II. Natural Features Kima 120.391884 13.470324
Deer 120.361076 13.469452
Coordinates Birds 120.311115 13.456373
Natural Feature
Longitude Latitude Warty Pig 120.314946 13.455739
Bano Apo Peak 120.32062 13.42401 Deer 120.316331 13.447892
Mt. Calavite Peak 120.40291 13.48154 Papan 120.375013 13.410554
Cave 1 120.3464 13.50469 Hornbill 120.375094 13.40881
Waterfalls 120.35249 13.50755 Warty Pig 120.375094 13.406828
Waterfalls 2 120.32911 13.40436 Deer 120.375502 13.404766
Eagle Rock 120.4086 13.47083 Bats 120.362054 13.424586
Hornbill 120.362136 13.422842
Monkey 120.370856 13.419592
III. Man-made Features Deer 120.34282 13.413329
Deer 120.344287 13.431245
Coordinates Warty Pig 120.350399 13.437349
Feature
Longitude Latitude
Lighthouse 120.30034 13.44553
Burial Grounds 1 120.41755 13.52572
Burial Grounds 2 120.43234 13.43977
Burial Grounds 3 120.36978 13.42284
MCWS Base Camp 120.40866 13.47132

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Annex C. Ratings of Selected Species in MCWS

Species Relative Relative Relative

Family Importance
Density Frequency Dominance
Alangiaceae Alangium meyeri Merr. 1.25 1.56 3.6 6.41
Anacardiaceae Buchanania arborescens Blume 1.25 1.56 1.28 4.09
Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blco.)
Merr. 3.75 3.12 1.74 8.61
Mangifera indica L. 1.25 1.56 1.15 3.96
Semecarpus cuneiformis Blco. 1.25 1.56 1.97 4.78
Annonaceae Goniothalamus dolichocarpus Merr.
Mitrephora lanotan (Blco.) Merr. 1.25 1.56 0.91 3.72
Polyalthia mindorensis Merr. 1.25 1.56 3.52 6.33
Polyalthia oblongifolia C.B. Rob 1.25 1.56 2.76 5.57
Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thw 1.25 1.56 2.03 4.84
Tabernaemontana mucronata Merr.
Uvaria sorzogonensis Presl 1.25 1.56 3.54 6.35
Apocynaceae Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum. 13.75 3.12 1.06 17.93
Tabernaemontana subglobosa
Voacanga globosa (Blco.) Merr.
Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma Forst. f.
Caesalpinaceae Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze. 1.25 1.56 4.07 6.88
Combretaceae Terminalia catappa L. 1.25 1.56 2.87 5.68
Crpyteroniaceae Crypteronia paniculata Bl. var.
paniculata
Dipterocarpaceae Hopea acuminata Merr.
Euphorbiaceae Antidesma bunios (L.) Spreng.
Antidesma ghaesambilla Gaertn.
Antidesma montanum Blume 1.25 1.56 1.3 4.11
Bischofia javanica Bl. 1.25 1.56 4.2 7.01
Glochidion album (Blco.) Boerl. 1.25 1.56 0.93 3.74
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg.
Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr. 2.5 3.12 2.1 7.72
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg.
Mallotus mollissimus 2.5 1.56 2.55 6.61
Securinega flexuosa Muell.-Arg.
Icacinaceae Gomphandra cumingiana 1.25 1.56 0.57 3.38
Lauraceae Cryptocarya glauca Merr. 1.25 1.56 3.03 5.84
Cryptocarya oblongata Merr.
Leeaceae Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume ex
DC. 1.25 1.56 2.61 5.42
Meliaceae Chisocheton pentandrus (Blco.) Merr. 1.25 1.56 4.18 6.99
Mimosaceae Archidendron clyperia 1.25 1.56 0.75 3.56
Moraceae Artocarpus blancoi (Elm.) Merr. 2.5 3.12 1.13 6.75

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 Species Relative Relative Relative
Family Importance
Density Frequency Dominance
Ficus merrittii Merr. 2.5 1.56 2.41 6.48
Ficus septica Burm. f. 2.5 1.56 0.77 4.83
Horsfieldia merrillii Warb.
Myristicaceae Knema glomerata (Blco.) Merr. 5 4.68 2.71 12.39
Myristica philippinensis Lam. 1.25 1.56 4.99 7.8
Myrtaceae Syzygium longiflorum Presl 1.25 1.56 4.42 7.23
Papilionaceae Milletia ahernii Merr. & Rolfe
Pongamia pinnata (L.)Merr.
Rhamnaceae Alphitonia zizyphoides 1.25 1.56 1.88 4.69
Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 1.25 1.56 1,9 4.71
Rubiaceae Gardenia merrillii Elm.
Morinda bracteata Roxb.
Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. &
Schlecht.) F. - Vill.
Sapindaceae Dimocarpus longan Lour. 3.75 4.68 2.34 10.77
Euphoria didyma Blco. 1.25 1.56 0.59 3.4
Lepisanthes fruticosa Roxb.
Pometia pinnata Forst. 1.25 1.56 4.58 7.39
Sapotaceae Mimusops parviflora R. Br.
Sterculiaceae Herritiera littoralis Ait. 1.25 1.56 2.32 5.13
Pometia pinnnata Forst.
Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blco.) Merr.
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume 2.5 3.12 3.18 8.8
Pterospermum obliquum Blco. 3.75 4.68 0.89 9.32
Tarrietia sylvatica (Vid.) Merr. 2.5 3.12 2.52 8.14
Symplocaceae Symplocos polyandra (Blco.) Brand
Ulmaceae Celtis luzonica Warb. 3.75 4.68 3.25 11.67
Urticaceae Dendrochnide meyeniana (Wedd.) Chew
Pipturus arborescens (Link) C. B. Rob. 1.25 3.12 1.44 5.81
Verbenaceae Premna cumingiana Schauer 5 3.12 1.97 10.09
Vitex parviflora Juss. 2.5 3.12 1.95 7.57
Source: MBCFI, RSEA (2014)

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Annex D. Floral Species in MCWS Ecosystems

Species Relative Relative Relative Importance

Family
Density Height Frequency Value
Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris 0.08 6.07 2.63 8.78
Asteraceae Blumea balsamifera 0.73 4.9 7.89 13.52
Blumea laciniata 10.85 2.56 13.16 26.57
Chromolaena odorata 7.07 4.73 13.16 24.96
Elephantopus tomentosus
Mikania cordata 0.08 1.51 2.63 4.22
Vernonia cinerea
Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma
Convolvulaceae Merremia tridentate
Euphorbiaceae Antidesma ghaesambilla
Phyllanthus amarus
Lamiaceae Hyptis brevipes 0.16 1.51 2.63 4.3
Hyptis spicigera 0.04 1.64 2.63 4.31
Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia
Mimosaceae Mimosa pudica 0.04 3.79 2.63 6.46
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava
Syzygium cumingii
Papilionaceae Alysicarpus nummularifolius
Crotalaria albida 0.24 2.42 5.26 7.92
Desmodium triflorum 0.42 0.83 2.63 3.87
Axonopus compressus
Poaceae Chrysopogon aciculatus 14.76 4.73 7.89 27.38
Imperata cylindrical 63.41 41.88 10.53 115.82
Ischaemum rugosum
Paspalidium flavidum
Poa annua
Saccharum spontaneum 0.57 7.27 7.89 15.73
Rubiaceae Morinda bracteata 0.28 5.54 2.63 8.45
Morinda citrifolia
Mussaenda sp. 0.04 10.36 2.63 13.03
Schizaeaceae Lygodium circinatum 0.04 32.87 35.54 35.54
Lygodium japonicum 1.18 5 16.71 16.71
Verbenaceae Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Source: MBCFI, RSEA (2014)

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Annex E. Faunal Species in MCWS Ecosystems
English Name
Giant Marine Toad
Philippine Narrow Mouth Frog
Common Forest Frog
White-lipped Tree Frog
Philippine Duck
Philippine Hawk Eagle
Mindoro bleeding-heart pigeon
Mindoro Imperial-pigeon
Spotted Imperial pigeon
Philippine Cockatoo
Black-hooded Coucal
Mindoro Scops Owl
Mindoro Hawk Owl
Mindoro Hornbill
Mountain Shrike
Ashy Thrush
Luzon Water-Redstart
Green-backed Whistler
Scarlet-collared Flowerpecker
Philippine Hanging parakeet
Philippine Coucal
White-bellied Woodpecker
Bar-bellied Cuckooshrike
Philippine Bulbul
White-browed Shortwing
Island Thrush
Tawny Grassbird
Mangrove Blue Flycatcher
Green-backed Whistler
Mountain Shrike
Golden-yellow White-eye
Mountain White-eye
Dusky Roundleaf Bat
Philippine Pygmy Roundleaf Bat
Common Asian Ghost Bat
Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat
Greater Bent-winged Bat
Javan Pipistrelle
Least Pipistrelle
Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Scientific Name Remarks
Amphibian Species
Rhinella marina
Kaloula conjucta
Limnonectes cf acanthi
Platymantis dorsalis
Platymantis corrugatus
Hylarana mangyanum
Polypedates leucomystax
Leptobrachium mangyanorum
Bird Species
Anas luzonica Endemic
Spizaetus philippensis Endemic
Gallicolumba platenae Restricted Range
Ducula mindorensis Restricted Range
Ducula carola Endemic
Cacatua haematuropygia Endemic
Centropus steerii Restricted Range
Otus mindorensis Restricted Range
Ninox mindorensis Restricted Range
Penelopides mindorensis Restricted Range
Lanius validirostris Restricted Range
Zoothera cinerea Restricted Range
Rhyacornis bicolor Restricted Range
Pachycephala albiventris Restricted Range
Dicaeum retrocinctum Restricted Range
Loriculus philippensis mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Centropus viridis mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Dryocopus javensis mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Coracina mindanensis elusa Endemic Subspecies
Hypsipetes philippinus mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Brachypteryx montana mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Turdus poliocephalus mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Megalurus timoriensis mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Cyornis rufigastra mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Pachycephala plateni mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Lanius validostris tertius Endemic Subspecies
Zosterops nigrorum mindorensis Endemic Subspecies
Zosterops montanus halconensis Endemic Subspecies
Mammalian Species
Hipposideros ater
Hipposideros pygmaeu
Megaderma spasma
Rhinolophus inops
Miniopterus tristis
Pipistrellus javanicus
Pipistrellus tenuis
Cynopterus brachyotis
Page 79 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
 English Name
Dagger-toothed Flower Bat
Greater Musky Fruit Bat
Common Rousette
Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat
Tokay Gecko
Mindoro Narrow- disked Gecko
Common House Gecko
Bent-toed Gecko
Flying Lizard
Reticulated Python
Source: MBCFI, RSEA (2014)
Scientific Name Remarks
Macroglossus minimus
Ptenochirus jagori
Rousettus amplexicaudatus
Styloctenium mindorensis
Reptile Species
Gekko gecko
Gekko mindorensis
Hemidactylus frenatus
Cyrtodactylus sp.
Eutropis cf. multifasciata
Pinoyscincus jagori
Sphenomorphus sp.
Draco sp.
Bronchocela sp.
Python reticulatus
Boiga cf. philippina
Cyclocorus lineatus
Rhabdophis spilogaster
Page 80 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
Annex F. Pictures during the different PA Management Planning Activities

Presentation to the PAMB of the proposed activities related to the preparation of the MCWS Management Plan

Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop held on November 20, 2015 at the Municipal Hall of Paluan, Occidental Mindoro

Page 81 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Community mapping exercise to identify location of natural features, biodiversity spots, settlements, community resource
uses, and threats during the Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Community mapping exercise during the Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Page 82 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Exercise on the identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SOW) of MCWS during the
Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Page 83 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Validation and rating of identified threats during the Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Validation and rating of identified threats during the Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Page 84 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Participants during the Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Participants during the Stakeholder-Consultation Workshop

Page 85 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

Annex G. MCWS Five-Year Work Plan with Cost Estimates by Initiative/Activity

Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total

Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Biodiversity and Management Community information
Habitat Zoning dissemination, social preparation,
Protection, and delineation and demarcation of - 500,000 - - -
Research, the protected area management 500,000
Monitoring, and zones using visible markers
Restoration
Program Forest and Establishment of Conservation
Biodiversity Areas within MCWS representing 50,000 - - - -
Protection patrol sectors 50,000

Implementation of intensive and

targeted regular forest patrolling in
the identified patrol sectors using 390,000 276,000 276,000 276,000 276,000
the LAWIN Forest and Biodiversity 1,494,000
System

Procurement of basic patrol

equipment and supplies for Green
Brigade Volunteers (GBV) such as 138,000 - - - -
binoculars, boots, radio, among 138,000
others

Conduct of capacity-building for PA

managers, Green Brigade
Volunteers (GBV), and 90,000 - - 90,000 -
180,000
environmental law enforcers

Development of Forest Protection

Plan, which takes into account the
different natural and human-caused 90,000 - - - -
90,000
threats

Implementation of response /
environmental law enforcement
(ELE) interventions to address 266,000 266,000 266,000 266,000 266,000
1,330,000
reported threats

Page 86 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Conduct of training on forest fire
prevention and suppression in
collaboration with the Bureau of 100,000 - - 100,000 -
200,000
Fire Protection (BFP)

Issuance of PAMB resolutions and

municipal ordinances/policies on
prohibited resource uses (e.g.,
charcoal production, unsustainable 40,000 - - - -
harvesting of honey, hunting 40,000
activities) that are identified as key
threats to MCWS

Forest Restoration Implementation of active forest

restoration through the National
Greening Program (NGP) and - - - - -
other reforestation initiatives to -
increase forest cover of MCWS

Biodiversity Continuous implementation of the

Monitoring and Biodiversity Monitoring System 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
Research (BMS)* 500,000

Establishment of Permanent
Vegetation Monitoring Plots (one
every year for each cluster with a 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000
1,500,000
total of 5 plots for five years)

Encourage scientific studies with

priority to be given on identifying
the management indicator species 500,000 - - 500,000 -
1,000,000
per zone or habitat type

Prepare/Update the Coastal

Resource Management Plan 300,000 300,000 150,000 - -
(CRMP) 750,000

Support action researches that will 150,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 100,000

Page 87 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
enhance science-based policy 600,000
making and decisions in the
management of the protected area

Provide support to the indigenous

people communities in MCWS on
the documentation of customary
laws and practices to help preserve
indigenous knowledge, in - 350,000 250,000 - -
600,000
collaboration with the NCIP and
other private NGOs whose
expertise reside on this area

Mainstreaming/ Adoption of the MCWS

Institutionalizing Management Plan by the Municipal
Conservation Government of Paluan through a 10,000 - - - -
10,000
Objectives municipal resolution or ordinance

Harmonization of Paluan’s
Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP) with the PA Management 15,000 15,000 - - -
30,000
Plan

Waste Implementation of initiatives to

Management address concerns on waste
management in collaboration with - 40,000 40,000 - -
the Municipal Government of 80,000
Paluan and other stakeholders

Community Community Complete the SRPAO to determine

Development Organization/ the tenured and non-tenured
and Resource Development migrants and their resource uses. 150,000 - - - -
Management Include mapping of homelots and 150,000
Program farmlots

Facilitate the issuance of PACBRMA

to tenured migrants to encourage 200,000 100,000 - - -
300,000
conservation-compatible resource

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 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
uses. Assist the POs in the
preparation of their Community
Resource Management Plan
(CRMP), within one (1) year upon
issuance of PACBRMA.

Monitoring and continuous

community assistance to - 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000
PACBRMA holders 180,000

Livelihood Identification of viable, biodiversity-

Opportunities compatible livelihood options 50,000 40,000 - - -
90,000

Livelihood support for local

communities who are committed to - 150,000 120,000 100,000 -
forest protection 370,000

Establishment of designated wood

lot sites as sources of fuelwood for
cooking and timber for building - 500,000 500,000 - -
1,000,000
materials of local communities

Develop and implement guidelines

on the collection/harvesting of non-
timber forest products (e.g., rattan,
honey, and medicinal and - 80,000 - - -
ornamental plants) to ensure its 80,000
sustainability and prevent adverse
impact to the environment.

Conduct capacity-building for the

local communities to
enhance/improve existing NTFP
collection/harvesting practices and - 85,000 85,000 35,000 -
make it compatible with sustainable 205,000
and biodiversity-friendly standards

Page 89 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Sustainable Identification of pasturelands
Agriculture outside the Strict Protection Zone 25,000 - - - -
for sustainable grazing activities 25,000

Introduction and capacity-building

on slope agriculture land
technologies (SALT) for local - 120,000 120,000 - -
communities to help minimize 240,000
surface soil erosion and landslides

Community-based Formulate the

Ecotourism Mountaineering/Trekking Policy of
Development MCWS in collaboration with the
partner NGO/s(i.e. MBCFI), 300,000 - - - -
Municipal Government of Paluan, 300,000
local communities, and private
tourism associations

Designate the official trekking trail

and campsite for MCWS and
enforce allowed, restricted and 120,000 - - - -
120,000
prohibited activities in these areas

Develop a system for monitoring

and documenting visitors/tourists in
collaboration with the Municipal 30,000 - - - -
30,000
Tourism Office of Paluan

Develop view decks, ecotourism

billboards, cottages in support of 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 - -
ecotourism in MCWS 4,000,000

Complete the formulation of the

Ecotourism Development Plan,
which will serve as a guide for the - 5,000,000 - - -
development and promotion of the 5,000,000
ecotourism potential of MCWS

Page 90 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Develop a module for the
orientation for tourists/visitors to
raise their awareness on the
features and ecological importance 25,000 - - - -
of MCWS as well as inform them 25,000
on the rules and regulations within
the protected area

Conduct Cave Assessment to

identify, profile, assess and classify - 70,000 - - -
caves in MCWS 70,000

Prepare and implement Cave

Management Plan - - 150,000 100,000 -
250,000

Construct a Tourist/Visitor Center

where tourists will be oriented on
the biodiversity value of MCWS and
where a souvenir shop for collected - - - - -
-
honey and handicrafts of the
communities can be showcased

Disaster Risk Climate Change Conduct of Vulnerability

Reduction and Adaptation Assessments and dissemination of
Management Disaster Risk maps and information on hazard- - 400,000 200,000 - -
600,000
Program Reduction prone areas to local communities

In coordination with the Municipal

Government of Paluan and relevant
government agencies, relocate
households living in identified - - - - -
hazard-prone areas to the Multiple- -
Use Zone and proposed Buffer
Zone of MCWS

Place markers and warnings on

conspicuous areas leading to - 120,000 120,000 - -
hazard-prone areas 240,000

Page 91 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Construction of Small Water
Impounding Systems (SWIS) to
impound water for human - - 300,000 - -
consumption and help prevents 300,000
flooding

Provision of rain water harvesting/

collection systems to selected
households in areas without access - 150,000 100,000 - -
250,000
to improved water services

Conservation Information, Select and institutionalize the

and Awareness Education and MCWS flagship species through a
Program Communication PAMB resolution and/or a municipal - - - - -
-
(IEC) ordinance from the LGU

Develop and launch community

awareness-raising campaigns on the 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000
PA protection and conservation 650,000

Develop IEC materials aimed at

increasing public awareness on the
importance of MCWS, the
threatened and vulnerable species 70,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000
that should be protected, and 150,000
community action to support
conservation/protection initiatives

Construct PA Billboards in strategic

locations within the PA with
information on the features, 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 -
ecological importance, and 480,000
prohibitions in MCWS

Partner with schools for the

conduct of special events and
activities to orient the youth on the - 100,000 100,000 - -
200,000
conservation values of MCWS

Page 92 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Institutional PAMB Formulate the PAMB Operations
Strengthening, Management and Manual, in line with the
Partnership and Operations recommendations in the MCWS 60,000 - - - -
60,000
Capacity- Management Plan
Building
Program Conduct quarterly PAMB en banc
meetings and special PAMB 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000
meetings, as needed 400,000

Maintain an organized database of

scientific studies/researches, PAMB
issuances, and other - - - - -
-
data/information concerning MCWS

Capacity-Building Conduct a Training Needs

Activities Assessment (TNA) to identify
specific capacity-building needs of - - - - -
-
the PA Staff and PAMB

Conduct appropriate capacity-

building activities/trainings to
enhance the capacity of the PAMB
and PA Staff on matters concerning 400,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 400,000
1,550,000
MCWS conservation, protection
and management

Infrastructure Construct a Protected Area

Development Administrative Office within the
Sustainable Use Zone or within 1,000,000 - - - -
Buffer Zone or within Adjacent 1,000,000
Sitios or Barangays.

Construct Forest Ranger Stations in

strategic locations within MCWS
- 300,000 - - -
300,000

Page 93 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
PA Financing Set-up the MCWS Integrated
Protected Area Fund Retention
Income Account and designate - - - - -
Special Collecting and -
Disbursement Officers

Implement appropriate revenue-

generating schemes to increase
internally-generated income
(Collection of Users' Fees shall be
implemented upon publications of - 100,000 70,000 - -
170,000
the ordinances setting up of fees
and promulgating Policies and
Guidelines within the PA.)

Partnerships Pursue partnerships with the local

government units, non-government
organizations, and private
companies/groups/associations to - - - - -
catalyze wider support and mobilize -
resources for MCWS conservation,
protection and management

Monitoring, Develop a Monitoring and

Evaluation, and Evaluation (M&E) Plan with
Reporting concrete measurable targets and - - - - -
indicators and validate these with -
key PA stakeholders

Conduct periodic monitoring on

the implementation of the priority
activities in the MCWS - 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000
Management Plan and report this to 240,000
the PAMB and key PA stakeholders

Update the MCWS Management

Plan every five years or as needed - - - - -
-

Page 94 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

 Cost Estimates (PhP) Five-Year Total
Budget
Program Strategy Initiative / Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Requirement
(2017) (2018) (2019) (2020) (2021) (PhP)
Management and Personnel Services PA/ Long-term Staff Salaries 1,520,436 1,520,436 1,520,436 1,520,436 1,520,436
Operational 7,602,180
Expenses Short-Term / COSP Salaries 1,104,000 1,128,000 1,152,000 1,176,000 1,200,000
5,760,000
Vehicles Procurement of Service Motorized
Boat - 400,000 - - -
400,000

Procurement of Service Motorcycle - 100,000 - - -

100,000
Procurement of Service Vehicle 1,500,000 - - - -
1,500,000
MOOE Office Supplies and Materials 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 400,000

Other Maintenance and Other

Operating Expenses (MOOE) 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 850,000

TOTAL 11,673,436 14,715,436 7,974,436 5,618,436 4,747,436 44,729,180

Page 95 | Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR)
PROVINCE OF| Mt.
Page 96 OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Management Plan
REGION IV-B (MIMAROPA)