AtLasof HumanAnatomy

Editedby R. PutzandR. Pabst

with RenatePutz
ln collaboration
T r a n s t a t i obny S . B e d o u i

Volume2
Trurk, Viscera,LowerLimb

1 4 t he d i t i o nn, e w t ye d i t e d
7 0 4c o t o u rp t a t e sw i t h 9 1 4t i g u r e s

URBANT FISCHER
M t i n c h e n. J e n a
Atlasof HumanAnatomy

Volume2
LowerLimb
Trunk,Viscera,'
Correspondenceand feedbackshould be addressedto:
E l s e v i e rG m b H ,U r b a n& F i s c h e rV e r l a g ,D e p a r t m e n ft o r M e d r c aS
I t u d e n tI n f o r m a t i o nA, l e x a n d e rG a t t n a r z i kK, a r l s t r a B e4 5 , 8 0 3 3 3M u n i c h ,G e r m a n y
e - m a i t :m e d i z i n s t u d i u m @ e t s e v i e r d e

A d d r e s s e so f t h e e d i t o r s : T h i sa t t a sw a s f o u n d e db y J o h a n n e sS o b o t t a t f, o r m e rP r o f e s s oor f A n a t o m y
P r o f e s s o rD r . m e d R e i n h a r dP u t z a n d D i r e c t o ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIln s t i t u t eo f t h e U n i v e r s i toy f B o n n ,G e r m a n y .
V o r s t a n dd e s A n a t o m i s c h e nI n s t i t u t s
derLudwig-Maximitians-Universitdt German Editions:
P e t t e n k o f e r s t r a B1e1 l s t E d i t i o n :1 9 0 4 - 1 9 0 7J . F . L e h m a n n sV e r [ a g ,M u n i c h
2 n d - 1 1 rEhd i t i o n :1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 ,J1.,F . L e h m a n n sV e r t a g ,M u n i c h
8 0 3 3 6M i i n c h e n
12 r h - 2 0 rEhd i t i o n: 19 4 8 -19 9 3 Ur b a n & S c h w a r z e n b e r gM, u n i c h
Germany 1 3 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 5 3 e, d i t o rH . B e c h e r
e - m a i [ :r e i n h a r dp u t z @ m eudn i - m u e n c h edne 1 4 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 5 6 e, d i t o rH B e c h e r
1Sth E d i t i o n1: 9 5 7 e, d i t o rH B e c h e r
P r o f e s s o rD r .m e d R e i n h a r dP a b s t 1 6 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 6 7 e, d i t o rH B e c h e r
L e i t e rd e r A b t e i l u n g 17 " E d i t i o n :1 9 7 2 ,e d i t o r sH F e r n e ra n d J S t a u b e s a n d
Funktionelte u n d A n g e w a n d t eA n a t o m i e 1 8 ' 'E d i t i o n1: 9 8 2 e, d i t o r sH F e r n e ra n d J S t a u b e s a n d
M e d i z i n i s c hHeo c h s c h u [Hea n n o v e r 19 t hE d i t i o n1: 9 8 8 ,e d i t o rJ S t a u o e s a n o
C a r t - N e u b e r g - S t r a1B e 2 0 r hE d i t i o n1: 9 9 3 e, d i t o r sR P u t za n d R P a b s t
3 0 6 2 5H a n n o v e r 2 1 ' tE d i t i o n : 2 0 0 0e ,d i t o r sR P u t za n d R P a b s t ,U r b a n& F i s c h e V r ertag,
Mu n i c h
G e r m an y
2 2 " dE d i t i o n2: 0 0 6 e , d i t o r sR P u t za n d R P a b s t E , t s e v i eG
r m b H ,M u n i c h
e - m a i [ :p a b s tr e i n h a r d @ m h - h a n n o v e r . d e

Foreign Editions:
A r a b i cE d i t i o n
B i b t i o g r a p h i ci n f o r m a t i o np u b t i s h e db y D i e D e u t s c h eB i b l i o t h e k M o d e r nT e c h n i c aC I e n t e r ,D a m a s c u s
D i e D e u t s c h eB i b t i o t h e lki s t st h i s p u b t i c a t i oinn t h e D e u t s c h eN a t i o n a t - C h i n e s eE d i t i o n[ c o m p t e cx h a r a c t e r s l
bibtiografied ; e t a i t e db i b t i o g r a p h i cd a t a i s a v a i t a b t ei n t h e I n t e r n e t a t H o - C hB i o o kP u b t i s h i nC g o ,T a i w a n
h t t p : / / d n bd d b d e C h i n e s eE d i t i o nI s i m p t i f i eC dhinese ditionl
E l s e v i e rH , e a t t hS c i e n c e sA s i a ,S i n g a p o r e
C r o a t i a nE d i t i o n
N a k l a d aS t a p ,J a s t r e b a r s k o
D u t c hE d i t i o n
B o h n S t a f t e uv a n L o g h u m ,H o u t e n
Att rights reserved E n g t i s hE d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c l a t u rien E n g t i s h )
1 4 t he d i t i o n2 0 0 6 A t l a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y
0 2 0 0 6 E t s e v i eG r m b H ,M u n i c h L i p p i n c o tW t i t t i a m s& W i t k i n s
U r b a n& F i s c h e rV e r t a gi s a n i m p r i n t o f E l s e v i e rG m b H E n g t i s hE d i t i o nl w i t h n o m e n c L a t u rien L a t r n l
A t l a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y
0506070809 54321 E l s e v i eG r m b H ,U r b a n& F i s c h e r
F r e n c hE d i t i o n
A t t r i g h t s ,i n c t u d i n gt r a n s l a t i o n a
, re reservedNo part of this pubtication A t t a sd A n a t o m i eH u m a i n e
m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d ,s t o r e d i n a r e t r i e v a Is y s t e m , o r t r a n s m i t t e d i n T e c& D o c L a v o i s i e rP , aris
a n y o t h e r f o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s ,e l e c t r o n i c ,m e c h a n i c a [p, h o t o c o p y i n g , G r e e kE d i t i o n[ w i t hn o m e n c t a t u ri en G r e e k l
M a r i aG P a r i s s i a n oA s ,t h e n s
r e c o r d i n g ,o r o t h e r w i s e w i t h o u t t h e p r i o r w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e
pub l i s h er . G r e e kE d i t i o n[ w i t h n o m e n c t a t u r ei n L a t i n l
M a r i aG P a r r s s r a n o A s ,t h e n s
Hungarian Edition
a z e m b e ra n a t 6 m i 5 j 5 n aakt t a s z a
T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o no f t h e S o b o t t aA t t a sc o n s i s t so f t w o v o l u m e sa n o a A t t i t e rK i a d 5 iB , udapest
b o o k l e tc o n t a i n i n gt a b l e s( e n c t o s e di n V o [ u m e1l ; I n d o n e s i aEn d i t i o n
A t t a sA n a t o m M i anusia
P e n e r b iB t u k u K e d o k t e r aE n G CJ, a k a r t a
V o t u m e1 : H e a d ,N e c k ,U p p e rL i m b
I t a t i a nE d i t i o n
A t t a n t ed i A n a t o m i aU m a n a
V o t u m e2 : T r u n k ,V i s c e r a L
, o w e rL i m b
UTETT , orino
lrnrnoco trrlitinn

l g a k uS h o i nL t d . ,T o k y o
T r a n s L a t i o nD: r . m e d S a m m yB e d o u i ,H a n n o v e r K o r e a nE d i t i o n
E d i t o r i a st t a f f a t E l s e v i e r :D r . m e d D o r o t h e aH e n n e s s e n S h i n g H e u nM g e d S c i e n cS e ,e o u l
AtexandeG r attnarzik P o t i s hE d i t i o n
D r . r e r .n a t A n d r e aR i c h a r z A t t a sa n a t o m i ic z t o w i e k a
l t t u s t r a t o r sU: t r i k eB r u g g e r M , u n i c hR ; i j d i g eH
r i m m e t h a nH, e i d e L b e r g ; U r b a n& P a r t n e r ,W r o c t a w
H o r s tR u B ,M u n i c h H ; e n r i e t t eR i n t e l e nV, e t b e r n P o r t u g u e s eE d i t i o nl w i t h n o m e n c l a t u r ei n E n g t i s h ]
B o o kp r o d u c t i o nR: e n a t eH a u s d o r fM , unich A t t a sd e A n a t o m i aH u m a n a
C o m p o s e db y :T y p o d a t aM E d i t o r aG u a n a b a rK a o o g a nR , i od e J a n e i r o
, unich
P r i n t e da n d b o u n db y :A p p t ,W e m d i n g P o r t u g u e sE e d i t i o nl w i t hn o m e n c t a t u ri en L a t i n l
A t [ a sd e A n a t o m i aH u m a n a
C o v e rd e s i g n C : a r s t e nT s c h i r n e rM , unich
E d i t o r aG u a n a b a rK a o o g a nR, i od e J a n e i r o
P r l n t e do n N o p a c o a1t 1 5 g
S p a n i s hE d i t i o n
A t l a sd e A n a t o m i aH u m a n a
E d i t o r i aM
L e d i c aP a n a m e r i c a n B a ,u e n o sA i r e s / M a d r i d
P r i n t e di n G e r m a n y T u r k i s hE d i t i o n
lsB N- 13 : 978-0- 443-1031+9 -0
I n s a nA n a t o m i sAi t l a s i
l s B N - 10 : 0 - / + 4 3 - 1 0 3 -469 B e t a B a s i mY a y i mD a g i t i m ,l s t a n b u l

C u r r e n ti n f o r m a t i o nb y w w w e t s e v i e r . c o m
andwww elsevier.de
 Contents
Preface vl
Abdominat viscera 128-181
Back 1-1.5 Stomach,Gaster. ...128-133
Smatl.intestine,Intestinumtenue . . . 134-137
S u r f a c ea n a t o m y 1 138-141
L a r g ei n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m
Vertebralcotumn,Cotumnavertebratis 2-25 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,g a t t b t a d d e rV, e s i c ab i t i a r i s ,
M u s c L eos f t h e b a c k ,M u s c u t d i o r s i ,s u b o c c i p i t a L ..... 142-151
a n d b i t ed u c ts y s t e m
m u s c t e sM , u s c u t si u b o c c i p i t a t easn, d m u s c l e s 152-155
P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s
of the neck, MusculicoLl.i. . . 26-34 156
S p l e e nS , p t e n[ L i e n J
C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e v e r t e b r a I 157
P e r i t o n e acI a v i t yC, a v i t a sp e r i t o n e a t i sd,e v e t o p m e n.t .
column 35 , i t u sv i s c e r u m . . . 1 5 8 - 1 6 7
L o c a t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avI i s c e r aS
V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e b a c ka n d t h e o c c i p i t a L 168
A b d o m i n aal r t e r i e s o , verview
regron . 3 6 - 4 0 A b d o m i n avl e i n s ,o v e r v i e w 169
V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e v e r t e b r a cl a n a l . 4 1 - 1 + 5 C o e t i a ct r u n c a n d s u p e r i o ra s w e [ [ a s i n f e r i o r
m e s e n t e r i ca r t e r i e sa n d v e i n s ,T r u n c u sc o e [ i a c u s ,
A r t e r i a ee t V e n a em e s e n t e r i c aseu p e r i o re t i n f e r i o r 170-178
T h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a w I a[[ 1,6-73 Vessetsand nervesof the retroperitonealspace . . . . 179
S u r f a caen a t o m y 46 h e p a t i s 1 8 0 -181
R i b sC, o s t a et h, o r a c i.c. u i , u ,b . u . . t f ' o r . . i , . ... . 1+7-49
S t e r n u mS, t e r n u m 50-51
M u s c L eos f t h e t h o r a x ,M u s c u Lt ih o r a c i s a, n d space 182-251
PelvicvisceraandretroperitoneaI
a b d o m i n am I u s c t e sM, u s c u [a i bdominis 52-59 K i d n e yR, e nl N e p h r o s l ...... 182-1BB
I n g u i n acI a n a [. . 6 0 - 61 S u p r a r e n a I g l . a nGdL,a n d u it .r p . " r " n . i i r . . . : : : : : . . . 189
D i a p h r a g mD, i a p h r a g m a 62-63 U r i n a r y b t a d d e r , V e s i c a u r i n a r i a .....150-191
B r e a s tM , amma .. 64-65 M a L e u r i n a r y a n d g e n i t a l o r g a n s . ....192-199
V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n aw
I aLt 6 6 Femaleurinaryand genitalorgans . . . 200-209
S e g m e n t asI e n s o r yi n n e r v a t i o n 6 7 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m .. 210-215
L u m b o s a c r apLt e x u s P , l e x u s[ u m b o s a c r a I i s 6 B R e n a l a r t e r yA, r t e r i ar e n a t i s 216
A n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw l at[ . . 69-71 O r g a n so f t h e r e t r o p e r i t o n e as lp a c e 217
S e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e a b d o m i n aw I at[. . . 7 2 - 7 3 Vessetsand nervesof the retroperitoneaIspace . . . . . 218-221
lnnervatioo n f m a t eg e n i t a t i a 222
lnnervatioo n f f e m a l eg e n i t a t i a 223
. 71-127 l n t e r n a pl e t v i ca r t e r i e s ..... 224-225
Heart,Cor Petvicviscera .....226-229
74-89
T r a c h e aT, r a c h e a 90-91 P e L v idc i a p h r a g ma n d p e r i n e u m m , a L ea n d f e m a t e
e x t e r n agl enitatia 230-2/+1
L u n g sP, u L m o n e. s. . 92-100
S h a o eo f t h e h e a r t 101 S e c t i o n st h r o u g ha b d o m e na n d p e t v i s 242-261
Bronchoscopy 102
Projection o f t r a c h e a [, u n g sa n d p [ e u r a Ib o r d e r s . . . . . 103
0 e s o p h a g u s0, e s o p h a g u s 104-109 Lowertimb.. .....262-381
ThymusT , hymus 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 S u r f a c ea n a t o m y 262
, a v i t a sp [ e u r a t i sa, n d m e d i a s t i n u m ,
P [ e u r a cI a v i t y C 263-305
B o n e s j,o i n t s ,[ t g a m e n t s
Mediastinum 112-113 M u s c t e so f t h e L o w e rt i m b . . 306-343
Aorta,Aorta 1 1 / + Vessetsand nerves 344-379
Posteriom r ediastinum 11s-116 380-384
A u t o n o m o unse r v o u s y s t e m P , a r s a u t o n o m i c. a. . . . . 117
P h r e n i cn e r v e ,N e r y u sp h r e n i c u s 118
S e c t i o n st h r o u q ht h e t h o r a x -127
119
Appendix 385-399
tnoex . . .. 385-399
 Preface
I t w a s j u s t o v e r a h u n d r e dy e a r sa g o t h a t J o h a n n e sS o b o t t as e t
o u t t o p u b t i s ht h e f i r s t e d i t i o no f h i s A t [ a s o f H u m a nA n a t o m y .
S i n c et h e n ,t h i s p i e c eo f w o r k h a s e v o l v e ds t e p b y s t e p a s a r e -
s u L to f t h e c o n s t a n ti n t e r a c t i o nb e t w e e ns t u d e n t s [, e c t u r e r sa n d
e d i t o r s .l t h a s n o t o n t yb e e nt h e m o s t m o d e r nb a s i sf o r t h e c o m -
p t e xs u b j e c to f m a c r o s c o p i ac n a t o m yt h r o u g h o u m t a n yg e n e r a -
t i o n s o f d o c t o r s ,b u t h a s a L s od e v e t o p e di n t o a L a s t i n gw o r k o f
reference f o r b o t hc t i n i c atIr a i n i n ga n d a d v a n c e dm e d i c a eLduca-
t i o n .A t Li n a L l .i ,t h a s b e c o m ea b o o kf o r a m e d i c a Id o c t o r ' sL i f e .
0 n c e a g a i n ,i n t h i s n e w e d i t i o nt h e a d d i t i o n afIi g u r e sh a v eb e e n
d r a w ns t r i c t t yo n t h e b a s i so f o r i g i n a I s p e c i m e n s
T h e 1 4 t he d i t i o nh a s b e e np a r t i c u t a r l .dye s i g n e dt o m e e t t h e d e -
m a n d so f a r e f o r m e dm e d i c a cI u r r i c u t u m e, m p h a s i z i n tgh e i n t e -
g r a t i o no f c L i n i c am I e d i c i n ei n t o t h e p r e c L i n i c acLu r r i c u L u mF. o r
t h i s p u r p o s e t, h e n e w e d i t i o nh a s b e e ne x t e n d e dt o i n c l u d et h e
f o l t o w i n gf e a t u r e s :
- S u r f a c e a n a t o m y i n c l u d i n g p r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a I o r g a n s
[ 4 5 c o L o u pr h o t o s ]
- AnatomicaIdiagram n es x tt o i m a g i n gf i g u r e s
- I n t e g r a t i o no f i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u e st o a g r e a t e re x t e n t{ u [ t r a -
s o u n d ,X - r a y ,C T ,M R I ;11 9 f i g u r e s l
- E n d o s c o p i ci n , t r a o p e r a t i vceo [ o u ri m a g e sa n d f i g u r e se x e m -
p L i f y i ntge c h n i q u e so f p u n c t u r ea n d e x a m i n a t i o (n5 4f i g u r e s l
- l m a g e so f p a t i e n t sp r e s e n t i n g w i t h t y p i c a lp. a [ s i e s
- D i a g r a m so f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n a t r t e r i a lv a r i a t i o n s( 9 3f i g u r e s l
- F r e q u e nvt a r i a t i o n si n t h e [ o c a t i o no f i n t e r n a Lo r g a n s[ 2 1 f*i g -
uresl
- I n t e g r a t i o no f h i s t o L o gayt l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o o n f i m p o r t a n ti n -
t e r n a Io r g a n s{ i n t e s t i n eL, i v e rk, i d n e y e, t c . )
l n o r d e r t o i m p r o v et h e p r e s e n t a t i o o n f t h e k n o w t e d g et,h e f o L -
l o w i n gf e a t u r e sh a v eb e e ni n t r o d u c e d :
- C L e a r - c uatr r a n g e m e not f t h e c h a p t e r sa c c o r d i n g to the differ-
e n t r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y
- T h e m a t i c a t tcyo r r e s p o n d i nf g i g u r e sp r e s e n t e d
ondoubLe pages
- A c o n c i s e ,s e p a r a t eb o o k t e t( i n c t u d e di n V o t u m e1 l c o n t a i n s
t a b t e so f m u s c t e s j, o i n t s a n d n e r v e s ,e n a b I i n gt h e r e a d e rt o
p t a c ei t n e x tt o a n y f i g u r ei n t h e a t [ a s
0 n e p a r t i c u t a ra i m o f t h e n e w e d i t i o ni s t o f a c i t i t a t ef i n d i n go f
s p e c i f i cs t r u c t u r e sT. h e S 0 B 0 T T Ad e p i c t sa n a t o m i c asI t r u c t u r e s
precisetw y i t h o u tt h e r e a d e rL o o s i n tgh e g r e a t e rp r c t u r eT. h e r e -
f o r e ,s p e c i f i cd i d a c t i ct o o L sh a v eb e e ni m p r o v e da n d n e w a s p e c t s
inc[uded:
- E a c hc h a p t e rh a s b e e na t l o c a t e dt o a p a r t i c u L acro t o u r
- A " m e n u b a r " o n e a c h d o u b t ep a g ee n s u r e sp r e c i s eo r i e n t a -
t i o n w i t h i na g i v e nc h a p t e r
- T h e n u m b e ro f o u t t i n e sd e p i c t i n gs p a t i a Io r i e n t a t i o nh a s b e e n
s i g n i f i c a n t tiyn c r e a s e d[ 2 7 0f i g u r e s l
- O v e r v i e wos f t o t a I b o d yr e g i o n se n s u r eg e n e r a Io r i e n t a t i o n
- N e w d i a g r a m so f p a r t i c u [ a rm u s c t e sc t a r i f yt h e i r L o c a t i oann d
c o u r s e( 2 1f+i q u r e s l
- C o n f u s i o ni s k e p t t o a m i n i m u mb y o n t yd e p i c t i n gI i m b so f t h e
r i g h t s i d eo f t h e b o d y
- " C o m p a s sr o s e s " p o i n t t o a d j a c e n tf i g u r e s ,t h u s f a c i L i t a t i n g
fotlowinga givenstructureover severaIpages
- C o n t i n u o u [se a d e rI i n e sf a c i L i t a tfei n d i n go f s t r u c t u r e s
- C o L o u r e d o t s a t t h e e n d o f l e a d e r[ i n e s i n t o p o g r a p h i cd i a -
g r a m s m a r k a r t e r i e s v, e i n s ,n e r v e s a , ndmusctes
- T h e f i g u r e si n t h e b o o k t e tr e l a t ed i r e c t [ yt o t h e f i g u r e si n t h e
attas
- T h e [ a r g e rd i m e n s i o n so f t h e b o o ki m p r o v ec [ a r i t y
W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o no f d i s c u s s i o n as b o u tt h e g e n e r a lc o n c e p to f
t h e a t t a sa n d m u t u a Ic o r r e c t i o nt,h e e d i t o r sh a v ew o r k e ds e p a -
r a t e t yo n i n d i v i d u a t c h a p t e rws i, t h t h e w o r k d i v i d e da s f o t t o w s :
R . P u t z : G e n e r a Ia n a t o m y ,u p p e r [ i m b , b r a i n ,e y e , e a r , b a c k ,
l o w e rt i m b ;
R . P a b s t : H e a d ,n e c k ,t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a w I a t l s ,t h o r a c i c ,
a b d o m i n aaI n d p e L v ivci s c e r a .
T h e i n c L u s i o on f a [ a r g e n u m b e r o f n e w f i g u r e si s t h e r e s u [ to f
t h e e x t r a o r d i n a rcya p a b i l . i ot yf t h e f o t l o w i n gm e d i c a Ii L l u s t r a t o r s :
U L r i k eB r u g g e r , R i . i d i g e H r i m m e l h a na n d H o r s t R u B . l t i s t o
t h e i r c r e d i tt h a t t h e c t a s s i c" S 0 B 0 T T As t y l . e h" a s b e e nr e t a i n e d .
Severao L f t h e d i a g r a m sh a v eb e e ng e n e r a t e do n t h e c o m p u t e r
b y H e n r i e t t eR i n t e L e nW. e a l s o g r a t e f u t l ya c k n o w l e d g o eu r c t i n i -
c a I c o t L e a g u efso r m a k i n g c t i n i c a Ii t l u s t r a t i o n sa v a i L a b [teo u s
l s e e p i c t u r ec r e d i t s l W e o w e a d e b t o f g r a t i t u d et o o u r c o [ -
L e a g u efsr o m t h e i n s t i t u t e sf o r t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i nagn d h e l . p f u l .
s u g g e s t i o n sD. r . N . S o k o L oav n d A . B u c h h o r nh a v ep u t m e t i c u -
l o u s e f f o r t si n t o g e n e r a t i n gt h e s p e c i m e np r e p a r a t i o n sS. . F r y k
a n d G . H o p p m a n nh a v es u p p o r t e du s i n t e x t p r o c e s s i n g .
T h e s t a f fo f t h e e d i t o r i a o
I f f i c eo f E t s e v i epr u b L i s h e r si n, p a r t i c u -
[ a r D r . D . H e n n e s s e na n d A . G a t t n a r z i kh, a s o u r s i n c e r et h a n k s .
S o m eo f t h e c r e a t i v ed e v e L o p m e o n ft t h e w o r k i s a r e s u t to f v e r y
f r u i t f u Id i s c u s s i o n sW. e w o u I da t s o L i k et o t h a n k R . H a u s d o r f o r
t r e m e n d o u se f f o r t s i n t h e o r o d u c t i o no f t h e a t t a s . R . P u t z t o -
g e t h e rw i t h G . M e i e rw e r e r e s p o n s i b l feo r t h e p r o o rf e a d i n ga n d
simptificatioo n f p a g e d e s i g na n d l e g e n d s 0 u r s p e c i a [t h a n k s
g o t o D r . U . O s t e r k a m p - B a u sf to r g e n e r a t i n gt h e i n d e x ,a n d a t [
o t h e r s i n v o t v e di n t h e c o r r e c t i o n sW i t h o u r j o i n t e f f o r t s ,t h e
S 0 B 0 T T Ah a s b e e no n c em o r e m o d e r n i z e db o t h i n c o n t e n t sa n d
d e s r gn .
W e h a v e i n c t u d e dm a n y o f t h e h e t p f u ts u g g e s t i o n sm a d e o v e r
t h e y e a r s b y s t u d e n t sa n d c o t l e a g u e sa, n d w o u L dt h e r e f o r ea s k
a I Lr e a d e r so f t h i s e d i t i o nt o p a s so n t o u s a n y c r i t i c i s mo r s u g -
g e s t i o n so n t h e n e w f o r m a to f t h i s a t t a s .
M u n i c ha n d H a n n o v e rS, e p t e m b e 2r 0 0 5
R . P u t za n d R . P a b s t
U n i v . - P r oD Putz
f .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d
Bornin Innsbruck/Austria
r sf iItnyn s b r u c k
1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 8 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e L e o p o L d - F r a n z e n s - U n i v e o
19 6 8 Receiveda doctorate
1 9 6 8 - 1 9 8 2 U n i v e r s iat ys s i s t a natt t h eI n s t i t u toef A n a t o mayt t h eU n i v e r s iot yf I n n s b r u c k
1978 L e c t u r e ri n a n a t o m y
1979 C o n s u t t a nfto r a n a t o m y
1982-1989 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aItn s t i t u t ea t t h e A [ b e r t - L u d w i g s - U n i v e r soi tf yF r e i b u r g
s i n c e1 9 8 9 C h a i ro f t h e A n a t o m i c aIln. s t i t u t ea t t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i t i a n s - U n i v e ros fi tM yunich
1992-1994 P r e s i d e not f t h e E u r o o e a nA s s o c i a t i o on f C t i n i c aAt n a t o m i s t s
1993 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1998-1999 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m r c aSI o c i e t y
1999 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t e( L e o p o [ d i n a )
2002 y f C o n s t a n t aR, o m a n i a
D r .h . c .o f t h e U n i v e r s i t o
2003 P r o r e c t o rI o f t h e L u d w i g - M a x i m i t i a n s - U n i v e rosfi tM
yunich

Researchand fiel.dsof interest

- F u n c t i o n aaI n a t o m yo f t h e p a s s i v et o c o m o t o sr y s t e m
- Evotutioa n n d f u n c t i o n aaI n a t o m yo f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n
- F o r m - f u n c t i o n - r e t a t i oonfsj o i n t s
- A p p l . i e ad n a t o m yl a n a t o m i c abI a s i c so f o r t h o p a e d i c ss,u r g e r y r, a d i o l ' o g y J
- Q u e s t i o n as b o u tt h e c o n t e n t sa n d o r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e m e d i c a L curricutum
- D e v e t o p m e notf d i d a c t i ct r a i n i n gp r o g r a m m e sa t u n i v e r s i t i e s

U n i v . - P r oD Pabst
f .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d
B o r n i n P o s e ng
, r o w nu p i n L i . i n e b u r g
1 9 6 5 - 1 9 7 0 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS l c h o o ta, n d i n G l a s g o w / S c o t l a n d
1970 U n i v e r s i t dy e g r e ea n d d o c t o r a t e
1971 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1971-76 Scientifia c s s o c i a t ei n t h e D e p a r t m e not f C [ i n i c aP I h y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t o
yf Utm
1976 L e c t u r e rf o r C L i n i c aPl .h y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t oy f U t m ,a n d n e w [ e c t u r e s h i a pt t h e
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS I chooL
1976-80 S e n i o ra s s i s t a nitn t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aaI n d A p p t i e dA n a t o m y ,
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS t chooI
1978 Extension o f t h e V e n i al e g e n d ti o i n c t u d ea n a t o m y
1980-1992 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f T o p o g r a p h iAcn a t o m ya n d B i o m e c h a n i c s
s i n c e1 9 9 2 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aat n d A p p t i e dA n a t o m y H , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS
l chool
1986-1990 P r o r e c t o fr o r s t u d i e sa n d e d u c a t i o nH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chooI
1993-1997 D e a no f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I chool
1997-1998 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSI o c i e t y
1999-2003 P r o r e c t o or f R e s e a r c ho f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS l choot
2001 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t eI L e o p o t d i n a l

Researchand fietds of interest

- F u n c t i o n a I a n a t o moyf l y m p h a t i co r g a n s
- P r o l i f e r a t i oann d m i g r a t i o no f l y m p h o c y t e s
- D e v e L o p m eo n ft t h e i n t e s t i n aitm m u n es y s t e m
- F u n c t i o no f t h e p u I m o n a r yi m m u n es y s t e m
- Q u e s t i o no l .ryi e n t a t e da n a t o m yi n t h e m e d i c a Ic u r r i c u t u m
s f a c l . i n i c a to
- E v a t u a t i oonf t e a c h i n g
 P i c t u r ecr e di t s
T h e e d i t o r ss i n c e r e t yt h a n k a t I c L i n i c acto L t e a g u et h
s a t m a d eu [ - P r o f .R a v e I tii, f o r m e r [ yI n s t i t u t eo f A n a t o m y U , n i v e r s i to yf
t r a s o u n d c, o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ca n d m a g n e t r cr e s o n a n c ei m a - l n n s b r u c kI F i g . 7 6 7 )
g e s a s w e t La s e n d o s c o p iac n d i n t r a o p e r a t i vpei c t u r e sa v a i t a b [ e : P D D r .R i e g e r R , a d i o L o gIyn, s t i t u t ef o r D i a g n o s t i R c adiol.ogy,
U n i v e r s i to y f M u n i c ht F i g .1 3 9 5 1
P r o f .A t t a r a s C , e n t r ef o r R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t oy f G i e B e n P r o f .R e i c h ,0 r o f a c i a L S u r g e rU y ,n i v e r s i t o
y f B o n nI F i g .1 1 3a , b ]
IFig.1009,1031,1032] P r o f .R e i s e r& D r .W a g n e r ,I n s t i t u t ef o r D i a g n o s t i R c adiotogy,
D r .B a u m e i s t e rD, e p a r t m e not f R a d i o [ o g yU, n i v e r s i t oy f F r e i b u r g U n i v e r s i t oy f M u n r c hl F i g . 4 3 6 ,4 4 9 ,4 5 1, 4 5 3 , 5 7 1 , 5 7 2 , 5 7 3 ,
t F i s1.1 5 7 ) 5 76 , 5 7 7. 7 9 2 1
P D D r .B u r g k a r d tO , r t h o p a e d iC c I i n i cT, e c h n i c aULn i v e r s i t o yf P r o f .R u d z k i - J a n s o nD,e p a r t m e not f 0 r t h o d o n t i c sU, n i v e r s i t o yf
M u n i c hI F i g .1 4 3 1 1 M u n i c h1 F i 9 . 7 2 , 7 3 )
P r o f .B r i i c k m a n n& D r .L i n n ,N e u r o r a d i o t o gIyn, s t i t u t ef o r D r .S c h e i b eD , e p a r t m e not f S u r g e r y R , o s m a nH o s p i t a tB , reisach
D i a g n o s t iR c a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o
y f M u n i c h[ F i g . 6 6 2 , 7 2 6a , b , ( F i g .1 2 8 9a - c )
7 2 7a , 6 l P r o f .S c h e u m a n nC, [ i n i cf o r A b d o m i n aaI n d T r a n s p l a n t a t i o n
P r o f .D a n i e t D , e p a r t m e not f C a r d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t o yf Ertangen S u r g e r yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L c h o o lI F i g .2 1 + 32,4 4 ,2 4 5 1
t F i s .8 9 9 ,9 0 0 ,9 0 1 ,9 7 3 1 P r o f .S c h i t l . i n g eDr ,e p a r t m e not f G y n a e c o t o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o
yf
P r o f D e g e n h a r dBt ,i e t e f e t{dF i g .1 1 3 3 1, 1 3 5 ) Freiburg I F i 9 .1 1 3 4 i
P r o f .G a [ a n s k&i D r .K i r c h h o f fD, e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i R c a d i o t - Prof. Schl.iepha ke, 0 rofaciaI Surgery, Gcittingen
o g y ,H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I c h o o t{ F i g .9 6 2 , 9 6 4 ,1 2 1 2 ,j 2 j 3 ) t F i g .1 5 2 ,1 9 6 , 1 9 7 1
P r o f .G a l a n s k& i D r .S c h d f e r D , e p a r t m e not f D i a g n o s t i R c adioL- P r o f .S c h l c j s s e C r ,e n t r ef o r G y n a e c o [ o gH y ,a n n o v e M r edicaL
o g y ,H a n n o v eM r e d i c aSLc h o o ILF i g .8 7 1a , b , 9 2 7 , 9 7 1 , 9 9 1 , S c h o o tI F i g .11 3 2 a ,b , 11 4 0 ,11 4 1 ,1 1 7 8 ]
1 1 9 4 ,1 2 0 4 , 1 2 0 7 , 1 2 0 9 1 P r o f S c h u m a c h e rN, e u r o r a d i o t o gD y ,e p a r t m e not f R a d i o t o g y ,
P r o f .G e b e t D , e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o L o H g ye,p a t o L o gayn d U n i v e r s i to y f F r e i b u r g( F i g .4 6 1 a , b )
E n d o c r i n o t o gHya, n n o v eM r e d i c aSt c h o o Il F i g .2 4 2 , 1 0 j 1 , D r .S o m m e r& P D D r .B a u e r ,R a d i o [ o g i s t M s ,u n i c h
1026,1027,1038, 1039, 1074, 1092) l F i 7 .6 6 2 , 1 2 9 0 - 1 2 9 2 )
D r .G o e i ,R a d i o L o gH y ,e e r l e nT , h e N e t h e r l a n d s( F i g .11 5 0 ,11 5 1 1 Prof.Stotz,Paediatrics,Universityof Munich[Fig. 1239,1240lt
( w i t hp e r m i s s i o nf r o m R a d i o l . o g1y7 3 ; 1 3 7 - 1 4 1i:g } g l P D D r .V o g LR , a d i o t o g yU, n i v e r s i t oy f M u n i c h( F i 9 4 3 6 ,4 5 3 ,
D r .G r e e v e nS, t . - E l . i z a b e t h - H o s p iNt aeLu,w i e d{ F i g 1 5 0 ,1 2 3 g 1 644,645)
P r o f H o f f m a n n& P D D r .B e k t a s ,C L i n i cf o r A b d o m i n aar n o P r o f .V o [ [ r a t hE , a r -N o s e - T h r o aDt e p a r t m e n tM , iinchengtadbach
T r a n s p t a n t a t i oSnu r g e r y H '1
, a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L c h o o l(.F i g . 0 2 8 , lFis 229,230,2311
101*01 P r o f W a g n e rt , D i a g n o s t i R c a d i o t o glyl , H a n n o v e M r edicaL
P r o f .H o h L f e LC d ,[ i n i cf o r P n e u m o l o g yH, a n n o v e M r edicaLSchooL SchooL I F i g .9 5 2 , 1 0 6 1 *0, 15 5 ,10 6 9 ,1 0 7 2 ,1 1 5 2 )
(Fi9.929,9301 P r o f .W e n z ,f o r m e r t yD e p a r t m e not f R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o
yf
P r o f J o n a s ,U r o t o g yH , a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L c h o o lI F i g .1 1 0 2a , b , Freiburg {Fig.768l
11031 P r o f W i t t , D e p a r t m e not f N e u r o s u r g e r yU, n i v e r s i t o yf Munich
P r o f .K a m p i k& P r o f .M i i L t e rO , p h t h a t m o t o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o
yf tFis.a05)
M u n i c hI F i g . 6 5 7 ) D r .W i L t f i j hfro, r m e r t C y I i n i cf o rA b d o m i n a In dT r a n s p l . a n t a t i o n
D r .K i r c h h o f & f D r .W e i d e m a n nD, e p a r t m e not f D i a q n o s t i c S u r g e r yH, a n n o v eMr e d i c aSl c h o o{tF i g 1 . 0 5 1)
R a d i o l . o gH y ,a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t c h o o l( F i g .1 O 4 i ,i 0 9 3 , j 1 0 2 , P DD r .W i m m e rD , epartmeo n ft R a d i o L o gUyn, i v e r s iot yf
1196,1198,1200,1202.12051 FreiburgIFig 7991
P r o f .K r e m e r s ,D e p a r t m e nfto r R e s t o r a t i vD e e n t i s t r ya n o
P e r i o d o n t o t o gU y ,n i v e r s i t o
y f M u n i c ht F i g .1 6 9 )
P r o f .K u n z e v, o n H a u n e r s c h eC s h i L d r e n 'Hs o s p i t a lU . ,n i v e r s i t o
yf
iLtustrations were obtainedfrom the fotl.owinq text-
M u n i c hl F i g . 3 2 7 - 3 3 0 ) fj.Ol,j:..,
D r .M e y e r ,D e p a r t m e not f G a s t r o e n t e r o L o H g ye,p a t o l . o gayn d B e n n i n g h o f f - D r e n c kAh na ah tno: m i B e ,a n d1 [ D r e n c k h aD hn.,
E n d o c r i n o t o gHya, n n o v eM r e d i c aSL c h o o lLF i g .g 4 4 , 9 8 7a , b , H r s g) , 1 6 .A u f t .U, r b a n& F i s c h eM r , i i n c h e2n0 0 3[ F i g . 8 2 3 ,
992,1145,111+61 8 2 4B , / + 8 , 8 4895, 0 1
P r o f .M i j t l e r - V a h N L ,e u r o t o g yH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aS t chooL W e t s c hU, . :L e h r b u cH h i s t o L o gU i er,b a n& F i s c h e rM, i j n c h e n
( F i g .1 2 8a , b ) 2003{Fis.922,1020,1097,1122,11231
P r o f .P f e i f e r R, a d i o L o gIyn, s t i t u t ef o r D i a g n o s t i R c adioLogy, W e L s cU h ,. ( H r s g . S l : o b o t t aA,t l . aH s i s t o t o g i e ,A6u. f l . ,
U n i v e r s i t oy f M u n i c hl F i g 2 9 3 , 2 9 4 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 24,4 9 ,t + 5 ,1 U r b a n& F i s c h e rM, r i n c h e2n0 0 2l F i g .10 3 7 ,10 8 5 ,112 5a , b )
7 6 9 - 7 7 28, 0 7 - 8 1 0 ,1 2 5 5 ,1 2 8 6 ,1 2 8 7 ,1 3 1 7 ,1 3 1 8 1 W i c k eL, . :A t l a sd e rR d n t g e n a n a t o m 3 i.A
e ,u f L . ,
P D D r .R a u ,D e p a r t m e not f R a d i o L o gU y ,n i v e r s i t oyf Freiburg U r b a n& S c h w a r z e n b eM r qt ,i n c h e n - W i e n - B a L t i 1 m9o8r 5 e
lFis. 912,925,9261 ( F i q9 4 3a l
 Spinascapulae

Scapula,
Angulusinferior

M. latissimus
dorsi

M. erectorspinae

Articulatiosacroiliaca

M gluteusmaximus

VertebralumbalisV,
Proc spinosus

Fig.728 Back,Dorsum;
surfaceanatomv.

Regio cervicalis posteriol Lineamedianaoosterior

Lineaoaravertebralis

Lineascapularis

Lineaaxillarisoosterior

Regiointrascapularis

Fig.729 Regionsand orientation[ines of

the back.
> Back M us c l es

Skeletonof thetrunk

Columnavertebralis
(Parscervicalis)

Angulussuperior

Columnavertebralis
(Parsthoracica)

Columnavertebralis
(Parslumbalis)

Os sacrum
lvertebraesacralesl-V]

Spina iliaca
posterior inferior

Os coccvois
[Vertebra6coccygeael-lVl

Fig.730 Skel.etal. system,Systema

skeleta[e,
o f t h et r u n k .
 Skeleton

Clavicula

Vertebra cervicalis Vll

Iprominens]
Vertebra
thoracicaI
Canalis vertebralis
HUmerus
Clavicula,
Extremitas
sternalis Scapula

Manubrium
sterni

Corpus
stern
i

Arcuscostalis
Costaxl
costaxll
Costaxl lumbalisI
Vertebra
Costaxll

Vertebralumbalis lll

Spina iliaca
anterior superior

Promontorium
Os
sacrum

Os
coccygrs
;,
Facies symphysialis
Spina
ischiadica Tuberischiadicum

Tuberischiadicum

F i g . 7 3 1 V e r t e b r acI o t u m n ,C o l u m n av e r t e b r a L i s ; Fig,732 VertebraIco[umn,Cotumnavertebra[is;

p e c t o r a gI i r d t e ,C i n g u t u mp e c t o r a t ea, n d p e [ v i cg i r d t e , p e c t o r a t ea, n d p e [ v i cg i r d [ e ,
p e c t o r agI i r d l . eC, i n g u L u m
C i n g u [ u mp e l v i c u m ; C i n g u [ u mp e l v i c u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e v e r t e b r a t c o l u m n ; m e d i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n ;
mediaLview. viewedfrom the teft.
 > Back M us c l es

VertebraL
column

Vertebrae
cefvicales
t-vtl

Disci
intervertebrales

Vertebrae
lumbales

Os sacrum Promontorium

Os coccygis

F i g .7 3 3 V e r t e b r ac Io t u m n , Fig.73l, VertebraLcoLumn, F i g .7 3 5 V e r t e b r ac Io t u m n ,
C o [ u m nvae r t e b r a [ i s ; C o l u m n av e r t e b r a t i s ; C o [ u m nvae r t e b r a t i s ;
ventraIview. dorsaIview. viewedfromthe teft.
 VertebraI colLtmn, development

F i g . 7 3 6a - e R e g i o n acl h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf t h e v e r t e b r a e .
0 n t y i n t h e t h o r a c i cr e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m nd o
t h e [ a t e r a Ip a r t s( t a b e t t e idn r e d ] r e m a i ns e p a r a t e da n d
form ribs.

a First cervicaL vertebra,At[as

b FourthcervicaIvertebra,VertebracervicalislV
, e r t e b r at h o r a c i c al , w i t h
c F i r s tt h o r a c i cv e r t e b r aV
c o r r e s p o n d i nrgi b s ,C o s t a ea, n d s t e r n u m ,S t e r n u m
d T h i r d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aV , e r t e b r aL u m b a l . li lsl
e S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m

Epiphysis Proc.articularis[Zygapophysis]
anularis* supenor

Proc.
sprnosus
Epiphysis
anularis'

Proc costalis
Proc accessorius

Fig. 737 VertebraIdevetopment. Fig. 738 VertebraIdeve[opment

D e m o n s t r a t i oonf t h e a p p e a r a n c o e f p r i m a r yo s s i f i c a t i o n
c e n t r e si n a [ u m b a rv e r t e b r aI p e d i c l es: e c o n df o e t a lm o n t h ;
c o r p u s :t h i r d t o s i x t hf o e t a Lm o n t h J
S y n o s t o s ios f t h e o s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e so f t h e v e r t e b r a aI r c h
w i t h t h o s eo f t h e c o r o u so c c u r sb e t w e e nt h e t h i r d a n d t h e
s i x t hy e a r o f [ i f e .
C i r c u t a ro s s i ifc a t i o nc e n t r e s[ = r i m s * ]a p p e a ri n t h e
e p i p h y s eos f t h e v e r t e b r a ed u r i n gt h e e i g h t hy e a ro f l i f ea n d
f u s ew i t h t h e v e r t e b r a b l o d i e su n t i It h e e i g h t e e n t hy e a r o f
Life.
T h e c e n t r a Ip o r t i o n so f t h e e p i p h y s e rse m a i na s h y a L i n e
c a r t i t a g i n o u[sa m i n a e* * t h r o u g h o u Lt i f e .
S e c o n d a r oy s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e s( a p o p h y s e sd)e v e t o pa t t h e
orocesses.
 > Back

Atlasand axis

Tuberculum
anterius
Arcusanterioratlantis
Foramen vertebrale
Faciesarticularis
supeflor lvlassalateralis
atlantis

Proc,
Foramen Iransversus
magnum

Foramen
Iransversanum
Sulcus
arteriae
vertebralis
occipitalis
externa) Arcusposterioratlantls
posterius
Tuberculum

F i g . 7 3 9 O c c i p i t abI o n e ,0 s o c c i p i t a l e ; Fig.710 First cervicaIvertebra,At[as;

s e c t i o ni t l u s t r a t i n g
t h e f o r a m e nm a g n u ma n d t h e s u p e n o rv r e w .
a r t i c u [ a rs u r f a c e so f t h e a t t a n t o - o c c i p i tjaoIi n t ; T h e s u p e r i o ra r t i c u t a rs u r f a c e so f t h e a t l a sa r e
i n f e r i o rv i e w f r e q u e n t [ yd i v i d e d .
* Canatis arteriae vertebratis asa variation

Tuberculum
anterius Arcusanterioratlantis
Densaxis
Faciesarticularis
inferior Faciesarticularis
superior
Foveadentis Facies
Massalateralis articularis l\4assa lateralis atlantis
atlantis anterior
Fovea ArcusDosterior
atlantis
dentis

Proc articularis
supeflor

Foramen Corpus Proc

vertebrale vertebrae sprnosus
Foramen
transversarium Arcusvertebrae
Foramen
Arcusposterior
atlantis transversarium Proc Proc articularisinferiol
posterius
Tuberculum Iransversus

Fig.711 First cervicaIvertebra,Attas; Fig.712 FirstandsecondcervicaI

vertebrae,
i n f e r i o rv i e w . Atlaset Axis;
median section.

Apexdentis
Faciesarticularis
oosterior
Apexdentis
Faciesarticularis Proc articularis Corpusvertebrae
Densaxis anterior supenor
Foramen
transversarium
Proc articularis
supenor

Foramen
transversarium

Proc Tuberculum
articularis posterius Proc,articularis Arcusvertebrae
inferior inferior
Arcusvertebrae
Corpus
vertebrae Proc.spinosus Proc spinosus

F i g . 7 1 3 S e c o n dc e r v i c avLe r t e b r aA
, xis; Fig.711 SecondcervicaIvertebra,Axis;
ventraIview. d o r s o s u o e r i ovri e w .
 Cervicalvertebrae

Uncuscorporis Uncicorporis
IProc.uncinatus] Corpusvertebrae, Corpusvertebrae, lProccuncinati]
Faciesintervertebralis Epiphysis
anularis
Tuberculum tsoramen Iransversaflum
anterius
Foramen
Sulcus transversaflum
Tuberculum
poslerius nerut
spinalis Proc
transversus

Proc articularis
supenor Proc,
articularis
supenor Pediculusarcus
Arcusvertebrae Foramen vertebrale vertebrae
Arcusvertebrae

Proc spinosus
Proc spinosus

F i g , 7 1 5 F i f t hc e r v i c a I v e r t e b r V a ,e r t e b r ac e r v i c a L V
i s; Fig.746 SeventhcervicaIvertebra,VertebracervicatisVll;
s u p e n o rv r e w . s u p e f l o rv r e w
T h e t i p s o f t h e s p i n o u sp r o c e s s e o s f the cervicaL I n g e n e r a It h e s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r ac a n b e e a s i L y
v e r t e b r a el l - V l a r e f r e q u e n t t yd i v i d e d . i d e n t i f i e db y i t s p r o t r u d i n gs p i n o u sp r o c e s sa n d i s
r e f e r r e dt o a s v e r t e b r ap r o m i n e n sI.n f a c t ,t h e s p i n o u s
processof the first thoracicvertebraoften protrudes
evenfurther.

f Tuberculum
anrenus
Proc 'II
transversus
I Tuberculum
poslenus
\

Corpusvertebrae

Foramen
transversarium

Sulcusnervi
spinalis

Uncicorporis
IProccuncinati]

F i g . 7 t 7 S e c o n dt o s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a e , vertebrae,
Fig,718 First to seventhcervicaL
V e r t e b r a ec e r v i c a t elsl - V l l ' VertebraecervicaLesl-VlI I
ventraIview. dorso[ateraLview.
 tt

Thoracic
and lumbarvertebrae

Corpusvertebrae,
Faciesintervertebralis
Epiphysis
anularis* Articulatio
capitis
costae
Fovea Caputcostae
costalis
supenor
Collumcostae
Pediculus
arcus
vertebrae Foveacostalissuperior
Foramen Proc transversus
Foramen costotransversarium
vertebrale
Fovea costalis
Proc adicularis processus transversl
lZygapophysisl Costa
supenor Corpus
vertebrae

Fovea
costalis Fovea costalis inferior
processus Tuberculum
transversi costae lncisuravertebralis
inferior
Proc transversus Lamrnaarcus Articulatio Proc articularisinterior
vertebrae costotransversaria Proc spinosus
Proc spinosus

Fig.719 Vertebra,Vertebra; F i g .7 5 0 S i x t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r aV
, e r t e b r at h o r a c i c aV l ;
t y p i c a sI t r u c t u r a fI e a t u r e se x e m p t i fe d b y t h e viewedfrom the teft.
f i f t h t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a;
s u p e n o rv t e w .
+ Atso:rim of vertebraI body

Proc.articularis
supenor
Arcusvertebrae
Proc mamillaris

Proc accessorius

Corpus
verlebrae
Proc
sptnosus

Fovea costalis

Proc articularis
inferior

F i g . 7 5 2 T w e t f t h t h o r a c i c v e r t e b r a , V e r t e b r a t h o r a c i c a Xil;
viewed f rom the Left.
* R e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a Ia r c h b e t w e e nt h e s u p e r i o ra n d
F i g ,7 5 1 T e n t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r aV
, e r t e b r at h o r a c i c aX ; i n f e r i o ra r t i c u [ a rp r o c e s s e s
ventraLview. ( " i s t h m u s =" i n t e r a r t i c u L p aor rtionl

Corpusvertebrae

F i g .7 5 3 T h i r d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aV , e r t e b r aL u m b a L il sl l ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o ns; p e c i m e n o f a n o L d e irn d i v i d u a [ .
* O s s i f i c a t ioofnt h e[ i q a m e n t o iunss e r t i o n s
 ;:ili'::.

Thoracicand lumbarvertebrae

Proc articularis
Fovea costalis supeflor
supenor Corpusvertebrae,
Foveacostalisprocessus Facies
transversi intervertebralis

Pediculus
arcus Foramenvertebrale
vedebrae

Proc
sprnosus Proc
costalis

Proc articularis
superlor
Laminaarcusvertebrae

Proc accessorius
Proc spinosus

, e r t e b r aL u m b a t i lsV ;
F i g .7 5 5 F o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aV
s u p e n o rv r e w

Proc,articularis
supenor Proc costalis

Proc mamillaris

Corpusvertebrae

Proc costalis

Proc accessorius Proc articularis

inferior
Faciesarticularis inferior
Proc articularis
inferior

Fig.751 Tenthto tweLfththoracicvertebrae, , e r t e b r a[ u m b a L i lsV ;

F i g .7 5 6 F o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aV
V e r t e b r a et h o r a c i c a e
X - X l l ,a n d f i r s t t o s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a e , ventraIview
V e r t e b r a e[ u m b a L e ls- l l ;
d o r s a Iv i e wf r o m t h e [ e f t .

Proc articularis
superior
Pediculus
arcusvertebrae

Epiphysis
anularis

Proc.spinosus

Laminaarcusvertebrae

Proc articularisinterior

+ R e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r aaI r c hb e t w e e nt h e s u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o ra r t i c u [ a r
Fig.757 Fifth[umbarvertebra,Vertebra[umbatisV;
mediansection. process.Herein the fifth and Lessfrequentlyin the fourth [umbarvertebra
a cteft,bridgedby connectivetissuelspondylolysisl can be formed.This is
Notethe characteristic wedge-shape
of the bodyof the
probabtycausedby locatbendingstress.As a consequence, the superlor
f ifth [umbarvertebra.
vertebramay stip [otisthesislonto the inferiorvertebralspondylotisthesis).
 > Back Muscles

Sacrum

Proc articularis
superior
Canalissacralis

Tuberositasossissacri

Faciesauricularis
Cristasacralislateralis

Crista sacralis mediana

Cristasacralismedialis

sacraliaposteriora
Foramina

Hiatussacralis

F i g .7 5 8 S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ; Cornusacrale
d o r s a Iv i e w
Apexossissacri
Proc articularis
supeflor

Promontorium Parslateralis

Lineaetransversae Foramina
sacraliaanteriora

F i g ,7 5 9 S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ;
v e n t r o i n f e r i ovri e w .
Apexossissacri

Promontorium

Alaossissacri
Parslateralis

Basisossissacri
Crista sacralis medialis
Proc articularis
superior
Canalis sacralis Cristasacralismediana
F i g . 7 6 0 S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ;
t h e b o n eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e da t t h e
[ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n ds a c r a Lv e r t e b r a :
s u D e n o rv t e w
 Parslateralis
Proc articularissuperior------:r Parslateralis

Basisossissacri

Cristasacralis Canalissacralis
medlana
Foramina
sacralia Promontorium
posteriora

Cristasacralis
medtana
Facies pelvica

Cornusacrale
Cornu
coccygeum
Hiatussacralis

Os coccygis Apexossissacri

F i g . 7 6 2 S a c r u m ,O s s a c r u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
F i g . 7 6 1 S a c r u m0, s s a c r u m ; * Remnants of intervertebraI disctissue
v i e w e df r o mt h er i g h t . persistevenin theadutt.

F i g . 7 6 3 S a c r u m0,s s a c r u m ; F i g . 7 6 I , S a c r u m ,0 s s a c r u m ;
g e n d edr i f f e r e n c e s . o e n d e rd i f f e r e n c e s .

Cornucoccygeum

Cornu
coccygeum

Vertebra
coccygeaI

Vertebra
coccygeall

Vertebrae
coccygeae lll-V

F i g . 7 6 5 C o c c y x0, s c o c c y g i s ; Fig.765 Coccyx,0s coccygis;

v e n t r o s u o e r i ovri e w . d o r s o i n f e r i ovri e w .
 > Back $\'oturs*{o*l

Cervicalpart of the vertebraL

column,radiography

Ramus Proc
mandibulae mastoideus

Atlas, Arcus Os occipitale

anterior

Cavitas nasi, Atlas, Arcus

Sinus posterior
maxillaris

Palatum
osseum
Atlas,
Axis, Dens Tuberculum
posterius

Axis, Proc
sprnosus

A x i s ,C o r p u s
vertebrae Inctsura
vedebralis
inferior

Angulus Inctsura
mandibulae vertebralis
Ltngua supenor

Vertebra
c e r v i c a l i sl l l ,
Corpus
vertebrae

Epiglottis

Articulatio
zygapophysialis

Os hyoideum
Proc articularis
inlerior

Proc articularis
Discus inter- supeflor
vertebralis

Cartilago
cricoidea,
Lamtna Proc spinosus
Facies inter Pediculus
arcus
vertebrales vene0rae

Foramen
Vertebra intervertebrale
c e r v i c a l i sV l l ,
Corpus
vertebrae

F i g .7 6 7 C e r v i c avLe r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a ec e r v i c a t e s ;
L a t e r arIa d i o g r a p ho f t h e c e r v i c a pL a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o L u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o nt;h e c e n t r a Ib e a mi s d i r e c t e d
o n t ot h e t h i r d c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a ;
s h o u t d e r sa r e p u L t e d o w n w a r d s .
Topography

Cervicalpart of the vertebralcolumn,radiography

Proc spinosus-

-
Proc transversus

- Uncicorporum
[Proccuncinati]

VertebracervicalisVl,
Corpusvertebrae

Fig, 768 CervicaIvertebrae,Vertebraecervicates;

A P - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e c e r v i c a pI a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o nt;h e c e n t r a Lb e a mr s d i r e c t e d
o n t ot h e t h i r d c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a .
x IntervertebraI discsoaces
 > Back

Thoracicpart of the vertebralcolumn,radiography

Corpusvertebrae

Foramenintervertebrale
Facies intervertebrales""

Proc spinosus

Pediculus
arcusvertebrae

F i g . 7 6 9 T h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a et h o r a c i c a e ; + Intervertebra d Ii s cs p a c e
* * C L i n i c at eLr m : e n d - p L a t e s
L a t e r arIa d i o g r a p ho f t h e t h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cLo L u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o w
n i t h t h e t h o r a xi n i n s p i r a t i o n ;
t h e c e n t r a Ib e a m i s d i r e c t e do n t o t h e s i x t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .

Pediculus
arcusvertebrae
a^r^,,c v6d6hrr6

Costa

Articulatiocostotransversaria

Proc transversus

Articulatiocapitis costae

Caput costae

Facies intervertebralis

F i g . 7 7 O T h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a et h o r a c i c a e * Intervertebra
d Ii s cs p a c e
A P - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e t h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cLo L u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o w
n i t h t h e t h o r a xi n i n s p i r a t i o n ;
t h e c e n t r a Lb e a m i s d i r e c t e do n t ot h e s i x t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a
 Lumbarpart of the vertebralcolumn,radiography

Vertebra
lumbalisl, Foraminaintervertebralia
Corpusvertebrae

Arcusvertebrae,
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
inferior
lncisuravertebralis

Faciesintervertebrales

Incisuravertebralissuperior

Proc.spinosus

Proc.articularissuperior

Proc articularisinferior

Os ilium. Crista iliaca

Articulatiozygapophysialis

Basisossissacri
Cristasacralismediana
Promontorium
Os sacrum

* I n t e r v e r t e b r adI i s c s p a c e
F i g . 7 7 1 L u m b a rv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a eL u m b a t e s ;
* * R e g i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a la r c h b e t w e e nt h e s u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o r
l a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p ho f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ; a r t i c u [ a rp r o c e s s e ls" i s t h m u s '= i n t e r a r t i c u [ apro r t i o n l
* * * T h e m a r k s i n d i c a t et h e p o s i t i o no f t h e t w e t f t h r i b , w h i c h i s p o o r t y
t h e c e n t r a tb e a m i s d i r e c t e do n t ot h e s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
v i s i b l ei n t h i s c o p yo f t h e r a d i o g r a p h .
I n t h i s c a s e ,t h e a n t e r i o re d g e so f t h e l o w e r [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a e
a r e o b t i q u ed u e t o p a t h o L o g i caalIt e r a t i o n s .
 M us c [es

Lumbarpart of the vertebralcolumn,radiography

costaXll

Vertebra
lumbalisl,
Corpusvertebrae

Proc.articularis
superior

Articulatiozygapophysialis
Procc. costales
Proc.articularis
inferior

Pediculus
arcusvertebrae

Faciesintervertebrales Proccsplnosi

Proc. costalis
Os coxae;
Osilium

Articulatiosacroiliaca
Foramina
sacraliaanteriora

F i g , 7 7 2 L u m b a rv e r t e b r a eV, e r t e b r a eL u m b a l e s ;
A P - r a d i o g r a p oh f t h e L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n
andthe sacrum;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o nt;h e c e n t r a Ib e a mi s d i r e c t e do n t ot h e s e c o n d
L u m b a vr e r t e b r a .
+ IntervertebraI discspace
 CraniocervicaI j unctions

Os occioitale.Parsbasilaris
anterior
Membranaatlantooccioitalis

Parslateralis
Os occiDitale.

Os occioitale.Parslateralis

+
Articulatioatlantooccioitalis Capsulaarticularis

Articulatioatlantoaxialis
lateralis
Lig longitudinaleanterius
Axis

Discusintervertebralis
Vertebra lll
cervicalis

Vertebra cervicalis lll,

Corpus vertebrae

F i g . 7 7 3 C r a n i o c e r v i jcuanI c t i o nasn dt h eu p p e rc e r v i c apIa r t

o f t h ev e r t e b r a l t o [ u m n ;
ventratvtew.

Os occipitale posterior
Membranaatlantooccipitalis

Lig atlantooccipitale
Atlas,Massalateralis laterale

Sulcusarteriaevertebralis Tuberculumoosterius

Articulatioatlantoaxialis
lateralis lateralis,
Articulalioatlantoaxialis
Caosulaarticularis
Axis, Arcus vertebrae

junctions;
Fig.771 CraniocervicaI
dorsaIview.
 Back M us c l es

Crani ocervicaI j unctions

Os occipitale,Clivus

Sulcus Os occipitale
srnus
sigmoidei

Articulatio
atlantooccipitalis,
Capsulaarticularis
Atlas

Articulatio Membranatectoria
atlantoaxialislateralis,
Capsula articularis
Axis

Vertebra ceruicalis lll

F i g .7 7 5 C r a n i o c e r v i c jauIn c t r o n s ,
dcon linemonf c.

dorsaLview.

Fasciculilongitudinales

Ligg alaria

Canalisnervihypoglossi

Sulcussinussigmoidei

Capsulaarticularis Articulatio atlantooccipitalis

Lig transversum
atlantis Atlas,Arcusposterior
Articulatio
atlantoaxialis
lateralis
Lig cruciformeatlantis

Fasciculi
longitudinales

F i g .7 7 6 C r a n i o c e r v i cjauIn c t i o n s ,
d e e pI i g a m e n t s ;
dorsaLview.

Lig apicis dentis

Capsulae
articulares

Densaxis

F i g .7 7 7 C r a n i o c e r v i cjauIn c t i o n s ,
doon linrmanic.

dorsaIview.
T h e a L a rL i g a m e n tfsr e q u e n t [ e
y x t e n dt o t h e l a t e r a I
m a s s e so f t h e a t t a s .
Topography

CraniocervicaI j unctions

Os occioitale.Pars basilaris Duramatercranialis

Lig. apicis dentis

l\4embranaatlantooccioitalisanterior
DuramatersPinalis
Membrana tectoria
Atlas,Arcusanterior
Fasciculilongitudinales
I
atlantislLig cruciforme
Lig.transversum atlantis
Articulatio medianaanterior
atlantoaxialis
- Fasciculi
longitudinales
J

Articulatio medianaposterior
atlantoaxialis

Squama occipitalis
Densaxis

Membrana atlantooccipitalisposterior

Discusinteruertebralis
Atlas,Arcusposteriol
Vertebra lll,
cervicalis
Corpusvertebrae Axis,Proc spinosus
Nn cervicales,Badices

F i g .7 7 8 C r a n i o c e r v i c jauLn c t i o n s ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n

Os occipitale
Atlas, atlanto-
Articulatio
Arcusanterior, occipitalis
Foveadentis Articulatioatlantoaxialis
mediana anterior Densaxis
Articulatioatlantoaxialis
mediana posterior Densaxis Atlas,Arcusposterior

Atlas,Arcusanterior

Atlas,Massalateralis

Articulatioatlanto-
axialislateralis
Atlas,Facies
articularis Axis,Corpus
supenor
Axis,Proc spinosus
Membrana
atlanto-
occipitalis
posterior
Procspinosus

F i g ,7 7 i C r a n i o c e r v i cjauIn c t i o n s ; F i g .7 8 0 C r a n i o c e r v i clauLn c t t o n s ;
s u p e n o rv t e w A P -r a di o gr ap h .
 > Back M us c l es
li..-'-,,.+W
Ligaments
of thevertebralcolumn

Foveacostalis
inferior
Foveacostalis
supenor
Pediculusarcus
Lig costo- vertebrae
transversaflum

Arcus
Discus vertebrae
intervertebralis

Vertebra
thoracica
Xll,
Corpus
vertebrae

Discus
intervertebralis

F i g . 7 8 1 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a I c o l u m n ; F i g . 7 8 2 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a I c o l u m n ;
e x e m p t i fe d b y t h e L o w e tr h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e e x e m p l i fe d b y t h e l o w e rt h o r a c i ca n d t h e
vertebratco[umn; u p p e r[ u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cl o l u m n ;
ventraLview. d o r s a Iv i e w .

Lig capitiscostaeradiatum

Articulatiocapitis costae

Proc articularis
superior
Lig costotransversarium

Collumcostae

Tuberculumcostae

Lig costotransversarium Proc transversus

laterale Lig flavum

F i g . 7 8 3 C o s t o v e r t e b r jaoI i n t s ,A r t i c u l a t i o n ecso s t o v e r t e b r a [ e s ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Io f t h e L o w e rp a r t o f t h e j o i n t a t a h e a do f a r i b ;
s u p e f l o rv t e w .
To p o g ra p h y

Lioamentsof the vertebralcolumn

superior
Proc.articularis

Foveacostalissuperior Foveacostalisprocessustransversi

Corpusvertebrae Foramencostotransversarium

laterale
Lig costotransversarium

Lig longitudinaleanterius

superius
Lig costotransversarium

Lig intertransversarium
Discusintervertebralis

Lig capitiscostaeradiatum

F i g . 7 8 1 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a cLo t u m na n d t h e
costovertebraI joints, Articulationes costoverteb rates;
[ a t e r a Ip a r t so f t h e a n t e r i o rL o n g i t u d i n [ai [g a m e n th a v e
b e e nr e m o v e d ;
viewedf rom the teft.

Fovea costalis
processus transversl

Ligg flava

Capsula articularis
Lig costotransversarium

Laminaarcusvertebrae

Pediculusarcusvertebrae

F i g . 7 8 5 J u n c t i o n sb e t w e e nt h e v e r t e b r aal r c h e s ;
ventraIview.
 > Back M us c l es

joints
Costovertebral

Foramenintervertebrale

Lig costotransversarium
supenus

Lig costotransversarium
laterale

Lig longitudinaleanterius
Articulatiocapitiscostae

Tuberculum
costae

Discusintervertebralis

Caputcostae

F i g . 7 8 6 C o s t o v e r t e b r jaoIi n t s ,A r t i c u [ a t i o n e s
costovertebra[es;
ventraL v i e wf r o m t h e l e f t .

Arcusvertebrae

Ligg intertransversaria

Proc spinosus

Laminaarcusvertebrae

Lrg costotransversarium
superius
Lig flavum

Lig costotransversarium
laterale
Proc transversus

Lig intertransversarium Proc articularis

inferior

Capsulaarticularis

Lig,supraspinale"

F i g . 7 8 7 L i g a m e n t so f t h e v e r t e b r a aL r c h e sa n d t h e
c o s t o v e r t e b r jaoI in t s ,A r t i c u l a t i o n ecso s t o v e r t e b r a t e s ;
dorsaLview.
* T h em e d i a n p o r t i oo n f t h et h o r a c o t u m bf a sr c i a
r sr e f e r r e d
t o a ss u p r a s p i n olui gsa m e n t
 Ligamentsof the lumbarpart of the

arcusvertebrae
Pediculus

posterius
Lig longitudinale

Disciintervertebrales

Vertebra V,
lumbalis
Corpusvertebrae

Os sacrum

F i g .7 8 8 L i g a m e n t so f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t
o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n .

Proc costalis

inferior
Proc articularis

Proc articularis
superior Lig,transversum
zygapophysialis;
Articulatio

Laminaarcusvertebrae

Lig flavum

Proc spinosus

F i g .7 8 9 V e r t e b r ajlo i n t so f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a l R e i n f o r c e m e notf t h e i n t e r a r t i c u [ aj or i n t s b y s t r o n ga n d
cotumnA , r t i c u t a t i o n ezsy g a p o p h y s i a l [eusm b a l e s ; t r a n s v e r s ef i b r e sI L i g g .t r a n s v e r s ai]s r e s t r i c t e dt o t h e [ u m b a r
d o r s a lv r e wf r o m t h e r i q h t p a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n .
 > Back Mr.rsu[es

lntervertebraldiscs

Uncuscorporrs
IProc uncinatus]

A n u l u lsi b r o s u s

Pediculus
arcus
vertebrae
Corpusvertebrae Epiphysis
anularis
Anulusfibrosus
Epiphysis anularis
N spinalis, N u c l e upsu l p o s u s
Ganglion
sensoflum
nervispinalis
Corpusvertebrae

F i g .7 9 0 a ,b I n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c s ,D i s c ii n t e r v e r t e b r a L e s * H y a t i n ec a r t i [ a g i n o ucso v e r i n go f t h e e n d - p L a t eosf t h e

a C e r v i c aiIn t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c s ,D i s c ii n t e r v e r t e b r a l e s v e r t e b r abI o d i e sr e f [ e c t i n tgh e n o n - o s s i f i epdo r t i o no f t h e
c e r v i c [ae s ; e prph y s e s
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n * x I n t h e f i r s t d e c a d eo f I i f e ,s o - c a l t e du n c o v e r t e b r a
c lI e f t s
b L u m b a ri n t e r v e r t e b r adl i s c ,D i s c u si n t e r v e r t e b r a Lt iusm b a L i s : d e v e [ o pi n t h e L a t e r azI o n e so f t h e c e r v i c a L
intervertebraI
m e d i a ns e c t i o n d i s c sw, h r c hc a n p r o g r e s sf u r t h e rt o w a r d st h e m i d d l ei n
t h ef o t t o w i n gdecades

Fascia thoracolumbalis

Vertebralumbalis l,
Corpus vertebrae

Proc spinosus

Discusinteruertebralis

Canalisvedebralis;
Caudaequina

Spatium
epidurale

Vertebra
lumbalis
V,
Corpusvertebrae

Canalissacralis

F i g .7 9 1 L u m b a ri n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c , F i g . 7 9 2 L u m b a rp a r t so f t h e v e r t e b r a L c o l u m n ;
D i s c u si n t e r v e r t e b r a L[ iusm b a I i s ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
s u p e n 0 rv t e w m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
To pogr a p h y

Motionsegments

Proc articularis
suoerior
Uncuscorporis Foramenintervertebrale
[Proc uncinatus]
Faciesintervertebralis Capsulaarticularis
Articulatiozygapophysialis,

anularis*
Epiphysis Lig flavum

Corpusvertebrae
Lig interspinale
Lig.longitudinale
anterius

Faciesintervertebralis

Anulus
Oi"araJ' fibrosus
intervertebralis
Nucleus
I pulposus

Lig. nuchae
(Foramen venae
basivertebralis) Proc articularis
inlerior
Laminaarcusvertebrae ' Proc soinosus
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
Epiphysis
anularis
"

Fig.793 CervicaImotion segment; * A l s o : r i m o f v e r t e b r a lb o d y

s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n . * * H y a l i n ec a r t i l a g i n o u sc o v e r i n go f t h e e n d - p l a t eo f t h e v e r t e b r a tb o d y
r e f t e c t i n gt h e n o n - o s s i f i e dp o r t i o no f t h e e p i p h y s i s

Foramenintervertebrale
Proc.articularissuoerior
anularis*
Epiphysis

Lig flavum

Lig. interspinale

Lig longitudinale
anterius
Lig supraspinale

Faciesintervertebralis

/
I Anulusfibrosus
urscusI
intervertebralis
I
I Nucleuspulposus
\
Fascia
thoracolumbalis

(Foramen venae
basivertebralis)

Lig. longitudinaleposterius
Proc.spinosus

Pediculusarcusvertebrae

Lamina arcus vertebrae Proc articularisinferior

Fig,79t, Lumbar motion segment; * A [ s o :r i m o f v e r t e b r a tb o d y

s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n . * * H y a t i n ec a r t i l a g i n o u sc o v e r i n go f t h e e n d - p l a t eo f t h e v e r t e b r a Ib o d y
r e f t e c t i n gt h e n o n - o s s i f i e dp o r t i o no f t h e e p i p h y s i s
 > Back

Superficialmusclesof the back

ProtuberantiaocciDitalisexterna

M sternocleidomastoideus

IVIspleniuscapitis

M trapezius

Spina scapulae

Fascia deltoidea
prominens,
Vertebra Proc spinosus

M teres
malor
Angulusinferior
Scapula,

M infraspinatus,
Fasciainfraspinata
M latissimus
dorsi
M, rhomboideus
major

VertebrathoracicaXll. Proc. sDinosus

M obliquus externus abdominis

Fascia thoracolumbalis

Cristailiaca

Os sacrum,
Faciesdorsalis

F i g . 7 9 5 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
s u p e r f i c i aLI a y e or f t h e t r u n k - a r ma n d t r u n k - s h o u l d e r
o i r d l em u s c t e s .
To p o g r a p h y

Superficialmusclesof the back

M trapezius

l\4 sternocleidomastoideus

l\4 splenius
capitis

M splenius
cervicis

Fascia deltoidea
M. trapezius

M.teresmaior

M serratusposterior M rhomboideus
major
supenor

M infraspinatus,
Fasciainfraspinata

Angulusinferior
Scapula,

M erectorspinae
M latissimus
dorsi

M latissimus
dorsi

Fascia thoracolumbalis*

M obliquusexternus
abdominis

M obliquus e)dernusabdominis
M obliquusinternus
abdominis
lumbale
Trigonum

Cristailiaca

F i g . 7 9 6 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
d e e pl a y e ro f t h e t r u n k - a r ma n d t r u n k - s h o u t d e r
g i r d l em u s c l e s .
* Theso-catled thoracotumbar fasciaformsa dense
ao0neur0sts
 > Back tt at"t

i:' Deepmusclesof theback

M semisDinaliscaoitis nuchae
M splenius
capitis
M splenius
capitis

M sternocleidomastoideus

l\4 longissimus
capitis
M splenius
cervicis
M. splenius
cervicis
M. scalenusoosterior

M levatorscapulae
M trapezius
M longissimus
ceruicis
M teresmajor
M semispinaliscervicis
M serratusposteriorsuperior
M iliocostaliscervicis

M rhomboideus
major
i/ inlraspinatus,
Fasciainfraspinata
M lliocostalisthoracis

M spinalisthoracis M latissimus
dorsi

thoracis
M. longissimus
M iliocostalisthoracis

M. serratusanterior
M longissimus
thoracis

M serratusoosteriorinlerior
M iliocostalis
lumborum

M obliouus
externusabdominis

Fascia thoracolumbalis

M obliquus internusabdominis M erectorspinae

F i g . 7 9 7 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
s u p e r f i c i aLLa y e or f t h e d e e pI a u t o c h t h o n o u m
s ]u s c L e s .
 Musclesof the back,sections

Caudaequina
Lig longitudinale
anterius Pediculus l
arcus I a,.,,"
Ben vertebrae |
LamrnaarcusI ""il"urr"
vertebrae )
M psoasmajor
t\4m
*"
transversospinales
Plexuslumbalis
M. erectorspinae*
Proc costalis

M quadratus (Lamina
lumborum protunda)
Costaxll
M obliquus
externus
abdominis Fascia
thoracolumbalis
lvl latissimus
dorsi

Proc spinosus (Lamina

superficialis)

F i g .7 9 8 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s e c o n dL u m b a vr e r t e b r a :
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Thedeep[autochthonousl musctes of the backliewithinan osteofibrous
tubeformedbydorsatpartsof thevertebrae andthesurrounding
aponeurotic thoracoLumbar fasciaThemuscLes aredivided intoa lateral*
a n da m e d i a*[* t r a c t

Corpusvertebrae

Nucleuspulposus)
'
Foramenintervertebrale I Discus
f intervertebralis
Anulusfibrosus /

N spinalis
Proc articularis
superiof
M psoasmajor

Articulatio
zygapophysialis Caudaequina

Lig flavum*
Proc articularis
inferior

M. erectorspinae

Mm transversospinales
Proc spinosus

Fasciathoracolumbalis

* C a t c i f i c a t i oo
n r o s s i f i c a t i o nf r e q u e n t t yo c c u r sa t t h e s i t e s o f i n s e r t i o n
F i g . 7 9 9 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o(nC T )a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e o f t h e [ i g a m e n t af t a v a ,e v e ni n y o u n g e ri n d i v i d u a t s .
* + A d i p o s et i s s u ed e p o s i t s
i n t e r v e r t e b r adli s c b e t w e e nt h e t h i r d a n d t h e f o u r t h[ u m b a r
vertebra;
inferiorview.
 -
> Back >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Deepmusclesof the back

Tract LongitudinaI
system 0btiquesystem Tract

M longissimus
-capitis
-cervtcts
-thoracis

M iliocostalls
-cervtcts
-thoracis M. semispinalis**
-lumborum -capitis
-cervtcts

M. spinalis M. multifidus"*
-capitis -cervtcts
-cervtcts -thoracis
-thoracis -lumborum

Mm.interspinales Mm. rotatoresbreves**

-cervrcts -cervrcrs
-thoracis -thoracis
lumborum -lumborum

Fascia
thoracolumbalis

F i g . 8 0 0 D e e p[ a u t o c h t h o n o u m s )u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ;
d i a g r a mo f t h e d i f f e r e n gt r o u p so f m u s c t e s .
T h e d e e p[ a u t o c h t h o n o u m s Ju s c t e so f t h e b a c kc a n o e
d i v i d e di n t o a t o n g i t u d i n aal n d a n o b t i q u es y s t e m a,s
w e t l a s i n t o a m e d i a la n d a l a t e r a lt r a c t .
+ Spinotransverse
+*TransversosoinaI
To p o g r a p h y

Deepmusclesof the back

l\4 semispinaliscapitis
M obliquuscapitissuperior
l\4 rectuscapitisposterior
minor
M spleniuscapitis
M rectuscapitisposterior
major
l\4 longissimus
capitis
posterius
Atlas,Tuberculum
Venterposterior
M digastricus,
Atlas,Proc transversus

M obliquuscapitisinferior
posteriorescervicis
l\4m intertransversarii
M semispinaliscapitis

Mm multilidi
M semispinalis
ceruicis
Ligg intertransversaria

Mm interspinalescervicis Ligg.interspinalia;
Lig supraspinale

M spinaliscapitis Mm rotatoresthoracisbreves

thoracis
Mm intertransversarii

Mm,intercostales
externi
Mm levatorescostarumbreves
thoracislongi
Mm.rotatores

M semispinalis
thoracis
superius
Lig costotransversarium

Lig intertransversarium
lvlm lntercostales
externi,Fascia

Mm levatores
costarum
breves
intercostalis
Membrana interna

Mm levatores
costarumlongi interni
Mm intercostales

Mm intercostalesexterni
lvlm intertransversarii
thoracis
CostaXll
M quadratus Fascia
lumborum,
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Mm intertransversarii lumborum
mediales
M obliquusinternusabdominis
M transversus
abdominis
Mm intertransversarii
laterales Mm interspinaleslumborum
tumoorum
Fascialransversalis Ligg intertransversaria

l\4 obliquusexternus
abdominis Lig iliolumbale

Spinailiacaposterior
superior

Mm multilidi Lig sacrotuberale

F i g .8 0 1 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ,
a n d s u b o c c i p i t amI u s c t e s M
, m.suboccipitates.
 tt

musclesof theback

Lig. intertransversarium

Lig.costotransversarium

Costalx

M levatorcostaelongus
Mm.multifidi

M levatorcostaebrevis

Mm rotatoresthoracis
Lig intertransversarium

Vertebralumbalisl,
Arcusvertebrae

CostaXll

Ligg. flava
Vertebraelumbales,
Procc.costales

Mm.intertransversarii
lateraleslumborum

Fasciathoracolumbalis
(Laminaprofunda)

Mm. intertransversarii
mediales lumborum

Mm. multifidi

M erector spinae

Vertebraelumbales,Procc sDinosi

F i g . 8 0 2 M u s c l e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ;
d e e p e s lt a y e ri n t h e r e g i o no f t h e l o w e rt h o r a c i ca n d t h e t u m b a r
part of the vertebraIcolumn.
 muscles
Suboccipital

M rectuscaoitisoosteriorminor M. trapezius
caoitis
M semisDinalis
M rectuscapitisposteriormajor
capitissuperior
M. obliquus
capitis
M splenius

Atlas,Arcusposterior

M splenius
capitis M. spleniuscervicis

Proc mastoideus
M. longissimus
capitis

M splenius
cervicis M digastricus,Venterposteriot
Proc styloideus
M longissimus
capitis
capitisinferior
M obliquus
i,il semispinalis
capitis
posterius capitis
M. longissimus
Atlas,Tuberculum

Axis,Proc.spinosus
M semispinalis
capitis

Mm.interspinales
cervicis Mm multifidi

M. semispinaliscervicis
M. longissimus
cervicis

M iliocostalis cervicis

Lig supraspinale

M semispinalis
capitis

M. semispinalis
thoracis

F i g . 8 0 3 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ,a n d
s u b o c c i p i t amI u s c t e s M
, m.suboccipita[es.

capitissuperior
M obliquus

M rectuscapitis
posterior
minor

M. rectuscapitis
posteriormajor
Atlas.Arcusoosterior
capitisinferior
M obliquus

F i g .8 0 4 S u b o c c i p i tma ul .s c l e s , Tr0;l
M m .s u b o c c i o i t a t e s . F
 > Back tt

-:s Suboccipital
muscLes

M spleniuscapitis

M longissimus
capitis

M semispinaliscapitis
Lrg nucnae

splenius
cervicis
lvl trapezius

levatorscapulae

Vertebraprominens,
l\4 longissimus
cervicis Proc,spinosus

M scalenusmedius M iliocostaliscervicis

M semispinalisthoracis
M scalenusposterior

F i g .8 0 5 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k ,M m . d o r s i ,
a n d m u s c l e so f t h e n e c k .M m . c o t L i .

M semispinalis
capitis M rectuscaoitisposterior
minor

M splenius
capitis M rectuscapitis
posteriormajor
M obliquuscapitissuperior Membrana atlantooccipitalis
posterior

A vertebralis,
lvl longissimus
capitis Pars atlantica

M digastricus,
Venterposterior Atlas, Proc transversus

M rectuscapitislateralis
Proc styloideus l\4 obliquus
capitisinferior
M obliquus capitis inferior

M longissimuscervicis
posteriorcervicis
M intertransversarius M splenius cervicis

Axis,Proc transversus

M spleniuscervicis

M semispinaliscapitis

Mm multifidi

Fig.806 SuboccipitaLmusc[es, P o s t e r i o tru b e r c [ eo f t h e a t t a s

M m .s u b o c c i p i t a t e s . il- S p i n o u sp r o c e s so f t h e a x i s
 Vertebral coIumn, sections

Larynx

Corpus Cartilagothyroidea
vertebrae
M sternocleido-
mastoideus
VertebracervicalisV,
Corpusvertebrae
Uncuscorporis
Proc.transversus,
Tuberculum anterius
Discus
Foramen intervertebralis
vertebrale N spinalis
Proc articularis Pediculus arcus
inlerior vertebrae
Laminaarcus VertebracervicalisVl,
vertebrae Corpusvertebrae
Proc.articularis
Lig.flavum
Laminaarcus
vertebrae
Proc.spinosus,
Tubercula Proc.spinosus

F i g . 8 0 7 C e r v i c apI a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n ; F i g .8 0 8 C e r v i c apI a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cl o t u m n ;
computedtomographiccross-sectionICT]at the Level. computedtomographiccross-sectionICTJat the tevet
o f t h e i n t e r v e r t e b r adLi s c b e t w e e nt h e f o u r t ha n d t h e f i f t h o f t h e f i f t h a n d t h e s i x t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a .
cervicaIvertebra.
+ EndotracheaI tubeandendoscooe

)a--->-
/q.
lrrl+-C*
lA\ r.'-}y'

Aorta,Pars V cava inferior

abdominalis
Aorta,Pars
V cava interior abdominalis

Corpusvertebrae
Discus
intervertebralis
M. psoasmajor
M. psoas
Ben
Foramen Pediculus arcus
intervertebrale vertebrae
Proc.articularis Lig flavum
supeflor
Articulatio Proc costalis
zygapophysialis Proc.articularis
Proc articularis inferior
inferior Proc articularis
Proc.mamillaris supeflor
Mm dorsi Lig interspinale

Proc spinosus Mm dorsi

Fascia Fascia
thoracolumbalis thoracolumbalis

F i g . 8 0 9 L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n ; F i g . 8 1 0 L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I c o t u m n ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o[nC T la t t h e L e v e t c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o[nC T ]a t t h e L e v e l .
o f t h e i n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c b e t w e e nt h e s e c o n da n d o f t h e o e d i c l e so f t h e t h i r d [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
t h e t h i r d l u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
> Back

Cutaneousinnervation

N. auricularismagnus,R posterior(Plexuscervicalis)
N. occipitalisminor(Plexuscervicalis)

laterales(Plexuscervicalis)
Nn.supraclaviculares

N. cutaneusbrachii
lateralissuoerior
(N. axillaris)

N. cutaneus
brachiilateralis
inforior(N. radialis)

N. cutaneusbrachii
posterior(N. radialis)

(Rr.cutaneimedialeset laterales)
(Nn. spinalesC.$-L1,Rr. posteriores)

Rr.cutaneilaterales
(Nn.spinales,Nn. intercostales)

R. cutaneuslateralis
(Plexuslumbalis,N. iliohypogastricus)

Nn.cluniumsuperiores
(Nn.spinalesL1-13,
Rr.posteriores)

L3
Nn.cluniummedii(Nn.spinales
L4 51-S3, Rr. posteriores)

L5 Nn. cluniuminferiores
(N. cutaneusfemorisposterior)
S1

s2 N. cutaneusfemorislaleralis(Plexuslumbalis)
N. cutan€usfemorisposterior(Plexuslumbalis)
S3

F i g .8 1 1 S e g m e n t ca uI t a n e o ui ns n e r v a t i ol dne r m a t o m e s )
andcutaneous nervesof the back.
 andnervesof the
Vessels

tertius(C3),
N occipitalis maior(C2);A.;Voccipitalis
a a N. occipitalis

.* N auricularis
magnus(Plexuscervicalis)
N occipitalismajor (C2) ,

(Cl) ..' -- '

N suboccipitalis & R, posterior
(C6)

A vertebralisa
N occipitalisminor (Plexuscervicalis)1l' * R posterior(C7)

N auricularismagnus (Plexus cervicalis)t

., B posterior
(C8)
M longissimus
capitisO
, R posterior
(T1)
M levator scapulae I t, N supraclavicularis (Plexuscervicalis)
lateralis
a M. deltoideus
brachiilateralis
$ N cutaneus
inlerior
& N radiaiis;
M serratusposteriorsuperiorl' a o A.; (V) profundabrachii
& N cutaneus
brachiiposterior
Mm multilidit

Rr posteriores,
Nn thoracici, ,
medialeset laterales I M triceps
brachii,
Caputlongum

M iliocostalisthoracis a

& N intercostobrachialis
c a a N axillaris;A; V circumflexa
M longissimus
thoraciso humeriposterior*'
a M. teres major
scapulae*
a o A ; V circumtlexa
a M teresminor
a M infraspinatus

M serratusposteriorinferiort major
a M rhomboideus

|| M latissimus
dorsi
(T12).
R posterior

M latissimus
dorsio

M obliquusexternus
abdominis
a

Trigonum lumbale;
N iliohypogastricus
:

Crista iliaca (Bursasubcutanea spinaeiliacae

dosteriorissuperioris)
R posterior(T12) :
(Bursasubcutanea
sacralis)

Nn cluniumsuperiores

(Bursasubcutanea
coccygea)

M gluteusmaximust

R posterior
(S3) (S4)
: R posterior
813
81t,

Fig,812 Vessetsand nervesof the back.

* Vessels space
andnervesof thetriangutar
** VesseLs
andnervesof thequadrangutar
space
 > Back M us c tes

Vessels
and nervesof theposteriorcervicalregion

N occipitalismajor $

lvl semispinalis
capitis* O A occipitalis,Rr occipitales

A;VoccipitalisOO
a A occipitalis

N occipitalismajor

A occipitalisa
O V occipitalis

V auricularisposteriora
: N occipitalisminor

A occipitalis,a
R mastoideus * N auricularis
magnus

N occipitalisminor i
posterior,
a A auricularis R occipitalis

M longissimus
capitis* t M spleniuscapitis

N accessorius I M sternocleidomastoideus
[Xl] {

l\4 spleniuscapitis$ O V jugularis

externa

M levatorscapulae* ,] Rr cutaneiposteriores
(Nn cervicales
et
Rr posteriores)
thoracici,
N dorsalisscapulae:

B profundus
O
(A transversacolli)
M levator scapulae O

V transversaO
colli

M rhomboideus
a
mtnor O lvl trapezius

N4trapezius*

* Rr.cutaneiposteriores
(Nn thoracici,
lvl rhomboideus O
Rr posteriores)
maJor

M latissimus
dorsiE

{ Rr.cutaneilaterales
pectorales
(Nn thoracici,
Nn,intercostales)

8',14
il r'"
F i g . 8 1 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e o c c i p i t arI e g i o n ,
,,.,'i, R e g i oo c c i p i t a L itsh,e p o s t e r i o rc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,
812 R e g i oc e r v i c a t i p
s o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e u p p e rb a c k
Topography

l/esselsand nerves posteriorcervical

occioitalisexterna
Protuberantia

Venteroccipitalis
M. occipitofrontalis,
a M. epicranius;

maior
a N. occipitalis

l\4.semispinalis
capitisa

a A vertebralis
M rectuscapitisposteriormajora
o V auricularisoosterior

O V occipitalis
N suboccipitalis3
o V. vertebralis

A occipitalisO
O A occipitalis

M o b l i q u uas
capitissuperior
A vertebralisa

M spleniuscaoitiso

M. longissimus
capitiso

M obliquuscaoitisinteriora
R posterior(C 2) a O A. cervicalisprofunda

o V cervicalisprofunda
M semispinalis
capitisa

R. posterior(C 3) , cervicis
a M. semispinalis

3 N accessorius[Xl]

e N dorsalisscaDulae

N accessorius [Xl]a
R super{icialisa c N dorsalisscaoulae
(A transversa colli)
majoret minor
a Mm rhomboidei
Fl profundus (4. transversa
colli)a

15

F i g . 8 1 4 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o c c i p i t arIe g i o n ,
R e g i oo c c i p i t a t i sa,n d t h e p o s t e r i o rc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,
Regiocervicatisposterior. 81
 > Back tt

i,!W Cervicalpart of thevertebralcanal

N occipitalis
major& * N. occioitalis
tertius

M semispinalis
capitisa

M obliquuscapitissuperiorI
O M rectuscaoitisoosteriorminor
M, rectuscapitisposterior
majorI

A vertebralis,Parsatlanticaa Os temoorale.Proc mastoideus

& N. suboccipitalis
N suboccipitalis
$
Atlas,Arcusposlerior
M obliquuscapitisinferiora
a M obliquuscapitisinferior
R posterior(C 2) * a A vertebralis,Parstransversaria

N occipitalis
tertius*
o M rectuscapitisposteriormajor

Plexus cervicalis {}

a Mm intersoinales
ceruicis

Y;,e
&x F i g . 8 1 5 N e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o rc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,R e g i oc e r v i c a t i p
sosterior,
,dY a n d t h e v e r t e b r a aI rrery, A . v e r t e b r a t i s
81tl

Sinussagittalis
superioro

Foramenmagnum
Sinustransversus
o

Cisterna
cerebellomedullaris !&N suboccipitalis

Arachnoidea
matercranialis;
Cerebellum Proc.transversusatlantis

Arachnoidea
materspinalis O A vertebralis
Duramaterspinalis

Arachnoidea
materspinalis ,t N. occipitalismajor

& N occipitalistertius

&N spinalis,R posterior

M, scalenusmediusa I
Lig denticulatum

VertebraceruicalisV
Proc transversus & N s p i n a l i s , Ra n t e r i o r

N, cervicalis
[C7], r & N spinalis,
Ganglion
sensorium
Filaradiculariaposteiior-a
aA vertebralis
Medullaspinalis

,s.t&{& /4

F i g . 8 1 6 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d e e pp o s t e r i o cr e r v i c a rI e g i o n ,
R e g i oc e r v i c a I i p
s o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e c o n t e n to f t h e v e r t e b r a cI a n a L .
 Lumbarpart of the vertebralcanaL

Corpusvertebrae
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglion
truncisympathici M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
R communicans
R meningeus Badixanterior
Ganglion neruispinalis
sensorium

Truncusnervispinalis ror"r"n intervertebrate

]
R posterior Radixposterior
N intercostalis
Canalisvertebralis

Costa Arcusvertebrae
R lateralis
Proc spinosus

R medialis

Mm.dorsi

(R cutaneuslateralis)
(R cutaneusmedialis)

F i g . 8 1 7 S p i n a nL e r v e N , .spinatis;
i n t h e t h o r a c i cr e o i o n

Laminaarcusvertebrae

lumbalisll, Proc.costalis
Vertebra
Spatiumepidurale
Lig flavum

* l\4.quadratus
lumborum
a Plexusvenosus
vertebralis posterior
internus
Duramaterspinalis

0 Mm intertransversarii
mediales
lumborum

Rr dorsales(A ;V lumbalis)
a a materspinalis
Arachnoidea

Radicesanterioret posterior Piamaterspinalis

V spinalisposterior
a Lig intertransversarium
Proc,articularis
superior

Caudaequina
s M intertransversarius
lateralis
lumborum
R anterior
t M. intertransversarius
medialislumborum
Radixanterior.

Radixposterior,
Lig.iliolumbale

Duramaterspinalis

Arachnoidea
mater Os sacrum,Pars
spinalis lateralis

Spatiumepidurale; Os coxae,Os ilium

Plexusvenosusa
vertebralis
internus
anterior (Spatium Spatium Os sacrum,Proc
subdurale) Piamaterspinalis
subarachnoideum articularis
superior

F i g . 8 1 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ u m b a rp a r t
, e g i o[ u m b a t i s .
o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI a n a LR
 > Back

:,8 Veinsandnervesof thelumbarpart of the vertebralcolumn

Lig longitudinale

(V basivertebralis) Plexusvenosusvertebralis
externusanterior

Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internus
anterior

Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internusposterior V lumbalisascendens

intervertebralis)

Plexusvenosusvertebralis
posterior
externus

F i g . 8 1 9 V e i n so f t h e v e r t e b r a cLa n a [ ,C a n a t i sv e r t e b r a t i s ;
v e n o u sp t e x u s

Discusintervertebralis,
Anuluslibrosus

Lig longitudinaleanterius

posterius
Lig longitudinale R. meningeus

Ganglion
truncisympathici

B communicans
albus

Capsulaarticularis griseus
R communicans

R anterior

B posterior Truncusnervispinalis
(R medialis)
G a n g l i osne n s o r i u m
(R lateralis) nervispinalis

F i g . 8 2 0 N e r v e so f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n ,C o t u m n av e r t e b r a l i s ;
s o m a t i ca n da u t o n o m o uisn n e r v a t i o n
 fl:ei

Topography

and nervesof the vertebralcanal

Vessels

N spinalis,Radix anterior

Truncusnervisoinalis.R communicans Lig denticulatum

TruncusnervisDinalis,
R anterior

Epineurium Ganglion nervispinalis

sensorium

R posterior
Truncusnervispinalis,
Duramaterspinalis
Ganglion neruispinalis
sensorium

N spinalis,Radixposterior
Spatiumsubarachnoideum

(Spatium
subdurale) Piamaterspinalis
Dura mater spinalis
Arachnoideamater spinalis
Plexusvenosus
Spatiumepidurale;
vertebralis
inlernusoosterior
Periosteum

Fig.821 Conteno t f t h e v e r t e b r a cLa n a t ,C a n a t i sv e r t e b r a t i s ;

c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Lo f t h e f i f t h c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a .

posterius
Lig longitudinale
Filumterminale
Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internus
anterior

Truncusnervispinalis,
R meningeus
Caudaequina

Ganglion trunci sympathici

N spinalis,Fladixanteriot

Truncusneruisoinalis.
B communicans

Truncus nervi soinalis.R anterior Ganglion nervispinalis

sensorium

Truncusnervispinalis,R, posterior N, spinalis,Radix posterior

R lateralis
Arachnoideamater spinalis
R medialis
(Spatium
subdurale)
SDatium
subarachnoideum
Duramaterspinalis
Piamaterspinalis Spatiumepidurale
Lig flavum Periosteum

Fig,822 Conteno t f t h e v e r t e b r a cI a n a LC, a n a L ivse r t e b r a t i s ;

c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Lo f t h e t h i r d [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
 M us c tes

Lumbarandsacralpuncture

F i g . 8 2 3 L u m b a rp u n c t u r et o o b t a i n
c e r e b r o s p i n af lIu i d ,L i q u o rc e r e b r o s p i n a t i s ,
o r f o r [ u m b a La n a e s t h e s i a .
p o s i t i o no f t h e o a t i e n t .

Caudaequina

Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internusposterior Arachnoidea
matersoinalis

Vertebra
lumbalislll, Duramatersoinalis
Proc.spinosus

Lig. flavum

Lig interspinale

LaminaarcusvenebraelV

Fig.824 Lumbarpuncture;
g u i d a n coef t h ep u n c t u rnee e d L e .

Fig.825Sacratpuncture;
g u i d a n coef t h ep u n c t u rnee e d t e .
 andnervesof the vertebralcanal
Vessels

Duramaterspinalis
N soinalis,Fila radicularia*
Arachnoidea
matersoinalis

Proc articularis
superior O A sDinalis R radicularis
anterior, anterior

Lig. denticulatum

o Truncusnervispinalis,
R posterior
Ganglion
sensorium
neruispinallsI
a Truncusnervispinalis,
R anterior

Spatium
Arcusvertebrae subarachnoideum

Arachnoidea
materspinalis

Rr.spinalesO & R meningeus

(A intercostalis
posterior)

a Plexusvenosus
vertebralis
internus
anterior
Foveacostalisorocessustransversi

R interganglionaris6 Lig longitudinale

posterius

Truncussympathicus;
* Corpusvertebrae
Rr communicantes

Ganglion
truncisympathici
& Lig longitudinale
anterius

Fig.825 Conteno t f t h e v e r t e b r a cLa n a t ,C a n a l i sv e r t e b r a t i s ;

t h o r a c i cp o r t i o na f t e r s t e p w i s ee x p o s u r e ;
ventraLview.

Soatiumsubarachnoideum

Radixanterior Radixposterior Lig. flavum

R communicans

Discusintervertebralis,
Anulusfibrosus

Fig.827a, b IntervertebraI foramina,Foramlnaintervertebratia; a Viewedfrom the [eft

[ u m b a ro a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o l u m n . b Sagittatsection
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l l tt

Angulussterni

Angulusinfrasternalis

Arcuscostalis

Anulusumbilicalis

Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior

Fig.828 Surfaceanatomyof the thoracicand

l a [ [ o f a y o u n gw o m a n .
a b d o m i n aw

M deltoideus

M. pectoralismajor

Lineaalba
M. serratusanterior
M. rectusabdominis

M. rectusabdominis,
Intersectio
tendinea

Fig.829 Surfaceanatomyof the thoracicand

I a [ [ o f a y o u n gm a n .
a b d o m i n aw
 Skeletonof the trunk

Extrel

jugularis
Incisura

Proc coracoideus

Corpussterni

Proc xiphoideus

Angulusinfrasternalis

Arcuscostalis

pubicum
Tuberculum

Fig.830 Projection of the skeleton

o n t ot h e t h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n aw
l a[t.
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awt a l [

Skeletonof the trunk

VertebracervicalisVl

VertebrathoracicaI

Proc.coracoideus

Cavitasglenoidalis

Scapula
Costae verae
!-vill

Costalv

Sternum

Costaespuriae
vilt_xill

F i g . 8 3 1 T h o r a c i cc a g e ,C a v e at h o r a c i sa, n d
l e f t s h o u t d e rg i r d l . eC, i n g u t u mp e c t o r a t e .
 Caputcostae

Tuberculummusculi Sulcusvenaesubclaviae
scalenianterioris

Collumcostae Sulcusarteriae
subclaviae

Collumcostae,
Cristacollicostae Corpuscostae

Anguluscostae

Tuberositasmusculi
serratianterioris

Anguluscostae Corpuscostae

Faciesarticularis Cristacaoitiscostae
capitiscostae

Collumcostae

Tuberculumcostae

Sulcuscostae

F i g . 8 3 2 R i b s ,C o s t a e ;
l . - l l l . r i b , s u p e r i o rv i e w ;
V l l l .r i b , i n f e r i o rv i e w .
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l [ Musctes

Sternum

jugularis
Incisura

Incisura
clavicularis

Manubrium
sterni
Incisura
costalisI

Incisura
costalisll Symphysis Angulussterni
manubriosternalis

Incisura
costalislll

Corpussterni

Incisura
costalislV Incisura
costalislV

Symphysis
xiphosternalis

Proc.xiphoideus

F i g .8 3 3 S t e r n u mS, t e r n u m . F i g .8 3 4 S t e r n u mS, t e r n u m .
0rgans

Cartilago costalis I

Manubrium
sterni

manubriosternalis
Symphysis

intraarticulare
Lig sternocostale

Cartilagocostalis lll

Corpussterni

sternocostales
Articulationes

costalisV
Cartilago

cartilagocostalisvll

F i g ,8 3 5 S t e r n u m ,S t e r n u m ,a n d
c o s t a Ic a r t i L a g e sC,a r t i [ a g i n ecso s t a [ e s ;
s e c t i on .

Lig interclaviculare
Articulatio
sternoclavicularis,
Discusarticularis

Lig costoclaviculare
Lig costoclaviculare

Capsulaarticularis
anterius
Lig sternoclaviculare
Cartilaoocostalis l:
Synchondr6siscostae i

radiatum
Lig sternocostale

Cartilago costalis ll
manubriosternalis
Symphysis

F i g .8 3 6 S t e r n o c l a v i c u t jaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c L a v i c u [ a r t s .
 -
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awI a [ [ >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Musclesof thethoracicand theabdominalwaLL

M trapezius Clavlcula
Spinascapulae
M pectoralismajor,Parssternocostalis
M, infraspinatus
M teresminor

M, teresmajor Corpusmammae,
Lobiglandulae
mammariae

Papilla mammaria
M, deltoideus
M serratusanterior
M.triceps
0,".n', M pectoralis
major,Parsabdominalis
{%TJ,,,,iJi3i#
M brachlalis

M. biceps brachii

lvl latissimusdorsi Arcuscostalis

M obliquus
externusabdominis
Anulusumbilicalis
Fasciathoracolumbalis
Trigonum
lumbale
Vaginamusculirectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
M obliquusexternus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis
(Fascia glutea)

Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior

M tensor fasciae latae

M gluteusmaxlmus

M sartorius

) T 1 5 ,T 1 7 , T1 8 . T2 6 F i g .8 3 7 M u s c l e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d t h e a b d o m r n a L w a l . L .
M m . t h o r a c i se t a b d o m i n i s .
 Musclesof the thoracicand theabdominalwall

Trigonum
clavipectorale
Mm sternocleidomastoidei

Platysma

Fascia
brachii

M deltoideus
Fascia axillaris

M, pectoralismajor,
Parsclavicularis

M. pectoralismajor,
Parssternocostalis
M. serratusanterior

M. latissimus
dorsi

Ligg. costoxiphoidea
M pectoralis
major,
Parsabdominalis

Linea alba

M obliquus
externusabdominis

Anulusumbilicalis
Vaginamusculirectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior

Spina iliaca anterior

supeflor

Telasubcutanea; Fibraeintercrurales
Panniculus
adiposus

obliquusexternus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis

Funiculus
spermaticus Lig.reflexum

penis
Lig.tundiforme penis
Lig suspensorium

F i g .8 3 8 M u s c t e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d t h e a b d o m i n a I w a t [ ; ) T 1 5 ,T 1 7 , t 1 8 , 12 6
superficia[layer.
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a t l tt a[",

Musclesof the thoracicand theabdominaL

wall

M sternocleidomastoideus

lvl pectoralis
major,Parsclavicularis (M sternalis,Var)
/ M subclavius
Vl intercostalis
internus V axillaris
M deltoideus lvl pectoralis
minor

M coracobrachialis Plexus brachialis,

Pars in{raclavicularis

lvl biceps brachii,

Caput breve

M pectoralis A axillaris
malor

lvl pectoralis
mtnor
M serratus
antenor
Costa ll

M latissimus
dorsi
M serratusanterior

M pectoralismajor, Pars abdominalis

M, pectoralismajor,Parssternocostalis

M obliquus
externusabdominis

F i g . 8 3 9 M u s c t e so f t h e t h o r a c i cw a L t ,M m . t h o r a c r s .
) T 1 3 ,T ' . t s , T2 6

CostaVlll
M serratusanteri(
posterior
V intercostalis
posterior
A intercostalis
(T8)
N intercostalis
M intercostalis
internus
Pulmo

M intercostalis
externus Pleuravisceralis
lpulmonalis]

Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica

Parscostalisdiaphragmatis

Hepar

Peritoneum
viscerale
parietale
Peritoneum
Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus

F i g .8 4 0 M u s c t e so f t h e t h o r a c i cw a t [ ,M m . t h o r a c i s ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
* P o s i t i oonf t h en e e d l feo r p u n c t u roef t h ep l e u r acIa v i t Iyp L e u r o c e n t e s i s l
 Musclesof the thoracicwall

Tuberculumanteriuslcaroticum]
(Vertebra
cervicalis
Vl)

M. scalenusanterior

M longuscolli

Membrana
intercostalis
interna

Mm intercostales
interni

Lig longitudinale
anterius

Fig.841 Thoraciccage,Caveathoracis;
o o s t e r i ow
r aL[.

Cartilagocostalis I

M. sternothyroideus

Manubrium
sterni

Mm intercostalesinterni

M transversus
thoracis

Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
Foramenvenaecavae
Mm intercostales
interni

Proc.xiphoideus

F i g . 8 4 2 T h o r a c i cc a g e ,C a v e at h o r a c i s ;
a n t e r i o rw a L t .
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l [ >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Abdominalmuscles

M, serratus
antenor

M. pectoralismajor,
Parsabdominalis

M obliquus
externus
abdominis

M rectusabdominis,
Intersectio
tendinea Mm.
intercostales
interni

M. rectus
M rectusabdominis abdominis

M. obliquus
externus
abdominis

Anulusumbilicalis

M. obliquus
Fibraeintercrurales externus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis

Funiculus
soermaticus:
M. cremaster
M pyramidalis Lig.reflexum

-> T 13-T15,T17,T26 F i g . 8 4 3 M u s c l e so f t h e a b d o m i n a l w a tM
[ , m .a b d o m i n i s ;
s u p e r f i c i aaI n d m i d d t el a y e r .
0r gans

AbdominalmuscLes

M pectoralis
lvl serratusanterior malor

lvl latissimus
dorsi

tu
v

M obliquusexternus
abdominis

Mm intercostales
externi

Vagina musculi
Mm intercostalesinterni
recti abdominis,
Lamina anterior

Cartilago costalis X

M rectusabdominis

M obliquus
externus
abdominis

M obliquusinternus
abdominis

Spina iliaca anterior

supeflol

Lig inguinale

Anulus
inguinalis icialis
superf

Funiculus
spermaticus; M pyramidalis
M cremaster

l a t t ,M m . a b d o m i n i s ;
F i g . 8 1 1 M u s c t e so f t h e a b d o m i n aw ) T 1 3 - T1 5 , T1 7
middtelayer.
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awI a t l tt

Abdominal
muscles

M rectus abdominis
M pectoralis
major

Mm intercostales
extern i
M latissimus
l\ilm intercostales dorsl
interni

h, M serratus
anterior

l\il obliquus
externus
abdominis

lvl obliquus
exlernus
abdominis

Intersectiones
C o s t a el X : X tendineae

Vaginamusculi
rectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior

Vaginamusculirecti M rectus
abdominis, abdominis
Laminaposterior
M obliquus
internus
L i n e as e m i l u n a r i s abdominis
M transversus
abdominis

Intersectio
tendinea

M obliquus
internusabdominis

M obliquus
internus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis

Ltnea arcuata

Anulus
Vagina musculi inguinalis
recti abdominis, superficialis,
Lamina anterior Crusmediale

Fascia
lransversalis Anulus
inguinalis
superficialis,
Cruslaterale
Funiculus
spermalrcus
M rectusabdominis [/ pyramidalis

F i g .8 4 5 M u s c l e so f t h e a b d o m i n a t w a LMt ,m a b d o m i n i s ;
deep layer.
 Lig. falciforme

Diaphragma

Diaphragma
Lig.teres
hepatis

M. transversus
abdominis

M rectusabdominis
Fasciatransversalis
Plica umbilicalis
lateralis

Fossa inguinalislateralis

Plicaumbilicalis
Fossa inguinalismedialis medialis
Plica umbilicalis
Fossaparavesicalis mediana

F i g .8 4 6 I n t e r n a ls u r f a c eo f t h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw
l atl. > T 1 4 , T1 5 , T2 1
 -
> T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a t l >>l Surface lSkeletonl Muscles

lnguinalcanal

M obliquus
M .o b l i q u u s externusabdominis
externus
abdominis

M obliquus
externus
abdominis, Linea alba
Aponeurosis

M obliquus
[/. obliquus externusabdominis,
internus
abdominis Aponeurosis

L i g .i n g u i n a l e
lvl cremaster

Lig reflexum

Lig fundiforme
penrs

/ll.:i Funiculus
spermaticus

F i g . 8 1 7 S u p e r f i c i aiIn g u i n a rI i n g ,A n u I u si n g u i n a t i s u p e r f i c i a L i s

M. obliquusexternus
abdominis,
Aponeurosis

M. obliquusinternus
abdominis

M lransversusabdominis
A n u l u si n g u i n a l i s
profundus
N ilioinguinalis

A..;W epigastica(e)
Fasciatransversalis Inreflor(es)

A ductusdeferentis Fascia transversalis

Ductusdeferens
N ilioinguinalis

Plexuspampiniformis
Anulus inguinalis
superficialis
N. genitofemoralis,
B genitalis
Lig reflexum
M cremaster

Lig inguinale N genitofemoralis,

R genitalis

Fascia spermatica

F i g .8 4 8 W a t t so f t h e i n g u i n a cLa n a [ .
 parietale
Peritoneum - umbilicalemedianum
Lio. M rectusabdominis
(Chorda urachi) Chorda arteriae umbilicalis
Fasciatransversalis
inlerior
A epigastrica 2 lAePigastricainferior
M transversusabdominis
M obliquusinternusabdominis
M obliquusexternusabdominis
(Fasciasuperticialis)
M obliquusexternus
Aponeurosis
abdominis,

Fascia spermaticaexterna

Fascia cremaslerica;M cremaster

Fasciaspermaticainterna

Ductusdeferens

Septumscroti
Epididymis

Cavitasserosascroti

Testis

F i g .8 4 9 D i a g r a mo f t h e i n g u i n a cl a n a t .
T h e i n g u i n a cLa n a t ,t h e s p e r m a t i cc o r da n d t h e s c r o t u ma r e
i t t u s t r a t e di n t h e s a m e o t a n ef o r d i d a c t i c arIe a s o n s .

1 Fossasupravesicalis
2 Fossainguinalis
medialis
lateralis
Fossainguinalis

inferior
A epigastrica

parietale
Peritoneum 3
Fascia transversalis inferior
A. epigastrica
M transversus Anulusinguinalis
supedicialis M. obliquus
abdominis externus
abdominis
M obliquus
internusabdominis
Anulusinguinalis
(Fascia superficialis) superficialis

Fasciaspermatica
externa

Fascia
transversalis

Ductusdeferens

peritonei),
(Procvaginalis
Peritoneum parietale Ductusdeferens

Fascia spermatica interna

Fasciaspermatica
interna
Fascia cremasterica;
Fasciacremasterica;
M cremaster M cremaster

Cavitasserosascroti
Fascia spermatica externa

* H e r n i a sI a cw i t h a n i n t e s t i n al Lo o p
F i g . 8 5 0 D i a g r a mo f i n g u i n ahl e r n i a s ;
* * P e r i t o n e asIp a c e
[ e f ts i d e :[ a t e r a Li ,n d i r e c th e r n i a ; * * * N e w l yf o r m e d p e r i t o n e a h
I e r n i a Is a c
r i g h t s i d e :m e d i a Ld, i r e c th e r n r a .
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a [ [ tt

Diaphragmandposteriorabdominalwall

Parssternalis
diaphragmatis

FOramenvenae cavae Parscostalisdiaphragmatis

Oesophagus, Pars abdominalis

M transversus
abdominis

Hiatusoesophageus

Centrum
tendineum
Hiatusaorticus

Truncus
coeliacus

Parsabdominalis
aortae
Parslumbalis
diaphraomatis.
Cius d-extrum

Lig arcuatum
mediale

Lig arcuatumlaterale

(lvl psoasminor) Fasciatransversalis

Vertebrae
lumbales
lll: lV
M quadratus
tum00rum
Cristailiaca
l\4 transversus
abdominis
(M.psoasminor),
tenoo
M psoas
malor M psoas
maJor
M. iliacus M iliacus

Promontorium

Lacuna
vasorum

A temoralis

V femoralis

Lig. inguinale

Vesica urinaria

M, rectus
abdominis

) T 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 2T 1 , T/ + 2 F i g .8 5 1 D i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m aa,n d m u s c t e so f t h e
a b d o m i n awl a [ t ,M m . a b d o m r n r s
 Parssternalis
diaphragmatis Proc xiphoideus

W phrenicae inferiores (Trioonum interna,

A.; V thoracica
sternocostale):
N. olhrenicus R. phrenicoabdominalis
sinister,
Centrumtendineum
Hiatus oesophageus:Oesophagus;
Trunci vagales anterior et posterior

N. phrenicus
sinister,
Foramen v cavae: V cava inferior R. bhrenicoabdominalis

A phrenica
inferior
N phrenicusdexter,
R phrenicoabdominalis

major
N splanchnicus
Pars costalisdiaphragmatis

V hemiazygos
Lig arcuatum medianum

Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis, (Trigonum

lumbocostale)
Crus dextrum, (Pars lateralis)

minor
N splanchnicus
Lig arcuatum laterale
Hiatus aorticus:Aorta abdomi-
Costa Xll nalis; Ductus thoracicus

Proc costalis l\4 quadratus

lumborum
vertebrae lumbalis I

l\4 psoas malor

Lig arcuatum
mediale

V azygos Truncussympathicus

Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis,
Crusdextrum,(Parsmedialis)

F i g .8 5 2 D i a p h r a g mD
, iaphragma

V cava inferior,W hepaticae Oesophagus, Pars abdominalis

Parssternalis
diaphragmatis Pars thoracica aortae
Pericardium Parsthoracica
Oesophagus,
Pleura parietalis,Pars diaphragmatica Centrumtendineum
l\4 latissimus
dorsi
Gaster.Parscardiaca
C o s t aV l l l
Parslumbalisdiaphragmatis,
CostaVll (Parslateralis)
Crussinistrum,
l\4 serralusanterior
CostaVl
Hiatusaorticus

(Trigonum
Iumbocostale)*
Lig arcuatumIaterale**
M rectusabdominis C o s t aV l l l

costaxll

M obliquus M transversus
abdominis
externus
abdominis
Lig arcuatummediale

Parslumbalisdiaphragmatis,
(Parsmedialis)
Crussinistrum,
M psoas major Lig lumbocostale
M quadratus
lumborum
lumbalislll, Proc costalis
Vertebra
(M psoas minor)
M iliacus

F i g .8 5 3 D i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m aw, i t h a p e r t u r e s
a n d m u s c t e so f t h e o o s t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I w a L [
* C [ i n i c at eI r m :B 0 C H D A L
sE t rKianqte
* * P s o a as r c a d e
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a 1 1 M us c tes

Breast

M pectoralis
maJor

Papilla
mammana Areola
mammae
Areola
mammae Papilla
mammana
Glandulae
areorares

F i g . 8 5 4 B r e a s t ,M a m m a F i g . 8 5 5 B r e a s t ,M a m m a .

DuctusIactiferi

Papilla
mammafla
s

Sinuslactilerus

Lobuli glandulae mammariae

F i g .8 5 6 B r e a s t ,M a m m a ,o f a p r e g n a n w
t oman F i g .8 5 7 B r e a s t ,M a m m a ,o f a p r e g n a nw
t oman.
 F i g . 8 5 8 R a d i o g r a po
hf t h e b r e a s t ,
m a m m o g r a p h yo, f a 4 7- y e a r - o l dw o m a n

Nodi lymphoideiceruicalesanteriores,Nodi profundi

Nodi lymphoideiparasternales
Nodi lymphoideisupraclaviculares

Nodi lymphoideideltopectorales

Nodi lymphoidei
axillares

Nodi lymphoidel
brachiales

Nodus lymphoideus
paramammaflus

'-
''l'ii'':'

F i g .8 5 9 L y m p h a t i cd r a i n a g eo f t h e b r e a s ta n d
l o c a t i o no f t h e r e g i o n a lLy m p hn o d e s .
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awI a l t M us c l es

Vessels
andnervesof the waLIof the trunk

Nn.supraclaviculares:
&
A ; V cervicalis
superficialis
Oa
a V cephalica

Plexusvenosusareolaris
o

V thoracicalateralis;
a O
N thoracicus [T2],
N. intercostalis,
R cutaneuslateralis
pectoralis
aA thoracicainterna*;
a W thoracicae
internae

V thoraco-a
epigastrica * Nn thoracici,
Nn. intercostales,
Rr cutanei anteriores

a a A ; V epigastrica
superior

T5
T6
Nn thoracici,
t, a M obliquusexternus
abdominis
N n intercostales, T7
Rr cutanei
T8
pecrorares
T9

T10

T11
r12

Vv paraumbilicales
o
Anulusumbilicalis

W subcutaneae
abdominis
a

A ; V circumflexa
iliumsuperficialis
a a

Chorda arteriae umbilicalis

genitofemoralis,
&, O O A ;V epigasvica inferior
R femoralis

A;VepigastricaOo
superficialis
& N, iliohypogastricus,
A pudenda externa; a R cutaneus anterior
Vv pudendae externae a

a M rectusabdominis
N femoralis,i:
R cutaneus anterior

V saphena magna o

* N ilioinguinalis

F i g .8 6 0 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h o r a c i ca n d t h e a b d o m i n aw
I aL[
* C t i n i c at eI r m ;i n t e r n amLa m m a rayr t e r v
0rqans Topography I Sections

Segmentalinnervation

F i g .8 6 1 S e g m e n t saeI n s o r iyn n e r v a t i oonf t h e

a n t e r i otrh o r a c iac n da b d o m i n a
wIa [ [[ d e r m a t o m e s ] .

(C4)
Diaphragma

Oesophagus(T4,T5)

Hepar;Vesicabiliaris
(r8 -T11)

tenue
lntestinum
(r10)

lntestinumcrassum
(T11)

Ren;Testis
( T 1 0- L 1 )

Fig.862 SegmentaIsensoryinnervationof the

a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n aw
I at[.
R e g i o n st o w h i c h p a i nf r o m d i s e a s e dv i s c e r a
(zonesof HEAD)is referredto are indicatedin grey.
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a t t Surface lSketetonl Muscles

plexus
Lumbosacral

Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis,
Crusdextruma
Lig arcuatum laterale

M quadratus
lumborum
I a N subcostalis

N subcostalis
a a N iliohypogastricus

N iliohypogastricus,
! N. ilioinguinalis

N ilioinguinalis
I

o Plexus lumbalis
M. psoasmajora
M obliquusa
externusabdominis
M obliquuso O Truncussympathicus
internus
abdominis
M transversusa o N femoralis
abdominis
N. cutaneus*
femorislateralis
t Truncuslumbosacralis

N femoralis *
t N genitofemoralis

,t N. obturatorius

N genitofemoralis,&
R femoralis 0 Plexussacralis
N genitofemoralis,&
R genitalis a N cutaneus
femorislateralis
N obturatorius&

N cutaneus&
femorislateralis

N genitofemoralis,*
Br. lemorales
N femoralis, o
Rr cutaneianteriores
Lamina cribrosa
V saphenamagnaa
N. genitofemoralis,Rr genitales a Funiculus
spermaticus

F i g ,8 6 3 L u m b o s a c r apI l e x u s P
, [ e x u s[ u m b o s a c r a t i s .
O r g a n sI T o p o g r a p h yl S e c t i o n s

anteriorwall of the

Manubrium
sterni
a A thoracica
interna
A, thoracica
internaa
a V thoracica
interna
A pericardiacophrenica a
Costa

Rr perforantesO
a a Rr intercostales
anteriores
M transversus
thoracisa

ooA;Vmusculophrenica

A. thoracicainterna,O
Rr intercostales
anteriores o aA ;V epigastrica
superior

A musculophrenica
a C Diaphragma

Fasciatransversalis

M rectusabdominis
a

Vaginamusculi
rectiabdominis,
Laminaposterior

interior
oA epigastrica

inlerior
a V epigastrica

Fig.86t, Vesselsof the

aA iliacaexterna
a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n a t

A carotiscommunis
dextra

A subclavia
dextra

A thoracicainterna

Pars thoracica aortae

[Aorta thoracica]

A. epigastrica
superior

Pars abdominalisaortae
[Aorta abdominalis]

M rectusabdominis

F i g . 8 6 5 D i a g r a mo f t h e c o t t a t e r a l A epigastrica
inferior
c i r c u t a t i o vn i a t h e i n t e r n a It h o r a c i ca r t e r y ,
A t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a t, h e s u p e r i o re p i g a s t r i c
a r t e r y ,A . e p i g a s t r i c sau p e r i o r a , ndthe A iliaca externa

i n f e r i o re p i g a s t r i ca r t e r y ,A . e p i g a s t r i c a Lig inguinale
i n f e r i o r ,i n t h e c a s eo f a o r t i co c c I u s i o n ;
A femoralis
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awt a t l M us c [es

Abdominal
wallof a neonate

M rectusabdominis
N OOA;Vepigastrica
supenor
M transversus
abdominis
C Vagina musculi recti abdominis,Lamina posterior
N thoracicus[T8], ,' a O Proc xiphoideus , Funiculus
umbilicalis
N intercostalis:A : V, intercostalis a M serratusanterior
N thoracicus[T9],rr O o
N intercostalis; Cartilago
A ; V intercostalis costalisVlll

Vaginamusculi
rectiabdominis,
Laminaanterior

N t h o r a c i c u s ar o e M obliquus
lr10l, externus
N intercostalis; abdominis
A ; V intercostalis
a V umbilicalis
N thoracicusr, a a
lr11l,
N intercostalis;
A; V intercostalis
O Aa umbilicales
M obliquusC
exrernus
abdominis
Lineaarcuata

N thoracicus
[T12],,
N intercostalis

Vaginamusculirecti
abdominis,
Laminaposterior
Urachus

Peritoneumviscerale a A umbilicalis
dextra

O A vesicalissuperior
---
. Anulus .-a
Ingurnails
errno*iniatic

Vesicaurinaria
M o b l i q u uO
s
internus
abdominis
lvl cremaster|)
Spatiumretropubicum
Fasciaspermatica
interna
Fasciaspermatica
externao a Vv vesicales

M obliquusexternusabdominis,
e
Aponeurosis a M rectusabdominis
A testicularis
O
* Mm pyramidales
Plexus pampiniformisa

l\4 cremastere Ductusdeferens

Tunica vaginalistestis, Lamina parietalis

Fascia soermaticainterna t Fasciaspermatica

externa
Tunica dartos, M dados t (Gubernaculum
testis)

F i g .8 6 6 A n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a L w aot Lf a n e o n a t e .
 lnnercontourof the anteriorabdominalwall

M rectusabdominis
Lig teres hepatis;V umbilicalis

Fossasupravesicalis
Lineaarcuata

Fossa inguinalismedialis
Plica umbilicalismediana

Fossa inguinalislateralis Plica umbilicalismedialis

Plica umbilicalislateralis

Plica vesicalistransversa

V testicularis
M iliacus

A;V iliacaexterna

A umbilicalis A:V iliacaexterna

AmDUllaductus deferentis Ureter,Parspelvica

F i g . 8 6 7 A n t e r i oa
r b d o m r n a I w aot [f a n e o n a t e .
Lig falciforme
(hepatis)

M obliquusexternus
abdominis

M obliquusinternus
abdominis
Linea arcuata
M transversus
abdominis
Plica umbilicalis
mediana
Chorda arteriae
umbilicalis

Plica umbilicalis
medialis M rectusabdominis

N cutaneusfemoris
Plica umbilicalis lateralis
lateralis
A ; V epigastrica
inferior

l\4 iliopsoas
N femoralis

A ;V femoralis profundus
Anulusinguinalis

Fossa inguinalislateralis Arcusiliopectineus

Fossa inguinalismedialis Fossa acetabuli

Ductusdeferens Vasatesticularia

Fossasupravesicalis N obturatorius;
A ; V obturatoria
Ureter
Vesicaurinaria Lig interfoveolare

F i g .8 6 8 A n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw
I a[t,
i n t e r n a Ia s p e c t .
 > T h o r a c i ca n da b d o m i n awl a l l M us c [es

Abdominalwall,sections

M rectusabdominis
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus A; Vv epigastrica(e)
superio(es)
Vaginamusculi M obliquus Aponeurosis
externusabdominis,
rectiabdominis
Laminaanterior
Vaginamusculirectiabdominis,

a M obliouusinternus
abdominis

M obliquusexternus
V paraumbilicalis Lig falcitorme M lransversus abdominis
Lig teres hepatis abdominis,
Umbilicus Aponeurosis Mm intercostales

M rectusabdominis M transversus
abdominis

Fascia transversalis
Anulusumbilicalis
Plica umbilicalismediana; Lig umbilicalemedianum
(Chorda urachi)
M. obliquusexternus
Vaginamusculirecti M pyramidalis abdominis
abdominis,
Lamina
anlerior z M. rectus abdominis
M obliquus
A ; W epigastrica(e) internus
c inferior(es) abdominis
M transversus
abdominis
Plica umbilicalis
Chorda arteriae umbilicalis
Plica umbilicalismedialis lateralis

Lig longitudinaleanterius
M transversusabdominis

Vertebra
lumbalis; M. obliquusinternus
Corpusvertebrae abdominis
lvl obliquusexternus
abdominis

(M psoasminor)

M. psoasmajor

M quadratus
lumborum

Alaossisilium

M iliocostalis M latissimus M gluteusmedius

tumoorum oorsl
Fascia thoracolumbalis
Fascia M iliacus
M longissimus
thoracis thoracolumbalis
869a
869b
869c

> T 1 I + -1
T 6 , I 2 0 a , b , T4 2 F i g .8 5 9 a - c M u s c t e so f t h e a b d o m i n aw
l a t [ ,M m . a b d o m i n i s ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n s .
 Diaphragma,
ParscostalisO
a Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
CostaVll

CostaVlll
a a A.;V intercostalis;
(T8)
,!, N intercostalis
CostalX

CostaX
a, N subcostalis

Fasciatransversalis
parietale
Peritoneum

* N iliohypogastricus
M obliquus
externusabdominis
o
l\4 obliquusinternusabdominis
o * N ilioinguinalis

M transversus
abdominis
a
Crista iliaca
femorislateralis
& N cutaneus
M tensor fasciae latae O
& N femoralis

M iliopsoas
a a A. femoralis

a V femoralis
pubica
Symphysis

F i g .8 7 0 M u s c t eosf t h e a b d o m i n a I w a tM
t ,m . a b d o m i n i s ;
f r o n t asI e c t i o n .

M obliquus
externusabdominis,
Aponeurosis
M obliquus Aponeurosis
externusabdominis,
M obliquusinternus Aponeurosis
abdominis,

M transversusabdominis M transversusabdominis
M obliouusinternus
abdominis M obliouusinternusabdominis

F i g .8 7 1a , b M u s c [ eosf t h e a b d o m i n a I w a tM [ ,m . a b d o m i n i s ;
c o m p u t etdo m o g r a p hci cr o s s - s e c t i o nl sC T l .
 Heart

A carotiscommunis
sinistra
Truncus A subclavia
sinistra
brachiocephalicus

Arcusaortae

Lig arteriosum
V cavasuperior

A. pulmonalis
sinistra

Truncuspulmonalis
A pulmonalis
dextra

Pericardium
serosum, Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis Laminaparietalis

Auriculasinistra

V cardiaca [cordis] magna

Auriculadextra

A coronariasinistra,
R. circumllexus
Conusaderiosus

Atriumcordisdextrum A. coronaria
sinistra,
R interventricularis
anterior
V interuentricularis
V cardiaca[cordis] anlenor
parva
Ventriculus
cordis
sinister
A coronariadextra

Ventriculus
cordisdexter

Pericardiumserosum,
Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]

Apexcordis
Pericardium
serosum.LaminaDarietalis

Abb.872 Heart,Cor.

Pericardium
fibrosum
Pericardium
serosum P e r i c radi u m
L a m i n ap a r i e t a t i s
L a m i n av i s c e r a L i s Epicardium
 V vertebralis
V brachiocephalicasinistra
A. carotiscommunis sinistra V brachioceohalica dextra
A subclavia sinistra
Truncusbrachioceohalicus

Arcusaortae

Aa intercostales
oosteriores

v azygos

Parsdescendens
aortae[Aortadescendens] Parsascendensaortae
[Aortaascendens]

Lig,arteriosum
"** V cavasuperior

trunciDulmonalis
Bifurcatio

A. pulmonalis
sinistra

Pericardium A. pulmonalis
dextra

Truncuspulmonalis
W. pulmonalesdextrae
W pulmonales
sinistrae

Auricula
sinistra

V cardiaca [cordis] magna

Atriumcordissinistrum

Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis

W atrialessinistrae

Atriumcordisdextrum

Sulcusterminalis

V cavainferior

Ventriculus
cordissinister
Sinuscoronarius
Sulcuscoronarius
Apexcordis
posterior
A coronariadextra,B. interventricularis
cordisdexter
Ventriculus

* A r r o w i n t h e t r a n s v e r s eo e r i c a r d i asI i n u s
F i g . 8 7 3 H e a r t ,C o r ,a n d g r e a tv e s s e t s ;
* * D o u b t ea r r o w s i n t h e o b t i q u ep e r i c a r d i a sLi n u s
dorsaIview.
* * + R e m n a n t so f t h e f o e t a td u c t u sa r t e r i o s u sI g o t l L L o ' s t i g a m e n t J
 Myocardium

Truncuspulmonalis
V cava
supenor

Atrium
cordis
dextrum

Ventriculus
cordissinister

Ventriculus
cordis
oexter

Sulcus
interuentricularis Sulcusinterventricularis
anterior
anterior
Vortexcordis

F i g .8 7 1 M y o c a r d i u mM, y o c a r d i u m ;
ventraIview.

Apexcordis

posterior
Sulcusinterventricularis

F i g .8 7 5 M y o c a r d i u mM, y o c a r d i u m ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e a p e xo f t h e h e a r t .
A. pulmonalis
dextra
Bifurcatiotruncipulmonalis
V cavasuperior

W pulmonales
dextrae

W pulmonales
sinistrae Atrium cordis
oexlrum

Atriumcordissinistrum
V cava inlerior

Sulcuscoronarius
Sinus coronarius

Ventriculus
cordis
dexter

Sulcusinterventricularis
posterior

F i g .8 7 6 M y o c a r d i u mM, y o c a r d i u m ;
d o r s o i n f e r i ovri e w
0esopha

Valvatrunci sinistra
Valvulasemilunaris
pulmonalis
Valvulasemilunaris Valvulasemilunaris
dextra
sinistra Valva aortae

Valvulasemilunaris
posterior

Trigonum
fibrosum
sinistrum

Trigonum
fibrosumdextrum

Anulusfibrosussinister

Anulus
fibrosus
dexter

Cuspis
commissuralis
sinistra
Valva Valva
atrioventricularis
Cuspisposterior atrioventricularis
sinistra dextra [Valva
IValvamitralisl tricuspidalisl
Cuspisanterior

Cusoiscommissuralis
dextra

Fig.877 Valvesof the heart,Valvaecordis;

S U p e f l ovr t e w

V cavasuperior

Valvaaortae

Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
Apex cordis

F i g . 8 7 8 C o n t o u ro f t h e h e a r t ,v a L v eosf t h e h e a r t ,a n d p o i n t so f T h e h e a r ts o u n d sa n d l w h e r ea p p l . i c a b l t. h eel h e a r tm u r m u r s
a u s c u t t a t i o pn r o j e c t e do n t ot h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a [ [ [ c i r c t e s ] . a r e s p r e a d i n gi n t h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e a r r o w s .
 > Thoracicviscera Lungs

lnternaL
spacesof the heart

Ostiumatriovenviculare
dextrum
Pars ascendens aortae
Septuminteratriale

Mm pectinati

V cavasuperior
Auriculadextra

Foramina
venarum
mrnrmarum
A coronaria
dextra

Limbus fossae ovalis

Atriumcordisdextrum

Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
vu-Prr ar rrcr rul
Tuberculum
Intervenosum
l\4 papillarisseptalis

Fossaovalis
M papillaris
anterior

V cava inferior
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,
Cuspisseptalis
Valvulavenae cavae inferioris

Ostiumsinuscoronarii
Valvulasinuscoronarii
Septuminterventriculare,
Parsmuscularis
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,Cuspisposterior

Mm papillares
posteriores Trabecula
septomarginalis
Ventriculus
cordisdexter

F i g . 8 7 9 R i g h ta t r i u m ,A t r i u m c o r d i sd e x t r u m , l\4yocardium
a n d r i g h tv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u [ u cs o r d i sd e x t e r ; Pericardium
serosum,
V C N I T A LV I E W .
Apexcordis
Lamina visceralisIEpicardium]

V cavasuperior
Auriculadextra

W pulmonales
dextrae Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra
IValvatricuspidalis]

Septuminteratriale Ostiumatrioventriculare
dextrum

Foramen ovale

Limbuslossaeovalis

Ostiumsinuscoronarii

V cavainferior

F i g . 8 8 0 R i g h ta t r i u m ,A t r i u m c o r d i sd e x t r u m ,
of a neonate;
ventraL v i e wf r o m t h e r i q h r .
 V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
Myocardium

Auriculasinistra W pulmonales
dextrae

V cardiaca [cordis]magna
Atriumcordis
sinistrum,
Septum
Anulusfibrosussinister interatriale

Ostiumatrioventriculare
sinistrum

V pulmonalis
sinistra
inferior

Valvula foraminis ovalis

(Falx septi)
M papillaris
anterior

Anulusfibrosussinister

Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra,
Cuspis
posterior
Pericardiumserosum,
Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]
Chordae tendineae

M papillaris
posterior
Ventriculus
cordissinister

Myocardium

Parsmuscularis
Seotuminterventriculare.
F i g .8 8 1 L e f ta t r i u mA , t r i u mc o r d i s i n i s t r u m ,
a n dL e fvt e n t r i c [ e
V,e n t r i c u [ uc so r d i s i n i s t e r ; Trabeculae carneae
[ateraIview. Apexcordis

Lunulavalvulaesemilunaris
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
A. coronaria
sinistra
A coronariasinistra,
R interventricularis
anterior
Bulbusaortae Pars
Seotuminterventriculare,
membranacea
Sinusaortae lvlyocardium
Chordae tendineae
Truncuspulmonalis

M papillaris
posterior

Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
A coronariadextra

Nodulusvalvulaesemilunaris

Auriculadextra

Valvulasemilunaris
dextra

Valvulasemilunaris
oosterior
Ostiumatrioventriculare
sinistrum

Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra,
Cusoisanterior

F i g .8 8 2 L e f t v e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ucso r d i ss i n i s t e r , M papillaris

anterior
a n d a s c e n d i n ga o r t a ,A o r t aa s c e n d e n s ;
Dosition o f t h e c u s p so f t h e a o r t i cv a t v e( a r r o w s i)n
p h a s eo f t h e h e a r t( d i a s t o L e l ;
t h e i r p o s i t i o na t t h e f i L t i n g Ventriculus
cordissinister
LateraIview.
 > Thoracic
viscera

lnternalspacesof the heart

Valvaaortae,Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Valva aortae, Valvula
semilunarisposterior Akiumcordissinistrum
Parsascendens

Cuspisanterior
vatuaatriouentricularis
sinistra
Cuspisposterior )

Sinusaortae

Auriculadextra

A coronariadextra

Septuminterventriculare,
Parsmembranacea
M papillarisposterior

Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,
Cuspisposterior

Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,
Cuspisseptalis
l\/ papillarisanterior

M papillarisanteriol

M papillarisposterior

Apexcordis
Seotuminterventriculare.
Parsmuscularis

F i g . 8 8 3 L e f t a n d r i g h tv e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u t ucso r d i s
s i n i s t e re t d e x t e r .

V interventricularis
anterior Sulcusinteruentricularis
anterior
Pericardium
serosum,Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]
A. coronaria
sinistra,
R interventricularis lvlyocardium
anterior
Endocardium

axis of the heart Ventriculus

cordisdexter

Trabecula
septomarginalis

M papillaris
anterior A. coronariadextra,
R marginalis dexter

Myocardium
A coronaria
sinistra,
R marginalis
sinister M. papillaris
posterior

Trabeculaecarneae
Ventriculus
cordissinister

SeDtuminterventriculare.
Mm papillares
posteriores Parsmuscularis

Valvaatrioventricularis
dextraIValvatricuspidalis],
uusprsseprails
Chordae tendineae Sulcusinterventricularis
oosterior
V cardiaca [cordisl media posterior
A coronariadextra,R. interventricularis
[V interventricularisposterior]

F i g . 8 8 4 L e f ta n dr i g h tv e n t r i c t e
V,e n t r i c u [ uc so r d i s
s i n i s t eer t d e x t e r ;
s u p e n ovr r e w .
0esophagus

lnternalspacesof theheart

M papillaris
anterior

posterior
M. papillaris

F i g .8 8 5 L e f tv e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u [ u cs o r d i ss i n i s t e r ;
ventrosuoeriorview from the teft.

Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra,Cuspisposterior

M papillaris
posterior

Trabecula
septomarginalis

F i g . 8 8 6 R i g h tv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u cs o r d i sd e x t e r ;
dorsaLview.
 l*ungs

Parsascendensaortae Truncuspulmonalis
V cavasuperior
A coronaria
sinistra
Sinustruncipulmonalis
Ostiumvenaecavaesuperioris
Valvatruncipulmonalis,
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Atriumcordisdextrum
Sinusaortae

Valvaaortae,Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra

Nodus sinuatrialis
Fasciculus
atrioventricularis

Crusdextrum
Ostium venae cavae
inferioris
Nodusatrioventricularis

Valvulavenae cavae
inferioris

Valvulasinuscoronarii

lvl.papillaris
anterior
Ostiumsinuscoronarii

Valvaatriovenlricularis
dextra,
Cuspisanterior

F i g .8 8 7 R i g h ta t r i u m ,A t r i u m c o r d i sd e x t r u m ,
a n d r i g h tv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u L ucso r d i sd e x t e r ;
conducting s y s t e m ,C o m p L e x usst i m u L a ncso r d i s
l S y s t e m ac o n d u c e n t ce o r d i s ] h, ightighted inyeltow;
ventraLview.

Pars ascendens aortae

Sinusaortae
Valvula semilunaris )
A coronariadextra posreflor I
.. l Valva aortae
- ValVUlaSemllunarlsI
dextra )
Septumatrioventriculare

Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra,
Cuspisanterior
Truncuspulmonalis

A coronaria
sinistra

Fasciculus
atrioventricularis,
Crussinistrum
M. papillaris
anterior

Ventriculus
cordissinister

F i g . 8 8 8 L e f tv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t ucso r d i ss i n i s t e r ;
conducting s y s t e m ,C o m p t e x u s t i m u t a n sc o r d i s
l S y s t e m ac o n d u c e n t ceo r d i s ] h
, i g h l . i g h t ei d
nyetLow;
v e n t r a Iv i e wf r o m t h e l e f t
0esophagus

N vagus[X]

Ganglion
cervicale
supenus

N cardiacuscervicalis
supenor

cervicale
Ganglion
meorum
N laryngeus
recurrens N. laryngeusrecurrens

Ganglion
cervicothoracicum
[Ganglionstellatuml

N cardiacuscervicalis
medius

N. cardiacuscervicalis
inlerior

Plexuscardiacus

F i g . 8 8 9 I n n e r v a t i oonf t h e h e a r td, i a g r a m ;
s y m p a t h e ttircu n k :g r e e nv; a g u sn e r y ep: u r p t e .
* T h e b r a n c h e sb e y o n dt h e c a r d i a cp l e x u sc o n t a i n
s y m p a t h e t i ca n d v a g a If i b r e s .

V cava
Fasciculus
inferior
atrioventricularis

Nodus
sinuavialis Crus
sinistrum

Nodus
atrioventricularis Crus
dextrum

F i g . 8 9 0 C o n d u c t i system
ng of heart, Septum
Rr.subendocardiales interventriculare
C o m o l e x usst i m u [ a ncordis
s [Systema conducente cordis]
;
n t t h eo t a n eo f t h ea x i so f t h eh e a r t .
s e c t i oa
 Arcusaortae Lig arteriosum
Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis
V cavasuperior
A pulmonalissinistra
Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparjetalis
T r u n c upsu l m o n a l i s
A, pulmonalis
dextra

Parsascendensaortae
A coronaria
sinistra
Sinustransversus
pericardli Atriumcordissinistrum,
Auriculasinistra

V cardiaca [cordis]magna

coronaria
dextra A coronaria
sinistra,
R circumflexus
Auriculadextra
Conusarteriosus
Atriumcordisdextrum
A coronaria
slnistra,
R interuentricularisanterior

Vv ventriculidextri
antenores
V interventricularis
anterior
R atrialis

Fig,891 Coronaryarteries,
A a .c o r o n a r i a e ;
ventraL view
R marginalisdexter
A r r o w i n t h e t r a n s v e r s ep e r i c a r d i asLi n u s Apexcordis
Incisura
apiciscordis

Valvulasemilunaris Truncuspulmonalis
anterior
Valva
trunci Valvulasemilunaris
pulmonalis dextra
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra

B interventricularis
anterior A coronaria dextra
A coronaria
sinistra
R n o d is i n u a t r i a l i s
R circumflexus

Trigonum
fibrosum Anulusfibrosus
sinistrum dexter
Trigonumfibrosum
V cardiaca[cordis] dextrum
magna
Fasciculus
Anulusfibrosus atrioventricularis
sinister

R marginalis R marginalis
dexter
sinister

Fig. 8j2 Coronaryarieries,

A a .c o r o n a r i a e ;
s u p e n o rv t e w Ostium
slnuscoronafll
V cardiaca lcordis] media
[V interventricuhrispdsterior]
Valvulasinuscoronarii
A coronariadextra,
R interventricularisposterior

A coronaria
sinistra

F i g . 8 9 3 V a r i a b i t i toy f t h e c o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s .
T h e c o n u sa r t e r i o s u sb r a n c ha r i s e sf r o m t h e
A coronaria
dextra, a o r t aa s a n i n d e p e n d e nat r t e r yt - 3 7 " / " ) .
R interventricularis
posterior
 of the heart

Arcusaortae

A. pulmonalisdextra

Pericardium V cavasuperior

Bilurcatio
trunciDulmonalis
Pericardium
A pulmonalis
sinistra

Atriumcordissinistrum
W pulmonalesdextrae

W oulmonales
sinistrae Sinusvenarumcavarum

Auriculasinistra
V obliouaatriisinistra Pericardium

V cardiaca magna
cordis
Sulcusterminalis
A coronariasinistra,
R circumllexus

Sinuscoronarius Atriumcordisdextrum

ventriculi
sinistri
poslenor

V cava inferior

Sulcuscoronarius

V cardiacalcordis]parva

A coronariadextra

Ventriculus
cordissinister
Ventriculuscordisdexter

V cardiaca [cordis] media

[v interventricularis posterior]

posterior
Sulcusinterventricularis
Apexcordis
apiciscordis
Incisura

F i g . 8 9 4 V e i n so f t h e h e a r t ,V v .c o r d i s .

A coronaria
sinistra,
R circumllexus
A coronaria
sinistra,
R posterior
ventriculi
sinistri
A coronariadextra,
R interventricularis
posterior
A. coronariadextra

F i g .8 9 5 a - c V a r i a t i o n isn t h e a r t e r i a Is u p p l . oy f t h e a Batanced coronary arterysuPPtY

p o s t e r i o ra s p e c to f t h e h e a r t ; b Dominant [eftcoronary arterysupply
dorsaIview. c D o m i n a nr it g h tc o r o n a rayr t e r ys u p p t y
 Coronaryarteries,variabilityof supply

A coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria
dextra
R circumflexus
R nodi sinuatrialis
R interventricularis
anterior

Flr interuentriculares
seotales
R coni arteriosi
R lateralis
R marginalis
sinister
R atrialis
B lateralis
R nodi
F i g .8 9 6 C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s A , a .c o r o n a r i a e ; atrioventncularis Rr,atriales
posterioa r r t e r i a Ib r a n c h e sa r e s h o w ni n a R marginalis Rr interuentriculares
L i g h t ecr o [ o u r ; dexter seprares
t h e p o s t e r i o ri n t e r v e n t r i c u L ba r a n c ha r i s e s ( R posterolateralis R posterior
dexter) ventriculi
sinistri
f r o m t h e r i g h t c o r o n a r ya r t e r yI b a L a n c ecdo r o n a r y
a r t e r ys u p p L y ) ; posterior
R interuentricularis Rr atrioventriculares
v e n t r a tv t e w

A coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria dextra
R, circumflexus
R nodi sinuatrialis
R interventricularis
anterior
R atrialis
R coni arteriosi R lateralis
R marginalis
sinister

Rr interventriculares
R atrialis septales

F i g , 8 9 7 C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s A , a .c o r o n a r i a e ; R marginalisdexter Rr posteriores
ventriculi
sinistri
t h e p o s t e r i o ri n t e r v e n t r i c u l abrr a n c ha r i s e sf r o m
t h e t e f tc o r o n a r ya r t e r yI d o m i n a n [t e f t c o r o n a r y
a r t e r ys u p p l y l ; Rr interuentriculares
seotales
ventraLview. posterior
R interventricularis

A coronaria
sinistra
A coronaria
dextra
R circumflexus
R nodi sinuatrialis
B interventricularis
anterior
R coni arteriosi R atrialis
R lateralis
atrioventriculares
R marginalis
sinister
R atrialis Rr interventriculares
septales
R nodi R lateralis
atriovenlricularis

F i g .8 9 8 C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s A R posterior
, a .c o r o n a r i a e ; ventriculi
sinistri
t h e p o s t e r i owr a L Io f t h e v e n t r i c L eiss
m a i n [ ys u p p t i e db y b r a n c h e so f t h e R marginalisdexter

r i g h t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y{ d o m i n a n rt i g h t c o r o n a r y (R posterolateralls
a r t e r ys u p p t y ) ; postenor
R interventricularis dexte0
v e n t r a Iv i e w Rr interuentriculares
septales
 Coronary a rteries, radiography

A. coronaria
sinistra

A coronaria
sinistra,
R marginalis
sinister

A coronariasinistra,
Rr interventriculares
A coronaria
sinistra, septales
R circumflexus

A coronariasinistra,
anterior
R. interventricularis
A coronariasinistra,
B interventricularis
posterior,var

Diaphragma * C a t h e t e irn t h e a o r t aa n d i n t h e
o p e n i n go { t h e t e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y

F i g ,8 9 9 L e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y ,A . c o r o n a r i as i n i s t r a . t h e b e a mi s d i r e c t e do b t i q u e t fyr o m r i g h t a n t e r i o rt o [ e f t
c o r o n a r ya n g i o g r a p h y ; o o s t e r i o r{ R A O J .

sinistra
A. coronaria

sinistra,
A. coronaria
B marginalissinister

A coronariasinistra,
R. circumllexus

A. coronaria
sinistra,
R. interventricularis
anterior A coronariasinistra,
septales
Rr interventriculares

A coronariasinistra,
posterior,Var
R interventricularis

* C a t h e t e ri n t h e a o r t i c b u t b
Diaphragma a n d i n t h e o p e n i n go f t h e l e f t
c o r o n a r ya r t e r y
* * S h a d o wo f t h e c a t h e t e ri n t h e
d e s c e n d i n gt h o r a c i ca o r t a

F i g . 9 0 0 L e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y ,A . c o r o n a r i as i n i s t r a ; t h e b e a m i s d i r e c t e do b t i q u e t fyr o m l e f t a n t e r i o rt o r i g h t
c o r o n a r ya n g i o g r a p h y ; o o s t e r i o rI L A O ] .

A coronariadextra,
R, coniarteriosi
A coronariadextra,
R atrioventricularis
A coronariadextra

A coronariadextra,
R marginalisdexter
Diaphragma * C a t h e t e irn t h e a o r t aa n d i n t h e
o p e n i n go f t h e r i g h t c o r o n a r y
A coronaria dextra, artery
posterior
R interuentricularis + +S h a d o wo f t h e c a t h e t e ri n t h e
A coronaria dextra, d e s c e n d i n gt h o r a c i ca o r t a
(R posterolateralis
dexteo

F i g . 9 0 1 R i g hct o r o n a rayr t e r yA, . c o r o n a r i ad e x t r a ; t h e b e a m i s d i r e c t e do b l . i q u e lf .ryo m l e f t a n t e r i o rt o r i g h t

c o r o n a rayn g i o g r a p h y ; o o s t e r i o rI L A O l .
 Lungs

Heartsitus

A; V thoracica interna a O Nodi lymphoidei (Nodi lymphoideimediastinales

paratracheales anteriores)

N vagus[X]

(Nodilymphoidei
mediastinales e N vagus[X]
anteriores)

.* N laryngeus
Bronchus recurrens
principalis
dexter
Lig arteriosum

Nodilymphoidei
tracheobronchiales Nodilymphoidei
supeflores tracheobronchiales
supenores

A pulmonalis
dextraa a V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior

V p u l m o n a lO
is o A pulmonalis
dextra sinistra

Nodilymphoidei a V pulmonalis
tracheobronchiales sinistrainferior
inferiores
Nodilymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
(Noduslymphoideus inferiores
ligamenti
arteriosi)

1
Nodi lymphoidei
phrenicisuperiores

Nodi lymphoidei
F i g .9 0 2 P o s i t i o no f t h e h e a r t i n t h e t h o r a x ,S i t u sc o r d i s phrenicisuperiores

F i g .9 0 3 P o s i t i o no f t h e h e a r t ; F i g . j 0 1 P o s i t i o no f t h e h e a r t ;
i n s p ri a t i o n . exprrailon.
 N laryngeus
recurrens
sinister

Trachea a V brachiocephalica a A carotiscommunis

sinistra
V thyroidea inferiora sinistra
aA subclaviasinistra
brachiocephalicadextra a
O Arcusaortae
thoracicainterna a .: N phrenicus

aaA;V pericardiaco-
Truncusa pnrenrca
brachiocephalicus

Pulmosinister
V cavasuperiorO
.. Plexusaorticus
thoracicus
l N vagus[X]
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
i N laryngeus
recurrens

Pulmodexter

Sinus
transversus
pericardii

V p u l m o n a lai s
dextrasuperior Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis

V p u l m o n a lai s
dextrainferior a V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior

a V pulmonalis
sinistrainlerior

S i n u so b l i q u u s
pericardii

Pericardium
serosum,
Laminaparietalis
Pleura parietalis,
Pars diaphragmatica

V cava inferiora

Fig.905 Pericardium
P,e r i c a r d i u m .

V brachiocephalicadextra
V jugularis
internadextra

V subclaviadextra V brachiocephalica
sinistra

V, cava superior

purmonares
dextrae

Pericardium
W hepaticae

Atriumcordis
V cava inferior sinistrum F i g . 9 0 5 0 p e n i n g so f t h e L a r g ev e i n si n t ot h e h e a r t ;
Atriumcordisdextrum ventraLview.
 > Thoracic
viscera

Trachea
and bronchi

Right main bronchus, Bronchus principalis dexter

Bronchus lobaris superior dexter
1 = Bronchussegmentalis apicalis[B l]
2 = Bronchussegmentalis posterior[B ll]
Cartilagothyroidea, =
3 Bronchus segmentalis anterior[B lll]
Laminadextra
Bronchus lobaris medius dexter
4 = Bronchussegmentalis lateralis
[B lV]
Lig cricothyroideum 5 = Bronchussegmentalis medialis[B V]
medianum
Bronchus lobaris interior dexter
Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae 6 = Bronchussegmentalis superior[B Vl]
7 = Bronchussegmentalis basalismedialis[B Vlll
I = Bronchussegmentalis basalisanterior[B Vlll]
9 = ronchussegmentalis basalislateralis[B lX]
10 = ronchussegmentalis basalisposterior [B Xl

Left mainbronchus,Bronchusprincipalissinister
Cartilagines
tracheales
Bronchuslobarissuperiorsinister
1,2 = Bronchus
segmentalis apicoposterior [B | + lll
3 = Bronchussegmentalis anterior[B lll]
4 = Bronchus superior[B lV]
lingularis
5 = Bronchus
lingularis
inlerior[B V]

Bronchus lobaris inferior sinister

6 = Bronchussegmentalis superior[B Vll
Ligg anularia 7 = Bronchussegmentalis basalismedialis[B Vll]
8 = Bronchussegmentalis basalisanteriorIB Vlll]
9 = Bronchussegmentalis basalislateralis
[B lX]
10 = Bronchussegmentalis basalisposterior[B X]

Bifurcatiotracheae

Bronchusorincioalisdexter 1
Bronchus
principalis
sinister
Bronchus
lobaris
superiorde)del 3

Bronchus
lobarissuperiorsinister

Cartilagines
bronchiales

Bronchuslobaris
mediusdexter lobarisinferiorsinister
Bronchus
4

Bronchus lobaris
inferiordexter
8

Fig.907 Larynx,Larynx;
t r a c h e aT,r a c h e a ,n db r o n c h i ,
Bronchi.

Bronchus
principalis
Bronchus sinister
lobaris
supeflor Bronchus
dexter lobaris
supenor
sinister
Bronchus
principalis
de)iter
Bronchus
lobaris
Bronchus inferior
lobaris sinister
medius
dexter
Bronchus
lobaris
inferior
Fig.908 Projection o f t h e t r a c h e aa n d t h e b r o n c h i dexter
o n t o t h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a [ t .
0esophagus

Trachea,
structure

thyroidea,
Cartilago Laminadextra

corniculata
Cartilago

Cartilagoarytenoidea

Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae

Pariesmembranaceus

Cartilaginestracheales

Ligg anularia

M trachealis

Bifurcatiotracheae
Bronchus dexter
orinciDalis
lobarissuperiordexter
Bronchus
1

Bronchus
principalis
sinister

Bronchuslobaris
superiorsinister
Bronchus
lobarisinferiordexter
lobarismediusdexter
Bronchus

Bronchus lobaris
inferiorsinister

Fig.909 Larynx,Larynx;
+--^A^^ T-^^k^-
tt dLt tEo, | | oLt tco,

a n d b r o n c h iB, r o n c h i ;
dorsaIview.

Tunica adventitia

Glandulaetracheales

F i g .9 1 0 T r a c h e aT, r a c h e a ;
c r o s s - s e c t rno;
Pariesmembranaceus M trachealis m i c r o s c o p i ec n t a r g e m e nat t
lowmagnification
> Thoracicviscera tt

Segmental
bronchi

F i g . i 1 1 B r o n c h iB , ronchi;
t h e [ o b a ra n d t h e s e g m e n t a bl r o n c h ih a v eb e e np r o j e c t e d
o n t ot h e I u n g sa n d a r e i t L u s t r a t ewdi t h d i f f e r e n ct o t o u r s ;
venlratvrew.
N u m b e r si n d i c a t teh e s e g m e n t abI r o n c hlis e ep . 9 0 1 .
0esophagus

Bronchialtree,radiography

Bronchussegmentalis
[B | + ll]
apicoposterior

principalis
Bronchus
sinister

Bronchuslobaris
superiorsinister

Bronchus
lobarisinferior
sinister

Bronchus
segmentalis Bronchus lingularis
superiorIB Vl] superior[B lV]

Bronchus lingularis
inferiorIB V]
Bronchus segmentalis
basalislateralis
[B lXl

Bronchus segmentalis
basalisposterior[B X]
Bronchus segmentalis
basalisanterior[B Vlll]

F i g . 9 1 2 B r o n c h iB , ronchi;
A P - r a d i o g r a p hb;r o n c h o g r a p hoyf t h e l e f t [ u n g .
* Bronchography catheter in thetrachea
 > Thoracicviscera tt

Apexpulmonis

Lobussuperior,
Faciescostalis

Margoanterior

pulmonis
Fissurahorizontalis
dextri

Lobusmediuspulmonis
dextri,
Lobusinlerior, Faciescostalis
Faciescostalis

Lobusinferior Fissuraobliqua

Margoinferior

F i g .9 1 3 R i g h Lt u n gP, u t m od e x t e r ;
Apexpulmonis
lateraIview.

Lobussuperior,Faciescostalis

Fissuraobliqua

Lobusinferior,
Faciescostalis

cardiacapulmonis
Incisura sinistri

Lingulapulmonis
sinistri

Fissuraobliqua
F i g . 9 1 t , L e f t [ u n g ,P u t m os i n i s t e r ;
[ateraIview. Margo inlerior
0esophagus

Apexpulmonis

Lobussuperior

Fissvaobliqua
Lobussuperior y'//
Bronchus lobaris
superiordexter
A pulmonalis
de)dra
principalis
Bronchus
dexter

Bronchus lobaris
Margoanterior mediusde)der
et inferiordexter
Noduslymphoideus
tracheobronchialis
W pulmonales
dextrae inferior
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
lmpressio
cardiaca

pulmonis
Fissurahorizontalis dextri Lobusinferior

Lig pulmonale
Lobusmediuspulmonis
dextri

Facies
diaphragmatica;
Basispulmonis
Margoinferior

Fissuraobliqua

F i g .9 1 5 R i g h tt u n g ,P u t m od e x t e r ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e p [ a n eo f t h e h i t u m
o f t h e[ u n g ;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
Fissuraobliqua

A pulmonalis
sinistra

V pulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
Bronchus
principalis Pleuraparietalis,
sinister Parsmediastinalis

V pulmonalis
sinistrainterior Margoanterior

Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchiales

lmpresslocardiaca

Incisura sinistri
cardiacaDUlmonis

Lingulapulmonis
sinistri F i g .9 1 6 L e f t [ u n g ,P u t m os i n i s t e r ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e p [ a n eo f t h e h i I u m
of the [ung;
Facies diaphragmatica;
Basis pulmonis m e d i a Iv i e w .
 > Thoracicviscera tt

Bro nchopulmonary segm e nts

Pulmodexter
Pulmo dexter,Lobus superior

r Segmentum apicale [S l]

I Segmentum posterius[S lll

segmentum
anterius
[s tttl
I

Pulmo dexter.Lobus medius

I segmentum
taterate
[s tvl
segmentum
mediate
[s vl
I

Pulmo dexter,Lobus inferlor

Segmentum
superius[S V|]

Segmentum
basalemedialelcardiacum]
[S Vll]-

Segmentum
basaleanterius[S Vlll]

il Segmentumbasalelaterale[S lxj
E

Segmentumbasaleposterius[S Xl

* T h i ss e g m e n ti s g e n e r a L [nyo t a n i n d e p e n d e nste g m e n t ,
b u t r a t h e r f u s e dw i t h t h e a n t e r i o rb a s a Is e g m e n t[ S V l l l ] .

F i g . 9 1 7 R i g ht u n gP, u l m od e x t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u l m o nsaer g
y ments,
S e g m e n tbar o n c h o p u t m o n;a l i a
LateraIview.

Pulmo sinister
Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperlor

I )I
I Segmentum
apicoposterius
[S | + tt]
I )
I Segmentum
anterius[S lll]

I Segmentum
lingulare
superius[S lVl

r Segmentum
lingulare
inferius[S V]

Pulmosinlster,Lobus Interior

Segmentum
superius[S V|]

Segmentum
basalemedialelcardiacum]
[S Vlll-

Segmentum
basaleanterius[S Vllll

Segmentumbasalelaterale[S lX]

Segmentumbasaleposterius[S X]

+ T h i s s e g m e n ti s g e n e r a [ [ yn o t a n i n d e p e n d e n t
segment,
b u t r a t h e r f u s e dw i t h t h e a n t e r i o rb a s a Ls e g m e n t[ S V l l l ]

F i g .9 1 8 L e f tt u n g ,P u l m os i n i s t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u t m o nsaer gy m e n t s ,
S e g m e n tbar o n c h o p u t m o n a t i a ;
lateraIview.
ilesophagus

Bronchop ulmonary segments

F i g .9 1 9 R i g h t[ u n g ,P u L m od e x t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u t m o n a sr ye g m e n t s ,
Segmentb aronchopulmonaLia;
mediaLview.

F i g . 9 2 0 L e f t [ u n g ,P u l m os i n i s t e r ;
b r o n c h o p u I m o n a sr ye gm e n t s ,
S e g m e n t ab r o n c h o p u t m o n a L i a ;
mediaIview.
 > Thoracic
viscera tt

Truncusbrachioceohalicus
Arcusaortae
VV brachioceohalicaedextra et siniska
A carotiscommunis
V thoracica
interna
A subclavia
Apexpulmonis
Apexpulmonis
Pulmodexter,Lobussuoerior
A pulmonalis
sinistra
V cavasuperior
A pulmonalisdenra,Aa lobaressuperiores Pulmosinister.
Lobussuoerior

A. pulmonalissinistra,
Aa. lobaressuperiores

Bronchus lobaris
superiorsinister

V pulmonalis
Pulmodexter, sinistrasuperior,
Lobusmedius V apicoposterior

A pulmonalis Nodi
dextra, lymphoidei
A lobarismedia tracheo-
bronchiales
V pulmonalis
dextrasuperior,
V lobimedii

A. DUlmonalisdextra.
Aa lobaresinferiores,
Parsbasalis,
A segmentalis
basalisanterior
Auriculadextra A pulmonalissinistra,
Aa lobaresinferiores
A coronaria
dextra
Bronchus lobaris
inferiorsinister

A pulmonalissinistra,
Aa lobaresinferiores,
Parsbasalis,
A. segmentalis
basalisanterior
Pulmosinister,
Ventriculus
cordisdexter Lobusinferior
Auriculasinistra
V Dulmonalis
sinistrainferior
Conusarteriosus
A coronariasinistra,R interventricularis
anterior

Apexcordis Ventriculus
cordissinister

F i g . 9 2 1 L u n g s ,P u t m o n e sa, n d h e a r t ,C o r ;
t h e a r t e r i e s t, h e v e i n sa n d t h e b r o n c h ih a v eb e e n
d i s s e c t e du p t o t h e e x t e r n a sI u r f a c eo f t h e [ u n g s .

Ductusalveolaris

Bronchiolus
terminalis

Bronchus

Bronchiolus

F i g . 9 2 2 L u n gP , ulmo;
o v e r v i e owf t h e[ u n gs t r u c t u r e ;
m i c r o s c o pei cn t a r g e m eanttl o wm a g n i f i c a t i o n .
0esophagus

A. carotiscommunis
Apexpulmonis

Pulmosinister.
Lobussuoerior Trachea.Pariesmembranaceus

A subclavia Truncusbrachiocephalicus

Fissuraobliqua Arcusaortae
Pulmosinister,
Lobusinferior
V cavasuperior
Lig arteriosum
Bronchus
lobarissuperiorsinister Bifurcatiotracheae

A pulmonalis
sinistra V azygos
principalis
Bronchus sinister .,r7 Bronchuslobarissuperiordexter

principalis
Bronchus dexter
Bronchisegmentales
M bronchooesophageus

A segmentalis Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchiales

basalislateralis
A pulmonalis delitrasuoerior
V oulmonalis
sinistra, A segmentalis
Aa. lobares basalismedialis
inferiores, A. pulmonalis
dextra
Parsbasalis
A segmentalis V pulmonalis
dextrainferiof
basalisposterior
Atriumcordissinistrum

Atriumcordisdextrum

V. cava inferior

Pericardium

Pulmosinister, Sinuscoronarius
Lobusinferior
V cardiaca[cordis]media
Apexcordis
cordisdexter
Ventriculus

Fig.923 Vesselsof the LeftL u n gP, u L msoi n i s t e r ;

d o r s a Iv i e w

A carotiscommunis
sinistra

A subclavia
sinistra A. subclavia
dextra

Arcusaortae

principalis
Bronchus sinister

dexter
R. bronchialis
Br bronchiales
sinistri

Parsthoracicaaortae

F i g . 9 2 t , B r o n c h iB
, ronchi;
^-+^-;^t ^..^^1.,
dr (Er rd( >uPPLy.
 >> | l- lear tI T r ac hea I Lungs

Vesselsof the lung,radiography

F i 9 . 9 2 5 A r t e r i e so f t h e r i g h tI u n g , F i g . 9 2 6 V e i n so f t h e r i g h t L u n g ,
A a .p u I m o n a [ ed sextrae; V v p u L m o n a l edse x t r a e ;
A P - r a d i o g r a p (hp u t m o n a r ay n g i o g r a p h yal ;f t e r A P - r a d i o g r a p lhr e t u r nv i a p u L m o n a rvye i n so f t h e c o n t r a s t
injection o f a c o n t r a sm
t e d i u mi n t ot h e r i g h tv e n t r i c L e ; m e d i u mi n j e c t e di n t o t h e r i g h tv e n t r i c t e l ;
ventraLview. ventraIview.
T h e n u m b e r sd e s i g n a tteh e s e g m e n t a l a r t e r i e s N u m b e r si n d i c a t et h e s e g m e n t a L v e i n{ sc o m p a r ep . 9 5 1 .
Icompare p.961.
 Thoracic radiography

Corpuscostael; lll; lV Bronchus

Drincioalis
dexter

Clavicula

Scapula

V cava - Truncus
supenor pulmonalis

Atriumcordis
sinistrum

cordis
Ventriculus
sinister

Diaphragma
Apexcordis

Recessuscoslo-
diaphragmaticus

F i g , 9 2 7 T h o r a c i cc a g e ,C a v e at h o r a c i s a, n d t h o r a c i cv i s c e r a ;
PA-radiographol a 27-year-otdmal.elthorax radiograph)

1 ="Aorticknob"
2 =Archof the pulmonary artery
3 =Archof the leftatrium
4 =Arch of the leftventricle
5 =Archof the rightvessels
6 =Archof the rightatrium

Arcusaortae(l)
V cava
superior (5)
Truncuspulmonalis
(2)

Auriculasinistra(3)

\L
cordissinister(4)
Ventriculus
Atriumcordis F i g .9 2 8 0 u t l i n eo f t h e h e a r ts h a d o wi n t h e r a d i o g r a p h ;
dextrum(6)
s- D t = T r a n s v e r sd ei a m e t e r ,
V, cava Dt
inferior
Apex cordis a b + c d = 1 3 - 1 4c m
Diaphragma L = L o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e h e a r tl f r o m t h e s u p e r i o r
b o r d e ro f t h e r i g h t a t r i a Ic o n t o u rt o t h e a p e xo f t h e
h e a r t l= 1 5 - 1 6c m
M = M e d i a np t a n eo f t h e b o d y
 >> | Heart I Trachea I Lunqs

(Cartilago
bronchialis)
Carina tracheae

principalis
Bronchus
Bronchus
principalis dexter
sinister

Fig.929 BronchiB , ronchi;

b r o n c h o s c o poyf a h e a [ t h yi n d i v i d u adI i s p t a y i n tgh e t r a c h e a I
bifurcatioa n n d t h e c a r i n ao f t r a c h e a .

Bronchus
segmentalis
apicoposterior
lB | + lll:
Bronchus
seginentati'C
anterior Bronchus lobaris
lB ilrl superiorsinister

Bronchilingulares
superioret inferior
lBrv-vl

Bronchus
segmentalis
supeflor
lB vrl Bronchus segmentalis
basalisanterior
[B Vilt]

Bronchus seomentalis
Bronchus
segmentalis basalislateralis
basalisposterior
[B X]
lBrxl

Fig.930 Bronchi,Bronchi;
b r o n c h o s c o p vi ci e w o f t h e l e f t s e g m e n t a bL r o n c h i .
0esophagus

surfaceprojections

VertebracervicalisVll [prominens]

Cupulapleurae Lobussuperior

Spinascapulae

Lobussuperior Lobus
supenor

lncisura
Lobusmedius cardraca
pulmonis
dextri purmonrs
sinistri
Lobusinferior

Lobusinferior Becessus
costodiaphragmaticus

Costaxll

Cristailiaca

F i g .9 3 1 P r o j e c t i o no f t h e p u l m o n a r ya n d t h e p t e u r a l Fig.932 P r o j e c t i o no f t h e p u l m o n a r ya n d t h e p l e u r a I
b o r d e r so n t ot h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a [ t . borderso n t ot h e o o s t e r i o tr h o r a c i cw a [ t .

B o r d e r os f t h e[ u n g s- t i n e
Bordersof the oteura- dashed[ine

Lobussuperior
Lobussuperior

Lobusinferior

Cristailiaca
cristailiaca

Fig.933 Projection o f t h e p u l m o n a r ya n d t h e p t e u r a t F i g .9 3 4 P r o j e c t i o n o f t h e p u t m o n a r ya n d t h e p t e u r a L
b o r d e r so n t o t h e l a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a [ t . b o r d e r so n t ot h e l a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a L t .
 > Thoracic
viscera

Cartilagothyroidea,
Laminadextra

A carotis
communrs Glandula
thyroidea, M cricothyroideus
Lobusdexter

lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
A subclavia Oesophagus,
Parscervicalis A carotiscommunis
dextra
_Oesophagus, A carotiscommunis
Harscerytcalrs sinistra
Truncus A. subclavia dextra
brachiocephalicus
Arcusaortae
Truncus
Cartilagines brachiocephalicus
Lig.arteriosum tracheales

Bronchus Arcusaortae
principalis
dexter
Lig.arteriosum
Bronchuslobaris
superiordexter

Parsthoraclcaaortae
OesoDhaous.
Parsthoraiica intercostales
posteriores

Pars
Diaphraqma, thoracica
Centrum tendin-eum aonae

Foramen
venae
cavae Oesophagus, Oesophagus,
Pars Parsthoracica
abdominalis

Parslumbalis Gaster,
diaphragmatis, Parscardiaca
Crusdextrum
Aa phrenicae
inferiores

Hiatusaorticus

Truncuscoeliacus F i g .9 3 5 O e s o p h a g u s0,e s o p h a g u st ;r a c h e a T , rachea,

a n d t h e t h o r a c i ca o r t a ,P a r st h o r a c i c aa o r t a e :
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .

F i g .9 3 5 O e s o p h a g u s0,e s o p h a g u st ;r a c h e a T , rachea,
a n d t h e t h o r a c i ca o r t a ,P a r st h o r a c i c aa o r t a e :
ventratview.
 structure
0esophagus,

Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobussinister
Lobusdexter
thvroidea.
Glandula

A carotiscommunis
A carotiscommunis
V jugularisinterna

A subclavia V jugularis
interna
A subclavia
V subclavia
V.subclavia

V brachiocephalicasinistra
V, brachiocephalicadextra
A. subclavia
Truncus brachiocephalicus
Cartilagines
tracheales

Arcusaortae V cavasuperior

Lig arteriosum V azygos

Bifurcatiotracheae
B bronchialis
principalis
Bronchus dexter

A pulmonalissinistra
A pulmonalis
dextra

principalis
Bronchus sinister
W pulmonales
dextrae

W pulmonales
sinistrae

Ventriculus
cordissinister

Aa intercostales
oosteriotes

V cavainferior

Oesophagus,Parsthoracica

Parsthoracicaaortae

Diaphragma
Hiatusoesophageus

F i g . 9 3 7 O e s o p h a g u sO, e s o p h a g u sa ,n d t h e t h o r a c i ca o r t a ,
P a r st h o r a c i c aa o r t a e ;
dorsaLview.

Glandulaeoesophageae

Telasubmucosa
Stratumcirculare
Tunicamuscularis
Stratumlongitudinale

Tunica adventitia

Fig.938 0esophagus,0esophagus;
m i c r o s c o p i ec n l a r g e m e nat t L o wm a g n i f i c a t i o n
 > Thoracicviscera

Vesselsof the oesophagus

V thyroidea inferior Oesophagus, Pars ceruicalis

A thyroidea inferior A thyroidea
inferior, V vertebralis
Rr oesophageales V brachiocephalicasinistra
V jugularisinterna

A vertebralis M, intercostalis
A carotis subclavia externus
communrs A subclavia
dextra
dextra
V hemiazygos
A carotis accessofla
communis sinistra
V cava
supeflor M intercostalis
internus

Pars thoracicaaortae, W intercostales

Rr bronchiales posteriores W oesophageae

Oesophagus
Parsthoracica
aortae, Oesophagus,
Br oesophageales Parsthoracica

V hemiazygos
A gastricasinistra, \/.7w^^e

Rr oesophageales
Diaphragma
Diaphragma,
Diaphragma, Centrum
Foramen venae tendineum
cavae
Truncuscoeliacus
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis, Oesophagus,
Crusdextrumet Pars
Crussinistrum abdominalis
V phrenica
interior V gastroomentalis
V cava inferior sinistra
Gaster
V gastricasinistra

Fig.939 0esophagus,0esophagus; F i g . 9 4 0 V e i n so f t h e o e s o p h a g u sV,v .o e s o p h a g e a e

ctrnnlrrinn ertorioc.

v e n t r a Iv i e w .

W oesophageae

V hemiazygos

v. azygos
(Plexus venosus
suomucosus)

(R oesophagealis) V oesophagea

(R oesophagealis)

V phrenicainferior

V gastricasinistra

V cava inferior

V portae hepatis

F i g . 9 1 1 V e i n so f t h e o e s o p h a g u sV,v .o e s o p h a g e a e ;
m a g n iifc a t i o no f F i g .9 4 0 ;
d e m o n s t r a t i o on f a n a s t o m o s e bs e t w e e nb r a n c h e so f
t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i na n d t h e s u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a .
 Thoraciclymphnodes

Glandula thyroidea,Lobus dexter

Oesophagus,
Parscervicalis A carotiscommunis

A carotiscommunis
Truncusbrachioceohalicus

A subclavia
A subclavia

V cava superior

Nodi lymphoideijuxtaoesophageales
Trachea.Pariesmembranaceus
Arcusaortae

Parsdescendensaortae
Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchialessuperiores
V oulmonalis
sinistrasuDerior
Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchialessuperiores Bifurcatiotracheae
A. pulmonalissinistra
Bronchus orinciDalisdexter

Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchialesinferiores Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
superiores

Bronchilobares A pulmonalis
dextra

V pulmonalis
sinistrainferior
Bronchilobares

(Nodi lymphoideimediastinalesposteriores)
V pulmonalis
dextrainlerior

Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
(Nodilymphoidei posteriores)
mediastinales

Pericardium
librosum

V, cava inferior

Diaphragma
Hiatusoesophageus

F i g . 9 1 2 T h o r a c i cL y m p hn o d e s ;
N o d iL y m p h o i d e
t hi o r a c i s ;
dorsaLview.
 > Thoracicviscera

0esophagus,
radiography
and oesophagoscopy

Extremitassternalis piriformis
Becessus

lvlanubrium
sterni

Oesophagus,
*
Parsthoracica

Oesophagus,
**
Parsthoracica

Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica

Diaphragma

F i g . 9 4 3a , b 0 e s o p h a g u sO, e s o p h a g u s ; * O e s o p h a g e acIo n s t r i c t i o nc a u s e db y t h e a o r t i c a r c h
* * R e t r o c a r d i apI o r t i o no f t h e o e s o p h a g u s
r a d i o g r a p ha f t e r s w a t t o w i n go f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m .
+ * * O e s o p h a g ecaoI n s t r i c t i oant t h e j u n c t i o no f t h e p h a r y n xw i t h t h e
a R i g h ta n t e r i o or b t i q u ep o s i t i o no, b L i q udei a m e t e |r [ b e a m
d i r e c t e df r o m l e f t a n t e r i o rt o r i g h t p o s t e r i o r ) oesophagus
b L e f ta n t e r i o ro b t i q u ep o s i t i o no, b t i q u ed i a m e t e rl l I b e a m
d i r e c t e df r o m r i g h t a n t e r i o rt o L e f tp o s t e r i o r )

Gaster,Parscardiaca,
Tunicamucosa

Parsabdominalis,
Oesophagus,
tunrcamucosa

F i g . 9 1 1 O e s o p h a g u s0,e s o p h a g u s ;
o e s o p h a g o s c o p( tye c h n i c adLe t a i [ ss e e F i g .9 8 6 ) ;
s u o e n o rv t e w .
 Mm pharyngis

Truncus
brachiocephalicus

Parsdescendensaortae
[Aortadescendens]
Parsascendensaortae
[Aortaascendens]

Bronchus
principalis
dexter

Parsthoracicaaortae,
[Aortathoracica]

Diaphragma
Hiatus oesophageus

Gaster.Cardia

Fig.945 0esophagus,0esophagus; F i g . 9 1 6 0 e s o p h a g u sO, e s o p h a g u s ;

constrcttons. typicaL l o c a t i o na n d f r e q u e n c yo f d i v e r t i c u | . a .
* U p p e ro e s o p h a g e as Ip h i n c t e r * Cervicatdiverticu[um
+ + N a r r o w i n gc a u s e db y t h e a o r t i ca r c h { Z E N K E Rd'isv e r t i c u L ulm - 7l ,0 % l
* * * D i a p h r a g m a t ci co n s t r i c t i o n * + M i d - o e s o p h a gdei vaeI r t i c u t ul -m2 2 % l
+++ E p i p h r e ndi icv e r t i c u [ u( m
-8%]
 > Thoracic
viscera

Thymus

o lvl sternohyoldeus
Cartilagothyroidea
o M, thyrohyoideus
(Lobuspyramidalis,
Var)
a M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M sternothyroideus
e
M cricothvroideus
o a A thyroidea
superior

a V thyroidea
superior
I Lobusdexter
Glandula
thyroidea{
Lobussinister Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
I
c M. sternocleidomastoideus
W thyroideaeinferiores
o
o A carotiscommunis
Arcusvenosusjugularis
O * Plexuscaroticus
communis
N phrenicus
o V jugularisinterna
M scalenusanterioro
a W brachioceDhalicae
Clavicula
o V thoracica
M, subclaviusO interna

Apexpulmonis Thymus

Costall
o M pectoralis
maJor
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperior
Pulmodexter,
lvlargoanterior
Margoanterior

Pericardium

Lobus
medius Incisura
cardiaca
pulmonissinistri
LODUS
interior Lingulapulmonis
sinistri

Pleuraparietalis, Pulmosinister,
Parsdiaphragmatica Lobusinferior

Recessus Margointerior
costodiaphragmaticus

t M obliquus
externus
abdominis

thoracica interna a 3 M transversus

thoracis
V thoracica
internaa a Parssternalis
diaphragmatis
[,4 rectusabdominisa
Recessus
costomediastinalis

F i g . 9 1 7 T h y m u sT , h y m u s ;p e r i c a r d i u mP, e r i c a r d i u m ,
a n d [ u n g s ,P u l m o n e so, f a n a d o t e s c e n t .
N o t et h e s i z eo f t h e a d o L e s c e n t ht y m u s .I n o L d e ri n d i v i d u a t s ,
t h e t h y m i ct i s s u ei s a l m o s te n t i r e t yr e p t a c e db y a d i p o s et i s s u e .
0esophagus

V thyroidea
inferioro Glandula
thyroidea
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
a
V subclavia
a
A subclavia a
a V brachiocephalicasinistra
Plexus brachialis

V thoracica interna a

& N vagus[X]
W pericardiacophrenicaeO

V brachiocephalicadextra a o A subclavia

N phrenicus
{t Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis

V cavasuperiora I N phrenicus

Lobussinister\
Pulmodexter, t} _I N.V M U S
Lobussuperior I
Lobus dexter /

Pulmosinister,
l\4argoanterior

Pericardium
fibrosum

a Parssternalis
diaphragmatis

, h y m u s ,o f a n a d o t e s c e n t .
Fig.918 ThymusT
 Plexusbrachialis,
Parsinfraclavicularis
, a A. subclavia

Truncussympathicus,
Ganglion
thoracicum
ll 3 Clavicula

O M subclavius
N vagus[X],N laryngeus
recurrens
s

N vagus[X],Rr cardiacithoracici
& o M scalenus
anterior

N, vagus[X],Plexuspulmonalis
I
a V subclavia
V azygosa

principalis
Bronchus dexter O A thoracica
interna

(Aorta);a a
R bronchialis r N. phrenicus
V, bronchialis
a V brachioceDhalica dextra

^ l'{ vagus[X]. .
Hr carotacrtnoracrcl Thymus

posterioro
V intercostalis
a V cavasuperior

a Aa. pulmonales
N thoracicus[T 71,a
N. intercostaiis AaaN phrenicus;A;V
oericardiacoohrenica
Truncussympathicus,
8
Rr.communicantes a W pulmonales

Pericardium
fibrosum;
Pleuraparietalis,
N splanchnicus
o Parsmediastinalis
malor
Lig.pulmonale

Aa intercostales
a s N. vagus[X],
posteriores Plexus
oesophageus
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Oesophagus

Pleuraparietalis,
a Diaphragma; Parsdiaphragmatica

Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
a

Fig.919 PteuraIcavity,Cavitaspteuratis,and mediastinum,

M e d i a s t i n u mo,f a n a d o t e s c e n t ;
L a t e r atIh o r a c i cw a t [ a n d r i g h t t u n g h a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
T h e x i n d i c a t et h e a r e a sa t t h e r o o t o f t h e [ u n ga n d t h e
p u t m o n a r yL i g a m e n tr ,e s p e c t i v e tw y ,h e r et h e v i s c e r a p
I [eura
f o l . d sb a c ki n t ot h e p a r i e t a Ip [ e u r a .
 Pleuralcavity

thoracicus
R cardiacus
Truncussympathicus,
Plexusbrachialis.
Parsin{raclavicularis
,r N vagus [X], R cardiacusthoracicus
Clavicula
Parsthoracica
Oesophagus,
lvl subclavius
a

A axillarisa Parsthoracica
Ductusthoracicus,

V axillaris
o N laryngeus (N.vagus)
recurrens

A subclavia a Lig arteriosum

CostaI Nodi lymphoidei

tracheobronchiales
A carotiscommunis
a
a V hemiazygos accessofla
V brachiocephalicaO
N vagus [X] t

N phrenicus. Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica
Plexusaorticusthoracicus.
Plexus cardiacus : N. vagus[X],
Plexuspulmonalis
P l e x u sp u l m o n a l i s
O Parsthoracicaaortae
A p u l m o n a l i s i n i s t r aO

Thymus r* Plexusaorticus
tnoracrcus
V pulmonalis
sinistraa
aoA;Vintercostalis
posterior
Bronchus principalis
, R communicans
N phrenicus
V pulmonalis
sinistrao N splanchnicus
malor
Pericardium
fibrosum oo A;vinter-
costalis
V pericardiacophrenica
a posterior;
N. intercostalis
A pericardiacophrenica
a
Truncus
sympathicus,
Recessus Ganglion
costomediastinalis lX
thoracicum
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsmediastinalis
Pleura
parietalis,
Parscostalis

(Nodi lymphoidei
mediastinales
anteriores)

Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica

Centrumtendineum

F i g .9 5 0 P t e u r a cLa v i t yC s ,n d m e d i a s t i n u m ,
, a v i t a sp t e u r a L i a
Mediastinum o f, a n a d o t e s c e n t ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e l e f t .
I n o t d e ri n d r v i d u a t tsh, e t h y m i ct i s s u ei s a t m o s te n t i r e [ y
r e p [ a c e db y a d i p o s et i s s u e .
 > Thoracic
viscera

Aortic arch

A carotisexternadextra A. carotisexternasinistra
A carotis A carotisinternasinistra
internadextra

A. vertebralisdextra A. vertebralis
sinistra
A. carotlscommunis
A carotis sinistra
communis dextra

A subclavia
sinistra

Truncus
brachiocephalicus
Arcusaortae
V cavasuperior Lig arteriosum

Truncuspulmonalis

Parsascendens Atriumcordis
aortae sinistrum,
Auriculaatrii

Atriumcordis .l Arcus
aortae I Trachea
dextrum 2 A. thoracicainterna 10 A subclaviasinistra
3 Truncusbrachiocephalicus 11 A. carotiscommunis
sinistra
4 A. subclaviadextra '12 Parsdescendensaortae
Ventriculus
cordis 5 A carotiscommunis dextra 13 Cor
sinister 6 A vertebralisdextra 14 Valvaaortae
7 Bimaglottidis 15 Parsascendensaortae
V cavainferior 8 A vertebralissinistra
Ventriculus
cordisdexter

F i g , 9 5 1 H e a r t ,C o r ,a n d a o r t i ca r c h ,A r c u sa o r t a e , Fig.952 Aortic arch,Arcus aortae,and branches;

A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m
w i t h t h e o r i g i n so f t h e m a j o ra r t e r i e s ; i n t o t h e a o r t i cb u l b :
ventraIview. ventraIview.
* Catheter

A carotisexternadextra A carotisexternasinistra
A carotisinternadextra A. carotisinternasinistra

A vertebralisdextra
A carotis A vertebralissinistra
communis dextra
- 13Vo -9o/o
A subclavia A. subclavia
sinistra
dextra
A subclavia
sinistra
Truncus
brachiocephalicus A carotiscommunis
sinistra
Arcusaortae

Parsascendens
aortae

a
Parsdescendens aortae,
70 Yo Parsthoracicaaortae

- 3To

F i g .9 5 3 a - e V a r i a b i t i toy f t h e o r i g i no f t h e m a j o ra r t e r i e s Left vertebraIartery branchingoff the aortic arch

f r o m t h e a o r t i ca r c h ,A r c u sa o r t a e . independently
a "Textbookcase" R i g h ts u b c t a v i a a n r t e r ya s t h e u t t i m a t eb r a n c ho f t h e
b C o m m o no r i g i no f t h e b r a c h i o c e p h a ttircu n k a n d t h e L e f t a o r t i ca r c h
c o m m o nc a r o t i da r t e r y T h i sa b n o r m a Ia r t e r yf r e q u e n t [ yp a s s e sb e h i n dt h e
c C o m m o nt r u n k f o r t h e b r a c h i o c e p h a lt.ri u c nkandthe teft o e s o p h a g utso t h e r i g h t ,w h i c hc a n r e s u [ ti n s w a t l o w i n g
c o m m o nc a r o t i da r t e r v d i f fi c u t t i e sI D y s p h a g ilau s o r i a ) .
 Posteriormediastinum

Truncusbrachioceohalicus
a
N vagus[X] 0 Trachea
profundaa
A ceruicalis recurrens
a N. laryngeus
I N vagus[X]
Truncuscostocervicalis
O
o N phrenicus
A intercostalis
suDremao
O A subclavia
A subclavia
a
a A thoracicainterna
N laryngeus
recurrens
s O Arcusaortae

a Parsthoracicaaortae,
Rr.bronchiales
Parsascendensaortaea
IAortaascendens] 3 N laryngeusrecurrens
a N. vagus[X],
principalis
Bronchus Rr bronchiales
dexter
Bronchusprincipalis
sinister
V azygosa
a Parsthoracicaaortae,
Rr.oesophageales
Truncussympathicus
8
recurrens,
a N. laryngeus
Mm intercostales
O Rr oesophageales
interni
Oesophagus,Pars
W intercostales
a thoracica
posteriores

Mm.intercostales
o a Aa. intercostales
externi posteriores

o Parsthoracica
aonae

Nn thoracici,
a
Nn intercostales

N splanchnicus
o a N splanchnicus
mtnor maJor

a V azygos
Parslumbalis
a
diaphragmatis

majorI
N splanchnicus CostaXl

CostaXl,
Cartilagocostalis
a Truncuscoeliacus
N splanchnicus
minort

V lumbalis
ascendens
O
a A mesenterica
supenor

A;Vsubcostalisaa a Parsabdominalis
aonae
N subcostalis, o N iliohypogastricus

F i g .9 5 4 T h o r a c i ca n d a b d o m i n aal o r t a ,P a r st h o r a c i c a
a o r t a ee t P a r sa b d o m i n a l i a
sortae
 > Thoracicviscera

Posteriormediastinum

V thyroidea
inferioro
a V brachiocephalica
sinistra
V brachiocephalicadextra o
a V subclavia
Arcus venae azygos a
Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica

V cavasuperiora Ductusthoracicus.
Parsthoracica

posteriores
a Aa intercostales

a Mm intercostales
interni
V azygosa

a V hemiazygos
accessoria

O V hemiazygos

a o Aa ; Vv intercostales
posteriores
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglia

, Nn thoracici,
Nn intercostales

Lig longitudinale
anterius
N splanchnicus
major

Vv intercostales
a
posteriores

O V hemiazygos

subcostalis
a O Cisternachyli

Costa Xl

c Parslumbalis
N subcoslalis diaphragmatis,
Crusdextrum
et Crussinistrum

V cavainferiora a V lumbalis
ascendens

F i g .9 5 5 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o rm e d i a s t i n u m ,
Mediastinum oosterius.
 Posteriormediastinum

cervicothoracicum
* Ganglion [stellatuml
A carotiscommunis
O Trachea
N vagus[X] e anterior
o M. scalenus
Truncussympathicus,
t recurrens
{, N laryngeus
Ganglion medium
cervicale
M scalenusanteriora O A subclavia

Ansasubclavias I Ansasubclavia

A subclavia O * N vagus[X]
Truncussympathicus,
*r thoracicus;
Ganglion ll
thoracicum & Plexusaorticus
Plexuscardiacus
N vagus[X] &
N laryngeus
recurrens
8l
recurrens
6 N laryngeus

I N vagus[X],Rr.bronchiales

Parsascendens Bronchus sinister

orincioalis
a
aonae
N vagus(X),*
Rr bronchiales * Nn. thoracici,
Nn intercostales
Bronchus
principalis
dexter

Truncus
&
sympathicus

I N vagus[X],
Plexus
Truncus* oesophageus
sympathicus,
Gangliathoracica

t Truncus
sympathicus,
Rr.communicantes

splanchnicus
s Oesophagus,
mrnor Parsabdominalis

Diaphragma
a

Parspylorica

Duodenum o N. iliohypo-
gastricus

N subcostalis 8, aortaeO
Parsabdominalis

F i g r 9 5 6 A u t o n o m o unse r v o ussy s t e mo f t h e t h o r a c i cc a v i t y ,
P a r st h o r a c i caau t o n o m i c a .
 > Thoracicviscera

Phrenicnerve

V jugularis
internaa Glandulathyroidea
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
a Trachea
N laryngeus
recurrens. O A carotiscommunis
V subclavia a
,, N laryngeus
recurrens

N vagus[X] Clavicula
a M scalenusanterior
V brachiocephalicasinistra a
o A thoracicainterna
V brachiocephalica
a , N vagus[X]
dextra
Pulmodexter,
Lobussuperior N vagus[X],
" Rr cardiacithoracici

ArcusaortaeO Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperior
V cava a
supenor s N phrenicus

Plexus..
cardtacus O O A ; V pericardiacophrenica

N phrenicust

N phrenicus,;
R pericardiacus

Pulmodexter,
Lobusmedius Pericardium

Pulmodexter,
Lobusinferior

Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
Pleuraparietalis,
pars
diaphragmatica
* Diaphragma

F i g .9 5 7 T h o r a c i cv i s c e r ao f a n a d u L t ;
t h e a n t e r i o rt h o r a c i cw a L [h a s b e e nr e m o v e d ,
a n d t h e r i g h t a n d t h e L e f t[ u n g h a v eb e e n l\4 scalenusanterior
s e c t i o n e di n t h e f r o n t a Ip L a n e ;
ventraL view N phrenicus
A subclavia
dextra

V subclavia
dextra

V cavasuperior

Pericardium
N phrenicus,
R pericardiacus

Diaphragma

N phrenicus,
Rr phrenicoabdominales

F i g .9 5 8 C o u r s eo f t h e p h r e n i cn e r v e ,
N.phrenicus
 Mediastinum

Mediastinum
supenus

Mediastinum
inferius

F i g . 9 5 9 O r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e
m e d i a s t i n u mM, e d i a s t i n u m .

l\4 arytenoideus
transversusG
Cavitas infraglottica
Oesophagus,Pars cervicalis Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Lig vocale
Trachea,
Pariesmembranaceus
Cartilagothyroidea

VertebracervicalisVll a l\4 sternothyroideus

Iprominens]
Fascia cervicalis,Lamina superticialis

principalis
Bronchus sinister o V jugularis
anterior
thyroidea
Glandula
Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchialessuperiores Cartilaginestracheales

VertebracervicalisVll O M sternocleidomastoideus
[prominens],Proc spinosus Articulatiosternoclavicularis
l\4anubriumsterni
Ligg interspinalia
O Truncusbrachiocephalicus
t lvl pectoralismajor
Bilurcatiotracheae, sinistra
Carina tracheae a V brachiocephalica
W basivertebrales
a a Arcusaortae
principahs
Bronchus Corpussterni
dextel
aortae
O Parsascendens
Noduslymphoideus Thymus
inferior
tracheobronchialis

Plexusvenosusa Valvaaortae,Valvulae semilunares

vertebralis sinistra. et dextra
oosterior
internusposterior a A coronaria sinistra
M interspinalis t
Myocardium
A pulmonalis dextraa
Oesophagus, Pars
thoracica Valva atrioventricularis
V p u l m o n a lsi si n i s t ra dextra [ValvatricusPidalis]
Sinustransversus
pericardii C o s t a eV l ; V l l
V hemiazygos a
Atriumcordissinistrum Cavitas
pericardiaca
Septuminteratriale Sternum,
A coronaria
dextra;O a Proc xiphoideus
V cardiacamedia e M rectus
Nledulla abdominis
spinalis
O Parssternalis
Duramaterspinalis diaphragmatis
Spatiumsubarachnoideum Lamina visceralis
Oesophagus,
Tunica muscularis lEpicardiuml ,",o.,.
e",i.u,oi,'
Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatisI
Hepar,
Area nuda
Lamina parietalis
J
phrenicus
Noduslymphoideus superior Atriumcordisdexlrum

F i g .9 6 0 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC , a v i t a st h o r a c i s a, n d m e d i a s t i n u mM
, ediastinum;
m e d i a ns a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e n e c ka n d t h e t h o r a x ;
L a t e r avI i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t .
 Thorax,frontalsections

Trachea Oesophagus
A vertebralis
a Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi lymphoideithoracis, Nodi orofundiinferiores
Nodi paratracheales O A thoracicainterna
Plexusbrachialis
& a M. scalenusmedius
A thoraco- A suprascapularis
O O A, subclaviasinistra Clavicula
acromialis
a M. subclavius
subclavia
O CostaI
dextra
O A. axillaris
I N vagusslnister[X]
a V axillaris
V cavasuperiora
o Arcusaortae

V pulmonalis
dextrasuperior,
a o M. pectoralis
minor
anterior,
Parsintrasegmentalis

A. intercostalis
O CostalV
a) Parsascendensaortae

O M. serratusanterior
Fissurahorizontalis
pulmonis dextri a M intercostalis
internus
Atriumcordisdextrum
o A coronaria
sinistra
Fissuraobliqua
Bronchus
intrasegmentalis
Pleuraparietalis,Parscostalis
Ventriculus
cordissinister

Pleuravisceralis Laminavisceralis
IEpicardium]

Diaphragma
O
Laminaparietalis

Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
parietale
Peritoneum
Hepar, Peritoneum\ Flexuracoli
Lobussinister V hepatica O
Valva aortae
O A coronariadextra,
B. interventricularis
oosterior
Truncuspulmonalis O Fundusgastricus
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra Ventriculus
cordisdexter

F i g ,9 6 1 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .

A carotiscommunis
Trachea

Truncusbrachiocephalicus
V cavasuperior

Parsascendensaortae Truncuspulmonalis

Pulmosinister
Pulmodexter
Atriumcordisdextrum
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Diaphragma
Ventriculuscordisdexter
Hepar
Valvaatrioventricularis
dextra

Fig.962 Thoraciccavity,Cavitasthoracis;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g el M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s u p e r i o rv e n ac a v a ;
ventraIview.
0esophagus

Thorax, secttons

Pars thoracica aortae

posterius
Mediastinum

Pleura visceralis
Ipulmonalis]

Pulmosinister

Oesophagus,
Parsthoracica

Cavitaspleuralis
Pulmo dexter,
Lobus inferior

Diaphragma
Cavitas pleuralis

Diaphragma Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis

Hepar
Corpusgastricum
V hepatica dextra

Recessuscosto-
diaphragmaticus
Becessus
phrenicomediastinalis

Omentummajus
V cava inferior

Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis Tunicamucosa Flexuracolisinistra
Gaster,Ostiumcardiacum Pancreas
Gaster. Pars cardiaca

F i g .9 5 3 D i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m aa,n d o e s o p h a g u s ,
O e s o p h a g u sw,i t h i t s t r a n s i t i o ni n t ot h e s t o m a c h G, aster;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e L o w e rp a r t o f t h e t h o r a c i c
c a v i t ya n d t h e u p p e rp a r t o f t h e a b d o m i n acI a v i t y .

Truncuspulmonalis

Atrium cordis dextrum

Ventriculuscordissinister
Diaphragma Ventriculuscordisdexter

Hepar

F i g . 9 6 t + T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC, a v i t a st h o r a c i s ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e a o r t i cv a t v e :
V C N I T A LV I C W .
 > Thoracicviscera tt

Thorax,frontalsections

M trapeziust o M serratus
anterior
I M, suoraspinatus
lvl erectora Articulatio
acromioclavicularis
sptnae o M subscapularis
Scapula, Cavitas glenoidalis

M spleniusa Caputhumeri

t M deltoideus
Vertebrathoracicall

(Recessus
axillaris)
Cupulapleurae
. N axillaris

Pleuravisceralis
a A circumflexa
humeri
posterior
lvl intercostalis
internusa
a M teresmajor

,!8Plexusbrachialis,
C o s t al l l posterior
Fasciculus
a A axillaris
AortaO
& Plexusbrachialis,
Fasciculus
medialis

V anterior,
a & Plexusbrachialis,
Parsintrasegmentalis Fasciculus
lateralis
Bronchus
segmentalis N thoracodorsalis
s a V axillaris Nodus a M coracobrachialis
anterior[B lll] lymphoideus
M serratusI a A circumflexa axillaris
anterior scapurae

F i g .9 5 5 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC , a v i t a st h o r a c i s ;
a x i t t aA
, x i L t aa, n d s h o u L d eiro i n t ,
A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i .

M scalenusmedius* a V jugularisinterna

o V cephalica
Proc. coracoideus

a M. biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo

Acromion

Caputhumeri
,*
Plexusbrachialis

O M. deltoideus
Nodilymphoidei
paratracheales
a A axillaris
CostaI

c M subscapularis
carotiscommunisa
sinistra
a V axillaris
Noduslymphoideus
tracheobronchialis
a lvl teresmajor

Arcusaortaea & N thoracicus

longus

Pulmosinister O l\4 serratusanterior

CostalV

F i g .9 6 6 T h o r a c icca v i t yC, a v i t atsh o r a c i s ;

a x i t t aA, x i L t a ,n ds h o u t d ei ro i n t ,
A r t i c u L a thi ou m e r i .
 lvl scalenusanteriore t M sternocleidomastoideus
M pectoralismajorC * N vagusdexter[X]

M subclavius
*
a A carotiscommunis
Plexus brachialisx

Caput humeri
a A subclavia

Pulmodexter,Apex

Pleuravisceralis

Pleuraparietalis

Vertebra
thoracicalll. Proc soinosus

Scapula

M infraspinatus
t t M serratusanterior o M trapezius

Clavicula a V subclavia
M sternocleidomastoideus
o .M scalenusanterior
a M omohyoideus
M sternohyoideus
a
a A subclavia

I M pectoralis major
Trachea
a M. deltoideus

Oesophagus

Plexusvenosusvertebralis
internusa

Spatiumsubarachnoideum

Medulla spinalis

a M infraspinatus

,! N suprascapularis
M trapeziusa M supraspinatus
a Scapula Spinascapulae

F i g .9 5 7 a , b T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC , a v i t a st h o r a c i s a; x i I L aA, x i t l a , a R i g h tp a r t o f t h e b o d y
a n d s h o u [ d e ri o i n t .A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i . b Left part of the body
 > Thoracicviscera Lungs

transversesections

O Truncusbrachiocephalicus
A\
Manubrium
sterni
Nodi lymphoideiparatracheales a lvl sternothyroideus
V.thoracica internao a A, carotiscommunis
sinistra
N phrenicus
dexter,, Trachea

V cavasuperiora .N phrenicus
sinister
M pectoralismajora a A subclavia
sinistra

M pectoralis
c ,* N vagussinister[X]
mrnor
CostaI
Oesophagus
Pulmosinister,
Lobussuperior
V pulmonalisa
dexlrasuperior
,, N thoracicus
thoracicus
longus? longus

V axillarisa *{ Plexusbrachialis
HUMETUS

A axillarisa a Arcusaortae

Noduslymphoideus
axillaris, a A subscapularis
Nodusapicalis

l\4 subscapularis Bronchus segmentalis

a poslerior
[B ll]

M teresmajorI s M serratusanterior
M infraspinatus * N, intercostalis
e
Scapula costa lll Pleuraparietalis, Pleuravisceralis
Parscostalis
M trapeziusO * Truncussympathicus
V azygoso Ductusthoracicus
Lig longitudinaleanterius thoracicall. Proc soinosus
Vertebra

F i g . 9 5 8 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s

Corpussterni a Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Becessus
costomediastinalis a A carotiscommunis
sinistra
A thoracica interna O a Arcusaortae
N phrenicusdexter { r N. phrenicus
sinister
V, cavasuperioro I M pectoralismajor

Nodi lymphoideiparatracheales Bronchus anteriorIB llll

segmentalis

A pulmonalis
sinistra,O , M pectoralis
minor
A segmentalis
anterior
Pulmosinister.
Lobussuoerior
V azygos O
Trachea
N intercostalis
i
Bronchus
intrasegmentalis a M serratusanterior
longusa
N thoracicus
I N thoracicus
longus
Pulmodexter,
Lobussuperior
Oesophagus
lvl intercostalis
externusa
a A thoracodorsalis
vagusdexter[X] i.
a M. teresmajor
lvl subscapularis
l|
, N.vagussinister
[X]
V azygosO
Scapula
lvl infraspinatus
O Fissuraobliqua Fissuraobliqua
CostalV Pulmosinister,Lobusinferior
Truncussympathicus{ a Parsthoracicaaortae
M trapeziusa Recessus vertebromediaslinalis
Vertebrathoracica lV Ductusthoracicus

F i g . 9 6 9 T h o r a c i cc a v i t y C
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
 Thorax, transversesections

Corpussterni
A pulmonalis
dextraa O Parsascendensaortae
Cavitas pericardiaca
N phrenicus
dexter
Cartilago
costalis
V cavasuperioro
a Truncuspulmonalis
l\4 pectoralismajor6
N phrenicus
sinister
A lobarissuperiora
a V oulmonalis
sinistrasuperior
Pulmodexter.LobussuDerior
Bronchus sinister
Drincioalis

Nodi lymphoidei
bronchopulmonales Bronchus
lobarissuperior

l\4 serratusanteriorO
Glandula mammaria
Costalll

N thoracicus
longus , N thoracicus
longus

F i s s u roab l i q u a
a A lobarissuperior
principalis
Bronchus
dexter I M serratusanterior
Pulmodexter,
Lobusinferior
Fissuraobliqua
M teres major O
a Parsdescendens Scapula
N vagus[X] Truncus azygosa aonae N vagus[X]
sympathicus
lvl trapezius
c Oesophagus
VertebrathoracicaV Ductusthoracicus

, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
F i g . 9 7 O T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC

Bronchus principalisdexter

Sternum

Bronchus segmentalis
Pleuraparietalis,
a n t e r i o r[ B l l l ]
Parsmediastinalis
M pectoralis
major

Parsascendensaortae

Bronchus segmentalis V cavasuperior

posterior[B ll]
principalis
Bronchus sinister

Parsdescendens
aortae
Bronchus lobarissuperior Scapula
dexler
Bi{urcatiotracheae
M, infraspinatus
Oesophagus

Vertebrathoracica lV,
Corpus vertebrae

Vertebra thoracica lV,

Proc transversus

Foramen
vertebrale M erectorspinae M trapezius Costae lvl serratusanterior

, a v i t a st h o r a c i s ;
F i g . 9 7 1 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i oInC T ] .
 Lur r Es

Thorax, transversesections

\
V cavasuperiora Corpussterni
A thoracicainternaa a Pars ascendens aortae
V pulmonalis
dextrasuDerior
a Atriumcordissinistrum
N phrenicusdexter , Sinustransversusoericardii
M pectoralismajor S
O Truncuspulmonalis
Costalll
Bronchus
lobarismedius N phrenicus
sinister

Pulmodexte.,Lobusmedius Auriculaatriisinistri

Pulmosinister.
LobussuDerior
Bronchus
lobarismedius
G l a n d u l am a m m a r i a
Bronchus
lobarisinferior
Oesophagus

N thoracicuslongus .r Nodi lymphoidei

bronchopulmonales

Aa lobares inferioresa Fissura obliqua

Pulmodexter, Cavitaspleuralis
Lobusinferior
Bronchus segmentalis
M serratusanterior* basalisposterior
[B X]

M latissimus
dorsicr a V pulmonalis
sinistra
inferior
V pulmonalis
dextrainferiorO
M intercostalis a Parsdescendens
aortae
externus* Ductusthoracicus
N vagus dexter [X] : Becessus
vertebromediastinalis
V intercostalisO o V azygos
M trapezius
* VertebrathoracicaVl

F i g . 9 7 2 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .

Atriumcordissinistrum

Ostiumatrioventriculare
sinistrum

Aorta Cuspisanterior
I Valva atrioventricularis
sinistra [Valva mitralis]
7 Cuspisposterior
J
Valvulasemilunaris
sinistra
Valva Valvulasemilunaris Ventriculus
cordissinister
aortae posterior
Valvulasemilunaris
dextra

Septuminterventriculare

Ventriculus
cordisdexter

Fig.973 Heart,Cor;
u L t r a s o u nidm a g ev i e w e df r o m t h e o e s o p h a g u s
( t r a n s o e s o p h a g eeacIh o c ar d i o gr a p h y l .
 transversesections

Atriumcordisdextrum Sternum, Proc xiphoideus

sinistra
a A coronaria
Cartilago costalis
a Sinusaortae
Valva aortae
N phrenicus
dexter
Ventriculus
cordisdexter
Pulmodexler,Lobusmedius
a A coronaria
Papilla mammaria sinistra,
R, interuentri-
cularisanterior
Ventriculus
cordissinister
Giandula mammaria
Valvaatrioventricularis
sinistra[Valvamitralis]

Pulmosinister,
Fissuraobliqua Lobussuperior

Atriumcordissinistrum
l\4 serratusanteriorN
* N phrenicus
sinister
V basalisinferior,
a
V pulmonalisdextra
inferior o V cardiacamagna
Noduslymphoideus
bronchopulmonalis
Costa Vl
N vagusdexter[X] ''t

M latissimus
dorsia
Lobusinferior
Pulmosinister,
Pulmodexter, VertebrathoracicaVll a V intercostalisa Parsdescendensaortae
Lobusinferior - Truncussympathicus
N intercostalis
&
Oesophagus Ductusthoracicus

, a v i t a st h o r a c i s .
F i g . 9 7 1 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC

M pectoralismajore Sternum.Proc xiohoideus

V oulmonalis
sinistrainferioro o A coronaria/ Atriumcordis Valvaatrioventricularis
Sinistra ,/ dextrum dextra
M transversus
thoracisa [Valvatricuspidalis]
Pulmodexter,Lobusmedius Ventriculus
cordisdexter
Fissuraobliqua
Ventriculus

Costa lll -\ Pulmosinister,

Lobussuperior
N intercostalis*
Mamma
Recessus
coslomediastinalis
Fissuraobliqua

a M serratusanterior
Nodi lymphoidei
tracheobronchiales
inferiores s N, phrenicus

Pulmo dexter,
a A coronariadextra
Lobus inferior

Pulmosinister,
M intercostalis
externusa Lobusinferior

Bronchus segmentalis a Parsdescendensaortae

basalis lateralis[B lX]
Noduslymphoideus dorsi
a M latissimus
juxtaoesophagealis
N vagusdexter[X] | Oesophagus Truncussympathicus \ a A intercostalisDuctusthoracicus
VertebrathoracicaVlll V azygosa Vertebra Vll. proc spinosus
thoracica

, a v i t a st h o r a c i s
F i g ,9 7 5 T h o r a c i cc a v i t yC
 > Abdominalviscera >> | Stom achI SmattintestineI Lar gei ntes ti ne
I Li v er

Incisura
cardialis
Oesoohaous.
Parsabdomirialis

Fundusgastricus

Curvatura
minor
Corpus
gastricum

Incisura
angularis
Duodenum,
Parssuperior

Curvaturamaior

Duodenum,
Parsdescendens

Fig.976 Stomach,Gaster;
ventraIview.
Pancreas

Musclesof thestomach

Fundusgastricus

Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumlongitudinale
Oesophagus,
Tunicamuscularis

Curvaturamajor
Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumlongitudinale

Curuatura
minor

Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumcirculare

Fig.977 Stomach,Gaster;
externaImusc[etayers;
ventraIview

Tunicamuscularis
Stratumcirculare

Oesophagus,
Tunicamuscularis

Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumcirculare
Tunicamuscularis,
Fibraeobliquae

F i g .9 7 8 S t o m a c h G , aster;
t h e p e r i t o n e u mh a s b e e n
removedto demonstratethe
i n t e r n a Im u s c [ el a y e r s ;
ventraIview.
 > AbdominaIviscera

Stomach,structure

Incisura
cardialis

Oesophagus,
Parsabdominalis

CardiaIParscardiaca],Ostiumcardiacum

Duodenum,
Parssuperior,
Ampulla

Plicaecirculares

Duodenum,
Parsdescendens Parspylorica,
Canalispyloricus,
Antrumpyloricum

F i g . 9 7 9 S t o m a c hG
, a s t e r a, n d d u o d e n u mD
, uodenum;
ventraIview.

Areae gastricae

Foveolae gastricae

Epilhelium
Tunicamucosa
Laminapropriamucosae
Noduluslymphoideus
solitarius
Glandulae gastricae
Laminamuscularis
mucosae

Telasubmucosa

F i g .9 8 0 D i a g r a mo f t h e s t o m a c hw a t [ ;
the layersof the wa[[ havebeen removedstepwise;
m i c r o s c o p i ec n t a r g e m e nat i L o wm a g n i f i c a t i o n .
Pancreas

Vesselsof thestomach

A ; V gastricasinistra,Rr oesophageales

CardiaIParscardiaca]

A.; V.gastricasinistra

A hepaticapropria

V portaehepatis

Ductuscysticus
Omentumminus,
Lig hepatogastricum Aa ;W. gastricae
Ductus hepaticuscommunis breves

Lig hepatoduodenale

A hepaticacommunis

A;V gastroomentalis
sinistra

A;V gastricadextra

Omentummaius
A ;V gastroomentalis
dextra
A ; V gastroomentalis
dextra,Rr.omentales
Flexuraduodeniinferior

F i g . 9 8 1 B L o o dv e s s e t so f t h e s t o m a c h G
, aster;
ventraIview.

Lobus hepatis
sinister

Nodi lymphoidei
gastrici dextri

Nodi lymphoidei
pylorici

Nodi lymphoidei
gastroomentales dextri

F i g .9 8 2 S t o m a c hG , a s t e r a, n d t i v e r ,H e p a r ,
w i t h L y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e i ;
ventraIview.
 Liver

1 = Oesophagus withcontrastmedium
At the transition ( 1a) intothelundus
o{ stomach,the groovesbetween
theloldsappearas darkstriations
2 = Fundusof stomachwithairbubble
3 = Bodyof stomach
3a = Lessercuruature
3b = Greatercuruature.
In the liningsof the latter,notches
cotresponding to the contour
of the mucousarevisible
4 = Peristalticconstrictionat
the angularnotch
5 = Pyloricpartpriorto the progressionof
a portionol the stomach'scontenl
6 =Ampullaofduodenum
7 = Descending partof theduodenum
withcircularfolds
8 = Jejunum
9 = Left"dome"ofdiaphragm
10 = Leftcolicflexure(filledwithair)

F i g . 9 8 3 S t o m a c hG , a s t e ra, n d
d u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r o r a I
a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s m
t edium;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.

Sternum, Sternum,
Proc Proc
xiphoideus xiphoideus
Cardia [Pars Gaster,
cardiacal CardiaIPars
cardiacal
Fornix
gastricus
Fornix
Costa X CostaX gastricus
Corpus
gastricum
Corpus
gastricum
Gaster, Gaster,
Parspylorica Parspylorica

Spinailiaca Spinailiaca
anterior anterior
supenor supenor

Fig.984 Stomach,Gaster; Fig.985 Stomach,Gaster;

p r o j e c t i o no f a " n o r m a t "s t o m a c ho n t ot h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I p r o j e c t i o no f a " l o n g "s t o m a c ho n t ot h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I
wa[t; watt;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n . u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n .
Pan c r e a s

Gastroscopy

Oesophagus

Corpusgastricum

Antrumpyloricum

F i g . 9 8 6 T e c h n i c apt r o c e d u r eo f o e s o p h a g o s c o p y
and gastroscopy.
* Gastroscooe
** Thegastroscope's tip located in thebodyof stomach (compare
Fig.987al
**+Thegastroscope's tip located in the pytoric antrumlcompare Fig.987b)

Gaste( Gaster,
Pariesanterior Pariesanterior

Plicae gastricae

Pylorus

Gaster,
Parspylorica,
Antrumpyloricum

Gaster, Gaster,
Pariesposterior Pariesposterior

F i g . 9 8 7a , b S t o m a c h G , aster; a V i e wo f t h e b o d yo f s t o m a c h C , o r p u sg a s t r i c u mw , ithdistinct
e n d o s c o p i icm a g eo f t h e stomachIgastroscopy)
; L o n g i t u d i n faot L d so f t h e m u c o s a{ P t i c ag a s t r i c a e l
s u p e n o rv r e w . b V i e wo f t h e p y t o r i ca n t r u m ,A n t r u m p y t o r i c u mp, r e d o m i n a n t t y
coveredwith smooth mucosa
 > Abdominalviscera tt

Duodenum

Duodenum,
AmpullaIBulbusl

Duodenum, Gaster,Parspylorica
Parssuperior

Duodenum,
Parsdescendens

Duodenum,
Parsascendens

Duodenum,
Parshorizontalis

Fig.988 Duodenum,Duodenum.

Duodenum,
Parssuperior

Duodenum,
Parsdescendens

Pancreas,Caput

Duodenum,
Parshorizontalis

F i g . 9 8 9 D u o d e n u mD , u o d e n u ma, n d
p a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n aw
I a[t.
Pancreas

pyloricus
M sphincter

Ostiumpyloricum
Pylorus,

CanalisovloricusI -
I Harsovlorlca
'
Plicaecirculares Antrumpyloncum)

duodeni*
M susoensorius

Duodenum,
Parsdescendens

Flexuraduodenojejunalis
Ampullahepatopancreatica

Papilladuodenimajor""

Jejunum

Tunicamuscularis
Duodenum,
Parsascendens

Duodenum,
Parshorizontalis

F i g . 9 9 0 D u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ;
ventraIview.
* C[inicaI term:muscLe of TREITZ
++CtinicaI term:papitlaof VATER

Flexuraduodenojejunalis
VertebrathoracicaXll minor
Gaster,Curvatura
Duodenum, Gaster,
Pars Incisura
angularis
Xll
Costa \ suPerior,
Ampulla

Duodenum, Pars I Plicae Duodenum,rJejunum

descendens Parsascendens
Vertebra
lumbalislll

Fig.991 Duodenum,Duodenum; F i g . 9 9 2 D u o d e n u mD, uodenum;

A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r o r a I a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ; e n d o s c o p i icm a g e .
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.
 tt

SmalLintestine,
structure

Telasubmucosa

F i g . 9 9 3 S u p e r i o rp a r t o f t h e d u o d e n u m , Tunicamuscularis,
Stratumcirculare
P a r ss u p e r i o dr u o d e n i ;
layersof the wa[1. Tunicamuscularis,
* C t i n i c at eI r m :B R U N NsEgRL a n d s Stratumlongitudinale

Mesenterium

Telasubmucosa

Laminamuscularis
mucosae
Tunicamucosa
Tunicaserosa
Periloneum ( Villi intestinales
viscerale 1 Teta
\ suoserosa

Nodulus lymphoideus
solitarius

/ Stratum/
Tunica longitudinale
muscularis
I
I Stratumcirculare

F i g .9 j I S m a L i[ n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mtenue;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e u p p e rs m a t Li n t e s t i n e .

Villusintestinalis

Epithelium

Lamina propria mucosae

Tunicamucosa Vas lymphaticumcentrale

Glandulae intestinales

Lamina muscularismucosae

Tela submucosa

I Stratumcirculare
.l
r unrca musculans { ^.
I srrarum --\
llongitudinale
Tela subserosa

Tunicaserosa

F i g .9 9 5 S m a t Ii n t e s t i n el,n i e s t i n u mt e n u e ;
[ a y e r so f t h e w a L t ;
m i c r o s c o p iec n l a r g e m e nat t l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n
Pancreas

Mucosaof the small intestine

Telasubserosa

Tunicamuscularis

Plicae
circulares
Plicae
crrcurares

Noduli
lymphoidei
solitarii

F i g . 9 9 6 J e j u n u m ,J e j u n u m . F i g . 9 9 7 l l e u m ,l t e u m .

Plicae circulares

Noduli lymphoidei
Noduli lymphoideisolitarii
aggregati*

Mesenlerium

F i g .9 9 8 T e r m i n a iI [ e u m ,
P a r st e r m i n a t i si [ e i .
* CtinicaI term:PEYER s patches

Mesenterium

Fig.999 MECKEL'd s iverticu[um {Diverticutum itei].

T h i sv e s t i g eo f t h e y o l . ks t a t kI D u c t u so m p h a t o e n t e r i c u s l
o c c u r si n 1 - 3 % o f c a s e s .l t i s [ o c a t e d3 0 - 7 0c m o r a I t o
t h e i t e o c a e c aj uI n c t i o no p p o s i t et o t h e a t t a c h m e n ot f t h e
mesenrerv.
> AbdominaIviscera tt

Largeintestine

Flexuracoli
sinistra

Colontransversum
Flexuracoli
dextra

Taenia libera

Colonascendens Colondescendens
Haustracoll

Appendices
omentales

Appendix
vermiformis

Colonsigmoideum

F i g .1 0 0 0 L a r g ei n t e s t i n eI n, t e s t i n u cmr a s s u m ;
ventraL view.

Flexuracoli
sinistra

Colon
Iransversum
Colon
ascendens
Colon
oescenoens

Colon
slgmoideum
Rectum

F i g . 1 0 0 1 L a r g ei n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m ;
p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I w a l L .
T h e p o s i t i o n so f t h e t r a n s v e r s ec o t o na n d o f t h e s i g m o i d
c o t o na r e h i g h l .vya r i a b t e[ c o m p a r eF i g .1 0 1 0 ) .
Pa n c r e a s

Large i ntestine, structure

Taenia libera Colonascendens

Haustra
coli

Plicae semilunarescoli

Plicae Papilla ilealis

semt-
Colon lunares
ascenoens coll
lleum
Appendix Noduli
vermt- lymphoidei
formis Ostium aggregati'
ileale

lleum Frenulumostii
ilealis

Caecum
Taenia libera Appendixvermilormis
vermiformis
Ostiumappendicis

F i g .1 0 0 2 C a e c u m C , a e c u m v; e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i x , F i g . 1 0 0 3 A s c e n d i n gc o t o n ,C o l o na s c e n d e n s ;
A p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i sa, n d t e r m i n a Ii [ e u m , c a e c u m ,C a e c u m a, n d v e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i xA, p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i s ;
P a r st e r m i n a t i si t e i ; ventraIview.
dorsalview. * CtinicaI term:PEYER S oatches

Plicae semilunarescoli
Omentummajus

Taeniaomentalis

Haustracoli Mesocolontransversum

Taenia mesocolica

Taenia libera

Appendices
omentales
Fig. 1004 Transversecolon,Co[ontransversum;
lepiploicael ventroinferiorview.

intestinales
Glandulae

Epithelium
Tunicamucosa
Laminapropriamucosae
solitarius
Noduluslymphoideus
Laminamuscularis
mucosae

Telasubmucosa

F i g .1 0 0 5 C o t o n C , oton; Telasubserosa
layersof the wa[t; Tunicaserosa
m i c r o s c o p iec n [ a r g e m e n t
at lowmagnification.
 S t o m a c h Sm at[intestineLargeintestine Liver

SplenILienl

Lobushepatisdexter Gaster

Omentummajus
Vesicabiliaris

Colontransversum

Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Duodenum,
Parsascendens

Caputpancreatis
Radixmesenterii

Colon ascendens Colon descendens

Caecum

Colonsigmoideum

Ampullatubaeuterinae

Ovarium
Vesicaurinaria

F i g . 1 0 0 6 V e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i xA, p p e n d i xv e r m t f o r m i s ;
v a r i a t i o n si n i t s p o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.

Anulus
umbilicalis
Colon ascendens

Colonascendens

lleum
Spinailiaca
Appendix
vermiformis anterior
supenor
Spinailiaca
-30% anteriorsuperior
Appendix
vermiformis
Caecum

- 65o/o 2 o/o <1%

F i g . 1 0 0 7a - d V e r m i f o r ma p p e n d i xA, p p e n d i xv e r m i f o r m i s ; Fig. 1008 Caecum, Caecum,and vermiform appendix,

v a r i a t i o n si n i t s p o s i t i o n . Appendixvermiformis;
a D e s c e n d i n ign t o t h e l e s s e rp e l v i s p r o j e c t i o no n t o t h e a n t e r i o r a b d o m i n a I w a [ [ .
b B e h i n dt h e c a e c u m + C t i n i c a l t e r mv; . L A N Z ' ps o i n t ,a t t h e r i g h tt h i r do f a [ i n e
c I n f r o n to f t h e i [ e u m c o n n e c t i n tgh e a n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ri t i a cs p i n e s l,o c a t e st h e t i p
d B e h i n dt h e i t e u m o f t h e v e r m i f o r ma o o e n d i x
* + C [ i n i c atIe r m : N 4 c B U R NsEpyo i n t ,a t t h e o u t e rt h i r do f a t i n e
c o n n e c t i n tgh e r i g h ta n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ri L i a cs p i n ea n d t h e
u m b i t i c u s ,l o c a t e st h e b a s eo f t h e v e r m i f o r ma o o e n d i x
i .i | , "-i':. o.' lipi.uun i r r r ; i 1 , , 'l , l ,\ , \''irlt\iuns

Flexuracoli dextra
Flexuracoli sinistra

Caecum
Appendix vermiformis

Colon sigmoideum

F i g .1 0 0 9 C o t o nC , o t o n a, n d r e c t u m ,R e c t u m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e rf i L t i n gw i t h a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m
a n da i r { d o u b l ec o n t r a sm t ethodl.

F i g . 1 0 1 0a - d T r a n s v e r s ceo l o n ,C o t o nt r a n s v e r s u m ; a N o r m a Ip o s i t i o n c U- s h ap e d
c o m m o nv a r i a t i o nisn i t s p o s i t i o n ; b Twisted d V - s h ap e d
v e n t r a Lv i e w .

F i g .1 0 11 A s c e n d i ncgo l o n C , o L oa ns c e n d e n s ;
e n d o s c o p iicm a g ea f t e r p a s s a g eo f t h e r e c t u m ,
t h e s i g m o i dc o t o nt,h e d e s c e n d i ncgo L o n
a n d t h e t r a n s v e r s ec o l o nI c o L o n o s c o p v l
 >> | Stom ach
I Sm at[intestineI Lar gei ntes ti ne
I Li v er

Liver

Lig.triangulare
dextrum Lig coronarium

Lig falciforme
Diaphragma

Lig triangulare
sinistrum

Lobushepatisdexter, LobusheDatissinister.
Faciesdiaphragmatica Faciesdiaphragmatica

Lig. talciforme

Lig tereshepatis
Vesica biliaris
Margoinferior

Fi1.1012 Liver,Hepar;
ventraIview.

lmpressiooesophagea
.. I Parssuperior;
Factesoraonraomatca
1
\Area nuda
Appendixfibrosahepatis
V cava inferior

lmpressio
suprarenalis

Lig.venosum
Lig coronarium
Lobuscaudatus

V portaehepatis
lmpressio
gasrnca
lmpressio
renalis
Tuber
omentale
Ductus
Proc papillaris choledochus
lbiliarisl

Proc caudatus A. lobicaudati

lmpressio
Lobushepatissinister duodenalis
A cystica
Margo inferior
lmpressio colica
propria
A hepatica
Fissuraligamenti
teretis Lobushepatisdexter
Incisura
ligamenti
teretis Lig teres
hepatis LOOUS Vesica biliaris
quaoralus

F i g . 1 0 1 3 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d p o r t ah e p a t i s P
, o r t ah e p a t i s ;
dorsaIview.
* Borders of thesuperiorrecessof theomentaIbursa
Pan c r e a s

Lig falciforme

Lobusheoatisdexter.
Lobushepatissinister, Tunicaserosa
Tunicaserosa

Lig.coronarium

LOOUS
caudatus

Appendixfibrosahepatis
W hepaticae

V. cava inferior
(Lig. venae
cavae)

F i g . 1 0 1 4 L i v e r ,H e p a r ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .

F i g . 1 0 1 5 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,o f a f o e t u s ;
oxygencontentof the btoodis shown
b y d i f f e r e n ct o [ o u r sa n d t h e d i r e c t i o n
of ftow by arrows;
dorsaIview.
* Atso:DuctusARANTII
 > AbdominaIviscera tt

Liverpuncture

CostaV

Diaphragma
Hepar,Lobussinister
Hepar,Lobusdexter

Lig teres hepatis

Fig.1016 LiverH , epar;

p r o j e c t i o no n t ot h e a n t e r i o r Vesica biliaris
abdominaLwa[t;
intermediate p o s i t i o nb e t w e e n
i n s p i r a t i oann d e x p i r a t i o n .
+ Position of the needte for liverpuncture

M intercostalis
externus
M intercostalis
internus

F i g . 1 0 1 7 L a y e r so f t h e a b d o m i n a l
w a [ La n d t h e L i v e rH, epar;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
* Position of theneedte for liverouncture

F i g . 1 0 1 8a - d L i v e r ,H e p a r ;
v a r i a t i o n si n s h a p e
a S m a t L[ e f t [ o b eo f I i v e r ,L o b u sh e p a t i ss i n i s t e r
b T o n g u e - s h a p epdr o c e s so f t h e r i g h t l o b eo f L i v e r ,
L o b u sh e o a t i sd e x t e r
c B r i d g e df l a t s h a p e
d D i a p h r a g m a t ifcu r r o w s
Fancreas

structure

coronanum

Areanuda

Lt9
coronanum

Facies visceralis

Margo inferior

F i g . 1 0 1 9 L i v e rH , epar;
n r o u g ht h e r i g h t [ o b eo f I i v e rt o d e m o n s t r a t e
s a g i t t a L s e c t i ot h
t h e b r a n c h e so f t h e h e p a t i cv e i n sa n d t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n .
* I n t r a h e p a bt irca n c h eosf t h eh e p a t ivce i n s
+ +I n t r a h e p a bt irca n c h eosf t h eh e p a t ipco r t avI e i na n dt h eh e p a t iacr t e r y

V centralis

Ductusbilifer
interlobularis
V interlobularis

A interlobularis

Fig.1020 LiverH , epar; c o n s i s t so f a b r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a L

t r i a s o f G L I S S OI N
m i c r o s c o p isct r u c t u r eI m i c r o s c o p iecn t a r g e m e nat t l o w v e i n ,a b r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r yp r o p e ra n d a s m a L b [ i t ed u c t l ,
m a qn i fi c a t i o n l ; a n d a s m a [ tL i v e lro b u [ es u r r o u n d i n ga c e n t r a lv e i n '
 > AbdominaIviscera tt

Bloodyesselsof the liver

V cava inferior

W hepaticae dextrae

W hepaticae
sinistrae

W hepaticaeintermediae

Vesicabiliaris Ductuscholedochus
lbiliarisl

F i g . 1 0 2 1 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d h e p a t i cv e i n s ,V v .h e p a r r c a e ;
ventraLview.

Ductushepaticus
sinister

V cava inlerior

A hepatica proprja, V portaehepatis,R sinister

R dexter

V portae hepatis, R. dexter

A hepatica
propria,R. sinister

Ductus hepaticusdexter

Ductuscholedochus
lbitiarisl

F i g . 1 0 2 2 L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a tv e i n ,V p o r t a eh e p a t i s ;
ventraLview.
Pancreas

FissuraportalisprinciPalis
Segmentum
!l
Fissuraumbilicalis

Fissuraoortalisdextra
Seomentumposterius
sinisiruml ll
late-rale
Seomentumoosterius
laleraledexirum[Vll]
Lig.falciforme

Seomentum anterius
sinistrumIlll]
late-rale
Seomentum anterius
latEraledextrum[Vll

Seomentumanterius Lig tereshepatis

m6dialedextrum[Vj
Seomentum mediale
Vesicabiliaris sinistrum[V]

F i g . 1 0 2 3 L i v e rH
, epar;
the segments of the Lobes areshownin differentcolours;
ventratview.

V. cava inferior
Lig.triangulare
sinistrum
(Lig. venae cavae)

Segmentumill

Seomentumoosterius
la-terale
sinistrumilll

Lig.venosum

Seomentumanterius
ld;ale sinistrum
!lll Seomentumanterius
latdraledextrum[Vl]

Seomentumanterius
meaialedextrum[V]

Lig.tereshepatis
Vesicabiliaris

Fig. 1021 Liver,Hepar;

the segmentsof the tobesareshownin differentcotours;
dorsaIview.
 > Abdominalviscera tt

Liver,ultrasound

V. hepatica
sinistra
V hepatica intermedia

V hepatica dextra
V cava inferior

Diaphragma

Pulmodexter,
Lobusinferior

F i g . 1 0 2 5 H e p a t i cv e i n s ,V v .h e p a t i c a e ;
u t t r a s o u n di m a g es h o w i n gt h e o p e n i n go f t h e h e p a t i cv e i n s
i n t ot h e i n f e r i o rv e n ac a v a
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* Abdominatwat[

--t

V portaehepatis,
R dexter
portaehepatis
V portaehepatis,
R sinister
R anterlor
V portaehepatis,
R dexter
Pars abdominalis aortae

Parslumbalis
V cava inferior diaphragmatis

Parscostalis
diaphragmatis

F i 1 . 1 0 2 6 H e p a t i cp o r t a Lv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s ;
u t t r a s o u n di m a g es h o w i n gt h e d i v i s i o no f t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n
i n t ot h e m a i nb r a n c h e s ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* A b d o m i nw a Ia [ [
Fancreas

Liver,laparoscopy

Diaphragma

Fundusvesicae
bitiaris

Colontransversum Hepar,Lobusdexter

Omentummajus

, s i c ab i l . i a r i lsf e l l . e a ] ;
F i g .1 O 2 l L i v e r ,H e p a r ,a n d g a t L b t a d d eVr e
l-^--^--^^.,.
LdPor uJLUPy,

o b t i o u ei n f e r i o rv i e wf r o m t h e L e f t

Fundus vesicae biliaris

Lobushepatissinister

Corpus vesicae biliaris

A ; V cystica

Peritoneumparietale

Collum vesicae biliaris

Lobus hepatis dexter

Duodenum, Pars superior

Fundusgastricus

e re,s i c ab i L i a r i sl f e t t e a ]a, n d I i v e r ,H e p a r ;
F i g .1 0 2 8 G a L t b L a d d V
Laparoscopy;
v e n t r a Iv i e w .
 > A b d o m i n avt i s c e r a tt

Gallbtadder
and biLeductsvstem

Lig falciforme
Vesica biliaris

Ductuscysticus Lig hepatoduodenale

Ductushepaticus
communts Duodenum

Ductuscholedochus
Ductushepaticus
dexter Ductushepaticus lbiliarisl
sinister Papilladuodeni major

Collum vesicae biliaris

Ductushepaticus
communrs

Plicae mucosae

Plicaspiralis*

Corpus
vesrcae
biliaris
Ductus
choledochus
lbiliarisl

Fundus vesicae biliaris

Plicae circulares

Noduli lymphoidei
solitarii

Plica longitudinalis (Oriliciumductus

duodeni pancreatici)

Papilladuodeni major ""

F i 9 . 1 0 2 9 G a L l . b L a d dVeer s, i c ab i L i a r i sl f e t L e a ] ,
a n d b i [ ed u c t s y s t e m ;
ventraL view
* C I i n i c at eI r m :H E I S TsEvRa l v e
** Ctinicalterm t u:b e r c loef V A T E R

F i g . 1 0 3 0a - c V a r i a t i o n si n t h e b i L ed u c t s y s t e m :
c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c ucso m m u n i s ,
a n d b i [ ed u c t ,D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u s .
a H i g hu n i o no f t h e c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c u s
c o m m u n i s a, n d t h e c y s t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sc y s t i c u s
b L o w u n i o no f t h e c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c u s
c o m m u n i s a, n d t h e c y s t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sc y s t i c u s
c L o w u n i o na f t e rt h e c y s t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sc y s i i c u sc, r o s s e s
o v e rt h e c o m m o nh e p a t i cd u c t ,D u c t u sh e p a t i c u sc o m m u n i s
Pancreas

Bileduct system,radiography

Ductushepaticus
sinister

Ductushepaticus
dexter

Ductushepaticus
communrs

Ductuscysticus

Vesicabiliaris

Ductuscholedochus
lbiliarisl

Duodenum

F i g . 1 0 3 1 B i t ed u c t s y s t e m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.

DuctusheDaticus
communis
Ductuscysticus,
Plicaspiralis

Collumvesicaebiliaris

Ductuscholedochus
Duodenum lbiliarisl

Corpusvesicaebiliaris

F i g . 1 0 3 2 G a L t b t a d d eVre, s i c ab i I i a r i s[ f e l . t e a ] ,
a n d b i l . ed u c t s y s t e m ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i oonf a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ;
u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n ;
ventraIview.
 > A b d o m i n avI i s c e r a

Pancreas

V cava inferior V gastricasinistra

Pars thoracicaaortae
A hepatica propria
A gastricasinistra
V portae hepatis
Glandula
suprarenalis
Diaphragma

Glandula
suprarenalis A;V splenicailienalisl

Ductushepaticus
communrs
Ductus cysticus

A gastro- Caudapancreatis
duodenalis
Ren Truncus coeliacus
A ; V mesenterica A hepatica
supeflor communrs
(V gastro-
duodenalis) A renalis

Caputpancreatis
V renalis
Duodenum,
Pars descendens

A ;V colica
medta
l\4 suspensorius
A ;V colica duodeni
dextra

Duodenum, Jejunum
Parshorizontalis
M quadratus
lumborum
i

M, psoas major V mesenterica

inferior
A ; V ovarica/testicularis
A mesenterica
inferior
Aa ; W jejunaleset ileales

F i g ,1 0 3 3 R e t r o p e r i t o n e a
oLr g a n sa n d v e s s e t so f t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n ;
ventraLview.

Canalis pyloricus
pyloricus
l\4 sphincter
Corpuspancreatis

Ductuspancreaticus*
Ductus choledochus[biliaris] Cauda pancreatis

Ductus oancreaticusaccessorius'*

Papilladuodeni minor

NI suspensoriusduodeni"***
Ductus choledochus[biliaris]

Incisurapancreatis
Duodenum, Pars descendens

Plica longitudinalisduodeni Flexuraduodenojejunalis

Papilladuodeni maior**r
Duodenum, Pars ascendens

F i g .1 0 3 4 D u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ,
Plicae circulares a n d p a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
Caputpancreatis * C t i n i c at eI r m :d u c to f W T R S U N G
Duodenum.
Parshorizontalis ** Ctinicatterm SA: N T o Rsl Nd ul c t
Proc uncinatus *** CtinicaI term:tubercleof VATER
*+*+ C [ i n i c at eI r m :m u s c l o
e fT R E t T z
 Duodenum.
Parssuoerior
V portaehepatis Ductusheoaticus
communis

Ductuscysticus
V splenica lienalis]
(Sulcusarteriaesplenicae) FlexuraduodenisuDerior
Ductuscholedochus
lbiliaris]
Corpuspancreatis

Ductuspancreaticus

Parsdescendens
Duodenum,
V. mesenterica
superior
Caputpancreatis
A. mesenterica
superior
Proc uncinatus

Flexuraduodeni inferior

F i g .1 0 3 5 D u o d e n u mD, u o d e n u m ,
a n d p a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
dorsaIview. Parshorizontalis
Duodenum,

Ductuscholedochus
lbiliarisl
Ductus
pancreaticus

Pancreas
Papilla
duodeni
mator

F i g . 1 0 3 5a - f V a r i a t i o n isn t h e o p e n i n go f t h e b i t ed u c t , c S h o r tc o m m o np a r t
D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u sa,n d t h e p a n c r e a t i d
cuct, d S e p a r a t eo p e n i n g
D u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c u s . e e p e n i n gw i t h a s e p t u md i v i d i n gt h e c o m m o nd u c t
S i n g l .o
a L o n gc o m m o np a r r f A c c e s s o rdy u c t ,D u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c uasc c e s s o r i u s
b A m p u [ [ a r ye n t a r g e m e nat t t h e t e r m i n a lp a r t

Pancreatocyticus
exocnnus

Insula pancreatica
Acini pancreatici

Ductus excretorius
F i g , 1 0 3 7 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
m i c r o s c o p recn t a r g e m e nat t l o w
m a g n iifc a t i o n .
 > A b d o m i n avt i s c e r a

Pancreas,

Ductuspancreaticus;
Caudapancrealis

Ductushepaticus
communts
Ductuscysticus

Jelunum
Vesicabiliaris

Ductuscholedochus
Ibiliaris]

Duodenum. Pars descendens

Ampulla hepatopancreatica

Ductuspancreaticus

F i g .1 0 3 8 P a n c r e a t i c d u c D t , u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c u s ;
b i [ ed u c t ,D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u sa,n d g a L L b t a d d e r ,
V e s i c ab i L i a r i s[ f e t t e a ] ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pshu; p i n ep o s i t i o na; f t e re n d o s c o p i c
i n t u b a t i o no f t h e c o m m o ne x c r e t o r vd u c t o f t h e l i v e r
a n d t h e p a n c r e a sa, s w e L [a s i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m ;
ventraIview
C t i n i c atLe r m : E R C PI e n d o s c o p irce t r o g r a d ec h o [ a n g i o -
pancreaticographyi.

V portaehepatis,R sinister

Hepar,Lobussinister

Lig teres hepatis A mesenterica

superior
A splenica
Corpuspancreatis
V portaehepatis

Hepar, Lobus
caudatus
Corpuspancreatis
V, splenica
V renalissinistra

V cava inferior

Pars abdominalisaortae Cauda pancreatis

Vertebra
lumbalisI

F i g . 1 0 3 9 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ; o b t i q u ei n f e r i o rv i e w .
u [ t r a s o u n di m a g es h o w i n gt h e p a n c r e a sa n d a d j a c e n t * A b d o m i nw a Ia l L
[ a r g ev e s s e L isn d e e pi n s p i r a t i o n ;
 Pancreas,

Gaster, Caudapancreatis
(Pariesposterio0

Corpuspancreatis

Colontransversum

Flexuracoli dextra

F i g . 1 0 4 0 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ;
t h e g a s t r o c o L li icg a m e n to f t h e g r e a t e ro m e n t u mh a s b e e n
d i s s e c t e dt o e x p o s et h e o m e n t a Ib u r s a ;
photograph t a k e nd u r i n gs u r g e r y .
* D i s s e c t i o[ inn ea t t h eq r e a t eor m e n t u m

M. rectusabdominis
Gaster

Cavitaspleuralis

A splenica

uapur I
A gastricasinistra CorpusI pancreatis
Cauda )
propria
A hepatica

V cava inferior V splenica

Hepar

SplenILien]
Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis,
Crus dextrum

Ren Truncuscoeliacus

Corpus vertebrae
Parsabdominalisaortae
[Aortaabdominalis]

F i g . 1 0 4 1 P a n c r e a sP, a n c r e a s ; i n f e r i o rv l e w .
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nI C T ] ; I n t h i s s u b j e c t t, h e c o e t i a ct r u n k i s [ o c a t e dr e m a r k a b t y[ o w .
* A i r b u b b t ien t h es t o m a c h
 > Abdominalviscera

, 4--\
Margosuperior
V.splenicalienalisl

Facies visceralis.Facies colica

A splenica lienalisl

Facies visceralis,
Hilumsplenicum
Facies gastrica

Lig splenorenale
Lig gastrosplenicum

Extremitasanterior

Facies visceralis,
Facies renalis

Fi1.1012 Spleen,S p t e n ILienJ;

v e n t r o m e d i avIi e w . Margoinferior

Facies diaphragmatica

Extremitas
anterior

Extremitasposterior

F i 9 . 1 0 4 3 S p [ e e nS
, p L e nI L i e n J ;
superolateraIview.

Facies diaphragmatica

Tunica serosa;
Tunica fibrosa

Facies renalis

TrabeculaesDlenicae

Pulpa splenica

V splenica Iienalis]
Fig. 10t+t+Spleen,SpLen[LienJ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e s p [ e n i ch i t u m ; A splenica lienalis] H i l u ms p l e n i c u m Facies gastrica
superomediatview
Pancreas

Gaster
Pancreas

Cavitas
peritonealis
Duodenum

Bursa Bursa
omentalis omentalis

Colon
transversum

Omentummajus Jejunum

aonae

F i g . 1 0 4 5 D e v e l o p m e notf t h e p e r i t o n e acI a v i t yC , avitas Fig. 1016 Devetopmentof the peritoneaIcavity,Cavitas

p e r i t o n e a [ i sa,n d t h e v i s c e r a rLe L a t i o n s h i p s ; peritoneatis;
s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n : s c h e m a t i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n :
Lateratview. S U p e n ovr t e w .

Hepar
Parsthoracicaaortae
Diaphragma
Oesophagus
Lig hepatogastricum

Pancreas

Bursaomentalis

Cavitasperitonealis
Gaster
Mesocolontransversum

Lig gastrocolicum

Colontransversum
Duodenum

Jejunum

Omentummajus
Cavitas peritonealis

Colonsigmoideum

Excavatio vesicouterina Excavatiorectouterina"

Fig. 1017 Devetopmentof the peritoneaL cavity,Cavitas s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n ,

p e r i t o n e a t i sa,n d t h e v i s c e r a rLe L a t i o n s h i posf t h e f e m a L e ; LateraIview.
f i n a Is t a t eo f t h e p e r i t o n e acLa v i t yw i t h a d h e s i o no f t h e T h e o m e n t a Ib u r s ac o r r e s p o n dw s i t h t h e p e r i t o n e acI a v i t yv i a
g r e a t e ro m e n t u mt o t h e t r a n s v e r s ec o l o n ; t h e o m e n t a If o r a m e n .
* C t i n i c at eI r m :p o u c ho f D 0 U G L A S
 > AbdominaIviscera

Greateromentum

Lig. falciforme Lobushepatissinister

Gaster,Curvaturamajor
Parspylorica
Corpusgastricum
Lobushepatisdexter

Lig. teres hepatis

M rectusabdominis

Fundus Lig gastrocolicum

vesicaebiliaris

Colontransversum
M. transversus
abdominis

Taenia omentalis

M transversusabdominis

Omentummajus
M. obliquusinternus
abdominis

M obliquus
externusabdominis
Colonascendens,
Taenialibera

Colonsigmoideum

Peritoneum
parietale

Plica umbilicalislateralis
(A ; V epigastricainferior)
Linea arcuata

Plica umbilicalismedialis
(Chorda arteriae umbilicalis)
Plica umbilicalismediana
(Lig umbilicalemedianum)

F i g . 1 0 4 8 P o s i t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avl i s c e r a S
, i t u sv i s c e r u m ,
a n d g r e a t e ro m e n t u m ,0 m e n t u m m a j u s .
Pancreas S p l e e n Topography Sections

Abdominalvisceraof the neonate

Clavicula

fibrosum
Pericardium
Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis

Pulmosinister,
Pulmodexter, Lobussuperior
Lobussuperior

Pulmodexter,Lobusmedius

Pleura Darietalis.Pars mediastinalis

Pulmodexter,Lobusinferior

Pleuraf Parsmediastinalis Lobusinferior

Pulmosinister,
parietalis
' 1-
\Harsorapnragmatca
Diaphragma Splen[Lien],Extremitas
anteriot

Lobushepatissinister
Lig falciforme

major
Gaster,Curvatura

Colon descendens
Lobus hepatis dexter

Omentummajus

V umbilicalis

Intestinum
tenue

Plica umbilicalislateralis
(A.; V epigastricainferior)
Plica umbilicalismedialis
(A umbilicalis)
Vesica urinaria

Plica umbilicalismediana
(Urachus) Anulus umbilicalis

Lig falciforme V umbilicalis

F i g . 1 0 4 9 P o s i t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avl i s c e r ao f t h e n e o n a t e .
 > A b d o m i n avI i s c e r a

Abdominalviscerain the upperabdomen

Lrg coronanum Diaphragma

Lig falciforme
Lobushepatissinister,
Faciesdiaphragmatica
Lobushepatissinister,
Faciesvisceralis

Lobushepatisdexter,
Faciesdiaphragmatica
Fundus
gastricus
Lobusquadratus
Omentum Appendix
minus, fibrosahepatis
Ltg
hepatogastricum Cardia
Vesica biliaris Recessus
costodiaphrag-
maticus
Omentum minus,
Llq.
hepatoduodenaie Corpusgastricum,
Pariesanterior
Foramen omentale
*
lepiploicuml Splen[Lien]
Lobus hepatis Gaster,Curvaturaminor
dexter, Facies
visceralis Lig gastrosplenicum
Duodenum,
Parssuperior Lig phrenicocolicum
Ren,Extremitas Incisura
angularis
supenor Gaster,Curuatura
major
Pylorus
Omentummajus

Jd- A.: V. gastro-

Flexuracoli dextra Ji omentalis sinistra

A;Vgastricasinistra Colontransversum Mesocolon

transversum
Taeniaomentalis
Omentummajus,Lig gastrocolicum

F i g .1 0 5 0 P o s i t i o o
n f t h e a b d o m i n avIi s c e r ai n t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
* A[so:foramenof WtNSLoW

Gaster,Curvatura
minor Hepar,Lobussinister
Corpusgastricum

Gaster,
Pars pylorica Gaster,Curvaturamajor

Hepar, Lobus
dexter

Vesica biliaris

V gastroomentalis
slnistra,
B omentalis

V gastroomentalis
dextra,Br gastrici
Omentummajus

F i g .1 0 5 1 S t o m a c hG , a s t e ra, n d g r e a t e ro m e n t u m ,O m e n t u mm a j u s ;
photograph t a k e nd u r i n gs u r g e r y ;
ventraLview.
* S u r g i c ad Lr a p e
** SurglcaI retractor
Pan c r e a s

Abdominalviscerain the upperabdomen

Lobus hepatis dexter, Facies diaphragmatica

Lobushepatissinister,Faciesdiaphragmatica

Lig teres hepatis

Recessus
supenorDursae
omentalis
Lobus SplenILien],
quadratus Margosuperior

Plica
gastropancreatica
LOOUS
caudatus
Recessus
sprenrcus

Vesicabiliaris
Corpusgastricum,
Pariesanterior

Omentumminus, Omentumminus,
Lig. hepato- Lig. hepatogastri-
duodenale cum

Mesocolon
Iransversum
Tuber
Corpus omentale Gaster,
pancreatis Facies Curvaturamaior
anrero-
supeflor
Recessusinferior
bursaeomentalis
Flexura coli dextra Omentummajus,Lig.gastrocolicum Gaster.Curvaturaminor

F i g . 1 0 5 2 A b d o m i n a I v i s c e rian t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n ;
parts of the lesser omentum havebeen removedto expose
t h e o m e n t a lb u r s aa n d t h e p a n c r e a s ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m s u p e r i o r .

Lig. gastrocolicum Plica gastropancreatica

Glandula
suprarenalis

Hepar, Lig
Lobus gastrosplenicum
caudatus

Vestibulum
bursae SplenILien],
omentalis Margo
supenor

Lig.hepato-
duodenale A;V
splenica
Pylorus

Hilum
Duodenum, splenicum
Parssuperior
Cauda
pancreatis

Corpus
pancreatis,
Facies
anterosuperior
Taeniaomentalis
Colon
transversum

Colonascendens
Mesocolon
transversum
Taenialibera

Omentummajus,Lig.gastrocolicum A.: V colica media Taenia mesocolica

F i g .1 0 5 3 0 m e n t abt u r s aB , u r s ao m e n t a t i s ;
a f t e rd i s s e c t i oonf t h eg a s t r o c o [[iicg a m e n t ;
o b t i o uvei e wf r o mi n f e r i o r .
 > AbdominaIviscera

Abdominalviscerain thelowerabdomen

Omentummajus

Colontransversum

Taenia libera Appendices

omentales [epiploicae]

Flexuracoli Flexuracolisinistra
dextra

Colon ascendens

Taenia libera

Colon sigmoideum

Sulci paracolici

Plica ileocaecalis

F i g . 1 0 5 4 P o s i t i o no f t h e a b d o m i n avl i s c e r a S
, i t u sv l s c e r u m .
Pancreas

Abdominalviscerain the lowerabdomen

Omentummajus

Taenia omentalis

Fundus vesicae
biliaris Taenia libera

Flexuracolidextra A ; V c o l i c am e d i a

Mesocolon
Lobushepatis transversum
dexter,
Margoinferior
Pancreas

Duodenum,
Pars
horizontalis Jejunum

Taenia libera

Recessus ileocaecales
Radix mesenterii
superior et inlerior

Plicae semilunarescoli
lleum,
Parsterminalis
Sulci paracolici

Plica ileocaecalis lleum

Caecum

Ureter,Parsabdominalis

Mesoappendix

Appendix
vermiformis

F i g . 1 0 5 5 S m a l Li n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mt e n u e ,
a n d [ a r q ei n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m .
 >AbdominaI
viscera

Abdominalviscerain the lowerabdomen

Colontransversum Omentummajus

Taenialibera

A ; V c o l i c am e d i a

Pancreas,
Faciesanteroinferior

Mesenterium

Ureter

Recessus
duodenales
superioret inferior

Ren, Extremitas
inferior

Sulci paracolici

Recessus
intersigmoideus

Mesoappendix

Appendix vermiformis

F i g . 1 0 5 6 S m a t Ii n t e s t i n eI,n t e s t i n u mt e n u e ,
a n d t a r g ei n t e s t i n el,n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m .
Pancreas

Mesenteric
root

Omentummaius Colontransversum

Mesocolon
transversum

Flexura coli dextra

Colon ascendens

Duodenum,
Parsascendens

Duodenum,
Pars
horizontalis

Plica duodenalis
inlerior
Taenia libera

Colon ascendens

lvlesenterium

Recessus ileocaecalis
supenor
Colondescendens

Appendices
omentales
lepiploicael Taenia libera

Recessus
ileocaecalis
interior

Mesoappendix Vesica urinaria Colon

sigmoideum

F i g . 1 0 5 7 M e s e n t e r yM , esenterium,
a n d L a r q ei n t e s t i n eI.n t e s t i n u mc r a s s u m .
 > A b d o m i n avI i s c e r a tt

Mesentericrootand retroperitoneal
space

Plica gastropancreatica Lobus hepatis sinister

Lig, hepatogastricum Ostium cardiacum
Vestibulumbursae omentalis Bursaomentalis
Proc papillaris
Lobuscaudatus, A;V gastricabrevis

Lobus hepatis dexter

Lig falcilorme Lig gastrosplenicum

Lig teres hepatis

Omentum
minus
Caudapancreatis
Fundusvesicaebiliaris Flexuracolisinistra
Lig hepatoduodenale l\4esocolon
transversum
Corpuspancreatis
Lig gastrocolicum
Duodenum,
Parssuperior
Lig. phrenicocolicum
Ren,Extremilas
superior
Flexuracolidextra Omentum majus
Gaster,Parspylorica
Colon transversum

Omentummajus, j
Flexuraduodenojejunalis
Lig gastrocolicum Recessus duodenales
superioret inlerior
Omentummajus

Colonascendens Colon descendens

Colontransversum
Mesenterium
Recessus
ileocaecalis
superior
ileum

Recessus
ileocaecalis
inferior
Colon
sigmoideum
Caecum

Recessus
retrocaecalis Mesocolon
sigmoideum
Appendix vermilormis
Ureter,Pars pelvica

Mesoappendix Ductusdeferens

Excavatiorectovesicalis
Vesicaurinaria

F i g .1 0 5 8 P o s i t i o o n f t h e a b d o m i n a L v i s c eSr ai t,u sv i s c e r u m ,
a n d t h e o m e n t a bI u r s a ,B u r s ao m e n t a L r s
A n a r r o w i n d i c a t e st h e o m e n t a Il e p i p l o i cf]o r a m e n .
FnncneaE

Retroperitoneal

Lig gastrophrenicum Ostiumcardiacum

Plica gastropancreatica Lig coronarium,Lig triangularesinistrum
Recessus
superiorbursaeomentalis Lig gastrophrenicum
W hepaticae Glandula suorarenalis:Bursa omentalis
V cava inferior
A ;V splenica
Foramen omentale [epiploicum]
Diaphragma
Lig gastrosplenicum

Glandula
suprarenalis

Lig coronarium
V portaehepatis;
A hepaticapropria
Ductushepaticus
communts
Ducluscysticus Caudapancreatis

Li9 hepatoduodenale
Ren Mesocolon
transversum
Duodenum, Pars superior
V mesenterica
inferior
Peritoneumparietale

Mesocolontransversum Duodenum,Flexura
duodenojejunalis
A ; V gastroomentalis
dextra
Ren,Extremitas
inferior
Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
Recessus duodenales
Ren, Extremitasinterior superioret inferior
Caput pancreatis Plicaduodenalis
inferior
Duodenum, Pars
A ; V mesenterica
ascendens
supenor
Duodenum, A:Vcolicasinistra
Pars horizontalis
A mesentericainferior
Radix mesenterii
Aa sigmoideae
Plica ileocaecalis
A rectalissuperior
Recessus
ileocaecalis
supenor Becessus
intersigmoideus
Recessus
ileocaecalis Ureler,
inferior Pars pelvica

l\ilesoappendix Mesocolon
sigmoideum

A; V ovarica;
A ;V iliaca
Lig suspensorium
communts
ovaflt
Linea terminalis Ampullatubaeuterinae
Ovarium
Colon sigmoideum
Tubauterina[Salpinx]
Excavatiorectouterina"
Ltg teresuteri"'
Excavatiovesicouterina Pelvis minor
Vesica urinaria,Fundus vesicae Fundusuteri

F i g . 1 0 5 9 P o s t e r i ow r a L Lo f t h e p e r i t o n e acLa v i t y C
, avitas
p e r i t o n e a L iasn, d s p l e e n S , p L e nI L i e n Jo, f t h e f e m a L e
S i t e so f a t t a c h m e n ot f t h e a s c e n d i n ga n d d e s c e n d i n cg o L o n
a r e i n d i c a t e d[ * ]
* C l i n i c at eI r m :p o u c ho f D 0 U G L A S
* +C t i n i c at eI r m :r o u n d[ i g a m e n t
 > Abdominalviscera

Abdomi naI arteri es, overview

ParsabdominalisaortaelAortaabdominalis]
Truncuscoeliacus
B oesophagealis
A. splenicailienalisl
A. hepatica
communis
A gastricasinistra

A. cystica
A. gastroomentalis
A hepaticapropria sinistra
A. gastricadextra

A. pancreaticamagna
A. gastroduodenalis
A. caudaepancreatis
(A supraduodenalis)
A gastroomentalis
dextra
A. pancreatico-
duodenalis
superior A pancreaticadorsalis
posleflor

A prepancreatica

A mesenterica
supenor
A pancreatico-
duodenalis inferior

A. marginalis
coli

A colica media

A. colica dextra

A ileocolica

Aa. sigmoideae

Aa jejunales
A. rectalissuoerior

A. appendicularis A. rectalisinferior

F i g . 1 0 6 0 A r t e r i e so f t h e a b d o m i n avI i s c e r a ;
comi-<nhom:tin.

p o s s i b t ea n a s t o m o s eas r e i n d i c a t e d[ O ] .
 V gastricadextra

W hepaticae V. cavainlerior

V gastricasinistra

W gastricaebreves

V portaehepatis, V splenica
R dexter ilienalisl

V. cystica
V. oastroomentalis
V. portaehepatis
lgaltroepiploicalsinistra

V splenicailienalisl

V. mesenterica
supenor

inferiot
V. mesenterica

(Vv duodenales) (V marginalis

coli)

V pancreatico-
duodenalis
superior
posterior

V colicasinistra
V colicamedia

V colica dextra

V ileocolica

W. rectalesmediae

W. rectalesinferiores

V. appendicularis W jejunales

, .p o r t a eh e p a t i s ,
F i g .1 0 6 1 H e p a t ipc o r t avI e i nV
w i t ht r i b u t a r i e s ;
semi-schematic.
 > AbdominaIviscera

Coeliactrunk

Lobushepatissinister A splenicalienalisl
Lig.tereshepatis
DuctusheDaticus
communis A gastricasinistra
A hepaticapropria Truncuscoeliacus
Truncuscoeliacus A hepaticacommunis

A gastricasinistra A hepaticapropria
Vesica biliaris
A gastroduodenalis
Gaster
A. cystica
A gastricadextra
Splen ILien]
Ductus
cysticus A hepatica
communrs
V portaehepatis
A gastro-
Ductuscholedochus A splenica A pancreaticoduodenalis omentalis
lbitiarisl superiorposterior sinistra
A gastroomentalis
dextra
A gastrica dextra A gastroomentalis
sinlstra
Duodenum
-s0% A mesenterica
superior
A gastroduodenalis
a A gastroomentalis dextra

mesenterica
supeflor
A hepatica
propna, A hepatica
R dexter communrs

_10 -3%

- 3fo - 12Yo
d e

A gastrica
posterior

7To
t

F i 9 . 1 0 6 2a - f V a r i a b i L i o t yf t h e a r t e r i a tb L o o ds u p p l . oy f t h e L i v e r .
a "Textbookcase"
b T h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c a superior,
p a r t i c i p a t eisn t h e s u p p [ yo f t h e r i g h t [ o b eo f t h e L i v e r .
c T h e c o m m o nh e p a t i ca r t e r y ,A . h e p a t i c ac o m m u n i s a, r i s e sf r o m
t h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c a superior.
d T h e t e f t [ o b eo f t h e l i v e ri s s u p p l . i e bd y t h e l e f t g a s t r i ca r t e r y ,
A . g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a .
e A b r a n c ho f t h e L e f tg a s t r i ca r t e r y ,A g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a s, u p p t i e s
t h e L e f t[ o b eo f t h e I i v e ra t o n gw i t h t h e t e f t b r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i c
a r t e r yp r o p e r ,A . h e p a t i c ap r o p r i a .
f An accessorb y r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r yp r o p e r ,
A . h e p a t i c ap r o p r i a s, u p p t i e st h e l e s s e rc u r v a t u r eo f t h e s t o m a c h .
F i g . 1 0 6 3a - e V a r i a b i t i toy f t h e a r t e r i a Ib L o o ds u p p l . y
of the stomach.
a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,c t o s e da r t e r i a Ia r c a d es u p p L y i n g
b o t ht h e l e s s e ra n d t h e g r e a t e rc u r v a t u r e
b T h e t e f tg a s t r i ca r t e r y ,A . g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a ,
p a r t i c i p a t eisn t h e s u p p [ yo f t h e L e f t[ o b eo f t h e L i v e r .
c A n a s t o m o s ibs e t w e e nt h e r i g h ta n d l e f t g a s t r o - o m e n t a I
a r t e r i e sA, a . g a s t r o o m e n t a t edse x t r ae t s i n i s t r a ,
at the greater curvature
d A b s e n c eo f a n a n a s t o m o s i b s e t w e e nt h e r i g h t a n d
l e f t g a s t r o - o m e n t aaLr t e r i e s A
, a .g a s t r o o m e n t a L e s
d e x t r ae t s i n i s t r a a, t t h e g r e a t e rc u r v a t u r e
e An accessoryposteriorgastricartery,A. gastrica
p o s t e r i o ra, r i s i n gf r o m t h e s p t e n i ca r t e r y ,A . s p t e n i c a ,
s u p p t i e st h e p o s t e r i o w r a t [o f t h e s t o m a c h .
Pancreas

Arteriesof the upperabdomen,radiography

A hepatica propria A gastricasinistra

A. hepaticacommunis
Truncuscoeliacus
A gastroduodenalis
A. splenica

A. gastroomentalis
sinistra

Pelvisrenalis

Uretersinister

F i g . 1 0 6 4 A r t e r i e so f t h e s t o m a c h ,G a s t e r t; h e s p L e e n , o f t h e r e n a tp e l v i sd u e t o t h e r e n a te x c r e t i o no f t h e m e d i u m ;
S p t e nI L i e n l ,a n d t h e I i v e r ,H e p a r ; ventraIview.
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e rs e t e c t i v e t e d i u mi n t o
i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s m * Catheter [oopin theaorta
t h e c o e t i a ct r u n k I c o e [ i a c o g r a p hwyi)t h c o n c o m i t a nvti s u a t i z a t i o n ** Catheter in theaorta

A hepaticapropria,
Aa segmenti
anterioriset posterioris

A hepaticapropria,R dexter
communis
A. hepatica

A gastroduodenalis

A pancreaticoduodenalis
superiorposterior A. gastroomentalis
dextra
A pancreaticoduodenalis A pancreaticadorsalis
superioranterior
A. pancreatica
inferior

* B r a n c h e st o t h e t e f t t o b eo f t h e t i v e r r e p t a c i n ga s i n g L eL e f tb r a n c h
F i g . 1 0 6 5 C o m m o nh e p a t i ca r t e r y ,A . h e p a t i c ac o m m u n i s ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e rs e t e c t i v ei n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m o f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r y P r o P e r
* * A n a c c e s s o r yb r a n c ho f t h e h e p a t i ca r t e r y t o t h e l e s s e rc u r v a t u r e
i n t ot h e c o m m o nh e p a t i ca r t e r y ;
of the stomach
ventraIview. * + * C a t h e t e ri n t h e a o r t a
 > AbdominaIviscera

Vesselsof the upperabdomen

Lobuscaudatus Lobushepatissinister
Lig teres hepatis
a Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis

V cava inferior o a A gastricasinistra

a Truncus
coeliacus

Vesica biliaris a A phrenica

inferior

Lobushepatis a Parsabdominalis
dexter; aortae
Lobus
9uqur drur

A;VcysticaOo a A. splenica

A hepaticao
propna
SplenILien]
V portaea
hepatis

Ductus a V gastricasinistra
choledochus
lbiliarisl
A gastroduodenalisa
OaA;V
gastroomentalis
A hepatica a sinistra
communrs

Omentummajus
A gastrica dextra a

Pancreas
V prepyloricaO

A;vaa
gastroomentalis
dextra

a O Rr omentales

F i g . 1 0 6 6 V e s s e l so f t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n .
Pancreas

Vesselsof the upperabdomen

A hepatica
communis
a a Truncuscoeliacus
O A gastricasinistra
V cavainferioro
a o A.;V gastroomentalis
sinistra
O A phrenica
inferior

a A gastrica
brevis

aaA;V
splenica

a a Rr sDlenici

A;Vgastro-aa
omentalis
dextra

A gastro-a
duodenalis
Corpus
V portaehepatisa pancreatis

A pancreatico-a
duodenalis a A pancreatico-
superioranterior duodenalis
inferior
Caputpancreatis
a A mesenterica
V mesenterica
O supeflor
supeflor

Proc uncinatus

Lig gastrocolicum

a A. epigastrica
inferior

F i g . 1 0 6 7 V e s s e Losf t h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
 > A b d o m i n avl i s c e r a

Superior m esenteric artery

A colica media

A mesenterica
superior

a jejunales

Aa ileales
A. ileocolica

A mesentericainlerior
A caecalis posterior

A appendicularis

200k 1 0% o 6%o

F i g . ' 1 0 6 8a - d V a r i a b i t i toyf t h e b r a n c h e so f t h e s u p e r i o r T h e i t e o c o I ia c r t e r y ,A i t e o c o I i c aa,n d t h e r i g h t c o t i ca r t e r y ,

m e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c a
s u p e r i o r s, u p p l . y i ntgh e l a r g e A . c o L i c ad e x t r a ,f o r m a c o m m o nt r u n k
i n t e s tni e 0 n L yt w o b r a n c h e sa r i s ef r o m t h e m e s e n t e r i ca r t e r yw h i t e
a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,t h e a s c e n d i n ga n d t h e t r a n s v e r s ec o L o n , t h e r i g h t c o t i ca r t e r y ,A . c o t i c ad e x t r a ,i s a b s e n t
C o t o na s c e n d e n se t t r a n s v e r s u ma, r e s u p p l . i e bd y t h r e e D u p t i c a t i oonf t h e r i g h t c o t i ca r t e r y ,A . c o t i c ad e x t r a
Drancnes

A mesenterica
superior

Aa jejunaies
A colica dextra

Aa. ileales

F i g .1 0 6 9 S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y A , . m e s e n t e r i c sau p e r i o r ; * C a t h e t e ri n t h e a o r t a
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mi n t ot h e * * C a t h e t e irn t h e c o m m o ni I i a ca r t e r y
o r i g i no f t h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
Fancreas

Vessels

Mesocolontransversum coli
a A marginalis
V mesentericasuperior a superior
a A mesenterica
A colica media a aaA;Vcolicasinistra

a Aa jejunales

Flexura coli
dextra JeJunum

Flexura duodeni
inferior
a W jejunales

A ;V colica
dextra
a A ileocolica

Aa ileales a

W i l e a l e sa

A ; V epigastrica
inferioro a Caecum Appendix vermiformis Colon sigmoideum

F i g , 1 0 7 0 S u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r ya n d v e i n ,A . e t V m e s e n t e r i c sa u p e r i o r .
T h e a r t e r i e ss u p p L y i ntgh e s m a t Li n t e s t i n ef o r m a s e r i e so f a r c a d e s .
 Liven

Inferior m esenteric arterv

A colicamedia

A marginalis
coli

A mesenterica
superior

A mesenterica
inferior A colica sinistra

Aa sigmoideae
A rectalissuperior

F i 9 . 1 0 7 1a - c V a r i a t i o ni sn t h e b r a n c h e o s f t h ei n f e r r o r b A n a c c e s s o r ym i d d t ec o t i ca r t e r y ,A . c o t i c am e d i a ,a n s e s
m e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r . f r o m t h e i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r ,
a T h e i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r , c An accessorm y i d d t ec o I i ca r t e r y ,A . c o I i c am e d i a ,a r i s e s
d i v i d e si n t o t h r e e p a r t ss u p p t y i n gt h e d e s c e n d i n agn d f r o m t h e L e f tc o l i ca r t e r y ,A . c o L i c a
sinistra.
s i g m o i dc o l o n ,a s w e [ La s t h e r e c t u m * CtinicaIterm SU : DECK p o' si n t

V mesentericainferior
A ascendens

V colica sinistra

A marginaliscoli

Crista iliaca
Aa sigmoideae

Articulatiosacroiliaca

A rectalissuperior

F i g . 1 0 7 2 I n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r s e t e c t i v ei n l e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mi n t o
t h e o r i g i no f t h e i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
* C a t h e t ei nr t h ea o r t a
Fancreas

Vesselsof the lowerabdomen

A pancreaticoduodenalisinferiora superior
a A mesenterica

Flexura V mesentericaa a V splenica

duodenoieiunalis supenor

Pancreas

a V mesenterica
inferior

a A mesenterica
inferior

aA colicasinistra

A a ; V va o
jejunales

a OAa;W
sigmoideae

aoA;Vrectalis
supenor

Radix mesenterii

Colon
sigmoideum

A sacralismedianaa

F i g . 1 0 7 3 I n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r ya n d v e i n ,
A . e t V m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r .
 >Abdominat
viscera

Coeliactrunk

Truncuscoeliacus

Pars thoracicaaortae

A mesenterica
superior

Parsabdominalisaortae

Discusinteruertebralis

Vertebra
lumbalisI
Discusintervertebralis

F i g , 1 0 7 1 A b d o m i n aaI o r t a ,P a r sa b d o m i n a t i as o r t a e w , i t h t h e c o e l i a ct r u n k ,
T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u sa, n d t h e s u p e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y ,A . m e s e n t e r i c sa u p e n o r ;
u l t r a s o u n di m a g e ;a L m o s itn t h e s a g i t t a p
I lane.
* A b d o m l nw a Ia t L

Truncuscoeliacus

A gastricasinistra
A hepatica communis
A splenica
A pancreaticoduodenalis
A. mesenterica
superior superior posterior

1 0Y o

F i g . 1 0 7 5a - e V a r i a b i L i o t yf t h e c o e I i a ct r u n k , d D e v e t o p m e notf a g a s t r o s p [ e n it cr u n k ,T r u n c u s
T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u s . g a s t r o s p L ei cnu s
a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,d i v i s i o no f t h e t r u n k i n t ot h r e e b r a n c h e s D e v e [ o p m e notf a g a s t r o s p t e n it cr u n k ,T r u n c u s
b D i v i s i o no f t h e t r u n k i n t of o u r b r a n c h e s g a s t r o s p t e n i c uasn, d a h e p a t o m e s e n t e rtircu n k ,
c D e v e L o p m eo n ft a h e p a t o s p [ e n ti cr u n k ,T r u n c u s T r u n c u sh e p a t o m e s e n t e r i c u s
hepatospLe i cnu s
Pancreas

space
Vesselsof the retroperitoneal

A heoaticacommunis a Hiatusaorticus
Vv hepaticaea Hiatus oesophageus
V cava inferiora a a A ; V gastricasinistra
A hepatica propria a
Gaster,Parscardiaca
V portae hepatis O
O Truncuscoeliacus
Pars costalis S
diaphragmatis Glandula
suprarenalis
Glandula
suprarenalts oaA;Vsplenica

Ductushepaticus
communrs Caudapancreatis

Ductuscysticus
a V mesenterica
Ductuscholedochus inferior
lbiliarisl
Rendexter aoA;Vmesenterica
supenor
Duodenum, Pars
superior,
Ampulla Jelunum

Duodenum,
Pars Rensinister
oescen0ens

Caputpancreatis,
Proc uncinatus

Duodenum, a Parsabdominalis
Parshorizontalis aortae
N iliohypogastricus
{
aA colicasinistra
N i l i o i n g u i n a l i,s
o Bifurcatioaortae
V cava inferior a
O O A ; V l u m b a l i sl V
A;V testicularisaa
aoA;Vmesenterica
inferior
N cutaneus
femoris
lateralis
ooA;Vsacralis
mediana
([/ psoas mino0, Q
Tendo a A rectalissuperior

A;Viliacaao
communrs
Mesocolon
N femoralis.:
sigmoideum

Fascia iliaca

A ; V c i r c u m f l e x aO a
i l i u mp r o f u n d a

A;V iliacaexlernaaO
a a Aa ;W sigmoideae
Ductusdelerens
A ; V epigastrica
inferiorO a
parietale
Peritoneum

F i g . 1 0 7 6 V e s s e t so f t h e r e t r o p e r i t o n e as L
pace,
S i t u sr e t r o p e r i t o n e a Loi sf t, h e m a t e .
 > AbdominaIviscera

Hepaticportal vein,overview

Oesophagus W oesophageae

V cava inferior

W hepaticae

V gastricasinistra V splenicaIienalisl

V portaehepatis
W gastricaebreves

V gastricadextra

SplenILien]

V cystica

V oastroomentalis
sinistra
Vesica biliaris[fellea]

V mesentericasuperior V mesenterica
inferior

V gastroomentalis
dextra

V colica media
Vv pancreaticoduodenales

V colica sinistra
Colonascendens

V colicadextra

W jejunales;
W ileales

V ileocolica
Colon descendens

V appendicularis

F i g . 1 0 7 7 H e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
 PortocavaI anastomoses

V. hemiazygos

(Plexusvenosussubmucosus)

V phrenicainferior

V. hepatica

(R.oesophagealis)

V gastricasinistra

V portaehepatis

V splenicailienalisl

V. renalissinistra

V mesenterica
supenor V lumbalis
ascendens

V mesenterica
inferior

V paraumbilicalis

V. cavainterior
V colicasinistra
V epigastrica
superficialis

V iliacacommunis

V sigmoidea

V epigastrica
inferior V rectalissuperior

V iliaca interna

Vv rectalesinteriores

F i g . 1 0 7 8 H e p a t i cp o r t a Lv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s ,
and inferiorvena cava,V. cavainferior;
semi-schematic;
t r i b u t a r i e so f t h e i n f e r i o rv e n ac a v ai n b t u e ;
t r i b u t a r i e so f t h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i ni n p u r p t e ;
p o t e n t i apI o r t o c a v aaIn a s t o m o s eas r e i n d i c a t e d
bvcirctes.
 > Petvicviscera U r i n a n yb l a d d e r
and retroperitoneaI
space
Kidney

Margosuperior Capsulaadiposa

Aa suprarenales Capsula fibrosa

supenores

I\4argomedialis

Aa suprarenales
mediae

Glandula
suprarenalis

V suprarenalis

A suprarenalis
interior

A renalis,B posterior Margo

lateralis

V renalis

Hilum renale

A renalis,R anterior
Pelvis renalis

V,teslicularis/ovarica
sinistra

F i g . 1 0 7 9 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s aJ n
, d
s u p r a r e n agIL a n dG, L a n d u L
suap r a r e n a L i s ;
v e n t r a tv i e w I t e f t l .

Aa suprarenalessuperiores

Margosuperior
Glandula
suprarenalis
Glandula suorarenalis.Hilum

Capsulaadiposa Aa suprarenalesmediae

Capsula fibrosa W suprarenales

Margo medialis

A suprarenalis
inferior

Margo medialis

A renalis

V renalis

F i g . 1 0 8 0 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s al ,n d
s u p r a r e n agI t a n d ,G [ a n d u t a
suprarenalis;
ventraL v i e w{ r i g h t l .
Genitatia

Cortexrenalis
F i g . 1 0 8 1 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
o b L i q ua e n d v e r t i c a Ih e m i s e c t i o n
Papillaerenales
lMedullarenalis,
d i s p t a y i n tgh e r e n a Ic o r t e x ,t h e m e d u t [ a
Pyramides renales a n dt h e p e t v i s ;
(Basispyramidis) ventraL v i e w( t e f t J .
Arrows point from the pyramidsto the
calyces.
Cortexrenalis
Calyxrenalismajor

Sinusrenalis Columnae
renales

Pelvisrenalis

Calyx renalis major

Medulla
Calices renales minores renalrs

Costa Xl
Costaxll
Ren sinister Ren dexter

Crista iliaca

Spina iliaca
posterior
supeflor
Medulla renalis,
Pyramides renales
Cortexrenalis

(Basispyramidis)
Fig. 1082 Projectionof the kidneys
Capsula
fibrosa o n t ot h e b a c k .
Cortexrenalis

Columnarenalis
Areacribrosa,
Foraminapapillaria
Aa interlobares

A renalis

V renalis Sinusrenalis;Corpus
Pelvis renalis

Sinusrenalis;
adiposum

renales
Columnae

F i g . 1 0 8 3 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
o b t i q u ae n dv e r t i c ahI e m i s e c t i o n ;
A arcuata ventraIviewIteftl.
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
space
andretroperitoneaI
Kidney,structure

n Capsulalibrosa
Cortexrenalis

l\4edullarenalis

Aa. interlobares

renales
Pyramides

Papilla renalis

Calyxrenalisminor

F i g . 1 0 8 4 K i d n e yR , e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e r e n a Is i n u s ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w I l . e f t ] .

Polusurinarius

Corpusculum
renale

Tubulusproximalis
Tubulusdistalis

F i g . 1 0 8 5 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
m i c r o s c o o i sc e c t i o no f t h e c o r t e xt 1 0 0 x J .
Genita[ia

Glandula
suprarenalis

Glandula
suprarenalis

V cavainferior

V renalis
Ren

M. psoasmaior
Pars abdominalis aortae

Ren
Ureter
Ureter
Promontorium

Epididymis M. psoasmajor

Testis Urachus

A. umbilicalis
A umbilicalis

Vesicaurinaria

F i g . 1 0 8 6 K i d n e yR , e n[ N e p h r o s la, n d
t h e s u p r a r e n agl .L a n dG
, t a n d u t as u p r a r e n a t i s ,
o f a - 5 - m o n t h - o t df o e t u s

F i g . 1 0 8 7 K i d n e yR , e nl N e p h r o s l ;
dorsaIview.
T h e l o w e rp o t e so f b o t h k i d n e y sa r e f u s e d
( = h o r s e s h o ek i d n e v ) .
 Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneaI
space
Renalpelvisand calyces

F i g . 1 0 8 8a , b R e n a Lp e L v i sP, e t v i sr e n a t i s ;
enrrncinn e:ctc.
v e n t r a Iv i e w I L e f t ]
a D e n d r i t i ct y p e
b A m p u l t a rt y p e

Vertebra
thoracicaXll

Papilla
renalis

Colon
ascendens Pelvis
renalis

Calyx renalis Calyxrenalis

malor mtnor

Papilla
renails
Rensinister,
Extremitas
inferior
Colon
M psoas descendens
maJor

F i g . 1 0 8 9 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
r e n a Lp e L v i sP, e [ v i sr e n a t i sa, n d u r e t e r ,U r e t e r ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r r e t r o g r a d ei n j e c t i o no f a
c o n t r a s tm e d i u mv i a b o t h u r e t e r s
GenitaIia

Segmentum
anterius Segmentum
superius
supeflus

A. renalis

V-renalis
Segmentum
anteriusinferius

Segmentum
inferius

F i g .1 0 9 0a , b R e n asl e g m e n t s , a VentraIview Irightl

S e g m e n trae n a [ i a . b D o r s a Iv i e w ( r i g h t l

Truncuscoeliacus A. mesenterica
suoerior
Parsabdominalisaortae
V suprarenalis
sinistra

V. cava inferior
A renalissinistra

A renalis
dextra

V. renalis
sinistra

V renalis
dextra

Uretersinister

V testicularis/ovarica
sinistra
Ureterdexter V. testicularis/ovarica
dextra

F i g . 1 0 9 1 K i d n e yR, e n ;
areasof contactwith adjacentorgans;
ventraIview.

Areasof contactof the kidneys

I Glandulaesuprarenales Colon,Flexuradextra SplenILienl

I Hepar
il Jejunum Pancreas

I Duodenum,
Parsdescendens
I Gaster Colondescendens
 > Pelvicviscera [-.$nirientrr
b[ndder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Kidney,imaging

Ben, Facies anterior

lvledullarenalis,Pyramis renalis

Pelvis renalis
Extremitas
superior

Diaphragma
Extremitasinferior

pararenale
Corpusadiposum l\4 psoasmajor
Cortex renalis

Ren, Facies posterior

F i g . 1 0 9 2 K i d n e yR , e n[ N e p h r o s J ;
u t t r a s o u n idm a g e ;
t h e t r a n s d u c e ri s d i r e c t e df r o m v e n t r o i n f e r i ot ro d o r s o s u p e r i o r ;
Lateratview Iright).
* A b d o m i nw a La [ [

Hepar, Lobus dexter

V cava inferior

Cutis Pars abdominalis

aortae
Ren

V renalisdextra
abdominales

Corpus vertebrae

Ben, Capsula adiposa

Fascia renalis

Proc spinosus
Costa Xll

F i g . 1 0 9 3 K i d n e yR, e n[ N e p h r o s l ;
p u n c t u r eo f t h e r i g h t k i d n e y ;
computed t o m o g r a p h iccr o s s - s e c t i oI C
n T];
i n f e r i o rv i e w
* G u i d a n coef a n e e d tfeo r k i d n e b yiopsy
GenitaIia

Suprarenalgland

A. phrenicainferior

Aa suprarenales
mediae
A. suprarenalis
inferior
A. renalis
Aorta
abdominalis
Faciesanterior
a - 34o/o b - 260/o

V.suprarenalis
sinistra

c -33% d

F i g .1 0 9 4 S u p r a r e ngatIa n o , F i g . 1 0 9 5a - d V a r i a b i t i toyf t h e s u p r a r e n aaI r t e r i e s A

, a .s u p r a r e n a [ e s ,
G [ a n d u [sau p r a r e n a l i s ; a n d c o u r s eo f t h e s u p r a r e n avt e i n s ,V v .s u p r a r e n a [ e s .
v e n t r avI i e wI r i g h t ) . a ArteriaI supptyby three arteries ("textbookcase"]
b Arterial supplywithout a branchfrom the renaI artery,A. renatis
c A r t e r i a ls u p p l yw i t h o u ta d i r e c tb r a n c hf r o m t h e a o r t a ,A o r t a
d Courseof the suprarenalveins,Vv.suprarenates

V centralis

F i g . 1 0 9 6 S u p r a r e n agI t a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u p r a r e n a t i s ; F i g . 1 0 9 7 S u p r a r e n agI t a n d ,G l a n d u [ as u p r a r e n a l i s ;
crditf2l confinn.
m i c r o s c o p i ec n [ a r g e m e nat t l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n .
t a t e r avl i. e wl r i g h t ) .
 > Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneat
space
Urinarybladder

Lig umbilicalemedianum

Apex vesicae

Tunicamuscularis

Tunicamucosa

(Plicaemucosae)

Trigonum
vesicae

Uvula vesicae internum

Ostiumurethrae

Prostata
-
Cristaurethralis
I Ductuliprostatici
Urethramasculina,
J
Parsprostatica
I Sinusprostaticus
\ Colliculus
seminalis
prostaticus
Utriculus
Ductusdeferentes,Ductusejaculatorii

F i g . 1 0 9 8 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
p r o s t a t eP
, r o s t a t aa, n d u r e t h r a ,U r e t h r a ;
venlratvtew.

Peritoneum
parietale

Vesica
unnana
Peritoneum
parietale

Vesica
unnafla Excavatio
rectovesicalis
Symphysis
pubrca
Excavatio
rectovesicalis

Prostata

F i g . 1 0 9 9 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV
, e s i c au r i n a r i a , F i g . 1 1 0 0 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a f, i I t e d .
a [ m o s tc o m p l e t e Lvyo i d e d I n t h i s s i t u a t i o nt,h e b t a d d e rc a n b e p u n c t u r e df r o m
j u s t a b o v et h e p u b i cb o n ew i t h o u tp a s s i n gt h r o u g ht h e
peritoneaIcavity.
* P u n c t u rnee e d [ e
Genita[ia

Urinarybladder,ductusdeferensandseminalvesicle

Apex vesicae Lig umbilicalemedianum

Corpusvesicae,
Tunicamuscularis

Ductusdeferens

AmDullaductus deferentis
Ampullaductusdeferentis,
Diverticula
ampullae

Glandula
vesiculosa Glandula vesiculosa

Prostata. Facies Dosterior

F i 9 . 1 1 0 1 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a d
; u c t u sd e f e r e n t e s ,
D u c t u sd e f e r e n t e ss;e m i n a Iv e s i c L e sG, L a n d u t avee s i c u L o s a e ,
and prostate,Prostata;
d o r s a Iv i e w .

Corpus
vestcae vesrcae
Plica
interureterica Plica
interureterica

Ostium
ureteris

Ostium
ureteris
Trigonum
Trigonum vestcae
vestcae

F i 9 . 1 1 0 2a , b U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
e n d o s c o p ivci e wo f t h e o p e n i n go f t h e u r e t e r
IcystoscopyJ.
a O p e no s t i u mo f t h e u r e t e rw i t h a p e r i s t a t t i c
w a v et r a n s p o r t r n u
g r i n ei n t o t h e b l a d d e r
b C l o s e do s t i u mo f t h e u r e t e r

F i g . 1 1 0 3 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV
, e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
e n d o s c o p ivci e wo f t h e m u c o s ai n t h e b o d yo f
t h e b L a d d eIrc y s t o s c o p;y l
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
 Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Maleurinaryandgenitalorgans,overview

Pelvis renalis

(lnfundibulum
ductusparamesonephrici)**

Epididymis
Testislorchisl

(Paradidymis)

-i
Ductusmesoneohricus*

testis
Gubernaculum

DuctusDaramesoneohricus**

Ureier
Urachus
Ductusdeferens
Vesicaurinaria
Glandula
vesiculosa prostaticus
Ulriculus

Ductusejaculatorius
Corpora cavernosa penis

Glandula
bulbourethralis

Ductusglandulae
bulbourethralis

penis
Corpusspongiosum
(Paradidymis)

Caput epididymidis

Glanspenis

(Ductulus
aberransinferior)
Appendix
testis
Cauda epididymidis Testis[Orchis]

F i g . 1 1 0 4 M a t eu r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a L organs; E p i d i d y m i s = g e n i t a Ip a r t o f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s ;
0 r g a n au r o g e n i t a I i ma ascutina; Paradidymi= s r e m n a n t so f t u b u l e so f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s
d i a g r a mo f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t h : e p a r t st h a t d e g e n e r a t e are ' W o L F F i a nd u c t
d i s p L a y eidn p a t ep i n k ,a n d t h e p o s i t i o no f t h e t e s t i sp r i o r t o i t s * * M U L L E R i a nd u c t
+ * * J u n c t i o n o f t h e M U L L E R i adnu c t s .
d e s c e n ti s i n d i c a t e db y t h e d a s h e d[ i n e ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t Ductus oaramesoneohric
F e m a t eg e n i t a t i a

Fascia cremasterica;
M cremaster

Fascia spermaticainterna

Tunica vaginalistestis,
Lamina parietalis Caput
epididymidis
Funiculus
testis
Appendix spermaticus
Lig epididymidis (Appendix
supenus epididymidis)

Extremitas testis
lvlediastinum
Sinus
epididymidis supenor

Facies lateralis
Margo
POSteriOr

Lig epididymidis
inferius

Cauda epididymidis

inferior
Extremitas

F i 9 .1 1 0 5 T e s t i sT, e s t i [s0 r c h i s ]a, n d F i 9 . 1 1 0 6 T e s t i sT, e s t i s[ 0 r c h i s ]a,n d

e p i d i d y m iEs p
, ididymis; e p i d i d y m iEs p
, ididymis;
viewed f r o mt h er i g h t viewed f r o mt h er i g h t .

A ; V testicularis

Plexuspampiniformis

Caputepididymidis

Fig.11O7 BLoodvessetsof the testis,Testis'

t h e e p i d i d y m i sE, p i d i d y m i sa,n d t h e s p e r m a t i cc o r d ,
Funicutusoermaticus;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Testisand epididymis

Plexuspampiniformis A testicularis

Ductuliefferentestestis

Caputepididymidis Tunica albuginea

Ductusdeferens

Lobulitestis

Corpusepididymidis

Septulatestis

(Ductulus
abetransinferior)

Cauda epididymidis

F i 9 .1 1 0 8 T e s t i sT, e s t i se; p i d i d y m iEs p

, ididymis,
a n dd u c t u sd e f e r e nlsv a sd e f e r e n sD) ,u c t u sd e f e r e n s ;
[ateraIview.

Septumscroti
Raphe scroti

Lamina visceralist
Tunica vaginalistestis

Lamina parietalis** Lobulitestis

Fascia spermaticainterna

M cremaster
Septulatestis
Fasciacremasterica

Fasciaspermatica
externa
Tunicadartos (Cavumserosumscroti)

Mediastinum
testis
Tunicadartos
Sinus epididymidis

Corpus epididymidis Corpusepididymidis

Ductusdeferens
A testicularis
Plexuspampiniformis
Ductusdeferens

F i 9 . 1 1 0 9 T e s t i sT, e s t i s e; p i d i d y m i sE, p i d i d y m i s ,
a n d s c r o t u m ,S c r o t u m ;
supeflorvrew.
* A[so:Epiorchium
* * A t s oP: eriorchium
 G en i t a t i a
Femategenitatia
Ductusdeferensandseminalvesicle

Ductusdelerens

Glandula vesiculosa vesiculosa

Glandula

Amoullaductusdeferentis

Lobusprostataemedius
Lobusorostataedexter

Lobusorostataesinister

Basisprostatae Urethramasculina

F i g .111 0 D u c t u sd e f e r e n t eD s ,u c t u sd e f e r e n t esse, m i n avIe s i c t e s ,

G [ a n d u t av e s i c u t o s aaen,dp r o s t a t eP,r o s t a t a ;
supeflorvtew

Ductusdeferens
Glandula vesiculosa

Ampullaductusdeferentis

F i g ,1 1 1 1 D u c t u sd e f e r e n t eD s ,u c t u s d e f e r e n t e s , T h o u g ht h i s t e c h n i q u ed e m o n s t r a t e s i z ea n d p o s i t i o n
a n ds e m i n avIe s i c l e sG, t a n d u l avee s i c u t o s a e ; u n d e rc l i n i c a l
o f t h e s e m i n a lv e s i c l e si,t i s n o m o r e a p p L i e d
A P - r a d i o g r aapfht e ri n j e c t i oonf a c o n t r a smt e d i u mv t a c i r c um s t an c e s .
t h ee j a c u t a t odr yu c t s ;
ventraIview.

Fundus vesicae Ductusdeferens

Ostiumureteris vesiculosa
Glandula
Trigonumvesicae

internum
Ostiumurethrae Ampullaductusdeferentis

Urethramasculina.Parsorostatica Cervix vesicae

Prostata Prostata

Parsintermedia
Urethramasculina, Ductuseiaculatorius
Imembranacea]

F i g . 1 1 1 2 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;p r o s t a t eP
, rostata;
d u c t u sd e f e r e n s( v a sd e f e r e n s JD, u c t u sd e f e r e n sa, n d s e m i n a Iv e s i c [ eG vesicutosa;
, tanduta
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i q h t .
 Pelvicviscera U r i n a r yb t a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
UrinarybLadder
andmalegenitalia

Lig umbilicalemedianum
Plica umbilicalismediana

Vesicaurinaria Peritoneumparietale
Chorda arleriae umbilicalis
A ; V epigastricainferior
A iliaca externa Ductusdeferens
V iliaca externa

Lig inguinale
Plica umbilicalismedialis

Ductus delerens Ureter

Os pubis,Ramussuperior

Ampullaductusdeferentis Excavatio rectovesicalis

Glandula vesiculosa
Glandula
vesiculosa
Fundus vesicae
Ductusexcretorius

Ductusejaculatorius Prostata

Os oubis,Bamusinferior

Urethra,Parsintermedia
Imembranacea] Glandula
bulbourethralis

Cruspenis Bulbuspenis

Corporacavernosapenis

penis
Corpusspongiosum

Corona glandis Glanspenis

F i g , 1 1 1 3 U r i n a r yb t a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;d u c t u sd e f e r e n t e s ,
D u c t u sd e f e r e n t e ss;e m i n a Iv e s i c t e sG, l . a n d u t avee s i c u t o s a e ;
p r o s t a t eP
, r o s t a t aa, n d m a [ eu r e t h r a ,U r e t h r am a s c u u n a :
dorsaIview.
 Genitalia
Femategenital.ia

\/

SDina iliaca anteriorsuoerior

Penis,Dorsum

penis
Preputium
Glanspenis

I e n i t a l i a0, r g a n ag e n i t a l i a
F i g . 1 1 1 1 , M a t ee x t e r n a g
m a s c u t i n ae x t e r n a .

A ductusdeferentisa a Plexus deferentialis

Ductusdeferens

a N genitofemoralis,
R genitalis
penis
Corpuscavernosum

Vasalymphatica
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum
a A testicularis

Plexuspampiniformis
a o Plexustesticularis

Fasciaspermaticainterna
Fasciapenis(prolunda)
M. cremaster
a Fasciacremasterica;

W pudendae
externaea
a Fasciaspermaticaexterna

penis
Corpusspongiosum a Tunicadartos

F i g .1 1 1 5 S p e r m a t i cc o r d ,F u n i c u L ussp e r m a t i c u s ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w I L e f t2, 5 0 % 1 .
 > Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneal
space
Maleurethra

Fundusvesicae
(Plicae mucosae)
Plica interureterica

Trigonum
vesicae

Ostiumureteris
Uvulavesicae

Pars Ostiumurethrae
internum
intramuralis
Colliculus
seminalis; prostaticus
Utriculus
Pars Ductusejaculatorii
prostatica Ductuliprostatici

Cristaurethralis
Pars Glandula
bulbourethralis,
intermedia Ductusglandulae
Imembranacea] Bulbuspenis
bulbourethralis
Cruspenis

Ductusglandulae
bulbourethralis

Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum
Urethra
masculina Corpusspongiosum
penis
Trabeculaecorporumcavernosorum
A profundapenis
Pars
spongrosa Aa helicinae Cavernaecorporumcavernosorum

Lacunaeurethrales

Corona glandis
(Valvula
tossaenavicularis)
Glanspenis
Fossa navicularisurethrae
penis
Preputium
Ostiumurethrae
externum

F i g . 1 1 1 6 U r r n a r yb [ a d d e rV , e s i c au r i n a r i a ;
p r o s t a t eP
, r o s t a t aa, n d m a l e u r e t h r a ,U r e t h r am a s c u L i n a ;
ventraIview.
Femategenital.ia

V.dorsalis
profundapenis
A profunda
penis
V.dorsalis
penis
superficialis Fascia penis Glanspenis,
(profunda) Coronaglandis
A dorsalispenis
Preputium
penrs Tunica
albuginea
Cutis corpons
spongrosl
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum Corpus
cavernosorum cavernosum
penrs

Septumpenis Tunica
albuginea
corporum
Urethra cavernosorum
Fascia penis Pars
masculina,
(profunda) spongrosa
Corpusspongiosum A urelhralis
Septumpenis
penrs
a

penis
Preputium
Glanspenis;
Corpus
spongrosum
penis,Cavernae Urethramasculina,
corpoflsspongrosl Fossanavicularis
urethrae

Corpus
cavernosum
penis,Cavernae
corpons
cavernosl
Septumglandis

Urethra penis
masculrna Corpusspongiosum
preputii
Frenulum
c d

F i g .1 1 1 7a - d P e n i s P , enis; a C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e s h a f t
c r o s s - s e c t i o n sp;L a n e si n d i c a t e di n F i g .1118 ; b C r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e L e v eol f t h e p r o x i m a p l artof the
venlraLvtew. g t a n sp e n i s
c C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e g t a n sp e n i s
d C r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Io f t h e d i s t a Ip a r t o f t h e g [ a n sp e n i s

externum
Ostiumurethrae
Fascia penis (profunda)

Fascia penis (superficialis)

penis
Preputium

preputii
Frenulum

* L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g . 1117 a
F i g .1 1 1 8 P e n i s P, e n i sw , i t h g t a n sp e n i s G
, t a n sp e n i s ,
+ + L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g . 1117 b
a n d p r e p u c eP
, r e p u t i u mp e n i s .
* * + L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g . 1 1 1 7 c
* * * * L e v e lo f s e c t i o no f F i g 111 7 d
 Pelvicviscera U r i nar vbtadder
andretroperitoneal
space
Femaleurinaryandgenitalorgans,overvtew

Pelvis renalis

Ovarium
Epoophoron Ductuslongitudinalis,
Ductulitransversi

Ductusmesonephricus*
1t .. ..
Lrg Ovarllproprlum
:-
Paroophoron ut,
Tuba uterina [Salpinx]

Epoophoron
"\7 Vesicaurinaria
Infundibulum
tubaeuterinae
Urachus

Appendix vesiculosa
Ovarium

Lrg ovanr propflum

Lig teresuteri
Ductusmesonephricus*
Urethrafeminina

Glans clitoridis

Oslium urethraeexternum
Crusclitoridis
Ostium vaginae

Bulbusvestibuli
Glandulae
vestibulares
majores***

F i g .1 1 1 9 F e m a t eu r i n a r ya n d g e n i t aoLr g a n s , E p o o p h o r o n= g e n i t a Lp a r t o f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s ;
O r g a n au r o g e n i t a L fi eaminina; P a r o o p h o r o n= r e m n a n t so f t h e t u b u t e so f t h e m e s o n e p h r o s
d i a g r a mo f t h e d e v e t o p m e ntth: e p a r t st h a t d e g e n e r a t a ere
d i s p L a y eidn p a t ep i n k ,a n d t h e p o s i t i o no f t h e o v a r yp r i o r t o i t s * W 0 L F F i a nd u c t
d e s c e n ti s i n d i c a t e db y t h e d a s h e dI i n e ; * * N 4 U L L E R Tdaunc t
ventraIview. * * x B A R T H 0 L I N 'gst a n d s
Femalegenitatia

Fimbriaovarica Ovarium,Extremitas
tubaria Amoullatubaeuterinae
Ampullatubaeuterinae Margomesovaricus
Ostiumabdominale
tubaeuterinae; Mesosalpinx A; Vv ovarica(e)
Infundibulum
tubae
uterinae lsthmustubae Fundusuteri
uterinae
Fimbriae
tubaeuterinae
Tubauterina[Salpinx]
Appendix
vesiculosa
Ovarium. Facies medialis
Ovarium
Lig suspensoriumovarii
A.; Vv ovarica(e) Extremitasuterina
Lig.ovariiproprium
Ovarium,Margoliber

Lig latumuteri Ureter

Corpusuteri,
Faciesintestinalis
lsthmusuteri
cervicis
Portiosupravaginalis

[il. rectouterinus** Excavatiorectouterina;

Plicarectouterina TunicaserosaIPerimetrium]

F i 1 . 1 1 2 0 U t e r u sU, t e r u s ; * C t i n i c atIe r m : c a r d i n a[[i g a m e n t

+ +C t i n i c a It e r m : s a c r o u t e r i n e[ i q a m e n t
o v a r y , O v aarn, du t e r i n et u b e T
, u b au t e r i n a ;
dorsatview.

Lig ovariiproprium
Stromaovarii
lsthmustubaeuterinae Mesosalpinx
Fundusuteri Ductuslongitudinalis
Amoullatubaeuterinae
Ductulitransversi
Tubauterina
lSalpinxl
Plicaetubariae
Lig.teres
uteri***
Lig ovarii lnfundibulum
propflum tubaeuterinae;
Fimbriaetubae
Tunicaserosa uterinae
IPerimetrium]
Cavitasuteri;Tunica Appendixvesiculosa
mucosaIEndometrium] Fimbriaovarica
Corpusalbicans
Tunicamuscularis Vv ovaricae;A ovarica
IMyometrium]
ovarici vesiculosi* Appendix
vesiculosa**
Corpus luteum
Canalisceruicis
uteri, Lig latumuteri
Plicaepalmatae Parsuterina; \-
Portiovaginaliscervicis
Ostiumuterinum,l " ^ . . . ^ . , - ^
Corpusuteri
lsthmusuteri
Ostiumuteri Portiosupravaginalisceruicis
Rugae vaginales

Fi1.1121 Uterus,Uterus; * C t i n i c a tI e r m : G R l A F i afno t [ i c [ e

* * S t a t k e dh y d a t i d
o v a r y , O v aarn, du t e r i n et u b e T
, u b au t e r i n a ;
* * * C t i n i c a l t e r mr:o u n d[ i g a m e n t
dorsalview.
 > Petvicviscera Urinaryhi.aelder
andretroperitoneal
space
]varies and uterus

Folliculiovarici primarii

Fi1.1122 Ovary,Ovar;
m i c r o s c o p iecn t a r g e m e natt l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n

Facies intestinalis
/ lsthmusuteri
Cavitas uteri

Canalis ceruicisuteri
Fundusuteri
TunicamucosaIEndometrium] Fornixvaginae,Parsposterior

Tunicamuscularis
lVyometriuml Peritoneum
urogenitale

TunicaserosaIPerimetrium] Excavatiorectouterina
Facies vesicalis
Labiumposterius
Peritoneumurogenitale,Excavatiovesicouterina
Ostiumuteri
Portio supravaginalisceruicis
Labiumanterius
Fornixvaginae, Pars anterior
Vagina

F i 1 . 1 1 2 3 U t e r u sU, t e r u sa, n dv a g i n aV, a g i n a ;

viewed f r o mt h er i q h t .

Stratum
functionale
endometriale

Stratum basale
endometriale

Tunica
muscularis

F i g . 1 1 2 1 M u c o s ao f t h e u t e r u s ,U t e r u s ; F i 1 , 1 1 2 5 M u c o s oa f t h eu t e r u sU , terus;
e a r l yp h a s eo f p r o t i f e r a t i o n L a t ep h a s eo f p r o L i f e r a t iwoint he x c r e t o rgy[ a n d s
Femategenitalia

F i g . 1 1 2 6 U t e r u s ,U t e r u s ,a n d v a g i n aV , agina;
, n dt h e
n o r m a Ia n g t e sb e t w e e nt h e v a g i n at,h e c e r v i x a
b o d yo f u t e r u s ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
Fundus * L o n g i t u d i naaxIi so f t h ev a g i n a
uteri
** LongitudinaI axisof thecervixof uterus
*** LongitudinaI axisof the bodyof uterus
A n g t eb e t w e e nv a g i n aa n d c e r v i xo f u t e r u s= v e r s i o n
A n g [ eb e t w e e nc e r v i xa n d b o d yo f u t e r u s= f l e x i o n
f the uterus:
N o r m a It o p o g r a p h i c a I s i t u a t i o n
a n t e v e r s i o na,n t e fl e x i o n
R e t a t i o nt o t h e m e d i a np t a n e= p o s i t i o n

Fig.1127 a-c Uterus,Uterus,and vagina,Vagrna

a A n t e v e r s i o na,n t e f t e x i o=n n o r m a Ip o s i t i o n
b A n t e v e r s i o nb,u t n o a n t e f t e x i o n
c Retroversion,retrofLexion

Ostiumuterinum
tubae
uterinae

Tubauterina
ISalpinx]
Cavitasuteri

Ampullatubae
uterinae

Canaliscervicis
uteri

F i 1 , 1 1 2 8 U t e r u sU, t e r u sa, n du t e r i n e t u b eT, u b au t e r i n a ; T h i sf o r m e r l yc t i n i c a [ Layp p t i e dt e c h n i q u ea t l o w st o d e t e r m i n e

A P - r a d i o g r aapfht e ri n j e c t i oonf t o c o n t r a smt e d i u mi n t ot h e t h e p o s i t i o no f t h e o r g a n sa n d t h e p a t e n c yo f t h e t u b e s .
c e r v i xo f u t e r u sI h y s t e r o s a I p i n g o g r a p h y l ; K = t u b e a d a p t o rf o r i n j e c t i o no f t h e c o n t r a s tm e d i u m
u t e r u si n d e x t r o p o s i t i o n ;
ventraL view.
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneat
space
Arteriesof the femaleinternalqenitalia

Lig ovariiproprium
A uterina,R tubarius Ovarium
Lig teresuteri*
A uterina,R ovaricus Fundusuteri
A ovarica

A ovarica

Llg sus-
pensoflum
ovanl

Appendix
vesiculosa Corpusuteri
Lig teresuteri*

Ostiumabdominale Ovarium Rr helicini

tubaeuterinae;
lnfundibulum
tubae
uterinae
A uterina A uterina

Rr vaginales
Cervix uteri

A vaginalis
A vaginalis

F i g . 1 1 2 9 A r t e r i e so f t h e f e m a L ei n t e r n a Ig e n i t a l i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a L ifae m i n i n ai n t e r n a ;
dorsaLview.
+ C [ i n i c at eI r m :r o u n d[ i o a m e n t

Tubauterina
Lrg suspensonum
ovafll

R tubarius
Fundus
uteri
(R fundi
uteri)
R ovaricus
Lig,ovariiproprium

Rr helicini

A uterina > 90%

R vaginalis

F i g . 1 1 3 0a - f V a r i b i l . i toyf t h e a r t e r i a Is u p p t yo f t h e
f e m a [ ei n t e r n a Ig e n i t a l i a ;
dorsaLview.
a S u p p l .oy f t h e u t e r u s ,U t e r u s[ " t e x t b o o kc a s e " ]
b , c , d S u p p t yo f t h e o v a r i e sO , v a r i aI b , " t e x t b o o kc a s e ]
€,f S u p p t yo f t h e f u n d u so f u t e r u s ,F u n d u su t e r i
I e . " t e x t b o o kc a s e " ]
Femalegenitatia

Articulatio
sacroiliaca

(Spatiumretrorectale)

(Spatiumpararectale)*

Rectum
Lig rectouterinum

Excavatiorectouterina
Lig.cardinale
ILig.transversumcervicis]**
Ceruixuteri

(Spatium
paravesicale)*** vesicouterina
Excavatio

Ureter
Vesicaurinaria

Spatiumretropubicum Ostiumureteris

pubica
Symphysis internum
Ostiumurethrae

* C [ i n i c atIe r m : P a r a p r o c t i u m
F i g . 1 1 3 1 U t e r u s ,U t e r u s ;
* + C L i n i c at eI r m : P a r a m e t r i u m
u t e r i n eL i g a m e n tasn d c o n n e c t i v tei s s u es p a c e s ;
s e m i - s c h e m a t itcr a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e x i s t e n c eo f t h i s s t r u c t u r ei s c o n t r o v e r s i a I l
* * * C l i n i c atLe r m : P a r a c y s t i u m
L e v eoLf t h e c e r v i xo f u t e r u s :
s u o e n o rv t e w

Cervixuteri

Portio
vaginalis
Portio cervrcts
vaginalis
cervtcts

raoium
I anlenus I l"uiu.
usilum ] ostiumI anlerlus
ulefl ulerrl Labium
Labium
I
postenus I poslenus

Rugae
vagrnares

F i g . 1 1 3 2a , b V a g i n a p I o r t i o no f t h e c e r v i xo f u t e r u s ,P o r t i o F o rt h e i n s p e c t i o n of thevaginap L o r t i o no f t h e c e r v i xt h e
v a g i n a l i sc e r v i c i s . n o r m a t l ys l i t - t i k ev a g i n ai s s p r e a d e db y m e a n so f a b i v a l v e
a Photograph o f t h e c e r v i xo f a y o u n gn u l t i p a r o u ws oman s p e c u t u m{ * ) ;
b Photograph o f t h e c e r v i xo f a y o u n gw o m a nw h o h a s g i v e n i n f e r i o rv i e w .
b i r t ht o t w o c h i l d r e n
 .,:'j:.i .

U r i n a r yb t a d d e r
and retroperitoneaI
space

F u n i c u l uusm b i l i c a l i s

Truncus

Caput

Membrum inferius

F i g . 1 1 3 3 U t e r u s ,U t e r u s w, ith an embryo; T h e e m b r y oi s i m m e r s e di n t h e a m n i o t i cf t u i do f t h e c h or i o ni c
u t t r a s o u n di m a g et a k e ni n t h e e i g h t hw e e k o f p r e g n a n c y ; cavity
[ a t e r a Iv i e w ( r i q h t l .

Caput,Frons
Nasus
Membruminferius
Labiumsuperius
Regiomentalis
Truncus

F i g . 1 1 3 4U t e r u sU, t e r u sw,i t h a f o e t u s ; U L t r a s o u nedx a m i n a t i o a

n l t o w st h e v i s u a I i z a t i oonf m o v e m e n r s
uLtrasoun imd a g et a k e ni n t h e 2 8 t hw e e k o f p r e g n a n c y ; of the extremitiea s n d t h e o o e n i n oo f t h e m o u t h
L a t e r av Ii e w[ l e f t ] .

D i g i t il l - V

Palma

Pollex IDigitusI]
Antebrachium

Humerus

F i g .1 1 3 5 H a n d ,M a n u s o, f a f o e t u s; D e t a i [ ss u c ha s f i n q e r sc a n b e o b s e r v e d .
u [ t r a s o u n di m a g et a k e ni n t h e 1B t hw e e ko f p r e g n a n c y ;
L a t e r avI i e w
Femalegenitatia

V umbilicalis Aa umbilicales

Fundusuteri

Colonsigmoideum

Fornix vaginae, Pars posteriol

Placenta

Os coccygis

Fascia
rectovaoinalis
Linea alba ISepturi'rectovaginale]

Excavatio Corpusano-
vesicouterina coccygeumILig
anococcygeuml

pubica,Discusinterpubicus
Symphysis

Vesicaurinaria

Clitoris,
Corpuscavernosum
clitoridis
M sphincter
Glans clitoridis aniexternus
perineiprolundus
M transversus
Labium majus pudendi
Urethrafeminina
Labiumminuspudendi
urethrae
M sphincter

F i g .1 1 3 6 U t e r u sU, t e r u sw, i t ha f o e t u s ;
n t h em e d i a np t a n e .
t h ep e l v i sh a sb e e ns e c t i o n ei d
* M u c o u sp L u gI o f K R I S T E L L Ei nRtIh e c e r v i c a Ic a n a Lo f t h e u t e r u s
* * C [ i n i c atLe r m : p o u c ho f D 0 U G L A S
* * * C [ i n i c atLe r m :v e s i c o v a g i nsael p t u m
* * + *C [ i n i c a tI e r m : c a v eo f R E T Z | u s

Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior

Fig.1137 Uterus,Uterus;
p o s i t i o no f t h e f u n d u so f u t e r u sd u r i n gp r e g n a n c y
N u m b e r sr e f e rt o t h e e n d o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e
m o n t ho f p r e g n a n c y[ = 2 8 d a y s ) .
> Petvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Placenta

F i g . 1 1 3 8 a ,b P l a c e n t aP, l a c e n t aa, n d
u m b i t i c acI o r d ,F u n i c u I u su m b i t i c a l i s .
a View of the foetaIsurface
b V i e wo f t h e m a t e r n a Is u r f a c eo f a
p a r t u r i e n tp [ a c e n t a
 Genitalia
Femategenitalia
tubes

Appendix
vermilormis
Fimbriaetubae
uterinae
A; V ovarica
Caecum

Lig suspensorium
ovarii*

lnfundibulum
tubaeuterinae
Ampulla tubae
uterinae Ampullatubae
uterinae

Ovarium, l\4esosalpinx
Facies medialis

lsthmustubae
uterinae
l\4argo mesovaricus

Lig latumuteri
Lrg ovarii proprium

I id tarac ' 'tAri

Excavatio
vesicouterina
Plica umbilicalismedialis

Uterus, Facies vesicalis Plica umbilicalismediana Vesica urinana

F i g . 1 1 3 9 F e m a [ ei n t e r n a L genitaLia,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a L fi a e m i n i n ai n t e r n a ;
ventraIview.
* C t i n i c at et r m :i n f u n d i b u [ o p eI Li gvai cm e n t

Colon
sigmoideum

Fimbriae Ovarium

Tuba Ampulla
uterina

Lrg ovanl
propflum
Facies Fimbriae
intestinalis Lig teres tubae
Fundus
uteri uterinae
Uterus
Facies
vesicalis

Ovarium

Fig.I1t0 FemaLe i n t e r n a Ig e n i t a L i a , F i g . ' 1 1 1 1 A b d o m i n aol s t i u mo f t h e u t e r i n et u b e ,

0 r g a n ag e n i t a I ifae m i n i n ai n t e r n a ;
s u r g i c aeI x p o s u r ei n a y o u n gw o m a n ;
o v a r i e sd i s p t a c e db o t h m e d i a L Layn d s u p e r i o r l yb y
c o m p r e s s e s[ * Ji n t h e p o u c ho f D 0 U G L A S ;
v e n l r o s u p e f l ovrt e w
** Swab
0 s t i u m a b d o m i n a t teu b a eu t e r i n a e ;
s u r g i c a L e x p o s u irnea y o u n gw o m a n ;
t h e p e t v i cc a v i t yi s f i t t e dw i t h s a t i n et o d e m o n s t r a t e
t h ef i m b r i a ;
d o r s o s u p e r i ovri e w .
* P l a s t itcr a yt o s u p p o rt th eu t e r i n teu b e
 Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Rectum

Flexura
sacralrs

Tunica
muscularis,
Stratum
longitudinale

M. levator ani

Flexura
anorectalis
lperinealisj

Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus
F i g . 1 1 t + 2 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ;
viewedfrom the Left.

A rectalissuperior
V. iliaca communis
V cava inlerior Tunicamuscularis,
V sigmoidea Stratumlongitudinale

V. sacralis mediana Plicatransversarecti"*

V. rectalissuperior

Noduli lymphoidei
Ampullarecti Ampullarecti solitarii

(Spatium
pararectale)
Junctioanorectalis
W rectales
meorae
Plexusvenosus Sinusanales M. levator ani
rectalis
M levatorani A pudenda
interna M sphincterani
internus
Columnae Columnaeanales
anales W rectales
inferiores Valvulaeanales
M sphincter Pectenanalis M. sphincter
ani
ani internus externus
M. sphincter Linea
aniexternus anocutanea

F i g . 1 1 1 3 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ; F i 1 . 1 1 1 1 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ,a n d a n u s ,A n u s ;
b l o o ds u p p [ y t; h e m u c o s aa n d t h e p a r a r e c t a L ventraL view
a d i p o s et i s s u e sh a v eb e e np a r t t yr e m o v e d ; * H a e m o r r h o i dn ao Id e
o p e n i n g si n t ot h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i ni n p u r p t e . X * K O H L R A U S C H ,f so [ d
G en i t a l i a

Columnaanalis

Canalisanalis

Sinus analis

F i g . 1 1 4 5 R e c t u m ,R e c t u m ;
e n d o s c o p i icm a g eo f t h e a n a Ic a n a [w i t h s i x e n L a r g e d
n o d e so f t h e c a v e r n o u sr e c t a Ib o d y ,h a e m o r r h o i d s ;
suoeflorvtew.
* Co[onoscope
+*ThreehaemorrhoidaI nodes

Plicatransversarecti

F i $ . 1 1 1 6 R e c t u mR, e c t u m ;
e n d o s c o pi im c a g eo f t h er e c t a I a m p u [ILr a
ectoscopy);
i n f e r i ovr i e w .
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Arteriesof the rectum

A mesenterica
inferior
Parsabdominalisaortae

A rectalissuperior*
A. sacralis mediana

A. iliaca communis

A. gluteasuperior

A iliaca interna
Canalisobturatorius

A. iliaca externa
Spinaischiadica

A gluteainferior
M obturatorius
internus
A. pudenda interna
Rectum

A obturatoria M levatorani

A. rectalismedia Tuberischiadicum
A. rectalisinferior M. sohincter
ani externus

Fig.11t7 Rectaa I r t e r i e sA
, a .r e c t a t e s ;
dorsaIview.
* C [ i n i c at eI r m :S U D E c Kp'osi n ltf r o mt h i sp o i not nt h e r ea r e
nof urtheranastomoses withthesiqmoidarteriesl
GenitaIia

V iliaca
communts V cava inferior

W sigmoideae

V rectalis
Colon supenor
sigmoideum

V gluteasuperior

Canalis
V. iliaca interna obturatorius

V. iliaca externa

Spina ischiadica
V.gluteainferior

V obturatoria

V pudenda interna M. obturatorius

internus

V rectalismedia

M. levator ani

Plexusvenosus
W rectalesinferiores rectalis
Tuberischiadicum
ani
M. sphincter
externus

Fig. 1148 RectaIveins,Vv.recta[es;

d i a g r a mw i t h p a r t so f t h e p e l v i sa n d t h e p e t v i c
diaphragm;
dorsaIview.
T h e r ea r e n u m e r o u sc o n n e c t i o nbs e t w e e nt h e v e i n s
d r a i n i n gi n t ot h e h e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i nI s u p e r i o r
r e c t a Lv e i n Ja n d t h o s ed r a i n i n gi n t ot h e i n f e r i o rv e n a
. h e yf o r m
c a v aI m i d d [ ea n d i n f e r i o rr e c t a tv e i n s l T
t h e p o r t o c a v aaIn a s t o m o s e sw, h i c ha r e o f p a r t i c u t a r
c t i n i c a iIm p o r t a n c e .
> Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
lnnervation
of the rectum

Plexus coeliacus;Ganglia coeliaca

Truncuscoeliacus

Pars abdominalisaortae
Gangliatruncisympathici

A mesentericainferior

Plexushypogastricus
superior

A iliaca communis

Radices (S 2-S 5)
anteriores

N hypogastricus
dexter
Plexushypogastricus
inferior

Plexusrectalissuperior

Plexusrectalismedius

Plexusrectalisinferior

M ievator ani

N pudendus

Nn. anales

N4.sphincter
aniexternus

Fig. 111+9 Rectum,Rectum;

s c h e m a t i co v e r v i e wo f t h e i n n e r v a t i o n ;
ventratview.
Green = sympatheticnervoussysiem
Purpte = parasympatheticnervoussystem
Genita!.ia

Rectum,radiography

Os sacrum

Colonsigmoideum

O s p u b i sR
, a m u si n f e r i o r Ampullarecti

Os coccygis

M gluleusmaximus

Tuberischiadicum
Canalisanalis

F i g .1 1 5 0 R e c t u mR , ectum; T h e t r a n s i t i o n azI o n eb e t w e e nt h e a n u sa n d t h e r e c t u m[ a r r o w l
I a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p hi n v o L u n t a rcyt o s u r eo f t h e a n u sa f t e rf i L t i n g i s [ o c a t e da t t h e L e v eoI f t h e t i p o f t h e c o c c y x[ t r i a n g t e ) .
w i t h a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mI d e f a e c o g r a p h y l . T h e a n g L eb e t w e e nt h e a x e so f t h e a n u sa n d t h e r e c t u m[ 4 ]
is approximateL 9 y0 ' a n d d e p e n d su p o nt h e c u r v a t u r eo f t h e
l e v a t o ra n i m u s c [ e{ p u b o r e c t amLu s c t e )S . c a t ei n c m

Iemoris
Caout
Os sacrum

Femur,Corpustemoris
Colonsigmoideum

Os pubis,Ramusinferior
Os coccygis

Ampulla recti

Tuber ischiadicum
l\il gluteus maximus

F i g .1 1 5 1 R e c t u mR , ectum; I n c o m p a r i s otno F i g 1 1 5 0t,h e a n o r e c t a L t r a n s i t i oznoanI eh a s

t a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p ho f t h e d e f a e c a t i oanf t e rf i L t r n w
g ith a contrast d e s c e n d eadn dt h e a n g L e [ 4 ] i n c r e a s etdo 1 3 7 od u et o t h e
m e d i u mI d e f a e c o g r a p h y ) r e L a x a t i oonf t h e c u r v a t u r eo f t h e l e v a t o ra n i m u s c L eA s t h e
b e n d i n ga c t st i k ea v a L v et h, e e t o n g a t i o rne s u L t si n a n u n i m p e d e d
p r e s s u r eo f t h e f a e c e so n t h e a n a Ic a n a Ll e a d i n gt o d e f a e c a t i o n .
 Pelvicviscera
andretroperitoneaI
space
Arterial supplyof the kidney

Ren.Extremitassuoerior

,
Vertebralumbalisl, Proc costalis
A arcuata
A. renalis A. interlobaris Ren,Margomedialis
A. segmenti
A. renalis

Calyxrenalis

Pelvisrenalis
Ren, Margo lateralis

Ureter,Parsabdominalis
Ben,Extremitas
inferior

Crista iliaca

Fig.1152 Kidney,Ren; c o n c o m i t a nvti s u a t i z a t i oonf t h e a r t e r i e sb y i n j e c t i o n

A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r i n t r a v e n o u isn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s t o f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u mi n t ot h e r e n a Ia r t e r yt h r o u g h
m e d i u mw h i c h i s e x c r e t e dv i a t h e k i d n e y st o d e m o n s t r a t e a c a t h e t e r *i n t r o d u c e di n t ot h e a o r t a( a r t e r i o g r a p h y l .
the renaI petvisand the ureters IintravenouspyeLographyl;

(A.renalispolarisinferior)

F i g . 1 1 5 3a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e a r t e r i a ls u p p t yo f t h e k i d n e y .
a O n er e n a Ia r t e r y ,A . r e n a [ i sw, i t h a b r a n c ht o t h e s u p e r i o rp o l e
b T w o r e n a Ia r t e r i e st o t h e r e n a Ih r t u m
c T w o r e n a Ia r t e r i e s o
, n e o f w h i c hs u p p l i e st h e s u p e r i o rp o t e
d T w o r e n a ta r t e r i e s o
, n e o f w h i c h s u p p L i etsh e i n f e r i o rp o l e
Genitalia

peritoneaI space,overview
Retro

A , : V p h r e n i cian f e r i oar a Vv hepaticae o A phrenicaa Hiatus Gaster,

inferior oesophageus Parscardiaca O aA ; V phrenicainferior
(Facies contacta hepatis)
a A suDrarenalismedia;
Glandula
suprarenalis a V suprarenalissinistra

Peritoneum Glandula
suprarenalis
parietale
OaA;V.renalis
Truncuscoeliacus
a)
A mesentericaa a Mm.intercostales
supenor
Ren
inferior;a
A suprarenalis
V suprarenalis
dextraO

(A renalis a
accessona)

V cava inferiorO
a a A ; V testicularis

A;V renalisOa Costa Xl

Ren, * N subcostalis
Capsulaadiposa
Ureter
a a A.; V lumbalisI
M obliquusexternusa
abdominis & N. iliohypogastricus

M obliquusinternusa a A. mesenterica
abdominis inferior
M transversust
abdominis
* N. ilioinguinalis
V;A testicularis
o a
o M. quadratus
tumoorum
M psoasmajora
Lig iliolumbale
Aa sigmoideae
a
a A colicasinistra
(M psoasminor)a
& N cutaneus
Aa ;Vv iliacae
a a femorislateralis
communes
/- a lvl iliacus
I H. remorails,
f . oentto-1 ooA;Viliolumbalis,
Temorails I a naniratic Rr iliaci

$ N femoralis
A;V iliacainternaaa
'' \
o H. remorails N. genito-
Mesocolon sigmoideum
I
* R. genitalisJ femoralis

a A iliacainterna
Excavatio rectovesicalis
O A rectalissuperior
Plica umbilicalismedialis
inferior
o a A ; V epigastrica
Vesicaurinaria
aaA;Vsacralismediana
M. rectus abdominis a
Colonsigmoideum
Plica umbilicalismediana

Pars abdominalis aortae F i 1 . 1 1 5 1 P o s i t i o no f t h e r e t r o p e r i t o n e as L tructures,

V cava inferior V renalissinistra
S i t u sr e t r o o e r i t o n e a t iosf,t h e m a t e .
W h e r e a st h e L e f t e s t i c u L avre i no p e n si n t o t h e l e f t r e n a lv e i n ,
t h e r i g h t t e s t i c u t a vr e i nd r a i n sd i r e c t t yi n t o t h e i n f e r i o rv e n a
c a v a .T h e s a m ea p o t i e st o t h e o v a r i a nv e i n s .

a
-80% F i g . 1 1 5 5a , b V a r i a b i t i toyf t h e c o u r s eo f t h e t e s t i c u t a r
V renalis
dextra , a .t e s t i c u L a r e s .
a r t e r i e sA
A testicularis a "Textbookcase"
dextra b B o t ht e s t i c u t a a , a .t e s t i c u t a r e sb,r a n c ho f f
r r t e r i e sA
A testicularis c r a n i a t Ltyo t h e r e n a Iv e i n s ,V v .r e n a t e st;h e r i g h t a r t e r y
sinistra
passesposteriorto the inferiorvenacava,V.cavainferior,
a n d t h e l e f t a r t e r yp a s s e sa n t e r i o rt o t h e l e f t r e n a Iv e i n ,
V . r e n a t i ss i n i s t r a .
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar vbtadder
andretroperitoneal
space
Lymphatics
of the retroperitoneal
space

W hepaticae
a

V cava inferiorO

A phrenica a
inferior

Nodi lymphoidei
phrenici inferiores

a A renalis

Truncusintestinalis

a A mesenterica
supenor
Cisterna
chyli

a Parsabdominalis
Truncuslumbalis aonae
dexter

Nodi lymphoidei
Nodilymphoidei lumbales intermedii
lumbalesdextri

V cavainferiora

a A iliaca
communrs

Ureter

o V iliaca
communts

Nodi lymphoidei
iliaci interni

Mesocolon
sigmoideum

Colonsigmoideum

Nodi lymphoidei
inguinales
superficiales,Nodi
A femoralis o superolaterales*

Fascia cribrosa
V femoralis
a

N femoralis l

Nodi lymphoideiinguinales,(Nodi profundi) a V saphena magna

V saphena magna O ilioinguinalis

Funiculus
spermaticus

F i g . 1 1 5 5 L y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e ai ,n d L y m p h a t i c s , T h e n u m b e r sX a n d X l l i n d i c a t et h e r e s p e c t i v rei b s .
V a s al y m p h a t i c ao, f t h e p o s t e r i o a
r b d o m i n aw
I a | .a
[ ndthe * C t i n i c at eI r m : h o r i z o n tcahI a i n "d, r a i n i ntgh eL o w earb d o m i n a t w a t l
i n g u i n arLe g i o n ; t h eg l u t e arIe g i o nt h , ep e r i n e u ma n dt h ee x t e r n agte n i t a l
v e n t r a Iv i e w
GenitaIia

of theretroperitoneal
Lymphatics radiography

Truncuslumbalis
sinister

Vas lymphaticum
efferens

Noduslymphoideus
inguinalis icialis
superf

Vasa lymphatica
afferentia

F i g . 1 1 5 7 L y m p h a t i c sV, a s aL y m p h a t i c a n , d l y m p hn o d e s ,
N o d iL y m p h o i d eo if,t h e i n g u i n a [t ,h e p e L v iacn dt h e
Lumbaregion;
A P - r a d i o g r a pahf t e r b i l a t e r a itn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s t
m e d i u mi n t o L y m p h a t i cosf t h e f o o t ( t y m p h o g r a p h y ) .
T h i sf o r m e r t ya p p L i etde c h n i q u vei s u a L i z e t hse p o s i t i o a
nnd
s i z eo f l y m p h a t i c sa n d L y m p hn o d e s .
 > Petvicviscera U n i n a r yb l a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
Neryesof the retroperitoneal
space

& N vagus[X],Plexusoesophageus
Oesophagus
N splanchnicus
major,*
." Plexus coeliacus

Costa Xll

N subcostalis
,
O Truncuscoeliacus

O l\4.quadratus
lumborum
N iliohypogastricus
*

6 Truncussympathicus

N ilioinguinalis{
* Plexusmesentericus
inferior

Cristailiaca

N genitofemoralis{ ,* N temoralis

N obturatorius{9 a M. iliacus

Truncuslumbosacralis
*
& Plexussacralis

F i g . 1 1 5 8 N e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o ar b d o m i n aw Lat[,
t h e L u m b o s a c r apLt e x u s P, t e x u s[ u m b o s a c r a t i sa,n d
t h e a b d o m i n apI a r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u sn e r v o u ss y s t e m ,
P a r sa b d o m i n a I iasu t o n o m i c a :
ventraLview.
Genitatia

Vessels
and retroperitoneal

A Dhrenica
inferioro Hiatus oesophageus

N. splanchnicusmajor '' a A mesenterica

superior
V cavainferiora a Truncuscoeliacus
a V lumbalisascendens
A t V r e n a l i so* a
o l\il quadratus
lumborum
* N subcostalis
A;VtesticularisOo

* Truncus
sympathicus

a Parsabdominalis
aortae

O A mesenterica
inferior

aaA;Viliaca
N iliohypogastricus, communls

a A lumbalislV

I Truncus
genitolemoralis , lumbosacralis

a A iliolumbalis,
R iliacus
N ilioinguinalis.
,r, N obturatorius

a A iliolumbalis
M psoasmajora
* Rr musculares

s N ilioinguinalis

N femoralis ,.,
a M transversus
abdominis

& N. cutaneus
femorislateralis

& N genitofemoralis,
R genitalis

aaA;Vcircumflexa
Ureter,Parspelvica iliumprotunda

Ductusdeferens
A ;V sacralismedianaa a

F i g . 115 9 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o a r bdominal

watlof the male.
* I n - 1 0 %t h e[ e f tr e n avI e i np a s s epso s t e r i ot or t h ea o r t a .
 > Petvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneat
space
lnnervation
of the maleaenitalia

F i 9 . 1 1 5 0 M a t eg e n i t a t i a ,
Medulla spinalis 0 r g a n ag e n i t a L ima ascutina;
d i a g r a md e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e a u t o n o m o u si n n e r v a t i o n
o f t h e [ e f ts i d e ;
ventraIand LateraIview, respective[y.
Green= sympatheticneryoussystem
Purpte= parasympatheticnervoussystem

eflgent nerves

S u r g i c a rI e m o v a o I f p a r a a o r t i cl y m p hn o d e so r o p e r a t i o n sa t
t h e a b d o m i n aaI o r t aa n d t h e [ a r g ea r t e r i e so f t h e p e t v i sc a n
c a u s ed a m a g et o t h e s y m p a t h e t i n c e r v e sw i t h t h e c o n s e q u e n c e
Piexushypogastricussuperior o f e j a c u L a t o ri my p o t e n c yI l m p o t e n t i ag e n e r a n d i lP. r o s t a t e
Plexustesticularis
o p e r a t i o n si ,n t u r n , m a y d a m a g et h e p a r a s y m p a t h e tfi icb r e s
A. testicularis i n n e r v a t l n tgh e p e n i s ,t h u s [ e a d i n gt o e r e c t i t ei m p o t e n c y
l l m p o t e n t icao e u n d i J .
Ductusdeferens

Glandula
vesiculosa
Vesicaurinaria

Prostata
Glandulabulbourethralis
Corpusspongiosum penis

N hypo- penis
Corpuscavernosum
gastricus Plexus
deferentialis
sinister
Plexus Plexusprostaticus
hypogastricus Urethramasculina
inferior Ganglia pelvica, Radix
parasympathica
INn splanchnicipelvici]*

Plexustesticularis Glanspenis

Plexus deferentialis

l n n e r v a ti o no f th e ma teg e n i ta ti a

Parasympathetic SacraLpart of G a n g l . ipae L v i c aR,a d i x Penis Vasodi[atation

t h es p i n a l para parntca C o r p u sc a v e T n o s u m Erection
c o r d l S 2- 5 4 l lNn. nchnicp i elviciJ
Sympathetic Thoracicpart P [ e x u sm e s e n t e r i c i Testis Regulatioo
n f b l o o df t o w
of the s u p e r i o re t i n f e r i o r
s p i n a Ic o r d J
t T 1 0- T 1 2 l T-,,^^,,- -,,-^^+ki^,,^
Jyt t tPoU ilLu>
.1,
P t e x utse s t i c u L a r i s
J
L u m b a rp a r t P t e x uhs y p o g a s t r i csuusp e r r o r
o ft h es p i n a L J
c o r dl L 1 - L 2 l N hypogastricus
J
P L e x uhsy p o g a s t r i c u s G L a n d u tbau L b o - Fvnrrlcinn ^f itc flrirl
rnreTror u rethra[is
D u c t u s( v a s ld e f e r e n s C o n t r a c t i o nt r, a n s p o r to f t h e
s p e r m si n t ot h e u r e t h r a
G L a n d u tvae s i c u L o s a E x p u L s i oonf i t s c o n t e n ti n t o
Prostata the urethra
Somatomotor, C-^-^l ^^-+ ^{
JOUr dL Pdr I Ul N pudendus I M s p h i n c t evre s i c a e ] C t o s u r eo f t h e u r i n a r y
somatosensory t h e s p i n a cL o r d btadd to preventretrograde
ts2- s4l eJacu ron
M i s c h i o c a v e r n o s u s E x p u L s i oonf t h e e j a c u L a t e
M bulbospongiosus outofthe urethra-
N n . s c r o t a l e sp o s t e r i o r e s S c r o t a sI k i n
N . d o r s a L ipse n i s P e n i [ es k i n
G en i t a I i a

lnnervation

Medulla spinalis
F i g . 1 1 6 1 F e m a l eg e n i t a t i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i af e m i n i n a .
d i a g r a md e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e a u t o n o m o u si n n e r v a t i o n ;
ventraIview.
G r e e n= s y m p a t h e t i n c e r v o u ss y s t e m
Purp[e= parasympatheticnervoussystem

Rr communicantes * C t i n i c at eLr m :F R A N K E N H A UgSaEnR

g L' si o n
** A[so:erigentnerves

R interganglionaris Radices T h e a u t o n o m i cp t e x u sa r e i n t e r s p e r s e wd ith gangLia.

anteflores
(s2-s5) T h e h y p o g a s t r iac n d u t e r o v a g i n apLt e x u sc o n t a i nb o t h
s y m p a t h e t i ac n d p a r a s y m p a t h e tfi icb r e s .
Plexusovaricus

Gangliatrunci
sympathici
A ovarica

N hypogastricus Tubauterina[Salpinx]

Plexushypogastricus
inferior
Plexusuterovaoinalis*
N. sacralis[S1l
N vaginalis
Ganglia pelvica,
Ganglia pelvica, Radix parasympathica
Radix parasympathica lNn. splanchnicipelvicil
INn. splanchnicipelvici]**

Plexussacralis
Labiumminuspudendi N pudendus
Nn.labialesoosteriores
(lntroitus
vaginae)

Innervationof the femalegenitatia

Parasympathetic JCo^ L^ '- ^ol L ^P^o-' +L G a n g t i ap e L v i c aR,a d i x T u b au t e r i n a Vasodi [atation

of the parasvmpatnIca U t e r us Vasodi[atation
-^;^-t ^^-n
I N n .s p t a n c h n i cpi e t v i c i J
ts2- s4l J
N n . c a v e r n o sci L i t o r i d i s Vaqi na Transsudation
CL i i o r i s Erection
Sympathetic TL^-^^;^ ^^-+
I rrvrouru Por L P t e x u sm e s e n t e r i c u s
nf tho cninal supenor !
c o r d[ T ' 1-0T 1 2 l Ptexus
ovancuS Ovar Vasoconstriction
v
P l e x u sr e n a L i s
T-.,^^,,^ ^.,-^^+hi^,,-
I I UilLU5 >yil rPOLr ilLU>

J
L u m b a rp a r t P L e x u hs y p o g a s t r i c u s
o ft h es p i n a L s up e n 0r
c o r d[ 1 1 - L 2 ] J N hypogastrrcus
P t e x u sh y p o g a s t r i c u s
inferior
J
P l e x u su t e r o v a q i n a L i s T u b au t e r i n a
I F R A NK E N H A U S T N ' S Uterus C o n t r ac t i o n
g an gL i o n ) Vagina
Somatomotor, S a c r a Lp a r t N dorsatis Clitoris
somatosensory of the z cLitoridis
s p i n a Ic o r d N.pudendus L a b i am a j o r a
ts2- s4l :r Nn LabiaLes M . i s c h i o c a v e r n o s u sC o n t r a c t ino
posteriores M buLbospongiosus
 U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Pelvicarteries

A iliaca communis

A iliolumbalis

A. sacralislateralis

A iliaca interna gluteasuperior

M piriformls

A gluteainferior

A iliaca externa
Lig sacrosplnale
A obturatoria

A umbilicalis
A pudendainterna
Lig sacrotuberale
vesicalis
superior
A rectalismedia
A uterina

F i g . 1 1 6 2a - d V a r i a b i L i o t yf t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a ;
viewedfrom the Left.
a A t [ b r a n c h e sa r i s ef r o m t h e s a m e s t e m .
b T h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i L i a c ai n t e r n a ,d i v i d e si n t ot w o m a j o r b r a n c h e s[ " t e x t b o o kc a s e " J .
c T h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a ,d i v i d e si n t ot h r e e m a j o r b r a n c h e s .
d T h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i L i a c ai n t e r n a ,d i v i d e si n t o m o r e t h a n t h r e e m a j o r b r a n c h e s .
Genitatia

andnervesof the pelvicwall

Vessels

Parsabdominalis
aortaea

A, mesentericainferiora

Plexussacralis,
Truncus
lumbosacralis
A iliacacommunis
sinistraa

V iliacacommunis
O o A sacralislateralis

A sacralis mediana O

A iliaca communis dextra a ,i N sacralis [S1], R anterior

A iliaca interna a

A iliolumbalisO
a A gluteasuperior
A iliaca externa a

A umbilicalis,Pars oatens a
,, Truncussympathicus,
A obturatoria
a Gangliasacralia

N obturatorius

N genitofemoralis,
R genitalis r N sacralis [S2],
B anterior

A n u l u si n g u i n a l i s O A glutea inferior
profundus
, N sacralis [S3],
R anterior
A cremasterica
O
6 Nn anales [rectales]
inferiores
A epigastrica
O
inferior

R pubicusa

R obturatorius
a
Lig sacrospinale

a A pudendainterna
pubica
Symphysis
*, N pudendus
A obturatoria,
R oubicusa

M obturatorius
internusa O A rectalis media

A vesicalis
interiora : Plexussacralis

F i g . 1 1 6 3 I n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r y ,A . i I i a c ai n t e r n a ,
a n d s a c r a Ip l e x u s P
, t e x u ss a c r a L i s ;
viewedfrom the left
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar vbtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
)rgans of the malepeLvis

A ;V sacralis lateralis,Rr spinales O a

N sacralis [S1], R anterior * Os sacrum

,* N sacralis[S2],R anterior
N lumbalis[L5], R anterior i
V iliaca interna O
parietale
Peritoneum
V iliaca externa a)

A iliaca communis O
a M piriformis
Mesocolon sigmoideum
O M gluteusmaximus

Colon sigmoideum Rectum,Flexurasacralis

Appendicesomentales [epiploicae]

Ductusdeferens
Excavatio rectovesicalis
Vesica funicaserosa
u n n a n aI
I Tunica
muscularis
\
Articulatio
l/ rectusabdominis
O sacrococcygea

Os pubis Ureter

Lig puboprostaticum Glandula

vesiculosa

Corpus anococcygeum
Funiculus
spermaticus ILig anococcygeum]

a M levator ani
Ductusdeferens
Corpusanococcygeum
lvl cremasterC [Lig anococcygeum]
Tunicadartos,M dartosa
Rectum,Flexuraanorectalis
Iperinealis]
Cruspenis

A profundapenisa a M sphincter
ani externus

l\4 ischiocavernosus 0
perineiprofundus
l\4 transversus a perineiprofundus
a I/l transversus
l\4 sphincter
urethraea
Prostata Glandula a M bulbospongiosus
bulbourethralis'

F i g . 1 1 6 1 + 0 r g a n so f t h e m a [ ep e L v i s .
* C t i n i c at eI r m :C O W P EgR[ 'asn d
Genitatia Rectunn Topography Sseti0ns

of themalepelvis

a A sacralismediana
a A iliaca interna
Promontorium
Pars abdominalisaortae a
Parspatens
a A umbilicalis,
A mesentericainferiora

A i l i a c ac o m m u n i sO a a A ; V.vesicalis
superior

V i l i a c ac o m m u n i so Canalissacralis

Ureterdexter O a A ; V rectalissuperior
A;VobturatoriaOo
V iliaca externa a a V iliaca interna
A iliaca externa a \ ki
a a A.; V vesicalis
inferior
Ductusdelerensdexter

A ; V c i r c u m f l e xOao a A ductusdeferentis
iliumprofunda

Plicaumbilicalis
lateralis; a l\4.piriformis
A;V epigastricaaa
inferior

Plica umbilicalismedialis

Vesicaurinaria

Ductusdeferenssinister
Uretersinister

vesiculosa
Glandula
A vesicalis
superiora

aaA;Vrectalismedia

V dorsalisprofundaa
penrs
a A vesicalis
inferior

o M levatorani
A dorsalispenisa
a aA ; V rectalisinferior
Plexus venosus vesicalisa Prostata pudendainterna
ooA;V
Funiculus ' A profunda
spermaticus penisO
penis
Corpuscavernosum posteriores
a a A ; V pudendainterna,Rr.scrotales

F i g . 1 1 6 5 B L o o ds u p p l . oy f t h e m a t ep e t v i s
 > Pelvicviscera g t a n dI U r i n a r yb l a d d e r
K i d n e yI S u p r a r e n a
and retroperitoneaI
space
Vesselsof the femalepelvis

a A iliacainterna
o V iliaca interna
V i l i a c ac o m m u n ios O A sacralismediana
A iliaca communis O a o A ; V rectalissuoerior

rl\ / Rectum,
Tunicamuscularis,
.11\/ Stratumlongitudinale
A umbilicalis,Pars patens a

A ; V, ovarica a O
o A uterina

a a A :V rectalismedia

Plicarectouterina

Tubauterina Uretersinister

Lig teresuteri

A;V iliacaexternaaa OOA;Vuterina

a a A ;V rectalismedia

Vesicaurinaria
o A vaginalis

Ovarium
sinistrum
o A vesicalisinferior

a M levatorani
A uterina,a
R tubarius
a o A ; V rectalisinferior

o Plexusvenosusvaginalis
B u l b u vs e s t i b uol i

aoA:V oudendainterna
Lig teres uteri a W vesicales

Fig. 1156 BtoodsuppLyof the fema|.epetvis

Genitatia R e ctu m Topography S e et i o n s

femalepelvis

Nodi lymphoidei preaortici, aortici laterales et retroaortici a Pars abdominalisaortae

Nodi lymphoideiiliaci communes

a a A :V sacralismediana
Nodus lymphoideusprecavalis

a A iliolumbalis

A;Vovaricaoo a aA : V rectalissuoerior

Nodi lymphoideiiliaci interni

Rectum
Noduslymphoideus
iliacusexternus

N genitofemoralis,,
OoA;V uterina

,:
N obturatorius
Noduslymphoideus
A ; V i l i a c ae x l e r n aa O rectalissuperior

A;V obturatoriaOa a A vaginalis

Nodi lymphoideiiliaci externi

mediales et laterales o A pudendainterna

A umbilicalls,Pars occlusa O a A rectalismedia

A;VepigastricaaO
inferior Lig sacrospinale

Nodi lymphoidei
Chorda arteriae pararectales
umbilicalis

Excavatio rectouterina*
Lig teres ul Plica rectouterina

Anulusfemoralis oaA;Vrectalismedia

Nodi lymphoideiiliaciexterni obturatorii

a A. umbilicalis,Pars patens
Lig teresuteri
a M levatorani
Aa vesicales
superiores
a Uterus,Faciesintestinalis
Vesica urinaria

Lig umbilicalemedianum

F i 1 . 1 1 6 7 L y m p h a t i c sV, a s aL y m p h a t i c a n , d l y m p hn o d e s , T h eL y m p hn o d e sa r e f r e q u e n t l ym u c h s m a t t e rt h a n i t t u s t r a t e d
N o d iL y m p h o i d eoi ,f t h e p e t v i cw a t [ o f t h e f e m a l e . b u t t h e ya r e a l w a y sp r e s e n tT . u m o u rc e t l sf r o m t h e u t e r u sc a n
r e a c ht h e s u p e r f i c i aiIn g u i n a l y m p hn o d e sv i a l y m p h a t i c so f t h e
r o u n dl i g a m e n to f u t e r u s .
* C I i n i c at eI r m :p o u c h ofD0UGLAS
* * C [ i n i c at eI r m :r o u n dl i g a m e n t

A iliaca
interna

A iliaca
externa
eprgastflca
obturatoria inferior

Foramen
obturatum
250k

F i g . I 1 6 8a - c V a r i a b i t i toyf t h e o r i g i no f t h e o b t u r a t o ra r t e r y ,A
obturatoria;
mediaLview
a O r i g i nf r o m t h e a n t e r i o rb r a n c ho f t h e i n t e r n a Li L i a ca r t e r y ,
A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a[ " t e x t b o o kc a s e " ]
b O r i g i na s a n i n d e p e n d e nbt r a n c hf r o m t h e i n t e r n a Li I i a c
a r t e r y ,A . i t i a c ai n t e r n a
c 0 r i g i nf r o m t h e e x t e r n a iI I i a ca r t e r y ,A . i L i a c a
externa
0 n L yi n 7 5 %o f t h e c a s e s t, h e o b t u r a t o ra r t e r yo r i g i n a t e sf r o m
t h e t r u n k o f t h e i n t e r n a Ii t i a ca r t e r v .
 > Pelvicviscera g i " andI U r i nar ybLadder
Kidney| $ur pr anenat
and retroperitoneaI
space
Female pelvicdiaphragm

pubica
Symphysis
pubicum
Tuberculum Lrg pubicuminferius

Urethrafeminina,
Tunicamuscularis perinei
Lig transversum

Fascia perinei IFascia Vagina lvl transversus

oerineiorofundus
investiensperinei superficialisl Spina iliaca anterior inferior
Spina iliaca
anteriorsuperior
Fossa acetabuli

Crista iliaca

Lig transversum
Os ilium
acetabuli
Fascia perinei
IFascia investiens
perinei superficialisl
Facies lunata
M transversus
perineisuperficialis
M obturatorius
internus Fascia inferior
diaphragmatispelvis
Tuber ischiadicum
Fascia obturatoria
Fascia obturatoria
Lig sacrotuberale
Fascia inferior
diaphragmatispelvis M levator ani, l\/l puborectalis
Spina ischiadica

l\4 levator ani, M iliococcygeus

M ischiococcygeus[M coccygeus]
Lt9 sacrotuberale
M sphincterani externus

Centrumperinei Lig sacrotuberale

M sphincter Spina iliaca posteriorsuperior

ani externus
Corpus anococcygeumILig anococcygeum]

Ossacrum Os coccygis

F i g .1 1 6 9 P e r i n e am I u s c L e sM, m . p e r i n e i , P r o b ei n t h e p u d e n d acI a n a [I A L C O C Kc 'asn a [ ]

a n d t h e p e t v i cd i a p h r a g mD, i a p h r a g m ap e t v i so, f t h e f e m a l e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
pubicum
Tuberculum Symphysis pubica

L i n e at e r m i n a l i s

Eminentia iliopubica Canalisobturatorius

Corpusossispubis M levator ani, l\4 pubococcygeus

l\4 levator ani,

I M iliococcygeus

Fossa acetabuli-1
I! (Arcustendineus
musculilevatoris
ani)

Os sacrum l\4 rectococcygeus

M ischiococcygeus
Ligg sacroiliacaanteriora
[M coccygeus]

Foramen ischiadicum
Articulatiosacroiliaca maJus

Lig sacrotuberale
Ligg sacroiliacainterossea

Os ilium

Proc articularissuperior

F i g . 1 1 7 0 P e L v idc i a p h r a g mD
, i a p h r a g m ap e t v i so, f t h e f e m a L e ; * C t i n i c atIe r m : l e v a t o rh i a t u sI H i a t u su r o q e n i t a t iest a n i l
s u p e n o rv t e w .
Genitatia

Female pelvicdiaphragm

A i l i a c ac o m m u n i so

V iliacacommunis
o
A;ViliacainternaaO

Ureter

N obturatorius a M piriformis

M transversus
a
abdominis
o M. levator ani

M obliquusG
internus
abdominis

M o b l i q u uas
exlernus
abdominis

M iliacus a

V iliaca externa O a
a (M sacrococcygeus)

A ;V circumllexa
a a
iliumprofunda

A ; V epigastrica
inferiorO a

N obturatorius:
Pectenossispubis
A;VobturatoriaOa-'{

M obturatorius
a
Internus
(Arcustendineus a M rectococcygeus
musculilevatoris
ani)
; V pudendainternaa a a M levator ani

Clitoris,
Corpusclitoridis
o l\4 sohincter
aniexternus
V dorsalisprofundaa
cliloridis
I M sphincterani internus
M sphincter
urethraea
Ostiumurethrae
externum Labiumminuspudendi Pecten analis

Vagina
Centrum perinei e M sDhincter
aniexternus

Labium majus pudendi

F i g . 1 1 7 1 M u s c t e so f t h e p e L v i dc i a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m ap e L v i so,f t h e f e m a t e
 > Pelvicviscera U r i n a r yb t a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
Malepelvicdiaphragm

penis
Corpusspongiosum

M bulbospongiosus
Tunicadartos.l\4.dartos
lvl ischiocavernosus
Glandula *
bulbourethralis Raphe perinei

perinei
M transversus
profundus

lvl transversus
perineisuperlicialis

Fascia
obturatoria

Tela
subcutanea,
Panniculus
adrposus

Lig sacrotuberale

Fasciaobturatoria
M sphincter
ani externus
l\4 gluteusmaximus

l\4.levator ani Corpusanococcygeum

Os coccygis [Lig anococcygeum]

F i g . 1 1 7 2 P e r i n e u mP , e r i n e u ma, n d
p e L v i dc i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m ap e l v i s o, f t h e m a t e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* C l i n i c at eLr m :c o w P E Rg' st a n d
Genita[ia

Femalepelvicdiaphragm

Preputium
clitoridis
Glans clitoridis
Ostiumurethrae
externum Ostiumvaginae;
Carunculae
hymenales Rugae vaginales
M gracilis Labiumminuspudendi

M. ischiocavernosus Glandulavestibularis
major,(Ostium)*
M bulbo- M bulbo-
spongrosus
spongrosus

Baphe
peflnel Fasciaperinei
IFasciainvestiens
perineisuperf
icialisl

M. transversus
peflnel
superficialis

Fascia
obturatoria

Fossa ischioanalis
M. sphincter
anrexernus

M, gluteusmaximus
M levatorani
Anus
perineisuperficialis
Mm transversi et profundus
Corpusanococcygeum
Os coccygis ILig.anococcygeum]

F i g . ' l ' 1 7 3 P e r i n e u mP , e r i n e u mp ; e t v i cd i a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m ap e t v i sa, n d f e m a [ ee x t e r n a gI e n i t a t i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a l i af e m i n i n ae x r e r n a ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
+ C t i n i c at eI r m :B A R T H 0 L g t N[ a' sn d
T h ev a g i n a a I n d t h e a n a Io r i f i c e sa r e l o c a t e di n c t o s ep r o x i m i t y .
D u r i n gd e t r v e r tyh e s k i n a n d m u s c l e so f t h e p e r i n e u mc a n
r u p t u r eu p t o t h e s p h i n c t e rm u s c t e so f t h e a n u s i l . - l l l . d e g r e e
p e r i n e a lLa c e r a t i o n sT l .h e s ec a n b e p r e v e n t e db y s u r g i c a l
i n c i s i o n sd i r e c t e de i t h e r[ a t e r a t [ yo r i n t h e m e d i a np [ a n e
I p e r i n e aiIn c i s i o n= l a t e r a Io r m e d i a I e p i s i o t o m y l .
 L J r i n a r vb t m q i d e r

Lig inguinale

pubica
Symphysis

a V dorsalisprofunda
penis
A;N dorsalispenisO{a
Lig pubicuminferius
Urethramasculina Lig transversumperinei

Glandula bulbourethralis* ll l\il,sphincter urethrae

perineiprofundus
M transversus N Ductusolandulae
bulbourethralis
A : V b u l b oi e n i so a perineiprofundus
a M transversus
AiV oerinealisaa perineisuperficialis]
FasciaperineiIFasciainvestiens
N perinealisi, Ramus ossis ischii
A:Vpudendainternaaa

N pudendus

a M transversus
peflnel
superficialis

F i g . 1 1 7 1 U r o g e n i t adI i a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m au r o g e n i t a t eo,f t h e m a [ e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* C l i n i c at eI r m :c o w P E Rg' st a n d

pubicum
Tuberculum Lig pubicum
superius Lig inguinale

Os pubis,Ramussuperior
pubica
Symphysis

a V dorsalisorofunda
clitoridis

A ; N dorsalisclitoridis
O r: Lig pubicuminferius
Vagina perinei
Lig transversum
Os pubis, Ramus inferior Urethrafeminina

A bulbivestibuli
a perineiorofundus
C M transversus
Bamus ossis ischli
Fasciaperinei
perinei
IFasciainvestiens

M transversus
a
peflnel
Tuberischiadicum superficialis

F i g .1 1 7 5 U r o g e n i t adLi a p h r a g m ,
D i a p h r a g m au r o g e n i t a t eo,f t h e f e m a L e ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
 - i."

Genitatia

Female externaI genitalia

pubica
Symphysis Lig.suspensorium
clitoridis
pubicum
Tuberculum
Lig. inguinale

Corouscavernosum
clitoridis

Glansclitoridis Preputium
clitoridis
Frenulum
clitoridis
Crusclitoridis
Labiumminuspudendi Ostiumurethrae
externum
Ostiumvaginae;Columnarugarumanterior
hvmenales
Carunculae
Bulbusvestibuli
M. ischiocavernosus
Glandula
vestibularis
maior*,
(Ostium) M. bulbospongiosus
FasciaperineiIFasciainvestiens
M transversus
oerineiorotundus perineisuperficialisl

Vestibulum
vagrnae
Tuberischiadicum
Frenulumlabiorum
M. transversus pudendi
perineisuperficialis

M. sohincter Parssubcutanea
aniexternus.
Anus

Corpusanococcygeum
ILig.anococcygeum]

Fig. 1176 FemateexternaIgenita[ia,

0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i af e m i n i n ae x t e r n a ;
v e n t r o i n f e r i ovri e w .
+ C [ i n i c at eI r m :B A R T H O LqI N L a' sn d

Monspubis
labiorum
Commissura
anterior

Preputium
clitoridis Commissura
labiorum Preputium
clitoridis
Frenulum anterior
clitoridis Labiummajuspudendi
Glans
clitoridis
(Ductuspara-
urethralis) Labiummajus Rimapudendi
pudendi
Ostium
urethrae Labiumminus Labiumminuspudendi
externum pudendi

Glandula Ostium
vestibularis vagrnae
malor,
(Ostium) Hymen

Fossa Frenulum
vestibuli labiorum
vagrnae pudendi
Perineum
Perineum,
Commissura Raphe
labiorum peflnel
poslenor

Fi1.1177 FemateexternaIgenitatia, Fig. 1178 Fema[eexternaIgenitatia,

0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i af e m i n i n ae x t e r n a ; 0 r g a n ag e n i t a l . ifae m i n i n ae x t e r n a ;
inferiorview. inferiorview.
 > Pelvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Malepelvicorgansand retroperitoneal
space

Fossasuoravesicalis Plica umbilicalismedialis

(Chorda arteriae umbilicalis)
Plica umbilicalismediana O Plica umbilicalislateralis
(Lig. umbilicalemedianum, (A ; V. epigastrica inferior)
Chorda urachi) Plicavesicalistransversa

Fossainguinalis
lateralis

o N. femoralis
M. psoasmajorO
a N genitofemoralis
A;V iliacaexternaaa

Ductusdeferens Fossa inguinalismedialis

Nodilympholdei Nodi lymphoidei iliaci externi

iliaciexterni
O A. umbilicalis,Pars occlusa
N obturatoriuso
Linea terminalis
A;V obturatoriaOO
\ Lig. capitis femoris
Ductusdeterens Ureter
Ductusdeferens
M obturatorius
internusa Glandula
vesiculosa
Amoullaductusdeferentis
M obturatorius
externusO
a Plexusvenosusvesicalis;Plexusvenosusprostaticus
Excavatio rectovesicalis
Membranaobturatoria
Fossaischioanalis
M. levator ani O

Os ischii Prostata

A ; V pudendainterna;N. pudendus
OOC
Cruspenis Cruspenis
Glandula
bulbourethralis
perineiprofundus
M. transversus a
Bulbuspenis

F i g . 1 1 7 9 P e t v i cd i a p h r a g mD , i a p h r a g m ap e l v i s ;
p e l v i co r g a n sa n d a n t e r i o ra b d o m i n a I w a [ [ ,
0 r g a n aa b d o m i n i se t p e t v i so, f t h e m a [ e ;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h e a do f t h e f e m u r
a n d t h e u r i n a r yb | . a d d eor n t h e L e f t ;
dorsaIview
Genita[ia

Femalepelvicorgansandretroperitoneal
space

Fascia pelvis visceralis

Excavatiovesicouterina

t N. obturatorius

M obturatorius
internusO o A obturatoria

Vesica urinaria

internusj
N pudendus o Plexusvenosus
vesicalis
A. pudendainternaa
a M. levatorani
Diaphragma
urogenitale

Glandula vestibularismajor Crusclitoridis

Bulbus vestibull
O M ischiocavernosus

Ostiumvaginae Urethrafeminina

Labiumminuspudendi

Ostiumurethrae
externum

F i g . 1 1 8 0 P e L v idc i a p h r a g mD , iaphragma p e t v i sa, n d

p e t v i co r g a n s ,O r g a n ap e l v i s o, f t h e f e m a [ e ;
f r o n t a L s e c t i ol onn t h e r i g h t lc o m b i n e wd i t h a m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
ventraIview.
 Pelvicviscera U ni nar bl
y " adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
genitaLia
MaIe external

A dorsalis penis a penis

Lig fundilorme a V dorsalis profunda penis

A n u l u si n g u i n a l i s
superficialis

:t N ilioinguinalis

Funiculus
spermaticus

N genitofemoralis,{
B genitalis
a A cremasterica;
a (V cremasterica)
N dorsalis penis

a o A.; V, pudendaexterna

Plexuspamoiniformis
a

Ductusdeferens

A testicularis
a a Rr scrotales
anteriores

a V dorsalisprofundapenis

penis
a V dorsalissuperficialis
Fascia penis (profunda)

F i g . 1 1 8 1 M a L ee x t e r n a g I enitatia,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i am a s c u L i neax t e r n a .
Genitalia

Maleexternal

Anulusinguinalis
superficialis,
Crusmediale Aponeurosis
a M obliquusexternusabdominis,
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus
a M obliquusinternus
abdominis

* N ilioinguinalis

Fascia spermatica exlerna a a V dorsalisprofunda

penrs;
oeA;N dorsalispenis
Fasciacremasterica;
a
M cremaster
penis
1 A. profunda

Plexus pampiniformisa

penis
Corpuscavernosum
Ductusdeferens

Urethramasculina
A testicularis
a

I caput penis
Corpusspongiosum
Epididymis
j
| (APPendix)

Appendix
testis
a Fasciacremasterica;
M cremasler
Tunicavaginalis
testis,
Laminavisceralis

a Fasciaspermaticaexterna
Tunica vaginalistestis,
Lamina parietalis

Fascia sDermaticainterna a Tunicadartos,M dartos

M cremastera

Fascia spermaticaexterna o

Septumscroti Raphe scroti

Fig. 1182 MaLegenitaLia

0 r q a n aq e n i t a t i am a s c u L i n a .
 > Pelvicviscera t l r i n a r yb l a d d e r
and retroperitonealspace
Maleperinealregion

perinealis,Rr scrotalesposteriores

A, dorsalispenisa
I M bulbospongiosus

A bulbipenisa

l| l\4 ischiocavernosus

N dorsalis penis ,

a A perinealis
Rr perineales:
(N cutaneus
femoris
posterior)
I l\4.transversus
peflnel
superficialis

Nnclunium:
inferiores
(N cutaneus
femoris
posterior)

Nn anales:
Irectales]
inferiores

N oerinealis

Lig sacrospinale
O A rectalisinferior
N pudendus,
A pudenda interna O
' Nn.cluniuminferiores
Lig. sacrotuberale (N cutaneusfemorisposterio0
M gluteusmaximus+t il M levator ani
Corpus anococcygeumILig anococcygeum] Nn anococcygei

F i g . 1 1 8 3 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p e r i n e u m ,
R e g i op e r i n e a L iasn, dt h e m a L ee x t e r n a L g e n i t a L i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a t i am a s c u I i n ae x t e r n a .
 i.:liir i:.:rl:i

Genitalia

M bulbospongiosus
I
Ostiumurelhraeexternum
posteriores
a A pudendainterna,Rr labiales
L a b i u mm i n u sp u d e n d i
V bulbi O
vestibuli Bulbusvestibuli
O M ischiocavernosus

A dorsalis O
clitoridis

A perinealisa
s Nn.labiales
posleflores
N dorsalis ,
clitoridis

A pudenda o
interna

Rr perineales
(N cutaneus
femoris a M transversus
posterior) pennel
superficialis

N dorsalis
clitoridis

Nn clunium
interiores
(N cutaneus
lemoris
posterior)

I M gluteus
maxtmus
Nn perineales
OoA;V Pudenda
inlerna
N pudendus a A. rectalisinlerior
* Nn anales lrectales]inferiores
A pudendainternaa
* Nn cluniuminferiores
lvl levatorani a (N cutaneusfemorisposterio0
t, Nn anococcygei
M sDhincter aniexternuss
Corpusanococcygeum
[Lig anococcygeum]

F i g , 1 1 8 4 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p e r i n e u m ,
R e g i op e r i n e a L iasn, dt h e f e m a t ee x t e r n a I g e n i t a I i a ,
0 r g a n ag e n i t a [ i af e m i n i n ae x t e r n a .
 > Petvicviscera N , . J n i n ba tray d d e r
andretroperitoneal
space
Abdomen,mediansection

Oesophagus Hepar,Area nuda

Plexusvenosusa Aorta,a a Diaphragma,
Centrumtendineum
vertebralis
internus Pars
anterior, abdominalis Hepar,Lobussinister
V basivertebralis Cor
Sternum,
Corpus

Sternum,Proc xiphoideus
Gaster,Cardia
Fornixgastricus
A gastroduodenalis
O
Pancreas,
Ductuspancreaticus
A mesenterica
superiora
Colontransversum
Pars lumbalis a
diaphragmatis
Lineaalba
V renalis dextra a

A renalisdextra a
JeJUnum
Filum terminale ,,
Omentummajus
Aa jejunales O
Peritoneum
viscerale
V mesentericasuperior a
parietale
Peritoneum

A iliaca communis a
dextra
V iliaca communis O
oexlra
Cauda equina ,

a A jejunalis
Promontorium

Colon sigmoideum

Plica transversa
recti a M rectusabdominis
Os sacrum
Vesicaurinaria
Glandula
vesiculosa
a l\4 pyramidalis
Ampullarecti O sp u b i s
Os coccygis
Lig fundiforme penis
Prostata

M sphincterani I
externus penis
Corpusspongiosum
lvl,sphincter
ani a
internus penis
Corpuscavernosum
Columnae anales
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum
M levator ani, t
M pubococcygeus
Septumscroti
l\4 transversusperineia
profundus
penis
Preputium
l\4 ischiocavernosus O
Glans penis
lV bulbospongiosusj Epididymis Tunica vaginalistestis, Lamina visceralis

a M cremaster
a Tunicadartos

F i g . 1 1 8 5 A b d o m e nA
, b d o m e n a, n d p e t v i sP
, eLvis,
ofthemate;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
Genita[ia

Pulmodexter,Lobusinferior
V hepaticasinistraO
Lig falciforme
Recessus
Hepar, Lobus sinister phrenicomediastinalis
M rectusabdominis
o
diaphragmatis
O Parslumbalis
Parssternalisa
diaphragmatis
a V cavainferior
Gaster
retrocavales
Nodilymphoidei
A hepatica propria O

Caput pancreatis;
Ductus pancreaticus
a V renalisdextra
a A. renalisdextra
Ductus choledochus
lbiliarisl
V portaehepatisO
Omentummajus,
Lig.gastrocolicum
Colontransversum

Omentummajus

Caputpancreatis,
Proc uncinatus
V mesenterica
O a M erectorsoinae
supenor
A mesenlerica
a a A iliacacommunis
supenor
Lineaalba a V. iliacacommunis

Os sacrum
Nodi lymphoideiileocolici
6 N .s a c r a l i[sS 1 ]

Rectum

a M piriformis

M rectus abdominis a Excavatio rectovesicalis

Ductusdeferens
Cavitas perilonealis vesiculosa
Glandula
Rectum
Vesicaurinaria
a (M sacrococcygeus)

Corpusossispubis a M gluteusmaximus

penis Prostata
Lig fundiforme

a lvl levatorani,M. iliococcygeus

(l\4madductores)
O
o M levatorani,M pubococcygeus

Septumpenis a (Diaphragma
urogenitale)
penis
Corouscavernosum

G l a n sp e n i s a M cremaster
penis
Preputium Epididymis

A testicularis
a o Plexuspampiniformis

F i g .1 1 8 6 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e na, n d p e t v i sP , etvis,

of the mate;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt o t h e r i g h t o f t h e m e d i a nP [ a n e .
 > Pelvicviscera U r i n a r yb l a d d e r
andretroperitoneat
space
Abdomen, frontal section

a V cavainferior
Hepar,Lobuscaudatus Atriumcordisdextrum

V hepaticasinistra O Ventriculus
cordisdexter
V portae hepatis O Lig triangulare
sinistrum
V portaehepatis,O
R dexter
Gaster,Ostium
cardlacum
A hepaticapropriaO
O O A.; V gastricasinistra
Duodenum,
Parssuperior
Colontransversum

Hepar,Lobusdexter
Caudapancreatis

Colontransversum a A. gastroduodenalis

a V splenica
Caputpancreatis

Duodenum,Flexura
duodenojejunalis
Colonascendens

O A mesenterica
supeflor
A,;V mesenteria
c aa
supeflor
a Aa jejunales

Colon ascendens

lleum
Cavitas peritonealis
O si l i u m

Colon descendens

M sartoriusa

M. tensorfasciaelataeI
l\4 iliacus a

N femoralis .l
Colon sigmoideum
A femoralis
o
lvl rectuslemorisa Os pubis
V femoralis
o pubica
Symphysis
M pectineus
a Lig.fundiforme
penis
N4,adductor brevis a

M adductorlongusa
Penis,Tunica albuginea a A profundapenis

F i g . 1 1 8 7 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m o s t a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e a b d o m i n a t c a v r t y .
Genitatia

Ostiumcardiacum Oesophagus, Parsthoracica a V pulmonalis

dextrainferior
V. pulmonalis O Pulmodexter,Lobusinferior
f Loous sinistrainferior
PulmoJ superlor
sinisterI r ^n,," Pulmodexter,
| .-l-':"
\ Inreflor Lobusmedius
Lobushepatis Pleuraparietalis,
sinister Parsdiaphragmatica
Lig triangulare
sinistrum o Diaphragma
Lobushepatis
Diaphragma
O dexter

Lig Ductusthoracicus
gastrosplenicum
Corpusgastricum (Noduslymphoideus
mediastinalis
posterioo
SplenILien]
O A subcostalis
Glandula
suprarenalis
Lig splenorenale o Parsabdominalis
aortae
Nodilymphoidei
splenici a Nn splanchnici
A ; V s p l e n i caa a majoret minor

Pancreas Glandula
suprarenalis
Omentummajus
Pyramisrenalis a o A.; V lumbalisI
Colondescendens
Papillarenalis
o Truncus
CostaXl sympathicus
Ren
Ren,
A : V r e n a l ios a Pelvisrenalis Pelvis renalis, Capsula adiposa
Calyx renalis major
Ureter
M psoasmajora o V hemiazygos aoA;V lumbalisll
Parslumbaliso
diaphragmatis

F i g . 1 1 8 8 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nd e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e d i a p h r a g m ,
t h e o r g a n so f t h e u p p e ra b d o m e na n d t h e k i d n e y s ;
dorsaIview.
 ::.-
a:

> Pelvicviscera [-]rir"lany

hi,**ia$*r
and retroperitoneaI
space
Upperabdomen,sagittalsection

iwl
Diaphragma,{}
Centrum tendineum

nepar,
Lobus dexter

Pleuravisceralis
[pulmonalis]

Pleura parietalis,
Pars costalis

Q Pars costalis
diaphragmatis

Parscostalisa
diaphragmatis a V hepatica dextra

Recessuscosto-
diaphragmaticus

l\4 erectorc
sptnae

Columnarenalis a V portae
hepatis,
R dexter,
R anterior
V renaliso

A renalisa

Pelvis renalis
t l\4 rectus
abdominis
l\4edullarenalis
Peritoneum
vrscerale
Calyx renalis
mtnor

M quadratus C
rumDorum

Cortex renalis

R e n ,C a p s u l a
adrposa
Ren,Capsulafibrosa M psoas major *
Fascia renalis

F i g .1 1 8 9 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
s a g i t t asI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e L e v eoLf t h e r i g h t k i d n e y ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
ffienitalia

Upperabdomen,sagittalsection

Gaster,Cardia, Ostium cardiacum

Gaster,Fornixgastricus

Omentumminus,Lig hepatogastricum

Pleuravisceralis
[pulmonalis]

Pleuraparietalis,
Parscostalis
Pars costalis t
diaphragmatis

SplenILien]
Hepar, Lobus sinister

A gastrica sinistra a Lig gastrosplenicum

Bursaomentalis
R intercostalis
anterior;
a)
V intercostalis
anterior;
o
N intercostalis
a Recessus
costodiaphragmaticus
o M erectorspinae

CostaXll

a lvl quadratus
lumborum
gastroomentalis
a
sinistra
Fasciarenalis
Omentummajus
Lig gastrocolicum

lvl rectus abdominis a

c lvl psoasmajor
Cavitasperitonealis
Omentummajus Colontransversum

F i g .1 1 9 0 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
s a g i t t a sLe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s p l e e n ;
viewedfrom the left
 > Petvicviscera {.J ni nnr y dder
b{m
andretroperitoneaI
space
Upperabdomen, transversesections

1,4rectusabdominis
* Lig falcilorme
V cava inferiora
Linea alba
CostaVll
Hepar,Lobussinister
Costa Vl
O Pars thoracicaaortae
Pleura parietalis,
Pars costalis

Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica

Pars costalisdiaphragmatisI Cavitaspleuralis,

Becessus
Costa Vl
costodiaphragmaticus

Peritoneumparietale
* lV],obliquus
externus
Peritoneumviscerale abdominis

CostaVll

Mm intercostales
* SplenILien]

Costa Vlll

V hepaticadextra a
Cavitasperitonealis

M latissimus
dorsi&

Costa lX N intercostalis(T 9)
a V splenica
V portae hepatis, R dexter, O
R posterior a A splenica
CostaX Bursaomentalis
S Parslumbalisdiaphragmatis,
Crussinistrum
Vertebrathoracica Xl, Proc articularissuoerior
' Truncussympathicus
VertebrathoracicaXl
{i M erector spinae
l\4edullaspinalis N intercostalis(T 10)
Spatiumepidurale Ductusthoracicus

F i g .1 1 9 1 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e e L e v e n tthh o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .

Proc xiphoideus
M rectusabdominis

Hepar, Lobus sinister Pars costalisdiaphragmatis

Costa Vll
Gaster

Hepar,Lobusdexter Splen [Lien]

VertebrathoracicaX
Pars thoracicaaortae

M erectorspinae Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis

F i 9 . 1 1 9 2 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i oInC T J
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t e n t ht h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a :
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Genitalia Rectum T o p o g raphy Sections

Upperabdomen,transversesections

Lig falciforme Lrnea Lig tereshepatis;Lobushepatissinister

M rectus abdominis,Vagina musculi recti abdominis o
a A heDatica
communis
M transversusabdominis
o
Hepar,Lobusquadratus
Ductuscysticus;
Duclus Omentumminus,Lig hepatogastricum
choledochusIbiliaris]
o oA; V gasvicasinistra;
Lig hepatoduodenale * Ganglion
coeliacum;Nodi
A hepalica propria, o gastroomentales
lymphoidei
R dexter;
V portae hepatis o Bursaomentalis
Lobuscaudatus, Proc
papillaris;
Recessus Omentummajus
superiorbursaeomentalis
V portaehepatis,O Recessus
splenicus
R dexter
f Parscostalis: Hilumsplenicum;
Diaphragma?1 pars lumbalis,
( Crusdextrum Nodilymphoidei
splenici
Lobushepatisdexter
SplenILien]
V cavainferiorO
Ductusthoracicus Cauda pancreatis

V azygosa
Peritoneumviscerale
Cavitas pleuralis Cavitasperitonealis
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica Peritoneumoarietale

PleuraDarietalis.
Parscostalis aaA;V splenica
Mm intercostales
externiet interni|} Ben:Glandula
suprarenalis
Ben Ren,Capsulaadiposa
M latissimus
dorsit a * V hemiazygos; major
N. splanchnicus
M serratusoosterior
inferiora a Q i, Aorta;Diaphragma; minor
N. splanchnicus
s N thoracicus[T12]
M iliocostalisthoracis N
Medulla spinalis
minor,,
N splanchnicus Vertebra Xll. Proc.soinosus
thoracica
M longissimus
thoracis|} $ l\,4m multifidi j
\
F i g .1 1 9 3 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e na t t h e [ e v e [
o f t h e i n t e r v e r t e b r adIi s c b e t w e e nt h e e l e v e n t ht h o r a c i c
a n d f i r s t L u m b a vr e r t e b r a ;
withthe exception dyetLow
o f t h e o m e n t a Lb u r s ah i g h l . i g h t ei n
g r e e nt h e p e r i t o n e u mi s c o L o u r eidn b t u e .

Colontransversum
Lig falciforme

Lig tereshepatis Jejunum

Pancreas

Hepar,Lobuscaudatus
Colondescendens
Hepar,Lobusdexter

V portaehepatis Aorta
V cavainterior
Parslumbalis
diaphragmatis Vertebra
lumbalis,
Corpusvertebrae
Costa X
Splen[Lien]
M latissimusdorsi Rensinister

Costa Xl

Ben dexter M. erectorspinae

Costa Xll

F i g . 1 1 9 1 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o nI C T ]
a t t h e l e v e Lo f t h e f i r s t I u m b a rv e r t e b r a
T h e i n t e s t i n ei s p a r t i a t t yf i t t e dw i t h a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m .
 > Pelvicviscera KidneyI Supr ar enagltand
. htadder
I U r i nany
and retroperitoneaI
space
Upper abdomen, transversesections

Hepar,Lobussinister
V portae hepalis a
Lig teres Colontransversum
costavlll hepatis
* l\4 rectusabdominis
Peritoneumparietale
O A mesenterica
suoerior
Cavitas peritonealis
Pancreas
Pars costalisdiaphragmatis
Becessus Noduslymphoideus
costodiaphragmaticus pancreaticus
Pleuraparietalis,
Parsdiaphragmatica JeJunum
Pleura parietalis,
Pars costalis

C o s t aV l l l
Costa lX

Hepar,
Lobus
dexter

Colon
descen-
dens

aA.
renalis

* M latissimus
dorsi

V cavainferioro
Pelvis
Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatlss renalts

CostaXll
Medulla renalis
Truncus
sympathicus Calyx renalis minor

l\4 erector spinae * Vertebra

lumbalisI Sinusrenalis
Cortexrenalis
Cauda equina ,
o V renalis
A mesentericainlerior a a Pars abdominalisaortae

F i g .1 1 9 5 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e f i r s t I u m b a rv e r t e b r a .

A mesentericasuperior

Hepar, Lobus sinister

Jejunum

Vesica biliaris

A renalis

V cava inferior

Corpus vertebrae lumbalis I

Hepar, Lobus dexter

F i g . 1 1 9 6 A b d o m e nA , bdomen;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o nI C T ]
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e f i r s t [ u m b a rv e r t e b r a ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w
* I n t e s t i ngaaI s
Genitalia Rectum T o p o E r aphy Sections

Lowerabdomen,transversesections

Linea alba

* M rectusabdominis
mesenterica
superior,
Aa ; Vv ilealesO o
lleum

A mesentericainferiorO
Cavitasperitonealis
Peritoneumviscerale

Peritoneum
oarietale

f M. transversus
abdominis
Colon sigmoideum c l\4.obliquus
internus abdominis

* M obliquus
exlernus
abdominis

aaA.;V
mesenterica
Pars O supeflor,
abdominalis Aa.;W.
aonae ileales
Colon
descendens

Colon
ascendens

1,4latissimus
dorsi*

Vertebra lumbalis lll 6 M psoasmajor

aoA;Vtesticularis
Cauda equina t
t M erector spinae
N spinalis
Vertebralumbalis lV. Proc sprnosus

Fig.1197 Abdomen,Abdomen;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l o w e ra b d o m e n
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d L u m b a vr e r t e b r a .
r l/
M rectus
abdominis
Linea alba
Jejunum*

Colondescendens

externusabdominis
M obliquus

l\4 obliquusinternusabdominis
Caecum
abdominis
M. transversus

Appendix vermiformis

Parsabdominalis
aortae

l\4 psoas major V cava inferior lumbalislll

Corpusvertebrae

F i g .1 1 9 8 A b d o m e nA, b d o m e n ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o nI C T l
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d L u m b a vr e r t e b r a ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
* Jejunum f i t l e dw i t ha c o n t r a smt e d i u m
 > Petvicviscera K r e i n e yI S u p r a r e r r aEI t a n d I l . J n i n * riy: L n d c l e n
andretroperitoneat
space
Malepelvis,mediansections

Mesenterium Colon sigmoideum

Ostiumurethrae
internum
\ ,ro 1[\l'
Filum terminale
lntestinumtenue

Omentummajus Ostiumureteris

Apex vesicae
Plica transversarecti*
Plica umbilicalismediana ,4'
( L i g u m b i l i c a l em e d i a n u m )
Lrg sacrococcygeum
Spatium posteriussuperficiale
retropubicum""

Lrneaalba Excavatio rectovesicalis

Articulatio
sacrococcygea
Symphysis pubica
Ampulla recti

Lig lundiforme penis

Fascia rectoprostatica

V dorsalis profunda penis a Prostata

Fasciapelvisvisceralis
dorsalis superficialispenis o
Corpusanococcygeum
[Lig anococcygeum]
Urethra,Pars spongiosa
6 M sphincterani
externus
Duclus delerens
* M sphincter
ani
Caputepididymidis internus
Tunicaalbuginea
corporum
cavernosorum Columnae anales: Sinus anales

penis
Corpuscavernosum (Pecten analis)

penis
Corpusspongiosum * M sphincter
ani externus
Septulatestis perineiprofundus
& M transversus

Coronaglandis Membrana perinei

Glanspenis Ductuliefferentes
testis Urethra,Parsintermedia
Imembranacea]
Fossa navicularisurethrae
Mediastinumtestis Lig puboprostaticum
P r e p u t i upme n i s
Ductusdeferens;
Caudaepididymidis
Ostiumurethrae
externum Bulbuspenis,Corpusspongiosum
penis
M cremaster;
Fasciacremasterica
& S Scrotum.
Tunicadartos.M dartos
Lobuli testis

F i g . 1 1 9 9 P e L v i sP, e L v i so,f t h e m a l e ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the [eft.
* C l i n i c at eI r m :K o H L R A U sSfCoH td
* * C t i n i c at eI T mc: a v eo f R E T Z I U S Vertebra
l u m b a l i sV

Canalis
sacrails
Os sacrum
M rectus abdominis

Colon sigmoideum Ampullarecti

Os coccygis
Vesica urinaria

Symphysis pubica Prostata

Canalisanalis
Bulbus penis
F i g . 1 2 0 0 P e L v i sP, e t v i so, f t h e m a [ e ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i c Testrs
i m a g eI M R l l ;
p a r a m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the left
Genitatia Rectum T n p o E r aphy Sections

Femalepelvis, sections

Fimbriaetubae uterinae
Infundibulum
tubaeuterinae Uterus.Faciesintestinalis
A sacralismediana a Cavitas uteri; Canalis ceruicisuteri, Plicae palmatae

Lig suspensorium
ovarii;A; V ovaricaa o

A.; V iliacaexternaa o Colon sigmoideum

Ampullatubaeuterinae

Ovarium,Folliculus
ovaricus
vesiculosus
a A. sacralis mediana
lsthmustubaeuterinae
Fundusuteri
Lig teresuteri
A ; V epigastricainferiorO a
Plica umbilicalismedialis (Chorda a umbilicalis)
Peritoneumparietale Ampulla recti;
Plicae transversae recti
Linea alba
Excavatiorectouterina***
Plica umbilicalismediana
(Lig umbilicalemedianum)
Fornix vaginae, Pars
Fascia pelvis parietalis posterior

lsthmus uteri
Portiovaginalisceruicis

Uterus, Facies vesicalis Ostium uteri

Excavatiovesicouterina
Glomus coccygeum

Fascia rectovaginalis
Ostiumurethraeinternum [Septum rectovaginalel

Corpuscijtoridis,
Corpuscavernosum
clitoridis

Frenulum
clitoridis
Ostiumureteris
m i n u sp u d e n d i
Labium
Ostiumurethrae
externum
Labium majus pudendi

Fig. 1201 Petvis,Petvis,of the femate;

m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
t h e i n t e s t i n eh a s b e e na l m o s tc o m p l e t e t y
r e m o v e dw i t h s o m e r e m n a n t so f t h e
s i g m o i da n d r e c t u m ;
Os sacrum
v i e w e df r o m t h e L e f t .
* C t i n i c at eI r m :v e s i c o v a g isneapI t u m
Promontorium + * C l i n i c at eI T ms: a c r o u t e r iLnieg a m e n t
lvl erectorspinae *** C[inicaI term:pouchof DOUGLAS

lntestinum
lenue

l\,4rectus
abdominis

Corpusuteri Portiovaginalisceruicis

Vagina
Vesica
unnafla Spatium rectovaginale

Symphysis urethra
Fig. 1202 pelvis,pelvis,of the female;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e
tomographic
i m a g eI M R l ) ;
p a r a m e d i asne c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the [eft.
 > Petvicviscera g tand
KidneyI Supr nr enal . | [.l r i narbl
y ndder
andretroperitoneal
space
Lowerabdomen,transversesections

a A rectalissuperior
Colon sigmoideum a Aa sigmoideae

A iliacacommunis
a) & l\4 rectusabdominis
o A epigastricainferior
V iliacacommunis
a
Ureter lleum
A testicularis
a
* M obliquusinternus
abdominis

l\4 transversus
abdominis

* M obliquus
externus
Colon
abdominis
ascendens

Crista iliaca
M psoas.s
malor Colon
oescenoens

P l e x u sl u m b a l i s
# M iliacus

A l ao s s i si l i u m
Vertebra lumbalisV
S M gluteus
medtus

A;Vgluteasuperioraa

Os sacrum,
Proc articularissuperior

Ligg sacroiliacainterossea s l\4 gluteusmaximus

C a u d ae q u i n a
Spinailiacaposterior
superior
Vertebra
lumbalisV, Proc articularis
inferior

F i g . 1 2 0 3 P e t v i sP , e[vis; A s t h e s i g m o i dr e a c h e sf a r i n t ot h e u p p e ra b d o m e nt h e f i g u r e
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e f i f t h L u m b a vr e r t e b r a . a L s od i s p L a ytsh e d o m eo f c o L o n ifct e x u r eT. h e t h i c k n e s so f t h e
T h i s m a l e s p e c i m e ni s d i f f e r e nftr o m F i g . 1 1 9 1 ,1 1 9 3 ,1 1 9 5 a d i p o s et i s s u eL a y e or n t h e g t u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c L em u s t b e
a n d 119 7 . t a k e ni n t o c o n s i d e r a t i ownh e n i n j e c t i ng i n t r a m u s c u [ a r l y .

M rectus Colon M transversusabdominis

a b d o m i n i s 0escenoens
M obliquusinternus
abdominis

Colon sigmoideum
M obliquus
externusabdominis

Caecum Cristailiaca

A i l i a c ac o m m u n i s
M iliacus

V iliaca interna
M gluteusmedius

l\4 psoas major

M gluteusmaximus

V iliaca externa l\4 erector spinae Articulatiosacroiliaca

Fig. 1201 PeLvis,Petvis; o f a c o n t r a sm t e d i u mi n t ot h e c o t o n ; s u p i npeo s i t i o n ;

c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i o{nC T la t t h e l e v e I i n f e r i o rv i e w .
o f t h e f i r s t s a c r a Iv e r t e b r aa f t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n * Calcificatio n tnh ew a t lo f t h ei l i a ca r t e r y
 ' p a t e l n u e Jr6e o d d e
'ourlsolur
l l P L Ua s q l ] o s l J e dp u e J a ^ r la q t ' q l e u r o l sa q l
' l J e a qo q l s e q r n s s u e 6 J o s a u e l du o r l l a so q l
Jo
'IICl s u o r l ] e s l r q d e r 6 o u r op] a l n d u r o lre ] u o z r J o uq o p a s e q
a u e l dl e l u o J la q l u r u o r l l n J l s u o l a p l aprn6-aurnlo^
u a u r o p q v ' u a u r o p q v9 0 z l ' 6 l J
suopuassEuoloc
suepuacsopuoloc
rouap ueu
urnun[af unueponc
Ecuol^dsred lolse9
roueons
ecuelueseulv
reuap snqol 'rPdaH
slledoqsarel 6Fl
luar'tluotdS
lalstuts
relsPc snqo"lrEdeH
euOerqderO
ralsrurs
srprocsnlnc!.lluon
urruuapsrpJocurnulv
'uawopqeJa$o-l
suo!llas fiqder6odol u n lla u er l el r ua9
 fualre1e.rou-ra; aqlJolJedletpaulaql ut uotleltJnleO *
'uorlrsod l q]
a u r d n su r ] ) a f q n se q ] q l l Ms t A l a dJ o s s a a
Ll6noJqi lf Cl uorlras-ssorllr qder 6ourolpelndurol
:aleLUaql ,o 'st^led'st^lod LOZL'6lt
[sna6^ccoc l l] snab^ccocortlcsr li\
ruP rolE^el y!
srlPueorqcsr
Pssol
ecrperqcsr
euros
sncrperqcsr
N y1
snurxeusna1n16
snurolxasnuole.rnlqol
:ofeu :elueqcoll'rnLual
PSOInCTSAA
elnpuelc
snuirurr!
la snrpauirep16tuyl
EUeUUneStSAn
suourajlnoPc
ePlel aercsel rosual y! rlnqPlace
essol
snuJalur y!
snrJoleJnlqo
suor.r.rajsnlcar !\
snuouPs|/\ + srleJotlaj V snaurlcaoyI
sBosdorlr |/\ srlerotr]aln ecrqndsrs^qdu^S
snc[euroossnlncrunl srqnoso srururopqE
snlcar n
s r ^ l a dJ a s s o e
l q l q 6 n o J qu
l o r l l e sa s r a ^ s u e r l
:oleul aql jo 'sr^led'sr^lad gOZa'6lJ
PSOlnCrSa^
elnpuelg uinlceH snquir"l'unlnqElacv
PuJolurepuap
An: vda o st6,{ccoc s6 o srlPrpauJ
suoual exauuincrcn
ruralurilrolPrnlqorlncsnu EourpualqnseslnE suaralapsnlcno srlPrpaui
suoual
ilr.lcsrso a exauurncrsv
sncrperqcstN * roua;uree1n16
1 O snrpeuJ
eelnl6V o a snelnloy!
snutxeut
snelnlo y! a ilpoLU
ralnl0rlncsnu
PCUAlUeqCOrl eSrng
srlecrsaA
snsouo^snxalda roleu
JAlUeqcorl
snurolur rnual
snuolPrnlqou\ o
eercsel
ecPrll a rosual n
eeurpuelqns suelncrqro
esrng euoz
srJouiallnoPc
'lnutal
seosoorl|.u\
a
suourol
surdec6q
suor.lajepunloJov o o o euolernlqon: v
o suoual snpal yI
O sPosdorlrU\
srleroualN t, o snlrouesn
srlerouialv a P3erI POUrpualqns
eslng
snqur"l'unlnqelacv
stleloulojn a
* snuolErnlqo N
srlerporxorednssnpoN
'srlercUadnssrleurnOur & sr;eluabg 'sr;eroualolrue6
I
srqnoso
snaproqdLu^l snpoN pueut./nP3rsan suajalopsnlcno
snauncedy1I srurrlropqe
snlcor r{ a a suelnc[salv
sncrlPrurodssnlncrunl snDadns uncrqnd0r-l ecrqndsrs^qdur^S
suo\Jas asJaAsueJJ'stqad
aFN
aleds leauoltJedollel pue
r ap pe lq{. re ur - r |1-pu
1 el 6le ua rer dn|s[a up ly eJalsl^ I^lad <
Genitatia

Femalepelvis,transversesections

Lig pubicum pubica

Symphysis
l\4 iliacus * a V femoralis
Spatiumrekopubicum Vesicaurinaria a O . V:A obturatoria:
N obturatorius
M sartorius
* M pectineus
* pubis a A femoralis
M rectuslemoris* o A profundafemoris
i N femoralis

M psoasmajor,*
Tendo

M vastus g
lateralis

Articulatio
coxae

Femur,
Collumfemoris

M obturatorius
externusa : N ischiadicus
; N cutaneus
Bursa subtendineamusculi femoris posterior
obturatoriiinternitTuber ischiadicum Flectum
Fossa ischioanalis a A gluteainterior
l\4 gluteusmaximus4t Corpusanococcygeum ., N gluteusinferior
ILig anococcygeum] o M levatorani
M obturatorius !l
internus O a V ; A p u d e n d ai n t e r n a
Excavatiorectouterina I N pudendus

F i g . 1 2 0 8 P e t v i sP , e L v i so,f t h e f e m a L e ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ e s s e rp e L v i s
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e s y m p h y s i s

pectrneus
Ospubis
A profundafemoris pubica
/ Symphysis

[,4 sartorius

l\il rectusfemoris
V femoralis
M illopsoas
Vesica urinaria
M tensorlasciaelatae
Vagina
M vastuslateralis
Rectum,Ampulla recti
Femur,
Collumfemoris
l\4 obturatorius
externus Fossa ischioanalis

R a m u so s s i si s c h i i ;
Tuberischiadicum

N ischiadicus

Os coccygis
[,4obturatorius
internus M gluteusmaximus

Fig. 1209 Petvis,Pelvis,of the female;

c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c r o s s - s e c t i oInC T lt h r o u g h
t h e L e s s epr e [ v i sw i t h t h e s u b j e c ti n s u p i n ep o s i t i o n .
* R e m n a no t sf c o n t r a s t i ni ngt e s t i n caoI n t e n t s
 > Petvicviscera U r i nar ybl adder
andretroperitoneaI
space
Malepelvis,obliquefrontalsection

o Aa sigmoideae
Peritoneumparietale a V iliaca interna

Osilium

Appendices omentales Colonsigmoideum

lepiploicael

Ureter

Ductusdeferens
Glandula vesiculosa

internus
M obturatorius

o M levatorani

o o V;A pudendainterna*

Tuberischiadicum

a M bicepslemoris;
M semitendinosus;
M semimembranosus

Cutis a M levator ani, M puborectalis

lvl sphincterani internusa I M sphincterani externus

Fig. 1210 Petvis,PeLvis, of the ma[e;

o b I i q u ef r o n t a Ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ e s s e rp e t v i s .
* C L i n i ctaeIr m A : L C 0 C sKc a n a t
Genitatia

Discusintervertebralis
Vesicaurinaria

M gluteusmaximus
Corpusossisilium

M gluteusmedius
Caputfemoris

internus
M obturatorius
Prostata

externus
M obturatorius
Urethramasculina

M vastuslateralis
penis
Corpuscavernosum

penis
Corpusspongiosum (Mm.adductores)

Fig. 1211 Petvis,Petvis,of the mate;

m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g el M R l l ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e h i p j o i n t s ;
ventraIview.

M. psoasmajor

M iliacus
Cavitasuteri

Corpusuteri M. gluteusmaximus

Corpusossisilium M gluteusmedius

Caputfemoris

internus
M. obturatorius
Collumfemoris

Tubauterina externus
M. obturatorius

Vesicaurinaria
(Mm adductores)

Fig. 1212 Petvis,Petvis,of the femaLe; W h e nt h eu r i n a r yb t a d d ei rs e m p t yt,h eu t e r u s[ i e so nt h ea p e x

m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l l ; o f t h eb [ a d d edr u et o i t sa n t e f t e x r o n .
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e h i p i o i n t s ;
ventraIview
 > Petvicviscera U r i nar ybtadder
andretroperitoneat
space
Malepelvicdiaphragm,
angled-frontalsection

Vesicaurinaria,
Plicainterureterica
Ostiumurethrae
internum o M. levatorani

Ostiumureteris
Peritoneum
urogenitale,
Fossaoaravesicalis

O M. obturatoriusinternus
Fossaacetabuli
Lig capitis femoris
a N. pudendus

Caput
femoris

a M obturatorius
eXlernus

a a A.;V
M. iliopsoas,
O circumflexa
Tendo femoris
medialis
M. quadratusO
femoris

Ramusinferior
M adductora) ossispubis
mlntmus

M adductorO
ma9nus

MmO oOA;V.pudenda
ischiocrurales interna
M. ischiocavernosus
a O M. transversus a N. perinealis
perineiprofundus
M. bulbospongiosus
O O M transversusperineisuperficialis
Urethra
masculina
Penis, Fascia perinei (superficialis)
Corpus spongiosum

Fig. 1213 Petvis,Petvis,of the ma[e;

a n g l e d - f r o n t asIe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u r i n a r yb L a d d e r .
* C t i n i c at eLr m :p a r a c y s t i u m
** CLinical term:prostatic venousptexus
 FemaIe pelvic diaphragm, angled-frontaI section

Urethrafeminina
Vesicaurinaria,
Tunicamuscularis
a M levatorani
Vesicaurinaria
M obturatorius
internusa Peritoneumurogenitale,Fossaparavesicalis
N obturatorius;aOa
A.; V obturatoria
Acetabulum

Caputfemoris
Membrana
obturatoria
. O V;4.
M obturatoriusO pudenda
exlernus interna;
a N pudendus
N perinealis
a
o (Diaphragma
urogenitale)
M. iliopsoas
a
Ramusossis
M adductora ischii
orevts
Crusclitoridis
A. profundaa
femoris, a M ischio-
Aa circumflexae cavernosus
lemorismedialis
et lateralis
Bulbus
vestibuli
V profundaa
femoris,
Vv circumflexae a M bulbo-
femorismedialis spon9rosus
et lateralis

M adductorO
longus

M. gracilis o Labiummajuspudendi Urethrafeminina,

Ostiumurethraeeldernum
Labiumminuspudendi

Fi$.1211 Pelvis,Pelvis,of the fema[e;

a n g t e d - f r o n t asIe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u r i n a r yb t a d d e r .
* Paracystium withvenousptexus
 > Lowertimb

Surfaceanatomy

Os sacrum
Spina iliaca anterior superior
(Sulcusanalis)
M tensor fasciae latae
Regioglutealis,
R e g i oi n g u i n a l i s , M gluteusmaximus
Lig inguinale

major(Femu0
Trochanter
Trochanter Sulcusglutealis
major(Femur)
Begio
anterior

lvl sartorius

M quadriceps
femoris
Regiogenusposterior,
Fossapoplitea

Caputlibulae
Flegiogenus anterior,
Patella
Caput libulae

Tuberositas
tibiae

M gastrocnemius

Regio cruris Regiocrurisposterior,

anterior Sura

l\4argoanterior (l'lbia)
Malleolusmedialis (Tibia)

Malleolusmedialis (Tibia
Malleoluslateralis(Fibula)

Malleoluslateralis(Fibula)

Dorsumpedis
Dorsumpedis
D i g i t um
s inimus
lquintusl
Digitusquartus
Digitustertius
Digitussecundus
Hallux[Digitusprimus]

F i g . 1 2 1 5 L o w e r[ i m b ,M e m b r u mi n f e r i u s . F i g . 1 2 1 6 L o w e rL i m b M
, e m b r u mi n f e r i u s .
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Skeletonof the lowerlimb,overview

Articulatiosacroiliaca
Cingulum
pelvicum

Articulatio coxae

(Articulatio
femoropatellaris)
|
Articulatiogenus
I (Articulatiomeniscofemoralis)
[ (Articutatio
meniscotibialis)

Parslibera
membriinferioris
tibiofibularis
Articulatio

tibiofibularis
Syndesmosis
Articulatiotalocruralis
Articulatiocalcaneocuboidea
Articulatiosubtalaris l. .. .
Tarsus,Ossatarsi
t j (Anlculaao'"lolarsalls)
Articulatiotalocalcaneonavicularis
Articulatiocuneonavicularis
(Articulatiocuneocuboidea)
Metatarsus,
Ossa metatarsi intercuneiformes
Articulationes
Articulationes
tarsometatarsales
Digitipedis,
Ossadigitorum:
- Phalanxproximalis Articulationes metatarsophalangeae
- Phalanxmedia
- Phalanxdistalis Articulationesinterphalangeaepedis

Fig. 1217 Lower [imb, Membrum inferius;

s k e l e t o na n d j o i n t s .
 > Lowertimb M us c [es

Pelvis

Promontorium Aperturapelvissuperior
Tuberositasiliaca t?tn^ iliaca posteriorsuperior

Os sacrum,Parslateralis /
^L-:
Articulatiosacroiliaca
Alaossisilium,
Fossailiaca

Linea terminalis Labium

internum

Linea Crista
intermedia iliaca
Labium
exlernum
Tuberculum
iliacum

Linea arcuata

Os ilium
Spina iliaca anterior
supenor
Spina iliaca anteriorinferior
Spina ischiadica

Os ischii
Eminentiailiopubica
Articulatio sacrococcygea Pectenossispubis
Ramussuoeriorossisoubis
Ospubis
pubicum
Tuberculum
Aperturapelvisinferior
pubica
Symphysis

F i g . 1 2 1 8 S a c r u m ,O s s a c r u m ,a n d p e l v i cg i r d t e ,
CinguLum pelvicum
T h e r e g i o nc r a n i a It o t h e I i n e at e r m i n a t i si s r e f e r r e d
t o a s t h e g r e a t e rp e [ v i sP, e t v i sm a j o r ,a n d t h e r e g i o n
c a u d a It o i t i s k n o w na s [ e s s e rp e t v i sP , e L v im s inor.

Diameler
o b l i q u al l Lineaterminalis

Fig. 1219 PeLvis, PeLvis; Fig. 1220 PeLvis, PeLvis;

s h a p ea n d d i m e n s i o n so f t h e p e L v i icn L e t s h a p eo f t h e p e t v i ci n L e t
of thefemaLe. ot the mate.
Topography
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Pelvis

k-k = Pelvic axis h-d = Sagittaldiameter of the

a-b = Anatomicalconjugate pelvic brim 12-12.5 cm
a-e = Diagonalconjugate e-g = Sagittaldiameter of the
12 5-13 cm pelvic constriction
a-c = True conjugate 11-l l 5 cm
104-11cm e-f = Sagittaldiameterof the
pelvic outlet (=,Distantia
puoococcygea)
9-1 0 cm

Spina iliaca anteriorsuperior

Spinailiacaanteriorinferior

maius
Foramenischiadicum
Linea terminalis

pelvissuperior
Apertura
Li9 sacrospinale

sacrotuberale

Foramen ischiadicumminus

Aperturapelvisinferior
Foramen obturatum

Tuber ischiadicum

Fig. 1221 Pelvis,Petvis;

d i m e n s i o nisn t h e f e m a [ e ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .

a-a = Crestal distance d-d = Transversediameter

28-29 cm. of the pelvic brim
b-b = Anterior spinal distance (= interacetabularline)
25-26 cm- 12-12 5 cm
c-c = Posteriorspinal distance e-e = Transversediameter of
(width of the sacrum) the oelvic constriction
10cm (= iriterspinalline)
'10
5 cm
" In this perspective,the crestal
distance appears shorter than l-f = Transversediameterol
the anterior spinal distance the pelvic outlet
Fig. 1222 Petvis,PeLvis, (= tuberal diameter)
'11-.12
d i m e n s i o nisn t h e f e m a t e cm)
 > Lowertimb h4r-rEe[es

Hipbone

Crista iliaca

Linea intermedia
A l a o s s i si l i u m

Labiuminternum

Facies sacropelvica
Fossa iliaca

Tuberositas
iliaca
Spina iliaca
anteriorsuperior

Faciesauricularis

Spinailiacaposterior
superior
Spina iliaca
anterior inferior Spina iliaca posteriorinferior
Linea arcuata

Incisuraischiadicamajor

E m i n e n t i ai l i o p u b i c a

Sulcusobturatorius
Corpus ossis ischii
Ramussuperior
ossispubis, Spina ischiadica
Pectenossispubis
Incisuraischiadicaminor
Foramen
obturatum (Tuberculumobturatoriumposterius)

Faciessymphysialis
F i 1 . 1 2 2 3 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ;
m e d i a Iv i e w
Bamus ossis ischii
Flamusinferiorossis pubis T h et h i n r e g i o ni n t h e c e n t r eo f
Tuberischiadicum t h e a [ ao f i t i u m i s c h a r a c t e r r s t r c
for itsframe-Like structure.

Crista iliaca Tuberositasiliaca

A l a o s s i si l i u m

Facies sacropelvica

Facies auricularis

Corpusossisilium
Sulcussupraacetabularis
Spinailiacaanteriorinferior Eminentia
iliopubica
Corpusossispubis
Ramussuperior ossisDubis
Cristaobturatoria
Pecten ossis pubis
pubicum
Tuberculum
Cristapubica

Facies
symphysialis
(Tuberculum posterius)
obturatorium
(Angulus
ossispubis)
Foramen
obturatum
F i g . 1 2 2 1 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ; Ramusinferiorossispubis
v e n t r a Iv i e w Tuber ischiadicum
Ramus ossis ischii
T op o gn ap h y
ThiEh Knee Leg Foot
Hip bone

Labiuminternum
Linea intermedia
Linea glulea anterior Crista iliaca
Labiumexternum
Tuberculumiliacum
Facies glutea
Linea glutea inferior

Alaossisilium

Soina iliaca anteriorsuoerior

(Tuberositas
musculi
gluteimaximi)

Spinailiacaposterior
superior
Corpusossisilium
Spina iliaca anterior inferior
Spina iliaca posteriorinferior
SulcussuDraacetabularis
Incisuraischiadicamajol

Facies lunata
Limbus acetabuliIMargo acetabuli]
Fossa acetabuli
Incisura
acetabuli
Pectenossispubis
Cristaobturatoria
Spina ischiadica
Incisuraischiadicaminor pubicum
Tuberculum

Ramusinferiorossisoubis

Corpusossisischii
Tuberculum anterius
obturatorium

Tuber ischiadicum (Tuberculum posterius)

obturalorium

Ramusossisischii

F i 1 . 1 2 2 5 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ;
dorsotateraLview.

A l a o s s i si l i u m

Corpusossisilium

Eminentia
iliopubica

Corpusossis
puors
Ramussuperior
Corpusossisischii ossispubis
Tuberischladicum
(cartilagineum) Ramusinferior
ossispubis
Ramus ossis ischii

F i 1 . 1 2 2 6 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ; F i g . 1 2 2 7 H i p b o n e , 0 sc o x a e ;
devetopment s t a g eo f d e v e L o p m e n i nt a 6 - y e a r - o l dc h i t d .
* A p p r o x i m a t seitxyt hy e a ro f [ i f e I n t h e a c e t a b u t u mt ,h e t h r e e p a r t so f t h e h i p b o n ea r e f u s e d
. h i sj u n c t i o no s s i if e s a t
t o a Y - s h a p e dc a r t i t a g i n o uj su n c t i o n T
t h e a g e o f 13 - 18 y e a r s .
 > Lowertimb M us c l es

Jointsof thepelvicgirdle

Vertebra
lumbalislV Lig longitudinaleanterius

Ligg sacroiliacaanteriora Discusintervertebralisnrticutatio

\
Lig iliolumbale
lumbosacralis
J

Soina iliaca anteriorsuoerior

Lig pubicumsuperius

Canalisobturatorius Lig iliofemorale

Articulatio
coxae,
Capsulaarticularis
Trochanter
major
Membrana
obturatoria

Angulus
subpubicus

Fig. 1228 Jointsof the petvicAirdLe,

J u n c t u r a ec i n g u t ip e [ v i c ia, n d t h e I u m b o s a c r a L j o i n t
A r t i c u t a t i oL u m b o s a c r a t iosf.t h e m a t e .

Vertebra
lumbalislV

Discus intervedebralis)
Articulatiolumbosacralis
/ Lig. iliolumbate /

Lig inguinale

Articulatiosacroiliaca

Canalis obturatorius

Lig iliofemorale

Trochantermajor

Tuber Arcuspubicus
ischiadicum

Fi1. 1229 Joints of the peLvicairdLe,

J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e t v i c ia, n d t h e I u m b o s a c r aj o
I int,
A r t i c u t a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a I i so.f t h e f e m a [ e
Topography
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Jointsof thepelvicgirdle

Vertebra
lumbalislV CorDus
Lig iliolumbale
Vertebralumbalis V Proc costalis

Articulatio
sacroiliaca,
anterius
Lig sacroiliacum

majus
Foramenischiadicum

Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior

Lig sacrotuberale
Lig inguinale
Lig.sacrospinale

Lacunamusculorum M rectusfemoris,Tendo

Arcusiliopectineus minus
Foramenischiadicum

Articulatiocoxae,
Lig iliofemorale

Lacuna Lig
vasorum pubrcum
supenus

F i g . 1 2 3 0 J o i n t so f t h e p e t v i cg i r d t e ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e [ v i c ia, n d t h e I u m b o s a c r aj o
I int,
A r t i c u l a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a t i so,f t h e m a t e

Vertebra
lumbalislV.Corous

Vertebra lumbalis V, Proc costalis Lig iliolumbale

Articulatio sacroiliaca,
Lig sacroiliacumanterius

majus
Foramenischiadicum

Lig sacrospinale
Soina iliaca anteriorsuoerior

Lig inguinale Lig sacrotuberale

minus
Foramenischiadicum
Lacuna musculorum
M rectusfemoris,Tendo

Arcusiliopectineus

Articulatiocoxae,
Lig iliofemorale

Ltg
pubrcum
supenus

Fig. 1231 Joints of the peLvicgirdte,

j oI i n t ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u l ip e [ v i c ia, n d t h e L u m b o s a c r a
A r t i c u l a t i oI u m b o s a c r a t i so,f t h e f e m a [ e .
 > Lowertimb Musc[es

Jointsof thepeLvic
girdle

Lig iliolumbale
Lig supraspinale
Ligg sacroiliacaposteriora
Ligg sacroiliacaposteriora

Ligg sacroiliaca
Interossea

Lig sacrotuberale

Proc Lrg sacrococcygeum Lig sacrospinale

falcilormis posteriusprofundum
Lrg. sacrococcygeum
posteriussuperficiale Lig.pubicuminferius
+

F i g . 1 2 3 2 J o i n t so f t h e p e t v i cg i r d t e ,
j oI i n t ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u t ip e t v i c ia, n d t h e L u m b o s a c r a
A r t i c u t a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a L iosf,t h e f e m a t e .

Spinailiacaposterior
superior

Foramenischiadicum
majus

Foramenischiadicum
minus
Proc
falciformis

Articulatio coxae,
Capsula articularis

Lig inguinale
Tuberischiadicum
Lig pubicum inferius
€
F i 9 . 1 2 3 3 J o i n t so f t h e p e t v i cA i r d [ e ,
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u t ip e [ v i c io, f t h e f e m a [ e .
To pogr a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Jointsof thepelvicgirdle

Canalis sacralis
Ligg sacroiliacaposteriora Ligg sacroiliacainterossea

Articulatiosacroiliaca

Ligg sacroiliacaanteriora Lig sacrospinale

Foramen ischiadicum
maJus
Lig capitis femoris
Lig sacrotuberale
Caputfemoris
Lig capitis femoris
Cavitasarticularis

Foramen ischiadicum
Zonaorbicularis MINUS

Membrana
obturatoria Articulatiocoxae,
Lig pubicum Symphysis pubica, Capsulaarticularis
inferius Discusinterpubicus

Fig. 123t, Jointsof the pelvicgird[e,

J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e [ v i c io, f t h e f e m a [ e

Forameninteruertebrale
Vertebra
lumbalis
V Corpus

Articulatiolumbosacralis,
Discus interuertebralis
Os sacrum
Crista iliaca

Fossa iliaca

Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior

Spina iliaca anterior inferior

Foramen ischiadicummajus

Lineaarcuata
Lig sacrospinale
Linea terminalis

Pectenossispubis
Os coccygis

Foramen ischiadicumminus
pubicum
Tuberculum
Lig sacrotuberale
Faciessymphysialis

Foramenobturatum

F i 9 . 1 2 3 5 J o i n t so f t h e p e [ v i cg i r d [ e , N o r m a [ t yt,h e a n t e r i o rb o r d e ro f t h e l o w e s ti n t e r v e r t e b r adLi s c
J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e L v i cai ,n d t h e [ u m b o s a c r a I j o i n t , forms the furthestprojectingpointof the posteriorcircumference
A r t i c u t a t i o[ u m b o s a c r a t i so,f t h e f e m a [ e ; o f t h e p e l . v iicn [ e t .R a d i o g r a p h i c a ttlh. ye,m o s t a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e
m e d i a ns e c t i o n . sacrum is referredto as promontory.
> Lowertimb M us c l es

Jointsof thepelvicgirdLe

Articulatio
zygapophysialis

Ligg sacroiliacainterossea

Os sacrum

Ligg sacroiliacaanteriora

F i g . 1 2 3 6 S a c r o i t i ajco i n t ,A r t i c u L a t isoa c r o i I i a c a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n

Discusinterpubicus,
Cartilago
tibrosa
Ramussuoeriorossisoubis
(Cavitas
symphysialis)*
Cartilagohyalina

Lig. pubicum
inferius

Ramusinferiorossispubis

Fig. 1237 Pubicsymphysis,Symphysispubica;

o b t i q u es e c t i o ni n t h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e L o n g i t u d i n a L
a x i so f t h e s y m p h y s i s
T h e i n t e r p u b i cd i s c c o n s i s t so f f i b r o u sc a r t i L a g ew,i t h
the exception o f t h e a r t i c u L asr y m p h y s i asI u r f a c e so f
b o t h p u b i cb o n e st h a t a r e c o v e r e dw i t h h y a t i n e
c a r t i t a g eA. [ o n g i t u d i n af lLa t c l e f to c c u r sa f t e r t h e
f i r s t d e c a d eo f L i f e[ * ] .
TopographyI Sections
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Pelvis,radiography

Proc spinosus
Proc articularissuperior
Basis ossis sacri lumbalislV
Vertebra
Pediculusarcusvertebrae
Crista iliaca Proc costalis

Spina iliaca
posterior
supenor Os sacrum,
Pars lateralis
Spina iliaca
posterior
inlerior
Articulatio
sacroiliaca
Ala ossis ilium

Spina iliaca
anterior
supenor
Linea
arcuala
Spina iliaca
anterior Os sacrum
inlerior

Articulatio
coxae, Cavitas
articularis
Spina Fossa
ischiadica acetabuli

Fovea capitis
Caput femoris
femoris
Eminentia
Trochanter iliopubica
maJor
Collum
femoris
Cristainter-
trochanterica Tuber
ischiadicum

Trochanter Foramen
mtnor obturatum

pubicum
Tuberculum

Ramusossisischii Os coccygis

Ramussuperiorossispubis pubica
Symphysis

Ramus inferiorossis pubis

F i g . 1 2 3 8 P e L v i sP, e t v i so, f t h e m a l e ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pw h i t h t h e c e n t r a Ib e a md i r e c t e d
o n t ot h e t h i r d s a c r a Is e g m e n t ;u p r i g h tp o s i t i o n
 > Lowertimb $urnfnae lSketetonl MLrscles
Petvis Hip
Pelvis,development

Os ilium
Vertebraesacrales

Trochantermajor *

Symphysis pubica
Os pubis

minor+
Trochanter

Os ischii

Fig. 123i Pelvis,PeLvis, and femur, Femur; * O s s e o u sr o o fo f t h e a c e t a b u L u m

A P - r a d i o g r a pohf a f e m a t e ,p r e m a t u r eb a b y
[ e i g h t hm o n t h o f p r e g n a n c y )
* * Y - s h a p e jdu n c t i o ni n t h e a c e t a b u L af or s s a
* * + T h eo s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r ei n t h e h e a do f t h e f e m u r d o e sn o t a o p e a r
b e f o r et h e t h i r d t o f i f t h m o n t h o f [ i f e
+ A t t h i s a g e , b o t h g r e a t e rt r o c h a n t e r so n L yb e c o m ea p p a r e n ta s s m a t I
p r o t u b e r a n c eosf t h e b o n eo f t h e d i a p h y s i s

Os ilium

Vertebrae sacrales

Trochantermajor +

Symphysis pubica

Os pubis

Foramen obturatum

Os ischii

Trochanterminor +

Femur, Diaphysis

Fig."1210 Petvis,PeLvis, and femur, Femur; * 0 s s e o u sr o o fo f t h e a c e t a b u L u m

A P - r a d i o g r a pohf a 1 2 - m o n t h - o Lbdo y ** Y-shaped j u n c t i o ni n t h e a c e t a b u L af or s s a
* * * O s s i f i c a t l ocne n t r ei n t h e e p i p h y s i os f t h e h e a do f t h e f e m u r
+ A t t h i s a g e ,b o t hg r e a t e rt r o c h a n t e r os n t yb e c o m ea p p a r e n at s s m a t t
p r o t u b e r a n c eosf t h e b o n eo f t h e d i a p h y s i s .
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Femur

Caputfemoris Trochantermajor
Foveacapitis
femoris
Fovea capitis
Caputfemoris femoris
Tuberculum
quadratum
Collumfemoris Collumfemoris
Linea intertrochanterica Crista
intertrochanterica
Trochanterminor Trochanter
minor

Lineapectinea (Trochanter
tertius)
Tuberositas
grurea

Corpusfemoris

Lineasupracondylaris
lateralis
Linea supracondylaris
medialis

Facies poplitea

Epicondylus
lateralis

Epicondylus
lateralis

Fig.1211 Femur,Femur; Fig. 1212 Femur,Femur;

ventraIview. dorsaIview.
 > Lowerlimb tt

Hip
Femur

Fossa trochanterica

Caput
femoris

Fovea
capitis
femoris
Trochanter
malor

I
Tuberculum
Collumfemoris quadratum

Cristaintertrochanterica
Trochanter
minor
Tuberositas
grurea

Linea pectinea

Lrnea aspera,
Labium mediale

Fig. 1211 Femur, Femur;

v a r i a b i L i toyf t h e a n g [ eo f t h e n e c ko f t h e f e m u r ;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
F i g . 1 2 t 3 F e m u r ,F e m u r ; T h e a n g t eb e t w e e nt h e n e c ka n d t h e s h a f to f t h e f e m u r l s
p r o x i m ae I xtremity; r e f e r r e dt o a s n e c k - s h a fat n o t e l t i s 15 0 " i n i n f a n t sa n d a b o u t
dorsaLview. 1 2 6 "i n t h e a d u [ t .

Fig. 1215 Femur, Femur; Fig. 1216 Femur, Femur;

t r a b e c u t a sr t r u c t u r eo f t h e f e m o r a Lb o n ew i t h a L a r g e
n e c k - s h a fat n g [ el c o x av a [ g a Js; e c t i o ni n t h e p [ a n eo f t h e
a n g [ eo f a n t e r i o rt o r s i o n[ 6 0 % ] .
T h e l a t e r a Ip t a t e so f t h e t r a b e c u L abro n e *[ " t e n s i Lsey s t e m " l
a r e o n L yp o o r l yd e v e l o p e dw, h e r e a st h e m e d i a Lp t a t e s * +
( " c o m p r e s s i vsey s t e m " )a r e m u c h s t r o n g e r .
t r a b e c u L asrt r u c t u r eo f t h e f e m o r a Ib o n ew i t h a s m a L [
n e c k - s h a fat n g L el c o x av a r a l ;s e c t i o ni n t h e p t a n eo f t h e
a n g [ eo f a n t e r i o rt o r s i o n[ 6 0 % ) .
T h e l a t e r a Ip l a t e so f t h e t r a b e c u [ a br o n e* l " t e n s i l es y s t e m " l
a r e w e t l d e v e l o p e dw, h i t et h e m e d i a Ip l a t e s* *
l " c o m p r e s s i vsey s t e m ' la r e d e v e l o p e d L e s ss t r o n g .A s a
r e s u Lot f t h e h i g hd e m a n do f f t e x i o nt,h e c o r t e xo n t h e i n n e r
s i d eo f t h e f e m o r a In e c k i s o a r t i c u [ a r ltvh i c k .
Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Caputfemoris Foveacapitisfemoris

Trochantermajor

Fossatrochanterica
Collum femoris

Trochanter
minor

Fig. 121,8 Femur, Femur;

y f t h e a n g [ eo f a n t e r i o rt o r s i o n ;t h e p r o x i m a I
v a r i a b i t i to
e n d o f t h e f e m u r h a s b e e np r o j e c t e do v e rt h e d i s t a Ie n d ;
o r o x i m avI i e w
Lrnea aspera
T h e a n g [ eo f a n t e r i o rt o r s i o ni s a b o u t3 0 oi n i n f a n t s
a n d a b o u t1 4 oi n a d u L t s .

Corpusfemoris

Substantia
compacra

Substantia
Facies poplitea spongrosa

Tuberculum
adductorium

Fossaintercondylaris
Epicondylus
medialis Cavitasmedullaris
Condyluslateralis

Condylus medialis

Fig.121l Femur,Femur; Fig.121,9 Femur,Femur;

mediaIview. c r o s s - s e c t i tohnr o u g h
t h em i d d t eo f t h es h a f t ;
d i s t avI i e w .
 > Lowertimb M us c tes

Hipjoint

l\il rectus femoris, Tendo

Membranaobturatoria

Trochanter
minor

F i g . 1 2 5 0 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ;
v e n t r o d i s t avIi e w .

Lig sacrospinale

caPutrellexumJ
M. rectus
femoris'Tendo
caputrectum J

Lig iliofemorale

Lig sacrotuberale

Collum femoris
Lig ischio-
femorale
Trochanter major

Trochanter
minor

glutea
Tuberositas

F i g . 1 2 5 1 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c t i o n s
Thigh Knee LeE Font
Hipjoint

Caputrectum

l\4 rectus Lig iliolemorale

temoris,Tendo
Labrum acetabuli

Lig capitis
femoris
Caputreflexum
Canalisobturatorius

Os pubis,
Faciessymphysialis
Caput femoris

Lig pubofemorale

Lig capitis femoris

N4embranaobturatoria

Trochanter
minor

F i g . 1 2 5 2 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc o x a e ;
t h e a r t i c u t a rc a p s u t eh a s b e e no p e n e da n d t h e
h e a do f t h e f e m u r h a s b e e np a r t l ye x a r t i c u L a t e d ;
[aterodistaLview.

Facies lunata

Fossa acetabuli

Lig capitis femoris

F i 9 . 1 2 5 3 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc o x a e ; Canalis obturatorius

a s p e c to f t h e a c e t a b u [ u ma f t e r r e m o v a o I f thearticuLar Lig transversum

acetabuli
c a p s u L ae n d e x a r t i c u l a t i oonf t h e h e a do f t h e f e m u r .
Lig ischiofemorale;
IaterodistaLview. Capsula adicularis

Facies lunata
M tensor fasciae latae
Cavitas articularis
M gluteus medius Caputfemoris
Fossa acetabuli
M g l u t e um
s inimus
Lig capitis femoris
Zonaorbicularis
Fovea capitis femoris
Fossatrochanterica M obturatorius
internus
Trochanter
major
Collum femoris
M gluteusmaximus,
Tendo*
Laorum
Bursatrochanterica
musculi acetabuli
gluteimaximi
Bursa lrochantericamusculi M obturatorius
externus
glulei medii

Tractus iliotibialis
M iliopsoas,
Tendo

Trochanter
minor
M vastuslateralis

F i g . 1 2 5 1 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e ;
v e r t i c a sI e c t i o na t t h e p l a n eo f t h e a n g L eo f a n t e t o r s i o n
* R a d i a t i o innst ot h ei t i o t i b i tarIa c t
 > Lowertimb $ur{ace lSkeletonl Musctes

Hipjoint, radiography

Corpusossisilium

Fossa acetabuli
Caput femoris
Fovea capitis fgmoris

C o l l u mf e m o r i s

Trochantermajor

Foramenobturatum

Tuberischiadicum
Femur,Corpus Trochanter
minor

* C [ i n i c atIe r m : a c e t a b u l arro o f= t a n g e n t i apI r o j e c t i o o

F i g . 1 2 5 5 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc o x a e ; n f t h e [ u n a t es u r f a c e
* x C t i n i c atIe r m : e d g eo f t h e a c e t a b u t arro o f= t h e m o s t l a t e r a Ip r o j e c t i o n
A P - r a d i o g r a p uh p; r i g h p
t osition o n b o t h[ e g s
of theacetabu[um
* * * C L i n i c at eI r m : K O H L E Rt 'esa r d r o p= p r o j e c t i o o
n f t h e a c e t a b u t af ro s s a

Os ilium

lncisura ischiadica
maJor

Cavitasarticularis*

Caputfemoris

Spina ischiadica
Trochanter
major

Incisuraischiadica
mrnor

Foramen
obturatum

Trochanterminor
Tuberischiadicum

* D u et o m i n i m a Ia b s o r p t i o n
F i g . 1 2 5 6 H i pj o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t rcoo x a e ; o l X - r a y sb y c a r t i t a g e t, h e a r t i c u L a rc t e f t
A P - r a d i o g r a pshu; p i n ep o s i t r ow n i t ht h e t h i g ha b d u c t e d a p p e a r sa b n o r m a t l yb r o a d
a n d f l e x e dI s o - c a L L eLdA U E N S T EoIrNo i e c t i o n ]
To poE r a p h y
Thigh Knee LeE Fsot
Femur

Epicondyluslateralis

Condylus lateralis

Sulcus popliteus

Fig. 1257 Femur, Femur;

distaLextremity;
[ateraLview.

Epicondylus
lateralis Epicondylusmedialis

Condylus medialis
Condylus
lateralis

F i g . 1 2 5 8 F e m u r ,F e m u r ;
d i s t a Ie x t r e m i t y ;
distaLview.

Cavitasmedullaris

Substantiaspongiosa

Linea epiphysialis

EpicondylusIateralis Epicondylusmedialis

Sulcus popliteus

Condylus lateralis
Condylus medialis
(Cartilagoarticularis)

Fig. 1259 Femur, Femur;

f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e d i s t a Ip a r t ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
 > Lowertimb Muscl.es

Tibia

Area intercondylarisanterior Tuberculum

Facies intercondylaremediale intercondylare
laterale
articularis Facies articularis
supenor supeflor
Condylus Condylus
lateralis medialis Facies
Eminentia articularis
intercondylaris fibularis
Area
intercondylaris
Tuberositas posleflor
tibiae

Ltnea
muscutl
Corpus tibiae solei
Margoanterior

l\4argomedialis Foramen
nutricium Facies
lateralis
Facies lateralis Facies
posteflor
Faciesposterior
Facies medialis

Corpus tibiae

Incrsura Sulcus
fibularis malleolaris

Facies articularisin{erior tnctsura

fibularis Faciesarticularis
Facies articularismalleoli inferior
Facies articularis Facies articularismalleoli
inlerior ma medialis

F i g . 1 2 6 0 T i b i a ,T i b i a ; F i q . 1 2 6 1 T i b i a ,T i b i a ; F i g . 1 2 6 2 T i b i a ,T i b i a ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w Lateratview. d o r s a Iv i e w

Tuberositastibiae

Areaintercondylaris
anterior Tuberculumintercondylarelaterale

Condyluslateralis"

Condylus medialis.

Caputfibulae

Articulatio
tibiofibularis
Tuberculumintercondylaremediale

Area intercondvlarisoosterior

F i g . 1 2 6 3 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d f i b u t a ,F i b u t a ;
p r o x i m avI i e w .
* Theartrcutar surfaces of thecondyles together are
referred to as suoeriorarlicutarsurface
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Tibiaand fibula

Apex capitis Facies articularis Apex

fibulae capitis fibulae capitis
tibulae
Caput fibulae Caput
fibulae

Collum fibulae

Crista medialis Margo

posterior

l/argo anterior
Margo
Inlerosseus
Foramennutricium
Facies
medialis Facies
Corpusfibulae lateralis

Margo
anlerior

Facies posterior

Facies
articularis Sulcus lvlalleolus
malleoli malleolaris lateralis
lateralis

F i g .1 2 6 t + F i b u t a F
, ibuta; F i g . 1 2 6 5 F i b u L aF, i b u L a ; F i 1 . 1 2 6 6 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d
medialview [ a t e r a vt i e w . f i b u l . aF, i b u L a ;
dorsaLview.

Facieslateralis

Margoanterior

Faciesmedialis

Corpustibiae

lvlargoanterior
Facies lateralis
Facies medialis
Corpusfibulae

Margointerosseus
Facies poslerior
Crista medialis

F i g . 1 2 6 7 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d f i b u L aF, i b u L a ;
c r o s s - s e c t i ow
n i t h t h e i n t e r o s s e o ums e m b r a n eo f l e g ;
distaIview.
* 0 p e n i nfgo rt h ea n t e r i ot ri b i aaI r t e r y
 > Lowerlimb M us c [es

Patellaand kneejoint

Facies articularis

Facies anterior

Fig. 1268 Pate[La,

PateLta; Fig. 1269 Patelta,Patelta:
ventraIview. d o r s a Iv i e w .

Faciesanterior
Facies articularis,Cadilago articularis

Articulatiogenus (Articulatio Retinaculumpatellaemediale

femoropatellaris)

(Plica synovialismediopatellaris)
Betinaculumpatellaelaterale

Facies patellaris,Cartilagoarticularis

Epicondylus
lateralis

M biceps femoris
Tendo
M sartorius,
M gastrocnemius,
Caput laterale
V saphena magna
A poplitea

V poplitea
M gracilis,Tendo

1 N l i b u l a r icso m m u n i/s M semimembranosus,Tendo

N ischiadicus
{
\ N .t i b i a l i s Tendo
M. semitendinosus,
V saphenaparva
M gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale

F i g . 1 2 7 0 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
c r o s s - s e c t ino.
* M e d i abl o r d efra c e t
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Kneejoint

genus
M articularis

Facies patellaris
M quadriceps
femoris,Tendo
Plica synovialis
infrapatellaris

M. quadriceps
femoris

Condylus
lateralis

Lig
collaterale
fibulare

Betinaculum
patellae
laterale

Corpus Betinaculum
adiposum patellae
intrapatellare mediale

Capsula
articularis

Lt9
collaterale
tibiale

Lig patellae

Caput fibulae

Tuberositas
tibiae

F i g . 1 2 7 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i og e n u s ; F i g . 1 2 7 2 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i og e n u s ;
i n t a c ta r t i c u t a rc a p s u t e : t h e a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e a r t i c u [ a rc a p s u t eh a s
ventraIview. b e e nr e f[ e c t e dd o w n w a r d sa f t e r d i s s e c t i o n of
the quadricepm s uscte;
t h e s u p r a p a t e t l abr u r s ah a s b e e no p e n e d ;
ventraIview.
 > Lowertimb M us c l es

Kneejoint

Faciespatellaris
**
posterius
Lig cruciatum

Condylusmedialis

Condylus
lateralis

Meniscus
medialis
l\4eniscus
lateralis

Lig,capitisfibulaeanterius Lig cruciatum *

anterius

genus
Lrg transversum
Caput fibulae

Tuberositas
tibiae

F i g . 1 2 7 3 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ; * C l i n i c a l t e r mA; C L { = a n t e r i o rc r u c i a t et i g a m e n t l
i n 9 0 of L e x i o n ; t h ae r t i c u t a rc a p s u L a
en dt h e [ a t e r a L * * C t i n i c a l t e r mP: C Ll = p o s t e r i o cr r u c i a t et i g a m e n t )
t i g a m e n t sh a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ;
ventraLview.

M. adductormagnus,Tendo
M plantaris

lV.gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale

Lig, collateralefibulare
Lig popliteum
obliquum
Lig popliteumarcuatum
Lig collateraletibiale

M biceps femoris,
M semimembranosus,Tendo Tendo

M popliteus

F i g . 1 2 7 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s :
i n t a c ta r t i c u L acr a p s u t ew i t h m u s c u t a ro r i g i n s ;
dorsaIview.
To p o g r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Kneejoint

lvl adductormagnus,
Tendo

l/ gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale,
Tendo M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale,
Tendo
Femur, Condylus medialis
Lig cruciatum
anterius
Lig meniscofemoraleposterius
Femur,Condyluslateralis

Lig collateraletibiale
M popliteus,
Tendo
l\il semimembranosus,Tendo

Meniscus
lateralis

L r g p o p l i t e u mo b l i q u u m fibulare
Lig collaterale
Tibia,Condyluslateralis
posterius
Lig cruciatum
Lig capitisfibulaeposterius

Caputlibulae
M popliteus,
Aponeurosis
M popliteus

F i g . 1 2 7 5 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
e x p o s u r eo f t h e c r u c i a t eL i g a m e n tasn d t h e m e n i s c i ;
d o r s a Lv i e w

lvl quadricepsfemoris,
Tendo

Femur

Lig patellae

l\4eniscusmedialis

Lig collateraletibiale

Tuberositas
tibiae

F i g . 1 2 1 6 T i b i a lc o L [ a t e r aI iLg a m e n t L, i g .c o [ [ a t e r a ttei b i a [ e ; F i g . 1 2 7 7 T i b i a Lc o t l a t e r aLI i g a m e n tL, i g .c o l t a t e r a t tei b i a [ e ;

k n e ei n e x t e n d e p do s i t i o n : k n e ei n f L e x e d p o s i t i o n[ 9 0 ' ] ;
mediatview m e d i a Iv i e w
0 n L yt h e p o s t e r i o rf i b r e so f t h e t i b i a L c o t [ a t e r Iai L
gamena t re I n t h e c o u r s eo f f t e x i o nt,h e p o s t e r i o ra n d p r o x i m a fI i b r e so f t h e
attached t o t h e m e d i a Im e n i s c u s t i b i a Ic o t L a t e r at iLg a m e n tb e c o m et w i s t e d t, h e r e b ys t a b i L i z i n g
themediaL meniscus.
 > Lowertimb M us c l es

Kneejoint

Bursasuprapatellaris

l\4 quadricepsfemoris,Tendo

Bursa subfascialisoreoatellaris

Lig collaterale Lig patellae

fibulare

l\4eniscus
lateralis
l\il popliteus, Tendo

profunda
Bursainfrapatellaris
Lig popliteum
arcuatum

M biceps femoris,Tendo

F i g . 1 2 7 8 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
s y n o v i amL e m b r a n et i g h t t yf i l . l . eadf t e r i n j e c t i o no f p t a s t i cm a t e r i a L ;
LateraIview.
S u b p o p t i t e ar e
L c e s sn o t s h o w nI c o m p ar e F i g . 1 2 7 9 ) .

M. adductormagnus,Tendo posterius
Lig cruciatum

posterius
Lig meniscofemorale

M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
Lig collateralefibulare**
Lig collateraletibiale*

Meniscus
lateralis
M. semimembranosus,Tendo
lvl popliteus,
Tendo
Meniscus medialis M bicepsfemoris,Tendo

Lig popliteumobliquum Lig.popliteum

arcuatum

F i g . 1 2 7 9 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
s y n o v i am L e m b r a n et h i g h t t yf i L t e da f t e r i n j e c t i o no f p L a s t i m
c ateriat;
d o r s a Iv i e w
* C t i n i c at eI r m :M C Ll = m e d i act o l t a t e r L a iIg a m e n t l
* +C t i n i c at eI r m :L C L[ =L a t e r ac Io [ [ a t e rlai q[ a m e n t ]
Topography
Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Lig. patellae
profunda
Bursainfrapatellaris
Lig.cruciatumanterius
Lig.transversum
genus A. mediagenus,
(R. anterior)

Meniscus
medialis
A. mediagenus,
(R. posterio0

M. popliteus,
Lig.cruciatum Tendo
anterius
Meniscus
lateralis Lig. collaterale
Lig.cruciatumposterius A. poplitea fibulare
Lig.cruciatumposterius A. inferiorlateralisgenus

F i g .1 2 8 0 M e n i s coif t h ek n e ej o i n t A , r t i c u t a t igoe n u s , Fi1.1281 Menisciof the kneejoint,Articutatio

genus;
a n dc r u c i a t [ei g a m e n t L
s ,i g g c. r u c i a t a ; a r t e r i asI u p p t y ;
oroximaI view. oroximaI view.

F i g . 1 2 8 2 a , b D i s p t a c e m e notf t h e m e n i s c id u r i n gf t e x i o n ; a Extendedposition
lateraIview. b Ftexedposition

F i g .1 2 8 3 D i s p t a c e m eonf t h em e n i s cdi u r i n gf l e x i o n ;
proximaI view.
In f Lexion, bothmenisciaredisp[aced posteriorty overthe
edgesof thetibial.condyles. Thegreatermobil.ity of the lateraI
meniscus accounts for its lesserrisk of damage.
 > Lowertimb

Kneejoint,sections

M vastuslateralis

Epicondylusmedialis

Epicondyluslateralis
Lig collateraletibiale

Lig cruciatum
anterius Lig cruciatumposterius

M popliteus,
Tendo Femur, Condylus medialis

Femur,Condyluslateralis lvleniscusmedialis

Capsulaarticularis
Tibia, Condylus medialis
Meniscus
lateralis
Tibia,Condyluslateralis

Eminentia
intercondylaris

M soleus
M tibialisanterior

F i g . 1 2 8 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n

Bursasuprapatellaris

M quadricepsfemoris, Tendo

Femur, Facies patellaris

Corpusadiposum
infrapatellare
Femur,Condyluslateralis
lvleniscus
lateralis,
(Cornuanterius) Capsulaarticularis,
Lig popliteum
arcuatum
Meniscus (Cornuposterius)
lateralis,

Lig patellae l\4 popliteus,

Tendo
Recessus
subpopliteus
Tibia, Condylus lateralis Lig capitisfibulaeposterius

Articulatio
tibiofibularis

M soleus
M tibialisanterior

F i 9 . 1 2 8 5 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ a t e r a Lp a r t o f t h e j o i n t
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Kneejoint, radi ography

Corpusfemoris

Basis patellae

Epicondyluslateralis medialis
Epicondylus
Fossa intercondylaris

Sulcus popliteus Apexpatellae

Femur, Condylus lateralis

Femur,Condylusmedialis

Tibia, Condylus lateralis Tibia,Condylusmedialis

Tuberculum
Apex capitis fibulae mediale
intercondylare
Eminentia
Tuberculum intercondylaris
Articulatiotibiofibularis
intercondylare
laterale

Caput fibulae Lineaepiphysialis

Corpusfibulae
Corpustibiae

F i g . 1 2 8 6 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
A P - r a d i o g r a pwh i t h t h e c e n t r a Ib e a md i r e c t e do n t o
t h e m i d d t eo f t h e j o i n t ;s u b j e c rt e c L i n e d .

Corpusfemoris

Patella,Facies articularis
Facies poplitea

Apex patellae

Fossa intercondylaris

Femur, Condylus medialis

Femur, Condylus lateralis

Eminentiaintercondylaris

Linea epiphysialis
Apex capitislibulae

Tuberositastibiae Articulatiotibiofibularis

Caput fibulae

Corpustibiae
Corpus libulae

F i g . 1 2 8 7 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
w i t h t h e c e n t r a Lb e a md i r e c t e do n t o
[ a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p h
t h e m i d d L eo f t h e j o i n t ;s u b j e c tr e c t i n e d
 > Lowertimb M us e[es

Kneejoi nt,arthroscopy

Patella,Facies
articularis*

**
suprapatellaris
'1
Arthroscope
2 Inlet or outlet for the rinsinqfluid
3 Cold light source Femur. Facies oatellaris
4 Ocular or connectorfor the video system
5 Anterolateralaccess
6 Anteromedialaccess
7 Additionalinstrument
F i g . 1 2 8 9a - c K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t igoe n u s ;
a rth roscopy
a DistaL v i e w i n t ot h e f e m o r o p a t e I Ljaori n t
* P a t e L t raor o fr i d g er:i d g eb e t w e etnh em e d i aaI n d
l^+^-^l ^-+;-.,1^- -,,-t^^^^

* * C [ i n i c atIe r m : s u o r a o a t e t t ar e
r cess
F i g . 1 2 8 8 A c c e s s e sf o r a r t h r o s c o p y

Femur, Condylus lateralis

M e d i a tv i e wo f t h e f r e e i n n e re d g eo f t h e L a t e r a L A n t e r o L a t e r vaiIe w o f t h e d i s t a Lo a r t o f t h e a n t e r i o rc r u c i a t e
mentScuS; t i g a m e n tL, i g .c r u c i a t u ma n t e r i u s
r e t r a c t o r[ * l s t i g h t Ldy e p r e s s i n tgh e a n t e r i o rp a r t o f t n e T h e l i g a m e n ti s c o v e r e db y a r i c h L yv a s c u L a r i z esdy n o v i a I
menrscus m e m b r a n e l t i s d r a w n m e d i a t Lbyy a r e t r a c t o r[ + )
Topography
Thigh Knee Leg Fnnt
Kneejoint, imaging

l\il vastus lateralis

Condylus
lateralis

Fossa Capsula
intercondylaris articularis;
M gastrocnemius,
Tendo

Femur, l\4eniscus
Condylus lateralis,(Cornu
medialis
Lig
collaterale M popliteus,
tibiale Tendo

l\ileniscus Caput
medialis fibulae
Adiculatio
Tibia,
tibiofibularis
Condylus
medialis Tibia

infrapatellare
Corpusadiposum

F i g . 1 2 9 0 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ;
k n e ei n t h e e x t e n d e dp o s i t i o n .
I n t h i s i m a g i n gt e c h n i q u ec,o m p a c bt o n ea p p e a r sb L a c k
F i g . 1 2 9 1 K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e [ a t e r a Ip a r t o f t h e j o i n t ;
k n e ei n t h e e x t e n d e dp o s i t i o n .

Fossa
intercondylaris
Capsula
articularis, Capsula
Lig popliteum articularis,
obliquum Lig popliteum
obliquum
Lig cruciatum
anterius Lig cruciatum
Lig cruciatum posterius*
posterius
Area
Area intercondylaris
intercondylaris posterior
anterior

Tibia

F i g . 1 2 9 2a , b K n e ej o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s ; a A n t e r i o rc r u c i a t eL i g a m e n tL, i g c r u c i a t u ma n t e r i u s I, A C L ]
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; b P o s t e r i o cr r u c i a t et i g a m e n t L, i g .c r u c i a t u mp o s t e r i u sI,P C L )
the cruciate
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n st o d e m o n s t r a t e T h ei n h o m o g e n ei si tdyu et o o b l i q u see c t i o n i nogf t h ef i b r eb u n d l e s
[rgaments;
k n e ei n t h e e x t e n d e do o s i t i o n
> Lowertimb

Jointsof thebonesof the leq

Articulatio
tibiofibularis,
Lig.capitisfibulaeanterius

Tuberositas
tibiae

Membranainterosseacruris

Malleolusmedialis

Malleoluslateralis Syndesmosls
tibiofibularis,
Lig tibiolibulare
anterius

F i g . 1 2 9 3 J o i n t so f t h e b o n e so f t h e L e g ;
ventralview.

Faciesarticularis
inferior

Facies articularismalleolimedialis

Malleoluslateralis

Facies articularismalleolilateralis Malleolusmedialis

F i g . 1 2 9 1 T i b i a ,T i b i a ,a n d f i b u l . aF, i b u l . a ;
distaIview.
To pogn a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
of thefoot
Skeleton

Phalanx distalis
Fi1.1295 Skeletono f t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;
proximaIview.

Phalanx proximalis

Caputphalangis
Corpusphalangis
Caputossismetatarsi
Basisphalangis

Corpusossismetatarsi

Basisossismetatarsi

Os cuneiforme
mediale
Os cuneiforme
I HalluxlDigitusprimus] ossis
Tuberositas
ll Digitussecundus Os cuneiforme quinti
metatarsi
lll Digitustertius intermedium
Os cuboideum
lV Digitusquartus
V Digitusminimus[quintus] Os naviculare
Caputtali
Calcaneus

Tuberositasphalangisdistalis Proc lateralistali

Caput phalangis l-lll Trochleatali

Calcaneus
Phalanx distalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx proximalis

Basis phalangis l-lll

Ossa sesamoidea

Tuberositas
ossis
Ossametatarsil-V primi
metatarsi

Basisossis Os cuneiformemediale
metatarsi
lll-V
Os cuneiformeintermedium
Tuberositas
ossis
quinti
metatarsi Os cuneiformelaterale
S u l c u st e n d i n ims usculi
f i b u l a r il so n g i
Tuberositas
ossis Tuberositasossis navicularis
cuboidei

Calcaneus Caputtali

Talus

tali
Sustentaculum

Fig. 1296 SkeLeton o f t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;

p [ a n t a rv r e w .
 > Lowertimb MuscN.es

Skeletonof the foot

Caput tali

Collum tali

Facies malleolaris
medialis
Corpustali
Proc posterior
tali,Tuberculum
mediale
Phalanx proximalis Sustentaculum
Phalanx media tali
Phalanx distalis

Ossasesamoidea Tuberositas
medialeet laterale metatarsiV

Basisossis Os cuboideum,
metatarsi
hallucis Tuberositas
ossiscuboidei

F i g . 1 2 9 7 S k e t e t o no f t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;
mediatview

Ossatarsi

Articulatiotarsi transversa*

navtcutare
Os cuneiforme
intermedium
Os cuneiforme
laterale
Articulationes
tarsometatarsales**
Ossa metatarsi

Ossa digitorum IPhalanges]

Calcaneus
Trochlea

Tuber calcanei

Articulatiotarsi
transversa*
Sinustarsi Tuberositasossis
O sc u b o i d e u m metatarsiV Caputossismetatarsi
V
Articulationes
tarsometatarsales**

F i g . 1 2 9 8 S k e L e t oonf t h e f o o t ,O s s ap e d i s ;
[ateraIview.
* A t s oc: H o P A RjTo'isn t
+ +A t s o L: | S F R A Nj oCi'nst
Topogr a p h y
Thigh Knee Leg Foot
Talusand calcaneus

Faciesarticularis
navicularis Caputtali

Caput tali

Collumtali

Proc lateralis C o l l u mt a l i
Facies tali
malleolaris
medialis sulcustali
Facies
malleolaris Corpustali
Corpustali lateralis
Proc lateralis
tali
Sulcustendinis
Trochleatali, musculiflexoris
Proc.posterior
tal Facies superior hallucislongi
I Facies articularis
Tuberculummedial
I calcanea posterior
Sulcustendinis ./ Proc posterior
tali,
hallucislongi Tuberculumlaterale Proc posterior
tali

Fig.1299 Tatus,Tatus; F i g . 1 3 0 0 T a L u sT,a L u s ;

p r o x i m avIi e w . p [ a n t avri e w .

Sustentaculum
tali
Facies articularistalaris media Faciesarticularistalarisposterior

Faciesarticularis
talarisanterior Sulcustendinismusculi
flexorishallucislongi

Facies articulariscuboidea

Proc. medialistuberis calcanei

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 0 1 C a l c a n e u sC, a L c a n e u s ;
medialview.

Faciesarticularis
talarisoosterior
Facies articularistalaris media

Trochleafibularis
talarisanterior
Faciesarticularis

Sulcuscalcanei

Faciesarticularis
cuboidea

Sulcustendinismusculi
Tuber calcanei fibularislongi

Proc lateralistuberis calcanei

F i g . 1 3 0 2 C a L c a n e uC
s ,a l c a n e u s ;
lateraIview.
 > Lowertimb MurscLes

Tarsalbones

Os metatarsi
ll

Os metatarsilll

Os metatarsiI
Os metatarsilV

Caputossis
metatarsi

US
Os cuneiformemediale Corpusossis metatarsi
V
metatarsi

Os cuneiformeintermedium s ossrs
rtarsi

)rositas
Os cuneiforme
laterale metatarsi
ti

S u l cu us st e n d i n i s
Os naviculare musculi
iculifibulari
fibularis

Tuberositas
ossisnavicularis Tuberositas
erositasos!
ossi S
cuboidei
oidei rboideum*
Facies articularisnavicularis
Caput tali articularis
(Facies al
catcanea)
Collum tali

Facies malleolarismedialis
Facies articulariscuboidea

Trochleatali Faciesarticularis
talaris
anterior
Facies malleolarislateralis
Facies articularistalaris media

Proc lateralistali Sulcus calcanei

Tuberculum mediale
Proc Facies articularistalaris
postenor Sulcustendinismusculi posterior
tali
flexorishallucislongi
Tuberculum laterale Calcaneus

Sustentaculum
tali

Sulcustendinismusculiflexorishallucislonoi

Proc. lateralis )
tuberis calcanei I r,,xo.
Proc.medialisI iir"""."i
tuberis calcanei/

F i g . 1 3 0 3 T a r s a bI o n e s , O s staa r s i ,
a n d m e t a t a r s abI o n e s ,O s s am e t a t a r s i ;
proximaLview.
* T h ec u b o i b
d o n ei s s h o w ni n a m e d i a I v i e w
To p o g r a p h y
Knee Leg Foot

Ossacuneiformia

Os naviculare
Os cuboideum Os cuboideum

Calcaneus

Fig. 1304a, b Skeletonof the foot, Ossapedis; T h e h e a d so f a [ [ m e t a t a r s abl o n e sL i ei n t h e p t a n t a rp l a n e .T h e

structurao I rganisation. c u n e i f o r mb o n e s t, h e n a v i c u l a br o n ea n d t h e t a l u s r e s t u p o nt h e
a ProximaIview [ateraIparts of the sketeton,especiat[yin the posteriorpart of
b P L a n t avr i e w the foot.The talus is thereforesituatedabovethe calcaneusand
t h e L o n g i t u d i n a rI c h i s f o r m e d .
T h ew e d g e - s h a p ecdr o s s - s e c t i oonf t h e c u n e i f o r mb o n e sa n d
t h e b a s e so f t h e m e t a t a r s abI o n e sc o n t r i b u t et o t h e f o r m a t i o n
of the transversevau[t.

Os naviculare

Ossacuneiformia

Os metatarsill

Os metatarsiI

Calcaneus

M. abductorhallucis, Lig.plantare Lig. calcaneonaviculare

Aponeurosisplantaris Fascia longum plantare

F i g . 1 3 0 5 S u p p o r t i n gs t r u c t u r e so f t h e m e d i a la r c h o f t h e The ligamentsshown in this itl.ustration are mostlydirectedin

t o n g i t u d i n avta u t to f t h e f o o t ; t h e t o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e f o o t a n d s u p p o r tp a s s i v e ttyh e
m e d i a Iv i e w . t o n g i t u d i n a L v a uotftt h e f o o t .T h e s h o r t m u s c t e so f t h e f o o t
p r i m a r i t ys u p p o r t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n .
 > Lowertimb M us c l es

Jointsof the foot

ParstibiotalarisDosterior

Pars tibionavicularis

M tibialisposterior,Tendo

M tibialisanterior,
Tendo
posterius
Lig tibiolibulare

Tuber calcanei

Ligg tarsometatarsalia
plantaria Sulcus tendinis Lig calcaneo- Lig plantare longum
musculi libularis longi naviculareplantare

F i g . 1 3 0 6 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u L a t i o n epse d i s ;
L i g a m e n tasn d t e n d o n s ;
m e d i a tv i e w

Lig tibiofibulare
anterius

Lig talofibulareanterius
Lig talocalcaneum
interosseum
L4alleoluslateralis Lio. cuboideonavicularedorsale

Ligg cuneonaviculariadorsalia

Ligg metatarsaliadorsalia
Lig calcaneofibulare

Tendo
calcaneus'

Ligg metatarsalia
transversa
profunda
Lig calcaneo- Lig calcaneo- Ligg tarsometatarsalia dorsalia
Lig plantare longum navtcurare cuboideum M libularisIperoneus]
brevis,Tendo
Lig bifurcatum

F i g . 1 3 0 7 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u t a t i o n epse d i s ;
L i g a m e n tasn d t e n d o n s ;
Lateratview.
* ALso: Achitles tendon
Topog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Thigh Knee LeE Foot
Anklejoint

Lig tibiolibulareposterius

posterius
Lig talofibulare
l\4alleolusmedialis

Lig collateralemediale, Pars tibiotalarisposterior

Malleoluslateralis

Lig collateralemediale, Pars tibiocalcanea

posterius
Lig talocalcaneum

Talus
Lig calcaneolibulare
Lig talocalcaneummediale

Tendo calcaneus"

Calcaneus

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 0 8 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u t a t i o n epse d i s ;
l i g a m e n t sa n d t e n d o n so f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e f o o t
* A l s oA : c h i [ [ et se n d o n

Fibula

Membrana
interossea
cruris

Facies articularisinferior
Lig tibiofibulare
anterius

Facies articularismalleolimedialis

Facies articularismalleoli lateralis Malleolusmedialis

Sulcus malleolaris
Malleoluslateralis

Plica synovialis Lig tibiofibulareposterius

F i g . 1 3 0 9 A n k t ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t itoa t o c r u r a [ i s ;
p r o x i m aa L r t i c u t a rs u r f a c e s ;
distaLview.
 > Lowertimb $urfaee lSkeletonl Musci.es
Hip
Joints of the foot

F i g . 1 3 1 0 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u t a t i o n epse d i s ;
p t a n t a rv i e w .
* W i t ht h el o n gp t a n t aLr i g a m etnhteg r o o vfeo rt h et e n d o n
o f t h ef i b u [ a r i[so n g u m
s usctei s e n c t o s ei n da c a n a L

Ligg collateralia

Ligg plantaria

Lig metatarsale
transversum
profundum

Basisossismetatarsi
I

plantaria
Ligg tarsometatarsalia

Os cuneiforme mediale
Tuberositas
ossis
quinti
metatarsi
Ligg cuneonaviculariaplantaria

S u l c u st e n d i n im
s usculi Lig cuboideonaviculareplantare
fibularis lperonei] longi*

L'V P'ar r(are Tuberositasossis navicularis

longum
L'V vo,Lorrvu-

cuboideum plantare Lig calcaneonaviculareplantare

Lrg
calcaneofibulare

Lrg plantare Sustentaculum

tali
rongum
Lig collateralemediale,
Pars tibiocalcanea
Sulcustendinismusculi Articulationesmetatarsophalangeae
flexorishallucislongi
Proc medialis
tuberis calcanei
Os sesamoideum
Tuber calcanei

Lig metatarsale
transversumprofundum

M fibularis
[peroneus]longus,
Tendo

Ligg metatarsalia
rLdr ra
Ligg tarsometa-
Prar
tarsaliaplantaria

lV1tibialisanterior,
Tendo

Ligg tarsi
fibularis[peroneus] plantaria
brevis,Tendo
Lig cuboideo-
Tuberositas
ossis naviculareplantare
cuboidei
M tibialisposterior,
Tendo

Lig calcaneonaviculare
plantare

F i g . 1 3 1 1 J o i n t so f t h e f o o t ,A r t i c u l a t i o n eps e d i s : Lrg calcaneocuboideum

plantare
L i g a m e n tasn d t e n d o n so f t h e t a r s u sa n d m e t a t a r s u s ,
p L a n t avr i e w .
Tuber calcanei
Topng r a p h y
Thigh Knee LeE Foot
joint
Talotorsal

Ligg tarsometatarsaliadorsalia

Os metatarsi ll
Os metatarsi lV

Os metatarsiI Os metatarsi
V

Ligg intercuneiformia quinti

ossismetatarsi
Tuberositas
dorsalia
dorsale
Lig cuneocuboideum
Ligg cuneonavicularia
dorsalia
Os cuboideum
Lig calcaneonavicutare
I r.o bifurcatum
Os naviculare Lig.calcaneocuboideum
l
M fibularis[peroneus]brevis,Tendo

Lig calcaneonaviculare Facies articularis

plantare talaris anterior

Lig talofibulare
Facies articularistalaris media anterius

Lig talocalcaneuminterosseum

Facies articularistalaris posterior

Ltg
deltoideum
Lig calcaneofibulare
Calcaneus

Fig. 1312 TalotarsaIjoint, F i g .1 3 1 3 T a t o t a r s a t j o i n t ,

A r t i c u t a t i ot a l o t a r s a [ i s ; Articu[atio ta lotarsaIis;
d i s t a La r t i c u t a rs u r f a c e s ; p r o x i m aa I r t i c u L asr u r f a c e s ;
proximaLview. d i s t a Lv i e w .

(Faciesarticularis
Os naviculare talaris)

Facies articularistalaris media Lig cuboideonavicularedorsale

Facies articularistalaris posterior

Lrg talocalcaneumInterosseum Lig calcaneonaviculare

lio oitr,"ut*
Lig calcaneocuboideum I

F i g . 1 3 1 t , T a l o t a r s aj o
I i n t ,A r t i c u L a t itoa t o t a r s a L i s ; T i g h t c o n n e c t i v et i s s u el a y e rb e t w e e nt h e p t a n t a rc a t c a n e o n a v l c u L a r
t h e t a t u sa n d t h e l a t e r a IL i g a m e n ths a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ; t i g a m e n at n d t h e t i b i o n a v t c u [ a p ra r t o f t h e d e t t o i dt i g a m e n It i m i t i n g
a m e d i a L tdyi r e c t e dg t i d i n go f t h e h e a do f t h e t a l u s ;s l a c k e n i n o gf this
l a t e r a Iv i e w .
l a y e rr e s u [ t si n f t a t t e n i n go f t h e t o n g i t u d i n avt a u t t I f t a t - f o o t p
, e sv a L g u s l
T h e t w o a r r o w sp o i n to u t t h e h e I i c a dL i s t o r s i o no f t h e
t a L o c a L c a n ei natIe r o s s e o u[si o a m e n t .
 > Lowertimb M us c tes

Ankleand talotarsaljoint,sectlons

Metaphysis,Linea epiphysialis

Articulatio
talocruralis

Tibia, Malleolusmedialis

Nletaphysis,
Lineaepiphysialis Lig collateralemediale,
Pars tibiocalcanea
Corpustali
M tibialisposterior,Tendo
Fibula, Malleoluslateralis
Vagina tendinis musculitibialis
Lig talolibulareposterius posterioris

M flexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
Vaginatendinismusculiflexoris
Lig, calcaneofibulare digitorum
longi
Articulatiosubtalaris Betinaculum
musculorum
llexorum

Retinaculum
musculorum Articulatio
subtalaris
fibularium superius
lperoneorum]
M fibularis[peroneusj Lig talocalcaneum
interosseum
brevis,Tendo
V a g i n cao m m u n itse n d i n u m
musculorumfibularium lperoneorum] N plantarismedialis

M libularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendo (v plantarismedialis)
plantarismedialis
Retinaculum
musculorumfibularium
lperoneorum]inferius
M abductor hallucis
Calcaneus
M quadratus
plantae
M abductordigiti minimi A; N plantaris (V plantaris
lateralis; lateralis)
plantaris
Aponeurosis
M flexor digitorumbrevis

F i g .1 3 1 5 A n k L ea n dt a L o t a r s a t j o i n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i o n etsa L o c r u r a t iest t a l o t a r s a t i s :
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .

I\4 flexor hallucislongus

l\4 extensor hallucislongus

M tricepssurae, Articulatiotalocruralis
Tendocalcaneus
Articulatio
subtalaris
I
(Articulatio
talotarsalis)
./ Articulatio |
/ talocalcaneonavicularis./
Os naviculare
Os cuneiformeintermedium
Articulatiotarsometatarsalis
Lig talocalcaneum M fibularis
[peroneus]longus,Tendo
Interosseum
Os metatarsi
ll
M interosseusdorsalisoedisI
Calcaneus

Tuber calcanei

Aponeurosisplantaris Lig plantarelongum 1,4adductor hallucis,

Caput obliquum
M flexor digitorum brevis M quadratus
plantae

F i g .1 3 1 6 A n k t ea n d t a t o t a r s a L j o i n t ,
A r t i c u [ a t i o n etsa [ o c r u r a L e
i st t a t o t a r s a t i s ;
cr^iit2l cortinn
* F a t p a do f t h e h e e l
T* p:uqr* prhy
ThiEh f{n*e i-e.q Foot
joint,radiography
Ankleand taLotarsal

Linea epiphysialis

Syndesmosistibiofibularis
Trochleatali

Articulatiotalocruralis Malleolusmedialis

l\4alleoluslateralis Talus

F i g .1 3 1 7 A n k L e j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a tti ao L o c r u r a L i s ; C l i n i c a L [ yt h, e p o s t e r i o rb o r d e ro f t h e f i b u L a rn o t c hi s a L s or e f e r r e dt o
A P - r a d i o g r a pw h i t h t h e s u b j e c tr e c L i n eadn d t h e c e n t r a Ib e a m a s t h e t h i r dm a t t e o t u s .
d i r e c t e dt a n g e n t i a L o
[ yn t ot h e t r o c h L e o af t a I u s .

Fibula

Linea epiphysialis-.

Articulatiotalocruralis
Trochleatali

Malleolusmedialis
Proc posteriortali

Malleoluslateralis

Articulatiosubtalaris.

Collum tali
Sinustarsi Caput tali

Articulatio
*
talocalcaneonavicularis
Sustentaculum
tali
Os naviculare

Tuber calcanei

F i g .1 3 1 8 A n k L ea n dt a t o t a r s a L j o i n t , * D u e t o t h e i rh e I i c a dI i s t o r s i o nt h
, e j o i n t c t e f t sa r e n o t d i s p t a y e d
A r t i c uL a t i o n etsa L o c r u r a t ei st t a L o t a r sI a
is; orthogonatty
* * O v e r [ a p p i negp i p h y s e aI it n e so f t h e t i b i aa n d f i b u t a
A P - r a d i o g r a pwhi t ht h e s u b j e c rt e c L i n eadn dt h e c e n t r a b I eam
d i r e c t e dt a n g e n t i a [ yo n t ot h e a p e xo f t h e t r o c h L e o
af t a L u s
> Lowertimb >>lttl Surface lSketetonl Musctes

Fasciaeof thelowerlimb

Spina iliaca ------i-

anteriorsuperior Lig inguinale

M tensorlasciae
latae Funiculus
spermaticus
CornusuPerius
MargeI Hiatussaphenus,
Fasciacribrosa
falciformis Cornuinferius
I

V saphena magna
Tractus iliotibialis

Fascia lata

Patella
Retinaculum Bursasubcutanea
patellaelaterale prepatellaris
Lig patellae
Caput fibulae
Bursasubcutanea
infrapatellaris

Fasciacruris
Fasciacruris

Tibia,Margoanterior

Tibia, Facies medialis

M tibialisanterior,
Tendo

Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
supeflus
Betinaculummusculorum
extensorum inferius
M extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendines M extensor hallucisbrevis

M. extensor hallucislongus,
tenoo
Fascia dorsalis pedis

F i g . 1 3 1 9 F a s c i al a t a ,F a s c i al a t a ,a n d d e e pf a s c i ao f [ e g ,
F a s c i ac r u r i s .
T h e t r a n s i t i o nz o n eb e t w e e nt h e a p o n e u r o s ios f t h e e x t e r n a l
o b t i o u ea b d o m i n a m I u s c t ea n d t h e f a s c i al a t a i s k n o w na s
i n g u i n a ILi g a m e n tT. h i s I i g a m e n te x t e n d s[ a t e r a L tfyr o m t h e
a n t e r i o rs u p e r i o ri I i a cs p i n et o i t s a t t a c h m e n ot n t h e p u b i c
t u b e r c [ em e d i a t L y .
* 0 p e n i n gi sn t h ef a s c i fao rt h ep e r f o r a t o ver i n s( D o D Dv' e
s insl
Topography
Thigh Leg Foot
Fasciaeof the lowerlimb

(Fascia glutea)

M tensor
fasciaelatae

Sulcusglutealis

Fossapoplitea (Fascia poplitea)

M gastrocnemius

M. gastrocnemius,
Tendo

lvlalleolusmedialis Tendocalcaneus

F i g . 1 3 2 0 F a s c i a[ a t a ,F a s c i a[ a t a ,
a n d d e e pf a s c i ao f l e g ,F a s c i ac r u r i s .
 > Lowertimb

Musclesof thelowerlimb,overview

lvl iliacus

vr irioo.o".
{, psoas major

M tensor fasciae latae

M pectineus

M sartorius

M adductor longus

M vastuslateralis
M gracilis

quadflceps M rectusfemoris
femoris

M vastus medialis

M fibularis[peroneus]
longus
M gastrocnemius,
Caput mediale

M tibialisanterior

M soleus

M extensor
digitorum
longus

lvl extensor
hallucis
longus

F i g , 1 3 2 1 M u s c L eos f t h e l o w e r I i m b ,M m e x t r e m i t a t i si n f e r i o r i s ;
> T r + 2 , f! + 4T
, l+5,
T l+7,Tl+8 overvtew.
Tn pogr a p h y
Thigh Leg Foot

Musclesof the lowerlimb,overview

M g l u t e um
s edius

M gluteusmaximus

lvl semitendinosus
l\il biceps femoris

M semimembranosus

M gastrocnemius

Tendo calcaneus

F i g . 1 3 2 2 M u s c t e so f t h e l o w e rt i m b ,M m . e x t r e m i t a t i isn f e r i o r i s ; ) T 43, T I+6,Tt+9

overvtew.
> Lowertimb tt

0riginsand insertionsof the musclesof the hip,the thighand the leg

lvl quadratus
lumborum
M obliouusinternus
abdominis

l\4 transversus
abdominis
M. psoasmajor
lvl,iliacus

l\4 sartorius M obturatorius

internus

M piriformis

M rectusfemoris Lig sacrospinale;

[4.anococcygeus
(Bursa iliopectinea)

pectineus
l\,1.
M gluteusminimus
M obturatoriusexternus
l\il vastuslateralis l\4 adductorlongus
M adductor brevis
M iliopsoas
M gracilis

M vastus intermedius M adductormagnus

M quadratus
femoris
M. vastus
medialis M biceps femoris

M semimembranosus

genus
M articularis

M adductormagnus
M quadriceps
femoris
M vastus medialis
M bicepsfemoris
Lig collaterale
fibulare
patellae
Retinaculum M sartorius
laterale
M gracilis
Tractus iliotibialis
lvl semitendinosus
l\4 extensor digitorum
tongus Lig patellae

M fibularis
[peroneus]longus [/ tibialis
anterior

F i g . ' 1 3 2 3 O r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t t h e
L o w e r[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a et,h e p e L v i b c o n e s t, h e f e m u r a n d
t h e p r o x i m ae
I x t r e m i t i e so f t h e b o n e so f t h e [ e g ;
ventraIview.
 til

To pogr a p h y ,i]r;

Thigh Leg Foot

r titlr

)rigins and insertionsof the musclesof the hip,the thighand the leg

M. obliouus abdominis
externus

M. gluteusmedius

M, gluteusminimus

l\il piriformis
l\4 tensor fasciae latae

l\4 gluteusmaximus
M obturatorius
internus
M piriformis
lvl rectusfemoris
M obturatorius
externus

l\4 gemellus
superior M gluteusmedius
l\4.gluteusminimus
M. obturatorius
internus
musculigluteimedii
Bursatrochanterica
M. levatorani
l\4 quadratusfemoris
perineiprofundus
M transversus
Bursasubculaneatrochanterica

M gluteusmaximus
Bursaischiadica
musculi
obturatorii
interni M pectineus

M. adductormagnus
M gemellus inferior

M, semitendinosus M adductorbrevis
M iliopsoas M vastus medialis

M vastusintermedius

M adductorlongus

M biceps femoris

l\4 vastuslateralis
l\4 adductormagnus

M gastrocnemius
Bursasubtendinea
musculigastrocnemii
medialis

M plantaris
M semimembranosus
Lig collateralefibulare
M sartorius
l\/ gracilis M biceps femoris

M semitendinosus l\4,popliteus

M semimembranosus M. soleus

musculisolei
Arcustendineus
Foramennutricium

lvl soleus
M tibialisposterior
M flexordigitorum
longus

F i g , 1 3 2 t , 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t ) T 4 3 - T4 6 , T4 9 , T5 0
t h e p e L v ib c o n e s t, h e f e m u r a n d t h e p r o x i m a eI x t r e m i t i e s
o f t h e b o n e so f t h e [ e g ;
dorsaIview.
 > Lowertimb >>l Surfmce l$[ceLertnnl Muscles

Musclesof thethigh

F i g . 1 3 2 5 T e n s o rf a s c i a e , . q u a d r i c e p fse m o r i s
Q u a d r i c e pfse m o r i sm u s c L eM
[ a t a em u s c t e ,M t e n s o r
f a s c i a eI a t a e ,a n d s a r t o r i u s
m u s c t e ,M . s a r t o r i u s .

l\il pectineus

l\4 adductorlongus

M adductor brevis

l\4 gracilis
M adductor
magnus

A d d u c t o rm u s c t e s M
. m.adductores l I i o p s o a sm u s c t e ,M i I i o p s o a s
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Leg Foot

Musclesof the thigh

psoas major

M iliopsoas

{. iliacus (M psoasminor)

Lig inguinale

Arcusiliopectineus

l/ iliopsoas

Lig pectineum
M tensor tasciae latae

M pectineus

M rectusfemoris
M adduclorlongus

M. sartorius

M gracilis

M vastuslateralis

M vastusmedialis
Fascia lata, Tractus iliotibialis

prepatellaris
Bursasubtendinea
Femur,Condylusmedialis

Lig patellae
Caput libulae

Bursa subcutaneainfrapatellaris

%,

Fig. 1329 Musctesof the thigh and the hip; l + 2 , Tl r / , , T1 , 5

)T
a f t e r r e m o v a L o f t h e f a s c i a [ a t a e x c e o t f o r t h e i l i o t i b i a It r a c t .
* C o m m o ni n s e r t i o no f t h e s a r t o r i u sg, r a c i l i sa n d s e m i t e n d i n o s u s
m u s c t e sj u s t b e t o wt h e m e d i a Ic o n d y l eo f t h e t i b i a l f o r m e r t yk n o w n
a s t h e s u p e r f i c i apI e s a n s e r i n u sP, e sa n s e r i n u s u p e r f i c i a t i s )
 > Lowertimb >>l Surface lSkeletsnl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the thigh

M iliacus l\4 psoas major

Promontorium
M sartorius

l\4 piriformis
M tensor tasciae latae

Lig sacrospinale
M gluteusmedius
Pecten ossis pubis

Lig pubicumsuperius

M iliopsoas l\4 pectineus

lvl adductor longus

M gracilis

Canalis adductorius;A ; V femoralis

Septumintermusculare
vastoadductorium
M quadricepsIemoris*

M sartorius

Fascia lata

M, rectus femoris,Tendo

Femur,Condylusmedialis

Lig patellae

F i g .1 3 3 0 M u s c t e o s f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;
> I I + 2 , I l + l + , lT+ 5
a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e f a s c i a[ a t a ,t h e t e n s o rf a s c i a e[ a t a e
m u s c l ea n d t h e s a r t o r i u sm u s c t e .
* T h ef o u r t hh e a do f t h eq u a d r i c e p msu s c l et h
, ev a s t u isn t e r m e d i u s
musc[e, is covered bythe rectusfemorismuscle
To p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot
Musclesof the thigh

M iliopsoas

Soina iliaca anteriorsuoerior

M. piriformis
M sartorius
( iliaca
Bursasubtendinea
caPutrectum-
M rectusfemoris**.i
rellexum
luaput
Pectenossispubis

M gluteusmedius

Lig iliolemorale

M iliopsoas M pectineus

M adductor
brevis

M vastus lateralis M gracilis

M adductorlongus

M adductormagnus

Hiatusadductorius
Fascia lata

M vastusmedialis

M vastusintermedius

M rectus femoris,Tendo Tendo

M sartorius,

Femur,Epicondylus
medialis

Lig patellae

F i g .1 3 3 1 M u s c L eosf t h e t h i g ha n dt h e h i p ;
d e e pL a y e ar f t e r r e m o v a oI f t h e s a r t o r i u st,h e r e c t u sf e m o r i s
a n d t h e a d d u c t o rL o n g u sm u s c t e sa s w e I La s p a r t so f t h e
s u s c t ei n t h e j o i n tr e g i o n .
i t i o p s o am
+ C o m m o ni n s e r t i o no f t h e s a r t o r i u sg, r a c i t i sa n d s e m i t e n d i n o s u s
m u s c t e sj u s t b e t o wt h e m e d i a Ic o n d y l eo f t h e t i b i a
* * T h e o r i g i n o f t h e r e c t u sf e m o r i s m u s c t eh a s b e e nf t a p p e dt a t e r a l t y
upwards
* * * A p a r t o f t h e a d d u c t o r[ o n g u sm u s c t eh a s b e e nf t a p p e du p w a r d s .

> T I + 2 , Tl + 4 , I t + 5
 > Lowertimb Surface lSkeletonl Muscles

Musclesof the thigh

M iliopsoas

lvl sartorius
M piriformis
M. rectustemoris
Canalisobturatorius

Bursa subtendineailiaca M pectineus

gluteusmedius M adductorlongus

M obturatoriusexternus
l\4 iliopsoas
M adductor brevis

M pectineus Trochanter
minor

M adductorminimus
M adductorbrevis

M adductormagnus
M vastuslateralis

M adductorlongus

M gracilis

M vastus medialis

Hiatusadductorius

lvl vastusintermedius

M adductor magnus, Tendo

M gracilis,Tendo

l\4 sartorius,Tendo Bursa subtendineamusculi sartorii

M gracilis,
Tendo
lvl semitendinosus,Tendo
Bursaanserina

> I 4 2 , T4 / + , 4
T5 F i g . 1 3 3 2 M u s c t e so f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;
a f t e r a t m o s tc o m p t e t er e m o v a I o fs u p e r f i c i aaI n d
s e v e r ad I e e p e rm u s c t e s ;
ventratview.
 'M0rA
lerpau.r
9 ' L - Z ' L ' e Z ZL ? : d ! qa q l p u e r . l 6 r qe]q t j o s a l r s n N e e e l ' 6 l l
snuDeuropnppe'nl
y!
snsourpualru.ros suoural snlca|lil
unouol1nde3'suouelsdactqy\ sr;rcer6 y1
sn0uolJopnppE'yI
snurxeusneln;6y1
srqndsrsso
JOlralur
snueu
ilqcsrsrssosnuleH srlerouro]V
(!uBslJole^al!lncsnuJ
urncrpErqcsr
leqnl sneu!puelsncJV)
ecrqndsrs^qdu^S
snurelur
snuolernlqoy!
snuouesyI
elPieqnlorces6r'l
snuolernlqo
srlPue3
snutLl.l
urncrperqcsruaurelol
areunce;611
Euolerntqo
n:'v
EUOlernlqo
etcsel :snuolPJnlqo'N
Isne6[ccoc] slqnosrsso
snao^ccocorqJst
li\ roueonssnureu
e u r e u a B c e lnl !: V
(aurolurdeJlur
ueulero3)
snaulsaoorIsncJV
sruuolurdli\ sllaoulol N
Proualue sllErouol u
'srlerourelolruoo
erlErcPsEUrureJol N
'611
e;eurnbur
(auro;urdetdnsuoujelol)
srlPlelPlsuor.uel
s!lerces
srlEuEc snauelncN
ro!JoonsrolJaluP
srqnosrssoualcad ece!t!eutos
opual
'(roufl-u
seosd'W)
unJcesso
eroualuE ecerltolces 66t"1 roleu seosd !\
'ecerlrorceso[elnsruv
srlerqeua^
srpue3
tt6!qlaql Jo sapsn4
looj 6at q6!ql
suorllas | ,{qder6odol
 'olq a q l ' s n r p a t us n a l n l 6 ' t / {
lo sallsnur
' a l l s n u Js n r p a u sr n a l n l e g e e l ' 6 l l
l e s J o pd a a o 4ec r '6!r
suoualsnlPrpenby!
roualursnllaua0 y!
snulalul
snuolPJnlqo y!
rouadnssnllauao y!
srrlroluro y!
snrpau
snalnlon
snururur
snalnloti\
'snuJrxeu s n a l n lo hl ' q O l q lo q ]
J os a l l s n u r
' a l l s n u rs n L u r x e us n o l n l g g e e ' 6 l l
t lesroo teel'6ll
snsourpuelruos
l
snutxpul
snalnl0 y\
dltl atil pue q6gl aLlllo sapsnry
dltt s!^lad MaTAJAA0
solrsnr{ luo}alo{sl arP}rn5 qull JattAo'l<
To p o g r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Thigh Leg Foct

of the thighand the hip

MuscLes

M erectorspinae,
Fasciathoracolumbalis
M gluteus medius, Fascia

M gluteusmaximus

Trochanter major

Sulcusglutealis

Tractus iliotibialis

Fascia lata
lvl gluteusmaximus,
Tendo

s f t h e t h i g ha n dt h e h i p .
F i g .1 3 3 8 M u s c t e o

Crista iliaca
M latissimusdorsi, Aponeurosis

M erector spinae, Fascia

thoracolumbalis
Fascia lata, (Fascia glutea)

M gluteusmaximus

M ,g l u t e u m
s edius
( (Foramen
Foramen I suPrapiriforme)
ischiadicum1
majus | (Foramen
I infrapiriforme) M piriformis

Spina ischiadica M. gemellussuperior

Foramen ischiadicum
mtnus internus*
M obturatorius

Lig sacrotuberale M gemellus inferior

Ramusinferiorossispubis

Tuberischiadicum Bursatrochanterica
musculigluteimaximi
Ramusossisischii M quadratus
femoris
l\4,gracilis
M gluteusmaximus
M adductor magnus
M adductorminimus
M semitendinosus
M adduclor magnus
bicepsfemoris,
C a p u lto n g u m
Tuberositasglutea

* T h e p a r t o f t h e o b t u r a t o ri n t e r n u sm u s c l eb e t w e e nt h e c u r v e de d g e
F i g .1 3 3 9 M u s c t e o s f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;
t h e g l u t e u sm a x i m u sm u s c t eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e d ; o f t h e l e s s e rs c i a t i cn o t c ha n d t h e i n s e r t i o ni n t h e t r o c h a n t e r i cf o s s a
d o r s a tv i e w . f r e q u e n t l cy o n s i s t so f t e n d i n o u sb a n d s

) T 4 3 , I I + 5 , T4 6
 > Lowertimb Muscles

Musclesof the thighandthe hip

Crista iliaca

M gluteusmedius

M g l u t e um
s inimus

(Foramen
suprapiriforme)
I/ gluteusmaximus
M piriformis

(Foramen
infrapiriforme) N4gemellus
superior

lvl tensorfasciaelatae
l\il obturatorius
internus
M gemellus
inferior
Lig sacrotuberale
M quadratus
femoris
M obturatoriusinternus
M gluteusmedius
Tuberischiadicum
Trochanter
major

Bursalrochanterica
musculigluteimaximi

M adductormagnus

lvl gluteusmaximus

M adductorminimus

M adductormagnus

M gracilis

M semitendinosus

M vastuslateralis
M biceps temoris, Caput longum

M. bicepsfemoris,Caputbreve

M biceps femoris,Caput longum

l\4 semimembranosus

M semitendinosus,Tendo A poplilea

lvl semimembranosus,
Tendo
M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale
M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale

-> T 43, T r+5,Tt+6 F i g . 1 3 4 0 M u s c t e so f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;

t h e g l u t e u sm a x i m u sa n d m e d i u sm u s c t e sh a v e
b e e np a r t i a L [rye m o v e d ;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
Topogr a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot

Musclesof the thighand the hiP

lvl gluteusmedius

M gluteusminimus

M gluteusmaximus L4 gemellusinferior

Tendo
internus,
M obturatorius
M piriformis
musculigluteimedii
Bursatrochanterica
(Foramen
infrapiriforme)
Trochantermajor
M gemellus
superior
externus
M obturatorius
M obturatorius
inlernus

Bursaischiadica
musculiobturatorii
interni M quadratus
femoris

Lig sacrotuberale musculi

Bursatrochanterica
glutei maximi
M biceps femoris, Caput longum M iliopsoas,Tendo
M semitendinosus
Trochanterminor
Foramenischiadicum
minus

M
M gluteusmaximus

M adductorminimus
M gracilis

M adductor magnus

M vastuslateralis

M semimembranosus
lV bicepsfemoris,Caputlongum

M biceps femoris, Caput breve

M semitendinosus.Tendo Fossapoplitea

M semimembranosus,Tendo

M gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale M. gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale

F i g .1 3 4 1 M u s c t e o s f t h e t h i g ha n dt h e h i p ; )I t + 3 , T4 5 , Tt 6
d e e pL a y e ar f t e ra t m o s tc o m p l e t er e m o v a o I f the
s u p e rifc i a L g t u t e aa nI dt h e i s c h i o c r u r amLu s c L e s ;
dorsaIview.
 > Lowerlimb Surfaee lSkeletonl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the thighand the hip

M obliquus
externusabdominis

Cristailiaca.Labiumexternum

SDinailiaca anteriorsuoerior

M gluteusmaximus

M. reclus femoris

Tractus iliotibialis

M vastuslateralis
M biceps femoris, Caput longum

Tractus iliotibialis

M semimembranosus

M bicepsfemoris,Caputbreve

l\4 gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale

-> T 43, r t+/+,T46 F i g . 1 3 1 2 M u s c t e so f t h e t h i g ha n d t h e h i p ;

a f t e rr e m o v a o
l f t h e f a s c i a[ a t ae x c e o tf o r t h e i t i o t i b i atLr a c t
Topography
Thigh Leg Foot
Musclesof the thigh

l\4 vastus medialis

lvl sartorius
l\4 gracilis, Tendo

M semimembranosus,Tendo

Tendo
M semitendinosus,
Retinaculumoatellaemediale

Corpusadiposum
infrapatellare

Lig patellae

M gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale

F i g . 1 3 4 3 M u s c t e si n t h e r e g i o no f t h e k n e ej o i n t ;
> f I r 4 - Tt 6 , T4 9
mediaLview
* C o m m o inn s e r t i oj u
n s tb e t o w t h em e d i acI o n d y toef t h et i b i a
l f o r m e r tkyn o w na ss u p e r f i c ipaet sa n s e r i n uP
s ,e sa n s e r i n ussu p e r f i c i a [ i s l

M vastuslateralis

M adductor magnus
lvl bicepsfemoris,Caputbreve

M gracilis

Femur,Lineaaspera
Hiatusadductorius

M vastusmedialis
lvl bicepsfemoris,Caputlongum

M adductormagnus,Tendo

Femur, Facies poplitea

M semimembranosus
M plantaris

Articulatiogenus, Capsula articularis

M sartorius
M biceps femoris,Tendo

M semimembranosus,Tendo

lvl gracilis,Tendo

M semitendinosus.
Tendo lvl gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale

M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale

Fig, 13t+t+ Musctes in t h e r e g i o no f t h e k n e ej o i n t ; l + 4 - Tl + 6 , Tl + 9

)T
L f t h e i s c h i o c r u r am
a f t e r a t m o s tc o m p t e t er e m o v a o I usctes:
dorsaLview.
> Lowertimb tt tat"t

)rigins andinsertionsof the musclesof the thighand the ventralpart of the leg

Tractusiliotibialis

l\/ gracilis

M quadricepsfemoris

M. biceps femoris l\4 semitendinosus

M sartorius

lvl tibialisanterior
l\4 fibularis[peroneus]
tongus

M. extensor
digitorum
tongus

fibularisIperoneusl
brevis

F i g . 1 3 4 5 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e s
a t t h e b o n e so f t h e l e g ;
v e n t r a Iv i e w
To p o g r a p h y
Thigh Leg Foot
of themusclesof thethighand the dorsalpart of the leg
}rigins and insertions

M popliteus

M soleus

M tibialisposterior

M. fibularis[peroneus]
M flexordigitorum
longus rongus

M flexorhallucislongus

M fibularislperoneus]
orevts

M. flexorhallucislongus,Tendo

M fibularislperoneus]
brevis,Tendo
lvl.tibialisposterior,Tendo

M llexordigitorum
longus,Tendo

F i g . 1 3 1 6 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s > T r,6,T 48-T 50

a t t h e b o n e so f t h e l e g ;
dorsaIview.
 > Lowertimb tt

Musclesof theLeg

Fig.1317 Extensor
m u s c L eosf t h e[ e g .

M tibialisanterior
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus

Iperoneus]

L a t e r a [[ fi b u l . a rm
] uscLes

Caput laterale M flexordigitorum

I t o".uo"n".'r" rongus
Caput mediale )
M tibialisposterior

M flexorhallucis
l o n gu s

(Chiasma crurale)

lvl.soleus

(Chiasma tarsale)

Tendo calcaneus

Fig. 1319 Tricepssurae muscte,

M . t r i c e o ss u r a e . D e e pf l e x o rm u s c L e o
sf the leg
Topog r a p h y
Thigh Leg Fcot

Musclesof the Leg

Tibia,
Condylus medialis

Tuberositastibiae

M gaslrocnemius

M extensor
digitorum
longus

Tibia, Facies medialis

M fibularis
[peroneus]brevis

Septumintermusculare
crurisanterius

M extensor M tibialisanterior,Tendo
longus
digitorum

M extensor
h a l l u c i sl o n g u s

Malleolusmedialis
lvlalleoluslateralis

Retinaculummusculorum
extensoruminferius
l\il extensor digitorum
longus,Tendines
M extensor hallucis
longus,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo

M exlensor
lvl extensor
digitorum brevis
hallucisbrevis

F i g . 1 3 5 1 M u s c L eos f t h e [ e ga n d t h e f o o t .
> Lowertimb Surface lSkel.etonl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the leg

M semitendinosus

M semimembranosus
M gracilis

Femur, Facies poplitea

M semitendinosus,Tendo

M semimembranosus,Tendo

M gaslrocnemius,
Caputmediale M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale

Fasciacruris

N4alleolusmedialis -------------t-

Malleoluslateralis
Tendo calcaneus*

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 5 2 M u s c l e so f t h e L e g ;
s r r n p rifr i a l l r v c r
* A l s o : A c h i t l e st e n d o n
Topngraphy
Thigh Leg Font
Musclesof the leg

l\4 gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale
M biceps femoris
M semimembranosus

Bursasubtendinea
musculi lvl gastrocnemius,
Capullaterale
gastrocnemii
medialis

Bursamusculisemimembranosi

Lig popliteum
obliquum Lig popliteum
arcuatum

Tibia,Condylus medialis

l\4 plantaris

A ; V poplitea;Arcus
tendineus
musculisolei

M soleus

M plantaris,
Tendo

M gastrocnemius

longus
M libularislperoneus]

M gastrocnemius,Tendo

M llexor hallucislongus
M flexor digitorum longus

M tibialisposterior.Tendo Seotumintermusculare
crurisDosterius

Malleolusmedialis

Tendo calcaneus*

Retinaculummusculorum
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum fibularium superius
lperoneorum]

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 5 3 M u s c L eos f t h e l e g ;
s u p e r f i c i a[[a y e ra f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a I
o f t h e g a s t r o c n e m i um s uscLe.
* ALso: Achi[[es tendon
> Lowertimb Surface lSketetonl Muscles

Musclesof theleg

M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale Femur, Facies poplitea

M biceps femoris
Bursasubtendinea
musculi
gastrocnemii
medialis M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale
Bursamusculisemimembranosi
M plantaris
M semimembranosus,Tendo

Lig popliteumobliquum

M popliteus

M tibialisposterior

M soleus

Fibula,Margointerosseus

M flexordigitorum
longus

l\4 tibialisposterior

M fibularis[peroneus]
longus

M flexor hallucislongus

M flexor digitorum longus,Tendo

M a l l e o l ums e d i a l i s

M tibialisposterior,
Tendo
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum

Betinaculum
musculorum
fibularium
superius
[peroneorum]

Tendo calcaneus"
Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 5 4 M u s c [ e so f t h e l e g ;
deep tayer.
* A t s oA: c h i [ [ et se n d o n
To p o g r a p h y
ThiEh Leg Foot
Musclesof the leg

lil gastrocnemius,
Caputmediale

Bursasubtendinea
musculi
gastrocnemii
medialis

M plantaris

Bursamusculisemimembranosi
M popliteus

-----f
Tibia,CondylusmeOialis M. bicepsfemoris,
Tendo
i,, ,
Recessus
suboooliteus
M popliteus

M flexordigitorum
longus

l\4tibialisposterior

M flexor hallucislongus

l\,4tibialisposterior,Tendo

M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

lvl flexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
brevis

Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum

Retinaculum f ibularium
musculorum
superius
[peroneorum]

Tendo calcaneus

F i g .1 3 5 5 M u s c L eos f t h e l e g ;
doonoqt lerror
 > Lowertimb

Musclesof the leg

l\/ biceps M quadriceps

temoris,M vastus
femoris lateralis

Tractus
iliotibialis

M gastrocnemius M fibularis longus

lperoneus]

l\4 tibialisanterior

Septumintermusculare
crurisanterius
l\4 extensor digitorum longus

M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis

M tibialisanterior,Tendo

M extensor hallucislongus

Tendo calcaneus
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
inferius

Malleolus
lateralis

Retinaculum
musculorum
fibularium superius
lperoneoruml
Tuber calcanei M extensor
hallucisbrevis

M fibularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendo
M. extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendines
Betinaculum
musculorum
fibularium inferius
Iperoneorum]

M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendo
M extensor brevis
diqitorum

- T 4 9 , T5 1
> I t+7 F i g . 1 3 5 6 M u s c l e so f t h e L e ga n d t h e f o o t .
Topography
Thigh Leg
1riginsand insertions
of the musclesof the thefootand the leg

M. tricepssurae,Tendocalcanous

M. extensordioitorumbrevis:
M. extensorhallucisbrevi6

M. fibularislperoneus]brevis

M. fibularislporoneus]tertius

M. abductor
digitiminimi Mm. interosseidorsalespedis

Mm.interosseiplantares
M. abductorhallucis

Mm.extensoreshallucislongusst brevis
Mm.extensorgsdigitorumlonguset brevis

F i g .1 3 5 7 O r i g i nas n di n s e r t i o nosf t h em u s c t e s
>T4t,T48,T51,
a t t h eb o n e so f t h ef o o t ; T53,T54
dorsaIview.
 > Lowertimb tt

Tendonsheaths
of thefoot

longus
M extensordigitorum
M tibialisanterior,Tendo

l\4 extensorhallucislongus
Lig tibiofibulare
anterius

Retinaculum
musculorum Malleolus
medialis
extensorum
interius

Malleoluslateralis
Vaginatendinismusculitibialisanterioris

hallucislongi
Vaginatendinismusculiextensoris

Retinaculum
musculorumfibularium
Iperoneorum]inferius

Vaginacommunis
tendinummusculorum
fibularium
lperoneorum]

M fibularislperoneus]
brevis,Tendo

l\4 extensor
digitorum
brevis
Tendo
M tibialisanterior,
Tuberositas quinti
ossismetatarsi
M extensorhallucisbrevis
M abductor
digitiminimi
Ligg tarsometatarsaliadorsalia

f ibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo

(M opponens
digitiminimi)

Corpusossismetatarsi
I

M extensor longus,Tendines
digitorum
l\il extensor hallucisbrevis,Tendo

Mm interossei
dorsalesoedis
lvl extensorhallucislongus,
Tendo

, a g i n a et e n d i n u m ,
F i g . 1 3 5 8 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV
of the foot
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot
sheathsof the foot
Tendon

M. extensor hallucislongus,Tendo

lvl extensor
digitorum
longus

Vagina tendinum musculi extensorisdigitorum longi

Nil fibularis
lperoneus]brevis musculorum
Retinaculum inferius
extensorum

Fibula Vaginatendinis musculi extensorishallucislongi

l\4 extensor hallucisbrevis

M fibularis
[peroneus]longus

Tendo calcaneus

R e t i n a c u l ummu s c u l o r u m l\il extensor digitorum

fibulariumIperoneorum] superius longus, Tendines

Retinaculum
musculorum
fibularium inlerius
lperoneorum]

I/ extensor digitorum brevis

Vaginacommunis
tendinummusculorum
fibularium
lperoneorum] tertius,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]

brevis,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]

, a g i n a et e n d i n u m o
F i g . 1 3 5 9 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV , f thefoot.

Vaginatendinismusculi
Vagina tendinis musculi tibialisanterioris tibialisposterioris

Vaginatendinismusculi
llexorisdigitorum
longi
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
inferius
Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorishallucislongi

Vagina tendinis musculi extensorishallucislongi Tendo calcaneus

\-

Vagina tendinis musculi flexoris hallucislongi Retinaculum

musculorum
flexorum

Vagina tendinis musculi

abductor hallucis, /'a tibialisposterioris
Tendo

M abductor hallucis

Vagina tendinis musculi flexorisdigitorum longi M flexor digitorum brevis

, f thefoot.
, a g i n a et e n d i n u m o
F i g . 1 3 6 0 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV
 > Lowertimb Sunface lSkel.etonl Muscles

Musclesof thefoot

M tibialisanterior,Tendo

M extensorhallucislongus

lil extensor digitorum longus

Malleolusmedialis
l\4alleolus lateralis

Retinaculummusculorumextensorum inlerius

M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendo

Retinaculum
musculorumfibularium
[peroneorum]inferius

lvl extensordigitorumbrevis

M tibialisanterior,Tendo
lM fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo

M extensorhallucislongus,
Tendo
l\4 extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendines

M extensorhallucisbrevis
M abductordigiti minimi

Articulatiometatarsophalanqea
hallucis.Caosula articularis-

Mm interossei
dorsalesoedis

)r47,T51,T53 F i g . 1 3 6 1 M u s c t e so f t h e f o o t ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o
I f t h e t e n d o ns h e a t h s .
Tnpogr a p h y
Thigh LeU Foot
Musclesof the foot

M fibularislperoneus]
tertius
M tibialisanterior,Tendo

[/ extensor longus
digitorum
M extensor hallucislongus

Malleoluslateralis

Retinaculum extensorum
musculorum
inferius

l\4 tibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendo

l\il extensor digitorum brevis l\4 extensor hallucisbrevis

M fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo

Nil abductordigiti minimi

Mm interossei
dorsales
pedrs

M extensor brevis,
digitorum
Tendines
M extensor digitorum longus,
Tendines

F i g . 1 3 6 2 M u s c L eos f t h e f o o t : >T47,T51,T53
a f t e rs e c t i o no f t h e i n f e r i o r
extensor etinacutum.
> Lowerlimb tt tat"t
Hip
Musclesof the foot

Lig metatarsale transversum

superficiale

Fasciculitransversi

plantaris
Aponeurosis

(Eminentiaplantarislateralis)

(Eminentiaplantarismedialis)

Malleolusmedialis

M abductor hallucis
l\4alleoluslateralis

Bursasubcutanea
calcanea

F i g . 1 3 6 3 M u s c l e so f t h e f o o t ;
p L a n t aar p o n e u r o s i sA,p o n e u r o s i ps t a n t a r i s .
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Leg Foot
0riginsandinsertionsof the musclesof the footand the leg

M. flexordigitorum
brevis

M flexordigitorum
longus

M flexorhallucislongus,Tendo
M adductorhallucis,
Caputtransversum

M adductorhallucis,
Caputobliquum

Mm interosseiplantares
l\il abductor hallucis

lvl flexor digiti minimi brevis

Ossasesamoidea
M abductor digiti minimi

M abductor hallucis,Tendo

M flexor hallucisbrevis
t
I
I
+ longus
M fibularis[peroneus]
I
I
dorsalespedis
Mm interossei al
fl
M tibialisanterior

M flexordigitiminimibrevis

lvl abductor
digitiminimi M abductorhallucis

l\4 flexor hallucis brevis t

,
M adductorhallucis,
Caputobliquum

M. tibialisposterior
M fibularis longus,Tendo
lperoneus]

M quadratus plantae

M abductor digiti minimi

M abductorhallucis

brevis
M flexordigitorum

F i g . 1 3 6 1 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s )T47,T48,T50,
a t t h e b o n e so f t h e f o o t ; T 52-T 54
plantarview.
 > Lowertimb Surface lSke[etonl Muscles
Hip
Musclesof the foot

Vaginaetendinum digitorumpedis

Parscruciformis
Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorishallucislongi
Parsanularis

M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

Mm lumbricales
pedislv-l

M flexor hallucisbrevis
M adductorhallucis,
Caput
transversum

plantaris
M interosseus lll

l\4 abductorhallucis

l\4 flexor digitorumbrevis

plantaris
Aponeurosis

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 5 5 M u s c t e so f t h e f o o t ;
t h e p t a n t a ra 0 o n e u r o s i hs a s b e e nr e m o v e d
T o p o g r a p h yI S e c t i o n s
Thinh I- v :o, n Foot
Musclesof the foot

flexor hallucislongus,Tendo
Vaginaetendinum digitorumpedis

M flexordigitorum
longus,
Tendines

M llexordigitorumbrevis, M adductor hallucis,

Tendines Caput transversum

M flexor hallucisbrevis

l/m lumbricalespedis lv-l

M flexor digitorum longus,Tendo

M flexor digiti minimi brevis
Vagina plantaristendinis
musculi fibularis [peronei]longi
M abductordigiti minimi
M llexor hallucislongus,Tendo
l\il interosseusplantarislll

M interosseus
dorsalispedislV

M fibularis[peroneus]longus,Tendo
M abductor hallucis

M quadratus
plantae

l/ flexordigitorum
brevis
l\4 abductor
digitiminimi

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 6 6 M u s c l e so f t h e f o o t ;
) T 50,T 52-T stl
Lf t h e
m i d d t eL a y ear f t e r a L m o sct o m p t e t er e m o v a o
f t e x o rd i g i t o r u mb r e v i sm u s c L e .
 > Lowertimb Surface lSkeletonl Musctes

Musclesof thefoot

M flexor digitorum longus,Tendines

M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

brevis,Tendines
M, flexordigitorum

l\ilm lumbricalespedis lv-l

l\4 interosseusdorsalis pedis lll M adductor hallucis

Caputobliquum
Mm inlerosseiplantares lll et ll

l\4 interosseus
dorsalispedislV lvl flexorhallucisbrevis

(M opponens
digitiminimi)

M flexordigitiminimibrevis M abductor hallucis

M abductor digiti minimi

M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

M libularislperoneus]
longus,Tendo

M quadratus
plantae M flexor digitorum longus,Tendo*

M tibialisposterior,Tendo

Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
Lig plantarelongum

M flexorhallucislongus,Tendo*
M abductor digiti minimi
l\4 abductor hallucis
plantaris
Aponeurosis
f,4 flexor digitorumbrevis

Fig. 1367 MuscLesof the foot;

) T 50,T 52-T str
oeep rayer.
* T h es i t ew h e r et h et e n d o on f t h ef L e x odri g i t o r u m
[ o n g ums usc[e
c r o s s etsh et e n d o no f t h ef t e x ohr a t t u c i[so n g u m
s u s c t ies
c o m m o n rt ye f e r r etdo a s p t a n t acrh i a s mC, h i a s mpaL a n t a r e
Topognaphy
Thigh Leg Foot
Musclesof the foot

Mm.interossei
dorsalespedisl-lV

i u s c L e sM, m i n t e r o s s edi o r s a t e sp e d i s ;
F i g . 1 3 6 8 D o r s a Ii n t e r o s s em
dorsaLview.

Mm inlerossei
p l a n t a r el sl l - l

i u s c L e sM, m i n t e r o s s epi L a n t a r e s ;
F i g . 1 3 6 9 P L a n t airn t e r o s s em
p L a n t avr i e w .
 > Lowertimb

plexus
Lumbosacral

N, subcostalis

R cutaneuslateralis

N i l i o h y p o g a s t r i(cTu1s2 ,L 1 )
N i l i o i n g u i n a l i(sT 1 2 , L 1 ) Plexuslumbalis

/^.
I H, Iemorails
N o e n i t o f e m o r a l i(sL 1 . 2') {
R. genitalis
\

N. cutaneus femoris lateralis(L2, 3)

N femoralis (L2-4)

(L2-4)
N. obturatorius

N gluteussuperior(L4,5; Sl )

Truncuslumbosacralis Plexussacralis

N .g l u t e u isn f e r i o(r1 5 ;S 1 ,2 )

I N ,f i b u l a r i s
tcommunts
N. tscnradrcus I
( L a ,5 ; S 1- 3 ) I
I
-
\ N. tibialis

Plexus
coccygeus
DC
(S1-3)
femorisposterior
N cutaneus

Co
N pudendus
(S2-4)

Nn analeslrectales]
inferiores

N, coccygeus N anococcygeus

F i g .1 3 7 0 L u m b o s a c raanI dc o c c y g epaLI e x u s ,
tredtl P t e x u[su m b o s a c r a(t P i st e x u[su m b a Lei st s a c r a t i se]t c o c c y g e u s ;
s e g m e n t aoIr g a n i s a t i o n
fnerves.
Thigh Poplitealfossa Leg Foot
Nervesof the lower limb

N iliohypogastricus
N ilioinguinalis

N. cutaneus
femorislateralis
N. genitofemoralis

N. femoralis

N. gluteussup€rior
N. gluteusinferior
N obturatorius
N. pudendus
N. cutaneus
lemorisposterior
N. ischiadicus

N. saphenus

N. cutaneussurae
medialis

N. cutaneussuraelateralis

tibularis
R. communicans
N. saphenus

N. suralis
N cutaneusdorsalis
intermedius

N. cutaneus
dorsalismedialis N. cutan€usdorsalislateralis

N. olantarislateralis

N. Dlantaris medialis

dorsalespedis
Nn.digitales

F i g . 1 3 7 1 N e r v e so f t h e l o w e r[ i m b ; Fig.1372 Nervesof the lower [imb;

overyrew. overvtew.
 > Lowertimb

Cutaneous
innervation

S2

DJ

S4

DC

F i g , 1 3 7 3 S e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n
ldermatomes] F i g , 1 3 7 4 S e g m e n t acI u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o (nd e r m a t o m e s ]
of the lower [imb. o f t h e l o w e r[ i m b .
Thigh F o p l l t e a if n s s a Leg Fn*t
Cutaneous
innervation

N iliohypogastricus,
R cutaneus lateralis
N iliohypogastricus,
R cutaneus lateralis

N cutaneus
femoris
posterior,
Nn clunium
inferiores

N cutaneus
lemorisposterior
N femoralis,
Rr cutanei
anleriores N obturatorius,
R cutaneus

N obturatorius,
R cutaneus

N fibularis
N saphenus, communrs,
R infrapatellaris N cutaneus
(N femoralis) suraelateralis
N saphenus, (N ischiadicus)
Rr cutaneicruris
mediales
(N temoralis)

N fibularis
communrs,
N cutaneus
surae lateralis N saphenus,
(N ischiadicus) Rr cutanei
cruris mediales
(N femoralis)

N suralis.
N cutaneus
dorsalislaleralis

I N. cutaneus
N. fibularisI oorsalls
superficialisl Inlermeolus
(N ischiadicus) N..ut"n"r.
|
\ dorsalismedialis

N f i b u l a r ipsr o f u n d u s ,
Nn digitales dorsalespedis
(N ischiadicus)

I Nn lumbales
I N iliohypo-
gastricus
N genito-
femoralis I N obturatorius N fibularis

I Nn sacrales
I N cutaneus
lemorislateralis
N femoralis
N cutaneus
femorisposterior
N suralis

F i g . 1 3 7 5 C u t a n e o u sn e r v e so f t h e l o w e r L i m b . s e r v e so f t h e l o w e r [ i m b
F i g .1 3 7 6 C u t a n e o u n
 > Lowertimb M us c l es

Femoraland obturatornerve

N iliohypogastricus

M psoasmajor
N. ilioinguinalis

N genitofemoralis

N lemoralis

N cutaneus
femoris
lateralis

Rr.cutaneianteriores
Membrana
vastoadductoria

F i g .1 3 7 7 F e m o r a a I n d o b t u r a t o rn e r v e ,N n . f e m o r a L i es t o b t u r a t o r i u s ;
overvtew;
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n
i L [ u s t r a t ewdi t h p u r p t e .
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg Foot
Glutealnervesandsciaticnerve

Plexussacralis
N. gluteussuperior

N gluteusinferior

N. ischiadicus

N. cutaneus
femorisposterior

F i g . 1 3 7 8 G t u t e a nI e r v e s N , n . g t u t e i ,a n d s c i a t i cn e r v e ,N . i s c h i a d i c u s ;
overvtew;
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o int l u s t r a t e dw i t h p u r p t e
 > Lowertimb

Tibialand fibuLarnerve

N ischiadicus

N tibialis

N fibulariscommunis

Arcustendineus
musculisolei

N suralis

N suralis

N plantaris
lateralis

N plantarismedialis

F i 9 . 1 3 7 9 T i b i a Ln e r v e ,N . t i b i a t i s ; F i g . 1 3 8 0 F i b u [ a rn e r v e ,N . f i b u t a r i s ;
overvtew; OVCTVIEW:
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o int L u s t r a t ewdi t h o u r o [ e . c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o n with purpLe
i[tustrated
Topography
T h i g h F o p t i t e af Io s s a L e g Fuot
Arteriesof thelowerlimb

A glutea inferiot

A femoralis

A circumflexa
femoris lateralis A circumflexa
femoris medialis

R ascendens A profunda femoris

R descendens

Aa. perforantes
AA 0""fri?ii?'j
ll; ll;lll)

A descendens
genus

A poplitea
R saphenus

R articularis

A superiorlateralis
A superior genus
A superior m e d i a l igse n u s
genus
lateralis A superior
medialisgenus
A suralis

Rete articularegenus A suralis A mediagenus

A inferior
genus
lateralis A inferiorlateralis
A inferior genus
A inferior
medialisgenus m e d i a l i sg e n u s (A recurrens tibialis
posterior)

A tibialisposterior A tibialisanterior

A tibialisanterior
A fibularis

R communicans
R pertorans
A fibularis,
A malleolaris
anteriormedialis
A malleolaris
anteriorlateralis Rr malleolares Rr malleolareslaterales
mediales
A tarsalislateralis A tarsalis medialis
A plantaris A plantarislateralis
A dorsalis pedis medialis

profundus
Arcusplantaris
Aa metatarsales
(A arcuata) oorsales

F i g . 1 3 8 1 A r t e r i e so f t h e L o w e r[ i m b ; F i g . 1 3 8 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e l o w e r L i m b ;
overvtew; overvtew;
v e n t r a Iv i e w dorsaIview.
T h e s e g m e n to f t h e f e m o r a La r t e r yb e t w e e nt h e p o i n tw h e r e
t h e d e e pa r t e r yo f t h i g h b r a n c h e so f f a n d t h e p o i n to f e n t r y
i n t o t h e a d d u c t o rc a n a [[ * ] i s k n o w nc t i n i c a t Lavs s u p e r f i c i a I
femoralarterv.
 > Lowertimb M us c tes
Pelvis Hip
Veinsand lymphaticsof the lowerlimb

Nodi lymphoidei
inguinales

sapnenamagna

V. saphenaparva

F i g . 1 3 8 3a , b V e i n sa n d l y m p h a t i c so f t h e l o w e r [ i m o ; a MediaLview
overytew b D o r s a tv i e w

V superficialis

Valvula V.communicans

Valvula

V perforans

1 DODD'Sveins
2 HUNTER'S vein V profunda Fascia
3 BoYD'svein
4 V arcuatacrurisposterior
5 SHERMAN'S vein
6 cocKETT'sveins
7 Deepperforatingvein
Of HACH
8 Popliteal perforating vein
9 MAY'Svein
10 Lateral perforatingvein

Fig. 1384a, b Perforatingveins,Vv.perforantes; F i g . 1 3 8 5 V e i n so f t h e [ o w e r[ i m b ;

o v e r v i e w( a c c o r d i ntgo H A C H1,9 8 6 1 . p r i n c i p [ eo f o r g a n i s a t i o n .
a M e d i a vI i e w D i s t u r b a n c eosf t h e v e n o u sf [ o w o f t h e l o w e r l i m b ,e s p e c i a t t y
b Dorsatview v a r i c o s i sa, r e a c o m m o nc a u s eo f v a s c u t a rd i s o r d e r s .
l f o n e o f t h e v e n o u ss y s t e m si s e n t i r e t yo c c L u d e dt h, e
perforating v e i n sm a y b e o f c r u c i a Ii m p o r t a n c et o m a i n t a i n
t h e v e n o u sd r a i n a o e .
T o p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Thigh PopliteaIfossa Leg Font
andnervesof the thiqh
Vessels

A femoralisa R cutaneusanterior(N iliohypogastricus)

A : V epigastrica
superficialis
a a

i N ilioinguinalis

a V femoralis
N cutaneus
femorislateralis

o a Aa : VV pudendaeexternae

(N genitofemoralis)
B, femoralis

(lateralis)
o V saphenaaccessoria
A ;V circumllexa
iliumsuperlicialis
a a

a V saphenamagna

(N femoralis)
o Br cutaneianteriores

, Rr cutanei(N obturatorius)

genus
a A descendens

, R infrapatellaris(N saphenus)

Bete patellarea

1391

F i g . 1 3 8 6 E p i f a s c i avLe s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e i n g u i n a l
r e g i o nR, e g i oi n g u i n a t i tsh, e a n t e r i o r e g i o no f t h i g h ,
, n d t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f k n e e ,
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r a
R e g i og e n u sa n t e r i o r .
 > Lowertimb Surfaee lSkeletonl Musctes
Petvis Hip
Lymphatics
of theinguinalregion

Lig inguina

V circumflexailium
superficialis V epigastricasuperficialis

Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
superficiales

Funiculusspermaticus

V saphena magna
Vv pudendae externae

V saphena accessoria
(medialis)

V saphena magna

M adductor longus

F i g . 1 3 8 7 S u p e r f i c i aLI y m p h a t i c sL ,y m p hn o d e s
a n d m a j o rv e i n so f t h e i n g u i n arIe g i o nR , e g i oi n g u i n a t i s

M, psoas major Nodilymphoidei

iliaciinterni

Nodi lymphoideiiliaciexterni, A ; V i l i a c ai n t e r n a
Nodi laterales

Nodi lymphoideiiliaciexterni, Rectum

Nodi mediales

A;V iliacaexterna
Ovarium

Uterus

Nodi lymphoideiinguinales Vesicaurinaria

superficiales,Nodi superolaterales
Lig inguinale
Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
superficiales,Nodi superomediales

Hiatus saphenus Nodi lymphoideiinguinales,

(Nodi profundi)

Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
supediciales,Nodi inferiores

F i g . 1 3 8 8 D r a i n i n ga r e a so f t h e L y m p hn o d e si n t h e
i n g u i n arLe g i o nR , e g i oi n g u i n a L iosf,t h e f e m a L e ;
overvtew.
T h e a r r o w si n d i c a t ep o s s i b Ldei r e c t i o n so f t h e f t o w o f t y m p h .
* I n s o m eT a r ec a s e st ,h em e d i apI a r t so f t h eu t e r i n teu b ea n d
t h ef u n d u so f t h eu t e r u sm a yb ed r a i n e bd ys u p e r f i c i[aytm p hn o d e s
i n t h ei n g u i n ar e
I g i o vn i at h er o u n dL i g a m eonftu t e r u s
T o p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Thigh PoptiteaI
fossa Leg Foot

Vessels
andnervesof theinguinalregion

0 M psoas major
M iliacus O

t (M psoasmino0,Tendo
N femoralis t
Arcusiliopectineus
Lig inguinale
OaA;Vfemoralis

(Nodus lymphoideuslacunarismedialis)"

Lig lacunare**
Fascia lata
a V, circumflexailium superficialis
Lig pubicumsuperius
a V epigastrica
superficialis

Fascialata
Cornuinferius

a W pudendae
externae
V saphena magna O

F i g .1 3 8 9 S a p h e n o uosp e n i n gH, i a t u ss a p h e n u s ,
a n dv a s c u t asr p a c e L, a c u n av a s o r u m ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoI f t h e a n t e r i o ar b d o m i n a L w aa[nLdt h e
c o n t e n t so f t h e a b d o m e n a, s w e [ La s d i s s e c t i o n of the
i t i a cf a s c i aa n d t h e f e m o r a t s e p t u ml c l o o u r r ]
* A t s oR : o S E N M U L LnEoR d 'es
* * A t s oG : I M B E R N [Ai gTa' sm e n t

Vaginamusculirecti
Laminaanterior
abdominis,
a M obliquusexternus
Aponeurosis
abdominis,
, N genitofemoralis,
femorislateralis
cutaneus R femoralis
Spina iliaca anteriorsuDerior aoA;Vlemoralis
Lig inguinale Septum femorale
M iliopsoasO
(Nodi lymphoideilacunares)
N femoralis..
Lig lacunare
Arcusiliopectineus
Funiculus
spermaticus
(Bursa iliopectinea)
Lig inguinale
M ilioosoas.Tendo a
Tuberculum pubicum

Lig pectineum pubica

Symphysis

M pectineus Membrana
obturatoria
o
Canalisobturatorius
$ N obturatorlus

a a V;A obturatoria

F i g ,1 3 9 0 M u s c u t aar n dv a s c u t asr p a c e ,
L a c u n a em u s c u t o r u me t v a s o r u m ;
o b t i q u es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e to f t h e i n g u i n a ILi g a m e n t .
 > Lowertimb $urface lSkeletonl Muscles

Vessels
and nervesof the thigh

O A iliaca externa
N femoralis.
a V iliaca externa
cutaneus femoris lateralis :

a A iliaca interna
Lig inguinale

A circumflexailium profunda O

M iliacus& I M pectineus

N femoralis:
a V saphena magna

A profundafemoris a
: R muscularis(N femoralis)
A, femoralis* O

l\4 tensor fasciae latae S . V femoralis

C lvl adductorlongus

M rectuslemorisi

s N4gracilis

G l\4 sartorius

l\4 vastuslateralis
a

a M vastus medialis

R articularis
a
(A descendens
genus)

Rete patellarea
1154
11 5 6

Lig, patellae

F i g . 1 3 9 1 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h i g h * C [ i n i c a [ [t yh e f e m o r a t a r t e r yi s c o m m o n [ yr e f e r r e dt o a s s u p e r f i c i a t
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r ; f e m o r a Ia r t e r y t o d i s t i n g u i s hi t f r o m t h e d e e pa r t e r y o f t h i g h
a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e f a s c i a[ a t ae x c e o tf o r t h e i I i o t i b i a L t r a c t .
To p o g r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Thigh PopliteaIfossa [-eg Fc*t
Vesse/s
and nervesof the thiqh

N obturatorius
N cutaneuslemoris lateralis :
a A femoralis

N temoralis * l\4 pectineus

M i l i a c ua
s (A obturatoria)
a R acetabularis

a R anterior(A obturatoria)

., N. obturatorius
A circumflexafemoris lateralisa
o A circumtlexa
femorismedialis

A profunda femoris a
a R superficialis
(A circumflexa
femorismedialis)
M sartorius
A

R descendens a
(A circumflexa femoris lateralis)
o V femoralis

a A femoralis

M rectusfemorisi ,, R cutaneus(N obturatorius)

; N saphenus

R m u s c u l a r(i N
s femoralis)

Septumintermusculare
vastoadductorium*

li M gracilis

N saphenus

M vastusmedialist I l\4 sartorius

R articularis(A descendensgenus) O

Fig.1392 Vesselsand n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h i g h , + T h ee n t r a n c ei n t ot h e a d d u c t o cr a n a Ii s f o r m e db y t h e v a s t u sm e d i a [ i s
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r ; a n d a d d u c t o [r o n g u sm u s c l e sa s w e t l a s b y t h e a n t e r o m e d i a L
a f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a o
I f t h e s a r t o r i u sm u s c [ ea n d d i s s e c t i o n
of intermuscuLa ser p t u ms p a n n i n gb e t w e e nt h e m
t h e p e c t i n e u sm u s c l e .
 > Lowertimb SurrfaeelSkeletonl Muscles

I/esselsand nervesof thethigh

.. N obturatorius
V iliaca externa a
o V saphena magna

A iliaca externa a a A circumflexafemoris medialis

N femoralis i

M i l i a c ucs

A profunda
femorisa o V femoralis

R ascendens O o V profunda femoris

A circumflexa
femoris lateralis c} M adductorbrevis
R descendens a
c N4adductorlongus

a A pertorans
(N femoralis)
Rr musculares ,

M rectustemoris$ R cutaneus(N obturatorius)

s l\4 adductorlongus

A perforans
a o V femoralis

* M gracilis
l\il vastus lateralis I
I M adductor magnus

R muscularis(N femoralis) ,
a A femoralis

M rectus femoris €t Hiatus adductorius

vastus medialis fl
O A descendens genus, R saphenus

N saphenusa,

O l\4 sartorius

genus
a A superiormedialis

A poplitea

genusa
Retearticulare

genus
o A inferiormedialis
1'l5I+
11 5 6
11 5 9

t,
t'- F i g . 1 3 9 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h i g h ,
R e g i of e m o r i sa n t e r i o r ;
V
1392 1408 d e e pl a y e ra f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a oI f t h e s a r t o r i u sa n d r e c t u sf e m o r i s
m u s c l e s t, h e p e c t i n e u sa n d a d d u c t o rl o n g u sm u s c t e sh a v eb e e n
d i s s e c t e d ; t haed d u c t ocr a n a L i s a L m o set n t i r e Loyp e n e d .
Topography I Sections
Thigh PoptiteaI
fossa Leg Foot
Arteriesof thepelvisand thehip

Aorta,Bifurcatioaortae

A. iliacacommunis

A. iliaca interna

A. epigastricainferior
A epigastricasuperficialis
R. obturatorius
A circumflexailiumsuperficialis
R. pubicus
A. femoralis Lig.inguinale

Aa. pudendaeexternae
R. ascendenset R. transversus R. acetabularis
R. ascendens
R. anterior
A. profundafemoris
R. posterior
A. circumflexafemorislateralis
A. obturatoria
R. transversus
A. circumflexafemorismedialis R. acetabularis

R. descendens R. profundus

R. superficialis
Aa perforantes
R descendens

Fig.1394 Arteriesof the hipandthe thigh; Thebranching patternof thesearteriesvariesconsiderab[y.

overvtew. T h i st y p eo f o r i g i na n da r b o r i s a t i oonf t h ed e e pa r t e r yo f t h i g h
occursin approximate[y 58%of cases.

A. lumbalis
V
Parsabdominalisaortae
lAortaabdominalisl
A. sacralismediana
A. iliacacommunis

A. iliacaexterna

A iliacainterna

A. gluteasuperior

Caputfemoris

A. obturatoria

F i g .1 3 9 5 A r t e r i e o s f t h ep e t v ias n dt h et h i g h ;
d i g i t asI u b t r a c t i oann g i o g r a p h
I Dy S A I .
 > LowerLimb Surface lSketetonl Muscles

Veinsand nervesof the thigh

(Ll -L3)
Nn cluniumsuperiores

(N iliohypogastricus)
R culaneuslateralis

N n c l u n i u mm e d i i ( S 1 - S 3 )

Sulcusglutealis

(N cutaneus
Nn cluniuminferiores temorisposterior) N cutaneus
femorislateralis

Fascia lata

R cutaneus(N obturatorius)
femorisoosterior
N cutaneus

V saphena magna

V saphenaparva

F i g , 1 3 9 6 E p i f a s c i avte i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n
o f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i sp o s t e r i o rt,h e g L u t e arIe g i o n .
R e g i og L u t e a I i sa,n d t h e p o p l . i t e af ot s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a .

Crista iliaca

Soina iliaca anteriorsuoerior

Spinailiacaposterior
superior Cristasacralismediana

N gluteussuperior suprapiriforme)Foramen
(Foramen
ischiadicum
(Foramen
infrapiriforme) maJus
Foramenischiadicum
majus
N ischiadicus

N gluteus inferior M piriformis

N pudendus
Lig sacrospinale
Trochantermajor

N cutaneus
femorisoosterior
Tuberischiadicum
Lig sacrotuberale
Tuberischiadicum

F i g . 1 3 9 7 S k e t e t o nc o n t o u ra n d s c i a t i cn e r v e ,
N . i s c h i a d i c u sp,r o j e c t e do n t ot h e s u r f a c eo f t h e
g t u t e a Lr e g i o n ,R e g i og t u t e a t i s .
Thigh PopliteaIfossa Leg Foot
andnervesof the thigh
Vessels

a M gluteusmedius,Fascia

N n c l u n i u mm e d i i ( S 1 - 5 3 ) : r

M gluteusmaximusa

is Nn cluniuminferiores
(N cutaneusfemorisposterior)

Tractusiliotibialis

femorisoosterior
* N cutaneus
M gracilisI

a M.vastuslateralis
M semitendinosus
a

M. semimembranosus
a

a M bicepsfemoris

V popliteao * N tibialis

M semimembranosus
a d N. fibulariscommunis

A. popliteaa

{i N cutaneus suraelateralis
(N fibularis
communis)

a V saphena parva
M gastrocnemius
a

N cutaneussuraemedialist a M biceps femoris, Tendo

F i g . 1 3 9 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e g L u t e arLe g i o n ,
R e g i og t u t e a t i st,h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i s
p o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e p o p t i t e aflo. s s a ,F o s s ap o p [ i t e a .
 > Lowertimb Muscles

Vessels
and nervesof the thigh

(L1-L3) "
Nn cluniumsuperiores

N n c l u n i u mm e d i i( S 1 - S 3 ) { ,

(Fascia glutea)

o M gluteusmaximus

N n c l u n i u mi n f e r i o r e s ,
(N cutaneus femoris posterior)

,r N ischiadicus

femorisposterior
N cutaneus t,
a A perforans

e lvl bicepsfemoris,Caputlongum

N t i b i a l i,s,

semitendinosus
I
a Aa,perforanles
Hiatusadductoris

N fibularis
communis

M. gracilisC

l\4 semimembranosus
a

A popliteaa

l\il sartorius O ,. N cutaneussuraelateralis

V popliteao
N cutaneussuraemedialis
A superiormedialis
genusa

(N tibialis)*
Rr musculares

M gastrocnemius, N .s u r a l i s
|l
Caputmediale

O M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale

r400
F i g . 1 3 9 9 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e g l u t e a Ir e g i o n ,R e g i og l u t e a [ i s ,
t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i sp o s t e r i o r ,
13 9 8 a n d t h e p o p t i t e afLo s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a ;
t h e l o n g h e a do f t h e b i c e p sf e m o r i sm u s c [ eh a s b e e nr e t r a c t e d
IateraLty.
I n t h i s s p e c i m e nt ,h e m e d i a L a n[da t e r a I s u r a I c u t a n e onuesr v e sb r a n c h
o f f q u i t ef a r p r o x i m a t L y
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg
and nervesof the thigh
Vessels

A glutea superior,R superticialis1

* M gluteusmedius

M gluteusmaximuso I M piriformis

a l\4 gemellus
superior

internus
c M obturatorius

N gluteus inferiok c lvl gemellusinferior

A gluteainferior
a O R ascendens (A. circumflexa
femoris medialis)

a R superficialis(A circumflexa
femoris medialis)
A ; V p u d e n dian t e r n a o
a M. quadratus temoris

Iemorisposterior
N cutaneus

N ischiadicus*
a A perforans

a M. adductormagnus
(N tibialis)*
Br musculares

M bicepstemoris,Caputlongums
O Aa perforantes

o M bicepstemoris,Caputlongum
M semitendinosus
o

t l\il biceps lemoris, Caput breve

M semimembranosusa

V popliteao
!, N fibularis
communis

N cutaneus surae medialis :

V saphenaparvaa

F i g . 1 4 0 0 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e g t u t e a Ir e g i o n ,R e g i og L u t e a l ' i s ,
t h e p o s t e r r or e g i o no f t h i g h ,R e g i of e m o r i sp o s t e r i o r ,
1399
a n d t h e p o p L i t e af oI s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a ;
o f t h e g L u t e u sm a x i m u sm u s c l ea n d t h e L o n gh e a d
a f t e rd i s s e c t i o n 11113
'14'lIr
o f t h e b i c e o sf e m o r i sm u s c L e
 > Lowertimb
Hip
Vessels
and nervesof theglutealregion

Trigonum
lumbale

l, R cutaneus lateralis(N iliohypogastricus)

Rr profundia a
(A ; V.gluteasuperior) a M obliquusexternus
abdominis

Cristailiaca
N gluteussuperior&
a M gluteusmedius

a M .g l u t e u m
s inimus
N gluteusinferior*
a M gluteusmedius
A;Vgluteainferioraa

lVI.gluteusmaximusI I M gluteusmaximus

o M piriformis
cutaneus
temorisposterior
{t
a M gemellus
superior
N. ischiadicusE

a M. obturatorius
internus

A ; V. pudenda interna a a a l\4.gemellusinferior

Lig sacrotuberale a M obturatoriusexternus

a M quadratus
femoris

Trochanter
minor

Rr.profundi(A circumflexa
femorismedialis) a M adductormagnus
O

F i g . 1 4 0 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e g t u t e a lr.e g i o n ,R e g i og l . u t e a l . i s ;
a f t e rd i s s e c t i o n
a n d p a r t i a Ir e m o v a o
I f t h e g l u t e u sm a x i m u sa n d m e d i u sm u s c L e s ;
t h e s c i a t i cn e r v eh a s b e e nr e m o v e da f t e r i t s p a s s a g et h r o u g ht h e i n f r a p i r i f o r mf o r a m e n

Crista iliaca

Spinailiacaanteriorsuperior

M gluteusmedius
gluteussuperior

N. ischiadicus

Trochantermajor

Fig.1102 VentrogtuteaI injection(accordingto v HOCHSTETTERJ. a n d t h e p a l m o f t h e h a n do n t h e g r e a t e rt r o c h a n t e rS. i n c et h e

I n o r d e rt o a v o i dt h e s u p e r i o rg I u t e a In e r v ea n d ,i n p a r t i c u l . a r , i n j e c t e dm a t e r i a Is h o u I db e d e p o s i t e d
w i t h i nt h e b e t | . oy f t h e
t h e s u p e r i o rg t u t e a Ia r t e r yt h e i n j e c t i o ni s m a d e i n t ot h e g l u t e u sm e d i u sm u s c l ea s f a r a w a ya s p o s s i b l ef r o m a n yv e s s e l ,
t r i a n g u [ a rf i e t df o r m e db y t h e t w o s p r e a df i n g e r sa n d t h e i l . i a c t h e n e e d t es h o u t dn o t c r o s st h e [ i n e so f t h e t r i a n g t e H. owever,
c r e s t .T h e i n d e xf i n g e r- o r w h e n u s i n gt h e r i g h t h a n d ,t h e s o m e r i s k r e m a i n sf o r t h e n e r v eb r a n c ht h a t r u n s f r o m t h e
m i d d [ ef i n g e r- i s p t a c e do n t h e a n t e r r o rs u p e r i o ri L i a cs p i n e s u p e r i o rg t u t e a In e r v et o t h e t e n s o rf a s c i a el a t a em u s c L e .
Topography
Thigh PopliteaIfossa Leg Foot
Veinsandnervesof the leq

V saphena
magna

N saphenus
V saphena parua
R infrapatellaris
(N saphenus)

N saphenus N cutaneus
surae lateralis
(N fibularis
communrs)

V perforans
V pedorans*

Rr cutanei
Rr cutaneicrurismediales crurismediales
(N saphenus) (N saphenus) N cutaneus
suraemedialis
V saphena (N tibialis)
(V arcuatacrurisposterior) parua R communicans
fibularis

N suralis
Fasciacruris
Fasciacruris

Rr cutaneicrurismediales
(N saphenus) V marginalis
lateralis
Arcusvenosus
dorsalispedis
N fibularis
superficialis
N cutaneus
dorsalismedialis
cutaneusdorsalis
intermedius

Rete venosum
dorsale pedis
V marginalismedialis N cutaneus dorsalis
(N suralis)
lateralis
V saphena parva

13 8 6 1396
+I
*k
:-;' ' - ' -

F i g . 1 4 0 3 E p i f a s c i avle. i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ e g Fig, 1t Ot, Epifascial. veinsand nervesof the [eg

a n d t h e f o o t ,R e g i o n e cs r u r i s e t p e d i s . a n d t h e f o o t ,R e g i o n e sc r u r i se t p e d i s ;
t h e d e e pf a s c i ao f [ e g h a s b e e nd i s s e c t e d
proximatty.
* C t i n i c at eI r m :M A Yv' se i n
 > Lowertimb

Vessels
andnervesof the leg

o (V femoropoplitea)
V saphena magna a

V saohena oarva O

A. popliteaa

& N tibialis
Nodi lymphoideipopliteiprofundi
a V. poplitea

Vasa lymphaticasuperficialia

Fasciacruris

M gastrocnemiusil

V saphenamagnaa a V saphenaparua

F i g . 1 4 0 5 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o p t i t e afIo s s a ,
Fn<<a nnnlitaa.

o f t h e d e e pf a s c i ao f l e g a n d p a r t i a Ir e m o v a l
a f t e rd i s s e c t i o n
o f t h e s m a t [s a p h e n o uvse i n .

1 Compartimentumcruris 3 Compartimentumcruris
anterius: posterius,Pars profunda:
.: A ;V tibialisanterior A;Vtibialisposterior
N fibularis profundus A ; V fibularis
l\il tibialisanterior N .t i b i a l i s
lvl extensordigitorumlongus l\4.llexordigitorum longus
lvl extensorhallucislongus l\4.tibialisposterior
l\/ fibularis tertius
lperoneus] M llexorhallucislongus

2 Compartimentumcruris 4 Compartimeniumcruris
Fasciacruris laterale: posterius,Pars super-
N fibularissuperficialis ficialis:
l\4 fibularis longus
[peroneus] lV tricepssurae
Septum Nl fibularis brevis
Iperoneus] l\4 plantaris
intermusculare
crurisanterius
Tibia
Septum
intermusculare
crurisposterius Membrana
interossea
crufls
V saphena
magna

N saphenus
Fascia cruris

F i g . 1 4 0 6 O s t e o f i b r o ut su b e so f t h e l e g ;
c r o s s - s e c t i osnu p e r i o rt o t h e m i d d t eo f t h e l e g
N cutaneus T h e s eo s t e o f i b r o utsu b e st o g e t h e rw i t h t h e i r c o n t e n t s
suraemedialis a r e c t i n i c a [ Lkyn o w na s c o m p a r t m e n t s
V saphenaparua * Deeppartof thedeepfasciaof leg
Topography
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg Fnot
Vesselsof the leg

Caput fibulae

Tuberositastibiae

longustD
M fibularislperoneus]

i* M tibialisanterior
(Noduslymphoideus
tibialisanterior)

Vasa lymphaticaprofunda
Tibia, Facies medialis

W tibialesanteriores
a

a lvl tibialisanterior,Tendo

A tibialisanterior a

M extensor hallucislongus o

M extensor longus$
digitorum musculorum
Retinaculum inferius
extensorum

MalleolusIateralis

13 9 1

*t!*
l!l

A b b . 1 4 0 7 V e s s e t so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t e g ,
R e g i oc r u r i sa n t e r i o r ;
t h e e x t e n s o rm u s c t e ss p r e a db y r e t r a c t o r s .
T h e s u p e r f i c i atty m p h a t i c sr e g u t a r t yf o t l o wt h e m a j o re p i f a s c i a I
v e i n sa n d c o n v e r g ea L o n gt h e g r e a ts a p h e n o u vs e i nt o t h e
m e d i a ts i d eo f t h e L e gT . h e d e e pl y m p h a t i c sa r e f o u n dw i t h i n
t h e c o n n e c t i v tei s s u es h e a t h so f t h e d e e pa r t e r i e sa n d v e i n so f
the Leg.
 > Lowerlimb M us c l es

Arteriesand nervesof the leg

A superiorlateralis
genuso a A superiormedialis
genus

A inferiorlateralis
genusa a Betearticulare
genus

N fibulariscommunis

M fibularis[peroneus]longus *
Lig patellae

M extensor
digitorum
longus*

A recutrens
tibialisanteriora

N libularisprofundus:
O A tibialisanterior

N fibularis
superticialis
,

M fibularis[peroneus]longus S

lvl extensordigitorumlongus{

I lvl tibialisanterior

N libularissuperficialis
i fibularisprofundus

M fibularis[peroneus]brevis G

O l\il extensor hallucislongus

M. extensor digitorum longus O

A libularis, R perforansa

Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
inferius
Rete malleolarelateralea

A malleolarisanterior lateralisa ; N fibularisprofundus

a A dorsalispedis
l\4 extensor digitorum brevis *

fibularis[peroneus]tertius,Tendo *

, Nn digitalesdorsales pedis

a Aa metatarsales
dorsales
13 9 1
1392
A 1416
I"
F i g . 1 4 0 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f l e g ,
'lI+07 R e g i oc r u r i sa n t e r i o r a
, n d t h e d o r s u mo f f o o t ,D o r s u mp e d i s ;
a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e d e e pf a s c i ao f t e ga n d d i s s e c t i o n
of the extensor
d i g i t o r u ml o n g u sa n d f i b u [ a r i s[ p e r o n e u s[]o n q u sm u s c t e s .
To p o g r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Thigh PoptiteaIfossa Leg Foot

Arteriesandnervesof thepoplitealfossa

M gracilisa a l\4 bicepsfemoris

M semitendinosus
O

M semimembranosus
o
{* N tibialis

V popliteaO & N. fibularis

communis

A popliteaa
genus
a A. superiorlateralis
genusa
A. superiormedialis
suraelateralis
t N. cutaneus
V saphenaparvaa

a Aa.surales
Rr musculares
(N tibialis)$

E N cutaneussuraemedialis
M gastrocnemius,
Caputmedialea
* N fibularis
communis

a M bicepsfemoris,
M gastrocnemius,
Caputlateralea Tendo

Fig.lt 09 VesseLs and nervesof the poptiteaL fossa,Fossapopl.itea;

a f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e f a s c i a[ a t aa n d t h e d e e of a s c i ao f t e o .

A perforans

M semimembranosus

M semitendinosus

M biceps femoris
l\4 gracilis

Femur, Facies poplitea

genus
A descendens

A superiormedialis
genus
genus
A superiorlateralis
M semimembranosus
M. bicepsfemoris

A. media genus
A poplitea

M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale
M plantaris

Aa surales M gastrocnemius,
Caputlaterale

genus
A inferiorlateralis
genus
A. inferiormedialis
lvl popliteus

M. soleus
M soleus

(A recurrens
A tibialisanterior tibialisposterior)

(Truncustibiofibularis) M soleus
A tibialisposterior A. fibularis

F i g . 1 4 1 0 A r t e r i e so f t h e p o p t i t e afIo s s a ,F o s s ap o p L i t e a ; r e m o v ao I f t h e c o v e f l n gm u s c L e s .
d e m o n s t r a t i o on f t h e a r t e r i a Is u p p t ya f t e r p a r t i a I T h i sb r a n c h i n og a t t e r ni s f o u n di n a b o u t9 0 %o f t h e c a s e s .
 > LowerLimb Surface lSkel.etonl MuscLes

[/esselsandnervesof thepoplitealfossaand the leg

M semitendinosus I M biceps femoris

I
{ N tibialis
A popliteaa a V poplitea
a V saphenaparua
lvl semimembranosus
Q
a M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale

aOA;V suralis
(N tibialis)
, Rr musculares
A :V suralia
s a

M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale * N fibulariscommunis

genusO
A inferiormedialis

W tibialesposteriores
o f lvl soleus
Arcustendineus
musculisolei

M plantaris,Tendo *

I M gastrocnemius

O l\4 fibularislperoneus]
longus

N tibialis , I lM fibularis[peroneus]
brevis
A ;V tibialisposterior
a a

NI tibialisposterior,
Tendo6 Malleolus
lateralis
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
Relinaculum fibularium
musculorum
1400 superius
Iperoneorum]
1 Tendo calcaneus
11,13

,,
'lI+Ol+
"I t

F i g . 1 1 1 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o p l i t e afLo s s a ,F o s s a a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e d e e pf a s c i ao f L e ga n d d i s s e c t i o n
of the
p o p t i t e aa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f L e g R
, e g i oc r u r i s p o s t e r i o r ; o a s t r o c n e m i ums uscte

F i g . 1 1 1 2a - d V a r i a t i o n si n t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e
p o p t i t e aaLr t e r y ,A . p o p [ i t e a .
a C o m m o nt r u n ko f t h e a n t e r i o ar n d p o s t e r i otri b i a L a r t e r y ,
A a . t i b i a t e sa n t e r i o re t p o s t e r i o ra, L o n gw i t h t h e f i b u t a r
a r t e r y ,A . f i b u t a r i s
b T h e p o p t i t e aaLr t e r y ,A p o p t i t e ab, r a n c h e so f f p r o x i m a L [t yo
t h e s u p e r i o rb o r d e ro f t h e p o p t i t e am L u s c L eM , . popLiteus.
c P o s t e r i o tri b i a L a n df i b u L a ar r t e r y ,A a .t i b i a l . i ps o s t e r i o r
e t f i b u [ a r i so, r i g i n a t ef r o m a c o m m o np r o x i m a tI r u n k .
d T h e a n t e r i o rt i b i a Ia r t e r y ,A t i b i a L i a snterior,
p a s s e sv e n t r a I Ltyo t h e p o p L i t e amI u s c [ e ,M p o p [ i t e u s . - Lo/o -30k - 1To
T opog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
ThiEh Poplitealfossa Leg Fc*t

andnervesof thepopLiteal
Vessels fossaand the leg

1 N fibulariscommunis

; N tibialis

A i n f e r i o rm e d i a l i sg e n u s a

A popliteaa

M soleus&

A libialis posterior O

N tibialis r

M tibialisposterior
s

M llexordigitorum
longus{F

A tibialisposterior
a

* M flexor hailucislongus

N tibialis;

M tibialisposterior,Tendo *
Malleolus
lateralis
lvlalleolusmedialis

Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum musculorum
Retinaculum fibularium
superius
lperoneorum]

Tendocalcaneus

.:\

1398

F i g . 1 4 1 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e p o p l i t e afIo s s a ,F o s s a
, e g i oc r u r i s p o s t e r i o r ;
p o p t i t e aa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f L e g R
deep layer.
> Lowertimb $unface lSke[etonl Muscl"es

Arteriesand nervesof the leg

A popliteao N tibialis

inferiormedialisgenus a
t M plantaris

l\4 popliteus
*

A tibialisanteriorO

(Truncus
tibiofibularis)
a
* M soleus
M soleus dt

M tibialisposteriorI

a A fibularis
A. tibialisposterior
a

N tibialis

l\4 flexordigitorum
longus&
f M fibularis[peroneus]longus

o l\4 llexor hallucislongus

A tibialisposteriora

s [/] fibularis[peroneus]
brevis

lvl tibialisposterior,Tendo @

Rr malleolaresmediales a

a Rr malleolareslaterales
M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo *

Tendo calcaneus

Rr calcanei O

a Retecalcaneum

F i g . 1 1 1 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o p l i t e afIo s s a ,F o s s a
p o p I i t e aa, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f L e g R
, e g i oc r u r i s p o s t e r i o r ;
d e e o e s lt a v e r .
To p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Poptitealfossa Leg Foot
Veinsandnervesof the foot

t: N saphenus

, N cutaneus surae medialis (N tibialis)

N fibularissuperficialis a V saphena magna

Malleolusmedialis

Malleoluslateralis

o V saphenamagna
N cutaneusdorsalismedialis

, N. saphenus
N culaneusdorsalisintermedius

V saohenaparvao

o V maroinalis
medialis

cutaneus
dorsalis
lateralis

V marginalislateralisO a V pertorans

t N tibularisprofundus,
Nn digitales
rl^rcalac na.lic

Arcusvenosusdorsalispediso

Vv digitalesdorsales pedis a

Nn digitalesdorsales pedis

F i g , 1 4 1 5 E p i f a s c i avLe i n sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f f o o t ,
D o r s u mp e d i s .
 > L o w e rt i m b Surface lSkeletonl Musctes

Arteriesand nervesof the foot

M extensor
digitorum
longusfi
s M tibialisanterior,Tendo

l\4 extensorhallucislongus*

o A malleolarisanterior medialis
R perforans(A fibularis)a

A tibialisanlerior a a Rete malleolaremediale

A malleolarisanterior lateralisa a A malleolarisanteriormedialis

Rete malleolarelateralea
; N fibularisprolundus

(N fibularisprofundus)
* Rr musculares

L4mextensores
digitorum
et hallucisbrevisO
a Aa tarsalesmediales

A tarsalislateralis
a

a A dorsalispedis

(A arcuata)a

o A plantaris
profunda

Aa metatarsales
dorsalesa
|) l\4 extensor hallucisbrevis,Tendo

a M extensor hallucislongus,Tendo

', Nn digitalesdorsales pedis

Aa digitalesdorsales a

1408

,r-l: F i g , 1 1 1 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f f o o t .
/1,' D o r s u mo e d i s .
'lI+15
Topography I Sections
Thigh PopliteaIfossa Leg Foot

Aa digitalesplantarespropriae

Aa. digitalesplantarescommunes

Aa metatarsalesolantares

A. plantarisprofunda(A. dorsalispedis)

Arcusplantarisprofundus
R superficialis

R. profundus

A. olantarismedialis

A olantarislateralis

A. tibialisposterior

Fig. 1117 Arteriesof the soteof foot,

Planta;
overytew.

27 To 26 o/o o/o 13 Vo

F i g .1 4 1 8a - d V a r i a t i o ni nst h ea r t e r i asI u p p Loyf t h es o l eo f remaining mediatty locatedtoesreceive theirarteriatsuppty

f o o t ,P t a n t a . throughthe dorsalispedisartery,A. dorsatispedis.
a Dorsalispedisartery,A. dorsatispedis,as majorsupptyfor Thefifthandfourthtoeaswet[as lateraIoartsof thethird
t h ed e e pp l a n t aar r c hA , r c u sp t a n t a r ipsr o f u n d u s t o ea r es u p p t i ebdyt h ep o s t e r i ot irb i a a
l .r t e r yA, .t i b i a t i s
b Posterior tibiaLartery,A. tibiatisposterior, as majorsuppl.y posterior, whereasat[ remaining mediaLl.y locatedtoes
for the deepptantararch,Arcusptantaris profundus receive theirarteriaIsuppl.y throughthedorsatispedis
c Thefifthtoeand[ateraIpartsof thefourthtoearesupp[ied by artery,A. dorsatispedis.
t h ep o s t e r i ot irb i a a
I r t e r yA, . t i b i a t i p
s o s t e r i ow
r ,h e r e atsh e
 > Lowertimb Surface lSkel.etonl Musctes

Arteriesand nervesof thefoot

plantares
Aa digitales propriaea

plantares
Nn digitales proprii::

Nn digitates.i
ptanlarescommunes

Aa metatarsales plantares a

N plantarislateralis,*, plantaris
a N digitalis proprius
R superficialis

plantaris
Aponeurosis

Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum

Rr calcanei mediales (N tibialis)

{ N plantarismedialis

a A tibialisposterior

N plantarislateralis

Fi1.1119 Arteries and nervesof the soteof foot, Ptanta

T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Thigh Poplitealfossa Leg Foot
Arteriesandnervesof the foot

M flexordigitorum
brevis,Tendines
a

o Aa digitalesplantarespropriae

plantares
o Aa.digitales communes

Nn. digitales € o M flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

planlarescommunes

a M flexor hallucisbrevis

longus
a M. flexordigitorum

a M. abductorhallucis

a M quadratusplantae

.9 (B cutaneus)
A. plantarislateralisa

s N plantaris
medialis
M abductor
digitiminimia

Betinaculum
ADoneurosis
olantaris musculorumflexorum

M flexordigitorum
breviso * (R muscularis)

a A tibialis posterior

lateralis
& N. olantaris

o M. abductorhallucis*
Retecalcaneum
a)

1t+13
1t+21

Fig.112O Arteries and nervesof the so[e of foot, Ptanta;

oeep rayer.
* ThedistaIextension
of themediaIretromatteolar
space 1419
beneaththeabductorhallucismuscteis atsoknownastarsaI
tunne[.
 > L o w e rt i m b Surfnc* lSkeletcnl Muscles

Arteriesof the foot

plantares
Nn digitales proprii e M flexor hallucislongus.Tendo

Nn digitalesplantares :
communes

* Caputtransversum
I
M adductorhallucis
plantares
Aa metatarsales a I
a caputobtiquum )

C [,,]flexorhallucisbrevis
Arcusplantaris
profundus
a o R perforans*
,
f R. superficialis a A plantarismedialis,R superticialis
I
N plantaris
lateralis
1t -
\ H. proTunous c lvl flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

l\4 adductor hallucis,Caput obliquum {l o M llexor digitorum longus,Tendo

A plantarislateralisa

lvl abductordigiti minimi I 6 l\4 quadratusplantae

o M abductor hallucis

,' N. plantaris
medialis
flexordigitorum
brevisa
Retinaculum
musculorum
plantaris
Aponeurosis tlexorum
a A tibialisposterior

Rete calcaneum a

1r+1l+
tI
Fig,It21 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s o L eo f f o o t ,P t a n t a ;
t, doonoci larrer
1I+20 + A n a s t o m o s iws i t h t h e d o r s a [ i sp e d i sartery
To p o g r a p h yI Se rtro rrs
T h i q h P n p l i t e a I f o s s aL e U F o o t
of the foot
Compartments

/ : / t''r'/''''

N fibularissuperficialis

V saphena magna

Fascia dorsalis pedis N fibularisprofundus

M extensor digitorum longus,Tendines

A dorsalispedis
M extensordigitorum
brevis

l\4 extensor hallucislongus,

Ossametatarsi Tendo

(Septa longitudinalia) Lig plantarelongum

plantaris
Aponeurosis
l\4 flexor hallucislongus,Tendo

Fig. 1122 Compartmentsof the foot;

qionuriqo <ociinn

r S n a c eo f t h e i n l e r o s s em
i usctes
** L a t e r a cI o m p a r t m e n t
*** MediaL compartment
**** I n t e T m e d i a ct eo m p a r t m e n t
 > Lowertimb Surface lSkeletonl MuscLes
Leg
Thigh,obliquesection

a lvl tensor fasciae latae

a l\4 gluteusminimus

a M sartorius
M gluteusmediusa

a l\4 rectusfemoris,Tendo

A ; V.gluteasuperiora a
C M iliopsoas

N gluteussuperior.,, , N femoralis

Lig iliofemorale

a A femoralis

Bursasubtendinea
iliaca

l\4 piriformis,
Tendoa
o V femoralis

l\4 gemellus superior a a M pectineus

M obturatorius
internus,
TendoO
a A profunda
femoris

M gluteusmaximusc g N obturatorius

M gemellus inferiora o M adductorlongus

A; V glutea inferiora O

N gluteusinferior a M adductorbrevis

M obturatorius
externusa

a M adductormagnus
N ischiadicus,

t M quadratus
femoris
N cutaneus
femorisDosterior
,
t l\4 semitendinosus
N4semimembranosus,
Tendos

F i q . 1 1 2 3 T h i g h ,F e m u r ;
o b L i q usee c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h i pj o i n t
To p o q r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Font
Thighand leg,cross-sections

a M rectusfemoris
M vastusintermedius
a
Fascia lata

M vastuslateralist
a l\4 vastusmedialis

o v saphenamagna
Femur

ooA;Vfemoralis

Tractusiliotibialis I l\4 sartorius

M bicepsfemoris.CaputbreveO

M biceps femoris, Caput longum O

a M gracilis

N ischiadicus
o M adductormagnus

o M adductorlongus
M semitendinosusC
O l\4 semimembranosus

F i g . I t 2 1 T h i g h ,F e m u r ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e t h i g h .

M tibialisanteriore Fasciacruris

l\4 extensor hallucislongus I

a A tibialisanterior
I
M extensor
digitorum
longusI

N fibularissuperficialis

Septumintermusculare profundus
N fibularis
crurisanterius

lr4fibularislperoneusl
brevisI I M flexor digitorum longus

a v saphena magna
M fibularis[peroneus]
longusa

Membrana interossea

Septumintermusculare
crurisposterius
a M tibialisposterior
Fibula

O A tibialisposterior
M {lexor hallucislongus a

o M gastrocnemius,
M soleuso Caputmediale
N tibialis

A fibularisa o V saphenaparva

F i g . 1 t 2 5 L e g ,C r u s ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e m i d d t eo f t h e L e g .
 > Lowertimb M us c tes

Legand foot,sections

N fibularisprofundus *
a l\4 extensor hallucislongus,Tendo
A dorsalispedisa
N libularissuperficialis
I
a M tibialisanterior,Tendo
M extensor
digitorum
longus,Tendoa

Syndesmosistibiofibularis
O V saphenamagna

N saphenus

NI fibularis[peroneus]
|
longus,Tendo

a Nil tibialisoosterior,Tendo
M fibularislperoneus]
breviso

a lvl flexordigitorum
longus,Tendo
A fibularis
O

6 N tibialis
M flexor hallucislonous I

V saphena parva a a A tibialisposterior

a M plantaris,
Tendo

Tendocalcaneus

F i 1 . 1 1 2 6 L e g ,C r u s ;
c r o s s - s e c t ijouns ta b o v et h ea n k [ ej o i n t .

t l\4 extensorhallucislongus,Tendo
M extensor
digitorum
brevis,Tendoa a M tibialisanterior,
Tendo

l\4 extensor ,, N saphenus

digitorum
longus,Tendoa
o V saphenamagna
M fibularislperoneus]
tertius,Tendo*
Lig collaterale
mediale
Caput tali
Sustentaculum
tali
Fasciapedis

I l\4,tibialisposterior,Tendo
Proc lateralistali
c M flexor digitorumlongus,Tendo

M fibularis[peroneus]
brevis,Tendoc a M llexor hallucislongus,Tendo

M fibularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendot O A plantarismedialis
s N plantaris
medialis
E N plantarislateralis

o A plantaris
lateralis

0 l\4 ouadratusolantae
Tendo calcaneus

Fi1.1127 Foot,Pes;
o b I i q u es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e c a t c a n e u as n d t h e h e a do f t h e t a t u s
Topogr a p h yI Se c ti o n s
Foot
Foot,sagittalsections

Articulatiotalocruralis

Os cuneiforme intermedium Tendocalcaneus

Os cuboideum
M fibularis[peroneus]
longus,Tendo
Articulatio
subtalaris
Os metatarsill

dorsalispedisI
M interosseus
Lig talocalcaneum
M extensordigitorum
longus,Tendo Interosseum
Phalanx proximalis
Calcaneus

M quadratus
plantae

M llexor digitorum longus, M adductor l\4 flexor N plantaris Lig plantare longum plantaris
Aponeurosis
Tendo hallucis, digitorum brevis lateralis
Caputobliquum

F i g . 1 t 2 8 F o o t ,P e s ;
s a q i t t a sL e c t i o nt h r o u q ht h e s e c o n dt o e .

N4 libialis
anterior, Tendo
l\4.flexor hallucislongus
Tibia

Linea epiphysialis

Articulatio
talocruralis
M triceps surae,
Tendo calcaneus
Talus

Articulatiosubtalaris
(Articulatio
talonavicularis)
Lig talocalcaneum
interosseum
Os naviculare

Calcaneus
Lig plantarelongum

Fig.1t29 Foot,Pes;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h yi m a g e{ M R l ) s; a g i t t a sI e c t i o n
 > Lowertimb ...Top ogr aphy
I Sec ti ons
Foot
Foot,cross-section
andpedograms

l\4 interosseusdorsalis oedis ll

hallucislonguset brevis,Tendines
Mm extensores
l/m extensores
digitorum longus
et brevis,Tendines

Fasciadorsalispedis dorsalispedisI
M interosseus

M interosseus
dorsalisDedislll plantaris
M. interosseus I
M interosseusdorsalis oedis lV
l\4,adductorhallucis,
Caputobliquum
(M opponens digiti minimi)

M abductordigiti minimi M abductorhallucis

lvl flexor digiti minimi brevis M flexorhallucislongus,Tendo

(Eminentia
plantaris lateralis) (Eminentiaplantarismedialis)
M interosseus plantarislll M. flexorhallucisbrevis
l\4 inlerosseusplantarisll Mm flexoresdigitorumlonguset brevis,Tendines

F i g . 1 4 3 0 O s t e o f i b r o utsu b e so f t h e f o o t ;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m e t a t a r s u s

F i g . 1 4 3 1a - c F o o tp r i n t s ,p e d o g r a m s .
a NormaIfoot
b Pes cavus
c Ftat foot
 tnoex
II

T h e n u m b e r sr e f e rt o t h e p a g en u m b e r s .
T h e n u m b e r sw i t h , T " r e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b t e si n t h e s e p a r a t eb o o k t e te n c t o s e di n V o l u m e1 .

A Anulus Arcus Arteria[-ae]

- inguinalis profundus60,71,225 - tendineus muscu[i levatoris ani - e p i g a s t r i icnaf e r i o 6r 0 - 6 1 , 6 6 ,
Abdomen - - s u p e r f i c i a [5i 5 s-58,50-61, 230-231,317 69,71-72,158-159,173,175,
- computedtomography 248-21+9, 70,238-239 - - - s o l e i3 1 1 , 3 2 9 , 3 5 0 , 3 7 0 179,196,217, 221, 225,227 ,229,
251,255 - umbilicaLis 46,52,56,58,6o, - venaeazygos115 231, 236,253-254,359
- cross-section 248-251 70, 72-73,140,159,2/+2 - venosus dorsalis pedis365, - - - collateraI circutation 69
- frontal section 244-245 Anus 210, 212-21/+,230,232-233, 373 - - superficiatis 66,353,359
- median section 2/+2 235 - - j u g u t a r i1 s10 - - s u p e r i o6r 6 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 7 2
- s a g i t t a Is e c t i o n 2 4 3 ,2 4 6 - 2 4 7 Aorta29,35,76-77,83,87,122, - v e r t e b r a5e- 8 ,1 5 ,1 7 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 9 , - - - collateratcirculation 69
A b d o m i n a I v i s c e r1a5 8 ,1 6 2 ,1 6 6 , 126,174,242,249,359 32,41,45 - femoralis62,69,73,218,244,
172 - abdominalis s. Parsabdomi- Area(-ael 256-257, 314, 317,351,353,
- arteries 168 natisaortae - cnDrosa lKenJluJ 355-359, 380-381
A b d o m i n aw l a [ [ 5 8 , 6 6 ,6 9 - 7 1 - ascendens s. Parsascendens - gastricae130 - - superficia3 t i 5s 1 , 3 5 6
- a n t e r i o r ,v i e w e df r o m i n s i d e 5 9 , aortae - intercondylaris anterior282, - fibu[aris351,366,368-372,
71 - congestion, cottateraL circu[a- 293 381-382
- i n n e r v a t i o ns, e g m e n t a ts, e n s o r y t i o n6 9 - - posterior282 - gastrica[-ael breves131,166,
67 - descendens s. Parsdescendens - n u d a1 1 9 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 5 , 2 4 2 168,170,173
- m u s c l e s 5 2 , 5 1 +5,6 - 5 8 ,6 0 - 5 1 , aortae Areolamammae64 - - d e x t r a1 3 1 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 2
66,72-73, T1 4-r1 6 - thoracica s. Parsthoracica Arteria [-ae) - - posterior170
- posterior 220-221 aortae - appendicutaris 168,17/+ - - s i n i s t r a1 0 61, 3 11, 5 21, 5 5 ,
- s k e t e t o np r o j e c t i o n4 7 Apertura - arcuata183,215,351,374 160,168,170-173,178-179,
- s u r f a c ea n a t o m y 4 6 - petvisinferior264-265 - a s c e n d e n1s7 6 218,2l+l+,247,2l+9
A c e t a b u t a frl o o r 2 7 4 - - superior264-265 - auricutaris posterior38 - gastroduodenatis 152,168
Acetabular root 274, 280 Apex - axittaris54,113,120,122,12/+ 170-173,242,244
A c e t a b u t u m2 5 6 ,2 6 1 ,2 6 6 - capitisfibutae283,291 - bulbipenis234,240 - gastroomentatis dextra131,
A c h i l t e st e n d o ns . T e n d oc a t c a n e u s - cordis7/+-80, 84-85,98-99, - - vestibuti234 167-168,170-173
A c i n ip a n c r e a t i c i1 5 3 101 - caecatis posterior174 - - s i n i s t r a1 3 11, 6 0 1, 6 8 ,
A c r o m i o n 1 - 2 , 2 6 , l + 7 - / + 81,2 2 - dentis5 - carotiscommunis69,74-75, 170-173,2/+7
A d d u c t o rc a n a l 3 5 7 - 3 5 8 - ossissacri 10-11 89,98-99,104-107, 110-111, - gtuteainterior212,224-225,
Ata - patellae284,290-291 113-114, 117-1 18,120-124 256-257 ,351, 363-364, 380
- o s s i si t i u m 7 2 , 2 5 4 , 2 6 4 , - pulmonis94-95,98-99,110, - - e x t e r n a1 1 4 - - superior212,224-225,254,
2 6 6 - 2 6 ,72 7 3 123 - - i n t e r n a1 1 4 359,363,380
- - sacri 10 - vesicae190-191,252 - caudae pancreatis 168 - h e [ i c i n a1e9 8
A l c o c K ' sc a n a t 2 3 0 ,2 5 8 Aponeurosis - c e r v i c a lpi sr o f u n d3a9 , 1 1 5 - hepatica communis131,152,
Amputta - muscu[i obtiqui externiabdo- - - superficialis 66 168,170-173, 178-179, 218,249
- d u c t u sd e f e r e n t i s7 1 ,1 9 1 , m i n i s6 0 - 6 1 - circumflexa femorislateralis ---AP-radiographlTl
195-196,236 - plantaris299,30t+, 338,340, 261,351,357-359 - - propria131,142,1t+6,152,
- l D u o d e n u m1 '132, - - - medialis260-261,351, 155,167-168,170-172, 179,
l 30, 134-135, 342,37 6-379,383-384
179 Appendix(-cesl 357-359, 363-364 2l+3-244,2/+9
- h e p a t o p a n c r e a t i c1a3 5 ,1 5 4 - epididymidis 193,239 - - humeriposterior 37,122 - - variabitity 170
- recti 210, 215, 242, 252-253, - epiptoicae s.Appendixl-cesl - - i t i u m p r o f u n d1a7 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 7 , - iteates152,168,174-175, 251
257-258 omentates 231, 356,359 - iteoco[ica168,17/+-175, 255
- t u b a eu t e r i n a e 1 4 0 , 1 6 7 , 2 0 1 , - fibrosahepatis142-143, 160, - - - s u p e r f i c i a t5i 5 s , 3 5 3 , 3 5 9 - iliacacommunis167,179,212,
203,209,253 166 - - s c a p u l a3e7 , 1 2 2 214, 217_218, 221,22/+_229, 231,
A n a [h i a t u s 2 3 0 - omentales 138-'139, 162,165, - colicadextra152,168, 242-243,254,359
A n a s t o m o s e sp, o r t o c a v a [1 8 1 , 226,258 174-175 - - e x t e r n a6 9 , 7 1 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 6 , 2 1 2 ,
ttJ - t e s t i s1 9 2 - 1 9 3 , 2 3 9 - - media152,161,163-164, 221, 22t+-225 , 227-229, 231,
Angte - v e r m i f o r m i1s3 8 - 1 4 0 1 ,6 3 - 1 6 6 , 168,174-177 236,253,317,354,356,
- between neckandshaftof the 175,209,251 - - sinistra167-168,175-177, 358-359
lemur 276 - - projection 140 1 7 ,92 1 7 - - i n t e r n a2 1 2 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 .
- of antetorsion, femur277 - - variations in position140 - coronaria(-ael 84,86 227-229,231,354,356,359
Angutus(-i) - vesiculosae 200-201, 204 - - dextra74-75,78-80,82, ---variations224
- costae49,101 Arachnoidea mater 8t -87,98, 119-120, 127 - iliolumbaLis 217,221.224-225,
- i n f e r i o1 r -2,26-27 - craniaLis 40 - - - coronary angiograPhY 87 229
- infrasternalis 46-47 - spina[is40-41,43-45 - - sinistra74-75,79-80,82, - inferiorlateralis genus289,
- m a n d i b u l a1e2 Arcus 8/+-87, 98,119-1 20' 127 351,368-369
- ossispubis266 - a n t e r i oart l a n t i s6 , 1 2 , 1 9 - - - coronaryangiograPhY 87 - - medialisgenu 2 s8 9 , 3 5 1 , 3 5 8 ,
- sterni46,50 - aortae74-75,8l+-85, 89,98-99, - cremasterica193,225,238 369-372
- subpubicus 268 10 1, 10 4 - 10 5 ,10 7 - 10 8 ,1 1 t + - 1 1 5 ,- cystica142,1/+9, 168,170,172 - intercostatisl- esl 70,99,120,
- superior2 118-120,122,124 - d e s c e n d egnesn u s3 5 13, 5 3 , 127
Ansasubclavia 117,120 - - A P - r a d i o g r a 1p 1h 4 356-358, 369 - - posteriores l+5,54,73,75,
Anteftexio {Uterus)203 - - b r a n c h e1s 1 4 - digitates dorsates (Pesl374 104-105,112-113, 115-116
- - v a r i a t i o n1s1 4 - - ptantares communes 375, - - s u p r e m a1 1 5
Anteversio IUterus]203
Antrumpyloricum130,133,135, - cartitaginis cricoideae 90 377 - i n t e r t o b a r(eRse n )1 8 3 - 1 8 4 , 2 1 6
247 - costa[is3, 46-47,52,207 ---propriae375-377 - intertobutares [Heparl145
AnuLus - itiopectineus 71,269,313,317, - dorsalis clitoridis234 - jejunates152,168,174-175,
- femoralis229 355 - - p e d i s3 5 1 , 3 6 8 , 3 7 t + - 3 7 5 , 3 7 9177 , , 242,244
- fibrosus24-25,29,42 - plantaris profundus 351,375, 382 - tienatis s. Arterial-ael splenica
- - dexterlCorl 77,8t, 378 - - penis199,227,23t+,238-240, - lobarisl-es) inferiores 98-99,
- - lDiscus intervertebratisl - posterior attantis6, 12,18-19, 2l+4 101,126
/+5 33,39-40 - ductusdeferentis 60,193,197, - - media98
- - sinisterlCorl 77,79,84 - pubicus268 227 - - superiores 98,125
Arteria(-ael Arterial-ael Arterial-ael Attas4-7,12,17-19,31, 33-34,
- t o b ic a u d a t i1 4 2 - r e c u r r e n st i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r3 5 1 , - v e s i c a t i s ( - e si nl f e r i o r 2 2 5 , 39-40
- l u m b a l e s 4 1 , 1 7 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 1 ,2 4 5 , 368 227-228 Atrium
359 - - - p o s t e r i o r3 5 1 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 0 - - s u p e r i o r e s7 0 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 , - cordisdextrum74-76,78,82,
- m a t t e o t a r i sa n t e r i o r[ a t e r a l i s - r e n a t i s 1 5 2 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 3 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 7 , 260 84-85,89,99,101,114,119-121 ,
3 5 1 ,3 6 8 ,3 7 4 18 9 , 2 16 - 2 18 , 2 2 1 ,2 t + 2 - 2 4 3 , A r t e r i e sh, i p 3 5 9 127,2/+3-244,255
---medialis351,374 245-246,250 - - sinistrum
A r t e r l o g r a p h y2 1 6 75-76,79,82
- m a r g i n a t i sc o t i 1 6 8 ,1 7 4 - 1 7 6 - - a c c e s s o r i a2 1 7 A r t h r o s c o p yA, r t i c u t a t i og e n u s 84-85,89,99,101,114,119,
- m e d i ag e n u s2 8 9 , 3 5 1 , 3 6 9 - - a r t e r i o g r a p h y2 1 6 292 126-127
- m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 1 5 2 , - - p o [ a r i si n f e r i o r2 1 6 Articutatiol-nesl AuricuIa
16 7- 1 6 8 ,1 74 , 1 76 - 1 7 7, 1 7 9, 2 1 2 , ---superior216 - a c r o m i o c t a v i c u l a r i1s 2 2 - dextra74, 78-80,8l+,98,114
2 1 4 , 2 1 ,72 2 1, 2 2 5 , 2 2 7, 2 5 0 - 2 5 1 - - v a r i a t i o n s2 1 6 - a t t a n t o a x i a t ilsa t e r a L i s1 7 - 1 9 - sinistra7/+-76,
79,84-85,98,
---AP-radiographlT6 - s a c r a L i s[ a t e r a t i s2 2 4 - 2 2 6 - - m e d i a n aa n t e r i o r1 9 101,114,126
---variationslT6 - - m e d i a n a1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 7 , ---posterior19 Axitta 122-123
- - superior 115,152-154, 2 2 1 ,2 2 5 ,2 2 7- 2 2 9 , 2 5 3 ,3 5 9 - a t t a n t o o c c i p i t a t1i 7 s -19 Axis4, 6-7,12,17-19,33
16 7- 1 6 8 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 3 - 1 7 9 1 , 87, - s e g m e n t a l i sb a s a l i sa n t e r i o r 9 8 - c a t c a n e o c u b o i d e2a6 3 ,T 3 9 - petvis265
217-2182 , 21,242-244, ---lateratis99 - c a p i t i sc o s t a e8 , 1 4 , 2 0 , 2 2
250-251,255 ---mediatis99 - c o s t o t r a n s v e r s a r i8a, 1 4 , 2 0
---AP-radiographlTt+ ---posterior99 - c o s t o v e r t e b r a l e2s 0 - 2 2 B
---variationslT4 - s e g m e n tliA r e n a t i s )2 1 6 - coxae 257, 263, 268-271,273,
- m e t a t a r s a t e sd o r s a t e s3 5 1 ,3 6 8 , - - a n t e r i o r i sh e p a t i c i1 2 4 278-279,139 B a c k1 ,3 7
374 ---renatis171 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p h2 8 0 - cutaneous innervation, segmen-
- - p l a n t a r e s3 7 5 - 3 7 6 , 3 7 8 - - p o s t e r i o r ihse p a t i c i1 2 4 - - L A U E N S T EpTr N o j e c t i o n2 8 0 tat 36
- m u s c u L o p h r e n i6 ca9 - - - r e n a l i s1 7 1 - - dermatomes
c u n e o c u b o i d e a2 f f i , f 3 9 36
- o b t u r a t o r i a7 1 ,2 1 2 ,2 2 l r - 2 2 5 , - s i g m o i d e a e16 7- 1 6 8 ,1 76 - 1 7 7 , - - [ i n e so f o r i e n t a t i o1n
c u n e o n a v i c u L a r2 i s6 3 ,T 3 9
2 2 7, 2 2 9 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 6 - 2 3 ,72 5 6 - 2 5 7, 1 7 9 2, 1 2 , 2 1,72 5 4 , 2 s 8 - f e m o r o p a t e l l a r i s2 6 3 ,2 8 4 - muscles26-34
261,317,355,357-359 - s p i n a l i sa n t e r i o r 4 5 - g e n u s 2 6 3 ,2 8 t + - 2 8 92,9 2 ,3 2 3 , - regions1
- - v a r i a b i t i t y2 2 9 - s p [ e n i c a1 5 2 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 6 1 , 61 T39 - -,,-l^-^ ^^^r^-.,
JUr rdLg oi rdtut I ty
I
I
- o c c i p i t a t i3
s7-39 16 7- 1 6 8 ,1 7 0 - 1 7 3 ,1 7 8 - 1 7 9, 2 1 8 , - - A P - r a d r o g r a p2h9 1 B A R T H o L I Ng'tsa n d 2 0 0 ,2 3 3 , 2 3 5
- ovarica 152, 167, 201, 204,209, 245,248-249 - - a r t h r o s c o p y2 9 2 Basis
223,228-229,253 - s u b c t a v i a74 - 7 5 , 8 9 , 9 8 - 9 9 , - - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 8 4 - o s s i sm e t a t a r s i 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2
- p a n c r e a t i cdao r s a t i s1 6 8 ,1 7 1 104-1071 , 11- 1 1 3 ,11 5 ,11 7 , 1 2 3 - - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 2 9 0 ---hattucis296
- - i n f e r i o r1 7 1 - - d e x t r a 6 9 , 9 9 ,1 1 / r ,1 1 8 ,1 2 0 - - [ a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p h2 9 1 - - sacri 10-11,15,273
- - magna168 - - s i n i s t r a9 9 , 1 1 4 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 4 - - MRt 293 - pateltae 284,290-291
- p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e n aitni sf e r r o r - s u b c o s t a t i s11 5 - 116 , 2 1 + 5 - - s a g i t t a Is e c t i o n 2 9 0
168,173,177 - s u b s c a p u [ a r i1s 2 4 - humeri 122-123,T39 - p r o s t a t a e1 9 5
- - s u p e r i o r a n t e r i o1r 7 1 , 1 7 3 - s u p e r i o rl a t e r a l i sg e n u s 3 5 1 , - i n t e r c u n e i f o r m e s2 6 3 ,T 3 9 - p u t m o n i s9 5
- - - p o s t e r i o r1 6 8 , 1 7 0 - 1 7 1 , 1 7 8 366,368-369 - i n t e r m e t a t a r s a t e s3 0 4 ,T 3 9 - p y r a m i d i s1 8 3
- p e r f o r a n t e s3 5 1 ,3 5 8 - 3 5 9 , - - m e d i a t i sg e n u s 3 5 1 ,3 5 8 ,3 6 2 , - i n t e r p h a L a n g epaeed i s 2 6 3 , I 3 9 B i f ur c a t i o
362-363,369 368-369 - l u m b o s a c r a t i s2 6 8 - 2 7 1 - aortae177,179,359
- p e r i c a r d i a c o p h r e n i c6a9 , 8 9 , - s u p r a d u o d e n a t1 i s6 8 - m e m b r ii n f e r i o r i s2 $ , f 3 9 - t r a c h e a e 9 0 - 9 1 ,9 9 , 1 0 2 ,
112-113,118 - s u p r a r e n a t i s1 8 9 ---tiberi263,139 104-105,107,119,125
- p e r i n e a t i s2 3 4 , 2 4 0 - - i n f e r i o r1 8 2 , 1 8 9 , 2 1 7 - m e n i s c o f e m o r a t i s2 6 3 - t r u n c ip u t m o n a t i s7 5 - 7 6 , 8 5 , 8 9
- p h r e n i c ai n f e r i o r6 3 , 1 0 4 , - - m e d i a 1 8 2 ,1 8 9 , 2 1 7 - meniscotibial2 i s6 3 BoCHDALE SK triangte63
1 7 2 - 1 7 3 ,1 8 9, 2 1 7- 2 1 8 , 2 2 1 - - superior 182,189 - m e t a t a r s o p h a t a n g e a { - a2e5l 3 , BOYD s vern 352
- p t a n t a r i sL a t e r a t i s3 0 4 ,3 5 1 ,3 7 5 , - - v a r i a t i o n s1 8 9 3 0 2 ,3 0 4 ,T 3 9 B r o n c h is, e g m e n t asI . B r o n c h u s [ - i ]
3 7 7- 3 7 8 , 3 8 2 - s u p r a s c a p u l a r i1s2 0 - - h a t t u c i s3 3 6 s e gm en t a[ i s ( - e s ]
- - m e d i a t i s3 0 1 + , 3 5317, 5 , 3 7 8 , - s u r a [ e s3 5 1 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 0 - pedis 300-303 B r o n c h i o t u s l -9i J8
382 - t a r s a t i s l - e s [l a t e r a t i s3 5 1 , 3 7 4 - sacrococcyge2 a 2 6 ,2 5 2 ,2 6 4 - t e r m i n a [ i s9 8
- - p r o f u n d a3 7 / + - 3 7 5 - - m e d i a t e s3 5 1 , 3 7 4 - s a c r o i t i a c a1 , 16 , 1 76 , 2 0 5 ,2 3 0 , B r o n c h o g r a p h y / B r o n c h o s c o9p3y
- p o p l i t e a2 8 4 ,2 8 9 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 9 ,3 5 1 , - t e s t i c u t a r i s7 0 - 7 1 ,1 5 2 ,1 7 9 , 254, 263-264, 268-269,271-27 3, - B i f u r c a t i ot r a c h e a e 1 0 2
3 5 8 ,3 6 1- 3 6 3 , 3 6 6 ,3 6 9- 3 7 2 1 9 3 - 1 9 4 ,1 9 7, 2 1 7, 2 2 1- 2 2 2 280, 317,139 - s e g m e n t abI r o n c h i1 0 2
- - v a r i a t i o n s3 7 0 238-239,243, 251, 254, 256 - s t e r n o c t a v i c u L a r4i s6 , 5 1 , 119 B r o n c h u s [ - i J9 0 - 9 2 , 9 8
- nron:nrre:tire 1AQ - - v a r i a t i o n s2 1 7 - s t e r n o c o s t a l e s5 1 - a r t e r i a Is u p p t y 9 9
- p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i3 7 - t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a 6 3 , 6 6 , 6 9 , 8 8 , - - b r o n c h o g r a p h y9 3
s u b t a t a r i s2 6 3 , 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 , 3 8 3 ,
- - femoris 256-257,261,351, 1 1 0 ,11 2 , 114 - 11 5 ,11 8 , 1 2 0 ,1 2 4 , - b r o n c h o s c o p y1 0 2
T39
356-3593 , 80 126 - t a l o c a t c a n e o n a v i c u t a r2i 6s3, - i n t r a s e g m e n t a t i s1 2 0 ,1 2 4
- - p e n i s 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 7 , 2 3 9 , - - - c o t t a t e r acI i r c u l a t i o n - [ i n g u [ a r i si n f e r i o r( B V ) 9 0 , 9 3 ,
69 303-305T , 39
244 - - l a t e r a [ i s6 6 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p h3 0 5 102
- p u d e n d ae x t e r n a 6 6 , 2 3 8 , 3 5 3 , - t h o r a c o a c r o m i a t1i s2 0 - - f r o n t a ls e c t i o n 3 0 4 - - s u p e r i o rt B l v l 9 0 ,9 3 , 1 0 2
359 - t h o r a c o d o r s a t i s1 2 4 - - t a t e r a lr a d i o g r a p h3 0 5 - t o b a r i s l - e s9l 2 , 1 0 7
- - i n t e r n a2 1 0 , 2 1 2 , 2 2 / + - 2 2 5 , - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 1 0 6 - - s a g i t t a Is e c t i o n 3 0 4 - - i n f e r i o r1 2 6
227-229 , 231, 234, 236-237, - - s u p e r i o r1 1 0 - t a l o c r u r a t i s2 6 3 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 4 - 3 0 5 , - - - dexter 90-91,95,120-121
240-241, 256-258, 260-261, - t i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r2 8 3 ,3 5 1 , 3 8 3 ,T 3 9 - - - s i n i s t e r9 0 - 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 8
363-364 366-370,372,37/+,381 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p h3 0 5 - - m e d i u s9 0 - 9 1 , 9 51, 2 1 , 1 2 6
- p u t m o n a t i s l - e s1l1 2 - - p o s t e r i o r3 5 1 , 3 6 6 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 2 , - - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 3 0 4 - - s u p e r i o r1 2 5
- - dextra 7t-76,84-85,88-89, 375-378,381-382 - - l a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p h3 0 5 - - - d e x t e r 9 0 - 9 1 , 9 5 , 9 91, 0 4 ,
9 5 , 9 8 - 10 1, 10 5 , 10 7 , 1 1 9 ,1 2 5 - t r a n s v e r s ac o t t i 3 8 - 3 9 - - s a g i t t a ls e c t i o n 3 0 4 tz3
- - s i n i s t r a 7 / + - 7 5 , 8 4 - 8 5 , 8 8 - 8 9 , - u m b i t i c a t i s7 0 - 7 1 1 5 9 ,1 8 5 , - - - - s i n i s t e9r 0 - 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,
, ta[onavicutari3 s 8 3 ,T 3 9
9 5 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,10 5 , 10 7 , 1 1 3 ,1 2 / 1 2 0 7, 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 ,? 2 7 - 2 2 9 ,2 3 6 - t a L o t a r s a t i s2 6 3 ,3 0 4 ,I 3 9 102
- r e c t a l i s2 1 2 - u r e t h r a [ i s1 9 9 - - p r i n c i p a tdi e
t a r s i t r a n s v e r s a2 9 6 , f 3 9 s xte8
r 8 ,9 0 - 9 19, 5 ,
- - i n f e r i o r1 6 8 , 2 1 2 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 8 , - u t e r i n a 2 0 4 ,2 2 4 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 9 - tarsometatarsaLes263,296 99,101-102,104-105,107,109,
240-241 - - V a r i a b i t i t d t2 0 4 3 0 4 ,T 3 9 112,115,117, 119-120, 125
- - m e d i a 2 1 2 , 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 9 - - v a r i a b i t i t y2 0 4 - - - s r n i s t e9r 0 - 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 5 , 9 9
t i b i o f i b u t a r i s2 6 3 ,2 8 2 ,2 9 0 - 2 91 ,
- - superior 167-168,176-177, - v a g i n a l i s2 0 4 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 9 293-294,T39 102,104-105, 113,115,117 ,
1 7 9 ,2 1 0 ,2 1 2 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 7- 2 2 9 , - v e r t e b r a t i s2 4 , 3 4 , 3 7 , 3 9 - 4 0 , - z y g a p o p h y s i a t i1s2 , 1 5 - 1 6 ,2 3 , 119,125
25/1 106,114.120 2 5 ,2 9 , 3 5 . 2 7 2 - projection 90

Bronchus[-iI
- s e o m e n t a l i s l - e s9l0 - 9 2 9 9
- - a n t e r i o[rB l l l ] 9 0 , 9 3 ,1 0 2 ,
122,124-125
- - a p i c a t l s[ B l J 9 0
- - a p i c o p o s t e r i [oBr | + l l ] 9 0 ,
93,102
- - b a s a t i sa n t e r i o rI B V l l l ] 9 0 ,
93,102
- - - c a r d i a c u [sB V l l ]s
R r n n r hrrc [ - i ls c n m e n t a t i s - - v e i n s4 2
b a s a L im s e d i a L iIsB V l l ]
- - - l a t e r a l i s[ B l X ] 9 0 , 9 3 , 1 0 2 ,
127
- - - m e d i a l i st B V l l l 9 0
- - - p o s t e r i o [rB X ] 9 0 , 9 3 ,1 0 2 ,
126
- - b r o n c h o s c o p1y0 2
- - L a t e r a L itsB l v l 9 0
- - m e d i a t i st B V l 9 0
- - p o s t e r i o rt B l l l 9 0 , 1 2 4 - 1 2 5
- - s u p e r i o rI B V l ] 9 0 ,9 3 , 1 0 2
B R U N N E Rg 'tsa n d s 13 6
Butbus
- a o r t a e 7 9 ,8 7
- p e n i s ' 1 9 61 ,
98,236,252
- v e s t i b u l i 2 0 0 ,2 2 8 ,2 3 5 ,2 3 7 ,2 4 1 , - - [ A r t i c u L a t isot e r n o c l a v i c u -
261
Bursa[-ae]
- a n s e r i n a3 1 6
- i n f r a p a t e t l a r ip
s r o f u n d a2 8 5 ,
288-289
- i s c h i a d i cm a usculo i bturatonl
i n t e r n i3 11
- m u s c u [ si e m i m e m b r a n o s i
32 9 - 3 31
- o m e n t a t i s1 5 7 ,1 6 1 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 ,
247-21+9
- s u b c u t a n ecaa l c a n e a3 3 8
- - c o c c y g e a3 7
- - i n f r a p a t e I L a r3i s0 6 , 3 1 3
- - p r e p a t e [ [ a r i s2 8 4 , 3 0 6
- - sacralis37
- - s p i n a ei t i a c a ep o s t e r i o r issu -
p e r i o r i s3 7
- - t r o c h a n t e r i c3 a1 1
- s u b f a s c i a t ip
s r e p a t e L [ a r i2
s88
- s u b t e n d i n eiaL i a c a2 5 6 ,
3 15 - 3 16 , 3 8 0
- - m u s c u t gi a s t r o c n e mm
iiedi-
a l i s 3 11 , 3 2 9 - 3 3 1
- - - obturatoriinterni 256-257
---sartorii316
- - p r e p a t e t l a r i3s1 3
- s u p r a p a t e t t asr i 2 8 5 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 0 ,
292
- t r o c h a n t e r i cm
a u s c u t gi L u t e i
m a x i m i 2 7 9 ,3 1 9 - 3 2 1
m e d i i2 5 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 1 - - - q u i n t i 2 9 6
c - p h a t a n g ilsP e s l 2 9 5
C a e c u m1 3 8 - 1 4 01, 5 8 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 6 ,
1 7 5 , 2 0 ,92 5 1, 2 5 4
- p r o j e c t i o n1 4 0
C a t c a n e u s2 9 5 - 3 0 13, 0 3 - 3 0 43, 8 3
C a I i c e sr e n a l e s2 1 6
- majores 183,186,245
- m i n o r e s 1 8 3 - 1 8 4 ,1 8 6 ,2 4 6 ,2 5 0
Calx 262
C a n a fo f A L C O C K2 3 0 , 2 5 8
C an at i s[ - e s ]
- a d d u c t o r i u s3 1 4 , 3 5 ' 1
- a n a t i s2 1 1 , 2 1 5 , 2 5 2
- c e r v i c i su t e r i 2 0 1 - 2 0 3 ,2 5 3
lndex
Canalis[-es] CartiLagol-ines) Cingutum
- i n g u i n a t i s2 3 9 - c r i c o i d e a1 2 ,11 9 - p e c t o r a t e3 , 4 8
- n e r v ih y p o g t o s s i1 8 - e p i p h y s i a L2i s7 4 - p e t v i c u m3 , 2 6 3 - 2 6 4
- obturatorius 212-213,230, 268, - f i b r o s aI D i s c u si n t e r v e r t e b r a L i s l Ci s t e r n a
272 - c e r e b e l l o m e d u [ [ a r i4s0
278-279,316-317,355
- pudendati2 s 30 - h y a [ i n aI D i s c u si n t e r v e r t e b r a t i s l - c h y t i1 1 6 , 2 1 8
- p y t o r i c u s1 3 0 ,1 3 5 ,1 5 2 272 C L a v i c u t3a, 4 6 - 1 , 8 , 5-15 2 ,9 0 , 10 1,
- s a c r a t i s 1 0 - 1 1 ,2 4 , 2 2 7 ,2 5 2 , - t h y r o i d e a3 5 ,5 8 ,9 0 - 9 1 ,1 0 4 , 1 0 8 ,11 0 ,1 1 2 - 11 3 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,
2 7 1, 3 1 7 110,119-120 122-123,159
- v e r t e b r a [ i s3 , 2 4 ,4 1- 4 3 , 4 5 ,3 1 7 - t r a c h e a [ e s9 0 - 9 1 ,1 0 4 - 1 0 51, 1 9 C t e f t ,u n c o v e r t e b r a2[ 4
C a r u n c u L ahey m e n a l e s2 3 3 ,2 3 5 C t i t o r i s2 0 7 , 2 2 3 , 2 3 1
C ap s u[ a Cauda C l i v u s1 8
- a d i p o s a1 8 2 ,1 8 8 ,2 1 7 ,2 4 5 - 2 L 7 , - e p i d i d y m i d i s1 9 2 - 1 94 , 2 5 2 C o c K E T Tv' S eins 352
249 - e q u i n a 2 4 , 2 9 , 4 1 ,1 , 3 - 4 42, 4 2 , C o e l i a c o g r a p h1y7 ' 1
- a r t i c u L a r i {sA r t i c u l a t i o 250-251,25/+ C o l t i c u L usse m i n a l i s1 9 0 ,1 9 8
a t L a n t o a x i a LLias t e r a t i s 1l 7-18 - p a n c r e a t i s1 3 / ' , 1 5 2 ,514 - 15 5 , C o t t u m2 5 7
- - { A r t i c u L a t iaot l a n t o o c c l p i t a [ i s ) j 6 j , 1 6 6 _ 16 7, 1 7 9, Z t + 4 , 2 4 9 - c o s t a e8 , 2 0 , 4 9
18 C a v eo f R E T Z l u s2 0 7 , 2 5 2 - femoris 259, 273, 275-280
- - [ A r t i c u t a t i oc o s t o v e r t e b r a [ i s ] Cavea - fibutae283
21-22 - thoracis48,55 - tati 296-298,305
- - l A r t i c u t a t i oc o x a e J2 6 8 , - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 'h1 0 1 - v e s i c a eb i t i a r i s1 4 9 - 1 5 1
270-271 Caverna(-ael C o t o n1 3 8 - 1 3 9 , 1 8 8
- - l A r t i c u L a tgi oe n u s )2 8 5 ,2 9 0 , - c o r p o r i sc a v e r n o s i1 9 8 - 1 9 9 - AP-radiograp1 h41
- - s p o n g i o s 1i 9 9 - a s c e n d e n s1 3 8 - 1 4 11, 5 8 ,
293,323
- - [ A r t i c u l a t i om e t a t a r s o p h a - C a v i t a s-(t e s l 1 6 1 - 16 2 , 1 6 5 - 16 6 , 1 8 0 ,1 8 6 , 2 1 4 ,
[ a n g e ah a t t u c i s 3l 3 6 - a r t i c u l a r i {sA r t i c u L a tci o x a e l 251,254
2 71, 2 7 3 , 2 7 9 - 2 8 0 - d e s c e n d e n s1 3 8 ,1 4 0 ,1 5 9 ,
t a r i s )5 1 - g t e n o i d a t i4s 8 , 1 2 2 1 6 5 - 16 6 ,177 , 1 8 0 ,1 8 6 ,2 4 4 - 2 4 5 ,
- - ( A r t i c u t a t i oz y g a p o p h y s i a t i s l - i n f r a g L o t t i c1a1 9 21,9-251,25/'-255
- m e d u t t a r i 2s 7 7 , 2 8 1 - L a y e r so f t h e w a t t 1 3 9
25
- - { C o t u m n av e r t e b r a L i s4) 2 - nasi12 - p r o j e c t i o n1 3 8
- f i b r o s a( R e n l 1 8 2 - 1 8 4 , 2 4 6 - 2 4 7 - p e r i c a r d i a c1 a1 9 , 1 2 5 - s i g m o i d e u m' 1 3 81, 4 0 ,1 5 7 - 1 5 8 ,
Caput - p e r i t o n e a l i s1 5 7 ,16 7 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 1 + , 16 2 , 1 6 4 - 1 6 ,71 7 5 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9, 2 0 7,
- b r e v e( M b i c e p sb r a c h i i l 5 4 247-251 2 0 9 ,2 1 2 - 2 1 3 , 2 1 5 , 2- 1 27 1 8 ,2 2 6 ,
- - { M b i c e p sf e m o r i s l3 1 8 , - - d e v e t o p m e n1t 5 7 2 4 2 ,2 4 / + , 2 5-12 5 4 , 2 5 8
- p t e u r a I i s1 1 2 - 1 1 31, 1 7 ,1 2 1 , - t r a n s v e r s u m 1 3 8 - 14 0 ,1 4 9 ,
320-3233 , 6 3 ,3 8 1 ,r 4 0 ,r 4 6
- c o s t a e8 , 1 4 , 2 2 ,/ , 9 1 2 6 ,1 5 5 , 2 4 8 - 2 4 9 15 7 - 15 8 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 2 , 1 6 4 - 1 6 6 , 1 7 5 ,
- e p i d i d y m i d i s1 9 2 - 1 9 4 2 , 3 9 ,2 5 2 - s e r o s as c r o t i 6 1 242-21,4,246-247,249-250
- f e m o r i s 2 5 6 ,2 5 9- 2 6 1 ,2 71 , 2 7 3 , - s y m p h y s i a L i2s 7 2 - - v a r i a t i o nisn p o s i t i o n1 4 1
2 7 5 - 2 7 7, 2 7 9 - 2 8 0 , 3 5 9 - t h o r a c i s 1 1 9 ,1 2 4 - 1 2 5 1 , 27 C o L o n o s c o p1y4 1 ,2 11
- f ibuLae262, 282-283,285-281, --cr129 CoLumna[-ael
- - frontal section 120-122 - a n a t e s 2 1 0 - 2 11 , 2 4 2 ,2 5 2 ,2 5 8
291, 293-29/+,306, 3 13, 322, 332,
- - m e d i a ns a g i t t asI e c t i o n11 9 - renales 183,246
367
- humeri 122-123 - - MRt 120-121 - r u g a r u ma n t e r i o r2 3 5
- [ a t e r a l el M g a s t r o c n e m i u s l - - t r a n s v e T s see c t i o n 1 2 3 , - verlehralis 2-4, L2
- - nerves42
284, 286 -288, 320-323, 326, 125-126
3 2 8 - 3 3 0 ,3 6 2 ,3 6 9- 3 7 0 , T4 9 - u t e r i 2 0 1- 2 0 3 , 2 3 7 ,2 5 3 ,2 5 9 Commissura
- - l M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i l5 2 C a v u ms e r o s u ms c r o t i 6 1 , 1 9 4 - [ a b i o r u ma n t e r i o r2 3 5
- [ o n g u m{ M b i c e p sb r a c h i i ]1 2 2 C e n t r um - - p o s t e r i o r2 3 5
- - [ M b i c e p s f e m o r i s ]3 1 7 - 3 2 3 , - perinei 230-231 Compartimentum
- t e n d i n e u m 5 5 , 6 2 - 6 3 ,7 3 , 1 0 4 , - c r u r i sa n t e r i u s3 6 6
3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 8 0 - 3 8 1T,4 6
- - l M . t r i c e p sb r a c h i i l3 7 ,5 2 1 0 6 ,1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 6 - - laterale366
- m e d i a L (eM g a s t r o c n e m i u s ) CerebeL[um 40 - - p o s t e r i u s3 5 6
2 8 4 ,2 8 6 - 2 8 7 , 3 0 83, 2 0 - 3 2 1 ,3 2 3 , C e r e b r o s p i nfaLIu i dp, u n c t u r e4 4 C o m p l e x usst i m u t a n sc o r d i s
3 2 6 ,3 2 8 - 3 3 1 3 , 6 2 , 3 6 9- 3 70 , 3 8 1 , C e r v i c a pI a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a l 82-83
r49 c o t u m n1 7 , 4 3 C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h yI C T )
- o b t i q u u mI M a d d u c t o hr a [ [ u c i s ] - A P - r a d i o g r a p 'h1 3 - a b d o m e n2 4 9 , 2 5 1
AT 'E - c e r v i c a Ip a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I
3 0 4 ,3 3 9 ,3 4 2 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 3 - 3 8T4 5, 2
- o s s i sm e t a t a r s i 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 - l a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a P h1 2 c o t u m n3 5
- L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a L
Cervix
- p a n c r e a t i s1 3 4 , 1 4 0 ,512 - 15 3 , - u t e r i 2 0 3 - 2 0 52, 3 7 c o t u m n3 5
- v e s i c a e1 9 5 - M m a b d o m i n i s7 3
16 7, 1 7 3 ,1 7 9 , 2 4 3 - 2 4 4
Chiasma
- crurate 326
- Mm dorsi 29
- p e t v i s2 5 4
- rectum 278-2793 , 1 5 ,f / + 4
- r e f l e x u m 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 , 3 1 5T. 4 4 - p t a n t a r e3 4 2 - - of the femate 257
- rali 295-298,305, 382-383 - tarsate326 - - of the mate 256
- transversum c H o P A R Tj 'osi n t 2 96 , f 3 9 - t h o r a c i c a v i t y1 2 5
{ M a d d u c t o hr a t -
lucisl 339-3423 , 7 8 ,T 4 0 ,T 5 2 Chordat-ael C o n d u c t i n gs y s t e m 8 2 - 8 3
C a r d i a1 0 9 ,1 3 0 - 1 3 11, 6 0 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 7 - a r t e r i a eu m b i t i c a t i 6
s 1 ,6 6 , C on d y t u s
7 1- 7 2 , 15 8 , 196 , 2 2 9 ,2 3 6 ,2 5 3 - l a t e r a L iIsF e m u r ]2 7 5 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 1 ,
C a r i n at r a c h e a e 1 0 2 ,1 1 9
Carti[ago[-inesl - t e n d i n e a e7 9 - 8 1 285-287,290-293
- a r t l c u t a r i s2 8 4 - urachl61,72,236 - - lTibia] 282,287,290-293
- a r y t e n o i d e9 C i n g uI u m - m e d i a l i sl F e m u r l 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 1 ,
a1
- b r o n c h l a t e9s 0 , 1 0 2 - m e m b r ii n f e r i o r i s C i n g u t u m 285-287,290-293,3',l3-3 14
- cornicutata p e t v r cm
u - - [ T i b i a ]2 8 2 , 2 9 0 - 2 9 1 , 2 9 3 ,
91
- c o s t a l i s5 1 ,5 5 ,5 7 - 5 8 ,7 0 , 115 , - - s u p e r i o r i s C i n g u t u mP e c - 3 2 7, 3 2 9, 3 3 1- 3 3 2
torate - o c c i p i t a t i6s
125.127
 Index

Conjugata Corpus(-ora) C u m u L uos o p h o r u s2 0 2 Diverticutum(-al

- a n a t o m i c a2 6 5 - s t e r n i 3 , 4 7, 5 0 - 5 1, 5 5 , 9 0 , 119 , - a m p u t l a e1 9 1
C u p u l ap l e u r a e1 0 3 , 1 2 2
- d i a g o n a t i s2 6 5 124-126,242 - c e r v i c a t1 0 9
Curvatura
- vera 264-265 - rati 296-297,304 - m a j o r 1 2 8 - 1 3 01,3 2 ,1 5 8 - 1 6 1 - e p i p h r e n i c1 0 9
C o n u sa r t e r i o s u s7 4 ,8 4 ,i 8 - tibiae 282-283,291 - m i n o r 1 2 8 - 1 3 01,3 2 ,1 3 5 , - i L e i1 3 7
C o r 6 7 , 74 - 7 5 , 9 8 , 11/ + ,2 6 2 - u t e r i 2 0 1 ,2 0 3 - 2 0 4 2 , 3 7 ,2 5 3 , 16 0 - 16 1 - mid-oesophagea 1 [0 9
- a r t e r i a Is u p p t y 8 5 259 - o f M E C K E1L3 7
Cuspis
- a t r i u m ,l e f t 7 9 - v e r t e b r a e 5 - 9 , 1 2 - 2 5 ,2 9 , 3 5 , - a n t e r i o r{ V a l v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u t a r i s _ o f Z E N K E1R0 9
- - r i g h t 7 8 ,8 2 4 1 ,1 + 57,2 ,1 2 5 ,1 5 5 ,1 8 8 ,2 4 9 , dextral77-78,81-82 D O D D 'vse i n s 3 0 6 ,3 5 2
- b a t a n c e dc o r o n a r ya r t e r ys u p p l y 251 - - [ V a l v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u [ a r issi n i s - Dorsum
85-86 - v e s i c a e1 9 0 - 1 9 1 tra) 77,79-80,82,126 - t i n e so f o r i e n t a t i o n' 1
- c o n d u c t i n gs y s t e m 8 2 - 8 3 - - b i t i a r i s1 4 9 - 1 5 1 - commissura[d - o f t h e f o o t ,m u s c l e s 3 3 3 - 3 3 7 ,
i se x t r a 7 7
- c o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s 8 4 , 8 6 - 8 7 - - c y s t o s c o p y1 9 0 - - sinistra 77 T 51- T 5 2
- - c o r o n a r y a n g i o g r a p8 h7 y Corpuscutum r e n a l e1 8 4 - p o s t e r i o r[ V a l v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u - - pedis 262, 368, 373-374
- d o m i n a n t[ e f t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y Cortex [ a r i s d e x t r a ] 7 7- 7 8 , 8 0 - 8 1 - p e n i s1 9 7
s u p p t y8 5 - 8 6 - [ G t a n d u tsau p r a r e n a [ i s1] 8 9 - - l V a t v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u t a r issr n r s - - r e g i o n s1
- d o m i n a n tr i g h t c o r o n a r ya r t e r y - r e n a t i s1 8 3 - 1 8 41, 8 8 , 2 4 6 - 2 4 7 , - s u r f a c ea n a t o m y 1
Ira) 77,79-81,126
s u p p t y8 5 - 8 6 250 - s e p t a t i sl V a l v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u L a r i s D O U G L APSo,u c ho f 1 5 7 , 1 6 7 , 2 0 7 ,
- i n n e r v a t i o n8 3 C o s t a [ - a e ]2 - 3 , 5 , 8 , 1 1 + -61, 2 0 - 2 2 , d e x t r a J7 7 - 7 8 , 8 0 229,253
- p o s i t i o n7 7 2 7, 2 9 , 3 1- 3 2 , 3 / +4, 1, 4 8 - 4 9 , 5 4 , C u t a n e o uisn n e r v a t i o n se, gmentat Duct
- - d u r i n ge x s p i r a t i o n / i n s p i r a t i o n 5 8 ,6 3 ,6 9 ,7 3 , 10 3 , 1 - back 36 - o f M U L L E R1 9 2 , 2 0 0
10 , 113 ,
88 11 5 - 116 , 118 - 1 2 0 ,12 2 , 12 4 - 12 7 , - lowerlimb 346 _ O f S A N T O R I1N5I2
- p r o j e c t i o n1 0 1 1 3 2 ,14 1 , 1 8 3 ,1 8 8 ,2 16 - 2 1 7 ,2 2 0 , - o f W I R S U N1G5 2
C u t a n e o u sn e r v e s ,l o w e r [ i m o
- ultrasound image 126 245-250 - o f W o L F F1 9 2 , 2 0 0
349
- valvesp , o i n t so f a u s c u l t a t i o n7 7 - f t u c t u a n t e[sX l ;X l l ] 4 8 C u t i s 7 0 ,1 8 8 ,2 1 0 Duc t u[ u s l- i J
- - p r o j e c t i o n7 7 - s p u r i a e[ V l l l - X l l 4] 8 - a b e r r a n si n f e r i o r 1 9 2 , 1 9 4
C y s t o s c o p y19 0 - 19 1
- v e n t r i c t e l,e l t 7 9 - 8 2 - v e r a e[ l - V l l ] 4 8 - e f f e r e n t e st e s t i s 1 9 4 , 2 5 2
- - r i g h t 7 8 ,8 0 - 8 2 C o W P EsRg l a n d 2 2 6 , 2 3 2 ,2 3 1 - - p r o s t a t i c 1i 9 0 ,1 9 8
Cornu Coxa D - transversi 200-201
- a n t e r i u s( M e n i s c utsa t e r a t i s ) - valga 276
Ductus[-us]
290,293 - vara 276 D e f a e c o g r a p h2y15 - a L v e o l a r e9 s8
- c o c c y g e u m1 1 C r a n i o c e r v i cj a uLn c t i o n s17 - 1 9 - a r t e r i o s u sI B O T A L L 0 ]7 5
D e n sa x i s 6 - 7 , 1 2 , 1 8 - 1 9
- i n f e r i u s( M a r g of a t c i f o r m i s3) 0 6 , - AP-radiograp1 h9 - b i t i a r i ss D u c t u sc h o t e d o c h u s
Dermatomes
355 Crista - back36 - b i t i f e ri n t e r l o b u t a r i1s 4 5
- p o s t e r i u sI M e n i s c u lsa t e r a t i s ] - c a p i t i sc o s t a e 4 9 - l o w e rl i m b 3 4 6 - c h o t e d o c h u 1s 4 2 , 1 4 6 , 51 0 - 15 4 ,
290,293 - c o t [ ic o s t a e 4 9 D i am e t e r l s l 1 7 0 ,1 7 2 ,1 7 9 , 2 4 32, 4 9
- s a c r a t e1 0 - 1 1 - i t i a c a1 - 2 , 1 5 ,2 6 - 2 7 ,3 7 , 4 4 ,4 7 , - o b t i q u a| 2 6 4 - - AP-radiograp1 h 5 1 ,1 5 4
- s u p e r i u sl M a r g of a t c i f o r m i s l 6 2 ,7 3 , 1 0 3 ,1 76 , 1 8 3 , 2 1 - o b L i q u lal 2 6 4 - - v a r i a b i t i t y1 5 0 ,1 5 3
6,220,
305,355 2 3 0 ,2 5 4 ,2 6 4 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7, 2 7 1, 2 7 3 , DiameterIs] - c y s t i c u s1 3 1 ,1 5 0 - 1 5 41, 6 7 ,1 7 0 ,
C o r o n ag l a n d i s1 96 , 1 9 8 - 1 9 92, 5 2 3 0 7 ,3 1 7 ,3 1 9- 3 2 0 , 3 2 2 ,3 6 0 ,3 6 1 + - l o f t h e p e t v i si n t h e f e m a l e 1 7 9 ,2 4 9
C o r o n a r ay n g i o g r a p h 8y 7 - i n t e r t r o c h a n trei c a 2 7 3 ,2 7 5 - 2 76 265 - d e f e r e n s{ V a sd e f e r e n s 6 l 0-61,
C o r o n a r ya r t e r i e s 8 4 , 8 6 - m e d i a t i s2 8 3 - s a g i t t a t i s2 6 5 7 0 - 71 , 16 6 ,1 7 9 ,1 9 0 - 1 9 2 ,
C or p u s {- o r aI - o b t u r a t o r i a2 6 6 - 2 6 7 - transversa 26L-265 1 94 - 1 9 7, 2 2 1- 2 2 2 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 7, 2 3 6 ,
- a d i p o s u mi n f r a p a t e t [ a r2e8 5 , - o c c i p i t a t iesx t e r n a6 - t u b e r a t i s2 6 5 238-239, 2/,3, 252, 256, 258
290, 293,323 - p u b i c a2 6 6 D i a p h r a g m a5 4 - 5 5 ,5 9 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 6 7 , - - AP-radiograp1 h95
- - p a r a r e n a t e1 8 8 - s a c r a l i st a t e r a t i s1 0 - e j a c u L a t o r i u1s9 0 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 5 - 1 9 6 ,
6 9 ,7 3 ,8 7, 1 0 1, 1 0 4 - 1 1 2 ,
- - ( R e n l1 8 3 - - m e d i a l i s1 0 116 - 1 2 1 ,1 4 2 ,1 4 4 ,1 4 8 - 14 9, 1 5 2 , 198
- a t b i c a n s2 0 1 - - m e d i a n a1 0 - 1 1 1, 5 , 3 6 0 - e p o o p h o r o n tliosn g i t u d i n a tsi s
15 7 , 15 9 - 16 0 , 2 5 5 , r 2 1
- a n o c o c c y g e u m2 0 7 ,2 2 6 , - urethraLi1 s 9 0 ,1 9 8 - p e t v i s 1 8 8 ,2 3 7 ,2 4 2 ,2 4 5 - 2 4 6 , D u c t u s[ o n g i t u d i n a t i s
230-233,235, 240-241,252,257 C r u s [ - r a ]2 6 3 249-250,T22 - e x c r e t o r i u s1 5 3 ,1 9 6
- cavernosum c l i t o r i d i s2 0 7 , 2 3 5 , - c t i t o r i d r s2 0 0 ,2 3 5 ,2 3 7 ,2 6 1 - - o f t h e f e m a t e2 3 0 - 2 3 12, 3 3 - g t a n d u t ab e u t b o u r e t h r a l i1s9 2 ,
253 - c o m p a r t m e n t s3 6 6 - - ofthe male 232,236 198,234
- - penis192,196-197,199,222, - cross-section - urogenita[e - h e p a t i c u cs o m m u n i s1 3 1 ,
381-382 2 3 1 ,2 4 1 ,2 4 3 ,2 6 1 ,
227, 239, 242-243, 252, 259 - c u t a n e o u isn n e r v a t i o n 350 122 15 0 - 15 4 ,1 6 7 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 9
- - recti211 - d e x t r u m{ F a s c i c u t uast r i o v e n - - - of the femate 234-235 - - d e x t e r 1 4 6 ,' 1 5 0 - 1 5 1
- [ C t a v i c u t a4l 6 - 4 7 tricutaris8 l 2-83 - - of the mate 234 - - s i n i s t e r1 5 0 - 1 5 1
- c t i t o r i d i s2 3 1 , 2 5 3 - - [ P a r sl u m b a l i sD - t a c t i f e r i6 4
, iaphragmal Di gi t us ( -i l
- c o s t a e4 9 , 1 0 1 6 2 - 6 3 ,6 8 , 10 4 , 10 6 , 116 , 15 5 , - m i n i m u sl P e s )2 6 2 , 2 9 5 - t o n g i t u d i n a t i s2 0 0 - 2 0 1
- e p i d i d y m i d i 1s 9 1 ,1 9 1 + 249, r21 - p e d i s2 6 3 - m e s o n e p h r i c u s1 9 2 ,2 0 0
- f e m o r i s 2 1 5 ,2 7 5 ,2 7 7 ,2 9 1 - e x t e n s o r s3 2 6 - p r i m u sI P e s ls H a t [ u x - o m p h a l o e n t e r i c u1s3 7
- fibutae 283,291 - f t e x o r s3 2 6 - q u a r t u sl P e s l 2 6 2 , 2 9 5 - p a n c r e a t i c u 1s 5 0 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 4 ,
- g a s t r i c u m 1 2 1 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 0 , - [ a t e r a t e[ A n u l u si n g u i n a t i s - q u i n t u sI P e s Js D i g i t u sm i n i m u s 242-243
132-133,158,160-161, 245 s u p e r f i c i a t i s5l6 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,2 3 9 - s e c u n d u sl P e s ) 2 6 2 , 2 9 5 - - accessoriu1 s 52-153
- luteum 201-202 - m e d i a t el A n u t u si n g u i n a t i s - t e r t i u sl P e s l 2 6 2 , 2 9 5 - - AP-radiograp1
- - m e n s t r u a t i o n i2s0 2 h54
s u p e r f i c i a t i s5l6 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,2 3 9 Dr s c u s - - v a r i a b i t i t y1 5 3
- m a m m a e5 2 - muscles 324-332,I 47-T50 - a r t i c u t a r i s[ A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n - - p a r a m e s o n e p h r i c u1s9 2 ,2 0 0
- o s s i si [ i u m 2 5 9 , 2 6 7 - - l a t e r a l3 6 6 o c L a v i c u t a r i5s1l - nererrrothrelic ??q
- - i s c h i i2 6 6 - 2 6 7 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n s - interpubicu2 s 0 7 ,2 6 8 ,2 71- 2 72 , - t h o r a c i c u s6 3 , 11 3 ,11 5 - 1 ' 1 6 ,
- - m e t a t a r s i2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 3 4 310-311,32/+-325 T39 1 2 1 ,1 2 4 - 1 2 7, 2 4 5 , 2 4 8 - 2 4 9
- - pubis 230,243,266-267 - o s t e o f i b r o u tsu b e s 3 6 6 - i n t e r v e r t e b r a L i4s, 1 2 , 1 7 , - v e n o s u sI A R A N I u s ]1 4 3
- p a n c r e a t i s1 3 4 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 5 ,1 6 1 , - p e n i s1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 6 , 2 6 0 1 9- 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 5 ,4 2 , 4 5 , 1 7 8 ,2 5 9 , D u o d e n u m1 1 7 ,1 2 8 - 1 3 01, 3 3 - 1 3 6 ,
166,173 - s i n i s t r u mI F a s c i c u t uast r i o v e n - 268, 271 14 0 ,14 9- 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 ,1 6 0 - 16 1 ,1 6 3 ,
- p e n i s1 9 7 t r i c u t a r i s8
l 2-83
- p h a l a n g i {sP e s l 2 9 5
D i s t an ti a 16 5 - 16 7 , 1 70 , 17I - 1 8 0 , 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 ,
- - l p a r st u m b a t i sD, i a p h r a g m a ) - i n t e r c r i s t a l i s2 6 5
- spongrosum 25s
penis192, 63,j04,106,11|6,2/+9.f21 - i n t e r s p i n o saan t e r i o r2 6 5 - A P - r a d i o g r a p h1 3 2 ,1 3 5
1 9 6 - 1 9 9 , 2 2 2 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 2 , 2 5 2C, r y p t a ei n t e s t i n a [ ess G t a n d u t a e - - posterior265 - e n d o s c o p y1 3 5
259-260 intestinates - pubococcygea 265 - l a y e r so f t h e w a l 1 3 6
 lndex

Duodenum Faciesarticularis Fascia Fissura(-ae)

- p r o j e c t i o n1 3 4 - - c u b o i d e a2 9 7 - 2 9 8 - i n v e s t i e npse r i n e si u p e r f i c i a L i s - p o r t a l i sd e x t r a 1 4 7
- - f i b u t a r i s2 8 2 s F a s c i ap e r i n e i - - p r i n c i p a L i1s4 7
D u r am a t e r
- c r a n i a l i s1 9 - - i n f e r i o rl A t t a s l6 - t a t a 3 0 6 - 3 0 73, 1 3 - 3 1 53, 1 9 , - u m b i t i c a t i s1 1 r 7
- s p i n a l i s 1 9 , 4 0 - 4 1 ,4 3 - 4 5 ,1 1 9 _ _ _ lTibial 292,291,,301 355,360,381 F t a t f o o t3 0 3 , 3 8 4
- - - ( V e r t e b r at u m b a L i s )9 - n u c h a e3 9 F L e x i oI U t e r u s ] 2 0 3
- - matteo[L i a t e r a [ i s2 8 3 , 2 9 4 , - o b t ur a t o r i a 2 3 0 ,2 3 2 - 2 3 3 3, 17 F t e x ur a
- p e d i s3 8 2 - a n o r e c t a [ i s2 1 0 , 2 2 6
E 301
- - - m e d i a l i s2 8 2 , 2 9 4 , 3 0 1 - p e t v i sp a r i e t a t i s2 5 3 - c o l id e x t r a' 1 3 8 , 1 5 5 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 3 ,
E m b r y ou, t t r a s o u n idm a g e 2 0 6 - - n a v i c u l a r i s2 9 7 - 2 9 8 - - v i s c e r a t i s2 3 7 , 2 5 2 165-166,175
- - I P a t e t t a l2 8 4 - 2 8 5 , 2 9 0 , 2 9 2 - p e n i sp r o f u n d a1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 3 8 - - s i n i s t r a1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 3 21,3 8 ,
Eminentia
- i [ i o p u b i c a2 3 0 ,2 6 4 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7 , - - p o s t e r i o r( A x i s l 6 - - superficiali1 s99 162,165-166,175
- - s u p e r i olrA t t a s 6 - perinei 230, 232-235,260 - d u o d e ni in f e r i o r1 3 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 7 5
273 l ,19
- intercondylaris 282, 290-291 ---fTibiaj 282,293 - rortnnrn<tafira 25? - - s u p e r i o r1 5 3
- p t a n t a r i isn t e r m e d i a3 8 4 - - t a t a r i s3 0 3 - rectovagina[i2 s 0 7 ,2 5 3 - d u o d e n o j e j u n a t1i s3 4 - 1 3 51, 5 2 ,
- - lateraLi3 s38,384 - - - anterior 297-298,303 - renatis 188,21,6-247 16 6 - 16 7, 1 7 7, 2 4 1
- - m e d i a L i s3 3 8 , 3 8 4 ---media297-298,303 - s p e r m a t i ce a x t e r n a6 0 - 6 1 ,7 0 , - p e r i n e a l iss F l e x u r aa n o r e c t a t i s
- - - posterior297-298,303 1 9 7, 2 3 9 - s a c r a t i s2 1 0 , 2 2 6
Endocardium 80
E n d o s c o p irce t r o g r a d ceh o l a n g i o - - - t u b e r c u l ic o s t a e 4 9 - - i n t e r n a 6 1 , 7 0 , 1 9 3 - 1 9 4 , 1 9 7 , F o e t u s ,u L t r a s o u n idm a g e 2 0 6
p a n c r e a t i c o g r a pt hEyR C P I15 4 - a u r i c u t a r i s1 0 - 1 1 , 2 6 6 239 FoLdof KOHLRAUSCH 210,252
Epicardium s L a m i n av i s c e r a t i s - c o L i c a1 5 6 - s u p e r f i c i a t Ii sC a n a t i isn g u i n a t i s l F o t tci uL us t -i i
- LUrrrdLrd L ^^-+i- a1?
61 - a t r e t i c u s2 0 2
lPericardium serosumj ilePdu5 . | /
- c o s t a l i sI P u t m o l 9 4 - 9 5 - t h o r a c o [ u m b a l i s2 2 , 2 4 - 3 2 ,3 5 , - o v a r i c u s l -m r l a t u r u s2 0 2
Ep i c ond y t us
- l a t e r a L il sF e m u r l 2 7 5 , 2 8 1 , 2 8 4 , - d i a p h r a g m a t i c{ H 1 4 2 , 5 2 , 7 2 , 3 1 9 - - v e s i c u l o s i2 0 1 , 2 5 3
a eparl
145,160-161 - t r a n s v e r s a l i s3 1 , 5 8 - 6 2 , 6 9 , - p r i m a r i i2 0 2
290-291
- m e d i a L ilsF e m u r l 2 7 5 ,2 1 7 , 2 8 ,1 - - l P u t m o l9 5 72-73 Foot s Pes
284, 287, 290-291,315 - - [ S p L e n1l 5 6 - v e s i c o v a g i n a L2i s0 7 F o o tp r i n t s 3 8 4
E p i d i d y m i s6 1 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 2 - 1 9 4 2 , 22, - d o r s a L iIsO ss a c r u m i 2 6 F a s ci c u[ u s {- i J Foramen{-inal
- g a s t r i c aI S p t e n )1 5 6 ,1 6 6 - 1 6 7 - a t r i o v e n t r i c u L a r i8s2 - 8 4 - costotransversarium 8, 21
239,242-243
- g t u t e a2 6 7 - lateralis 122 - epiploicum s F o r a m e no m e n -
E p i g L o t t i1s2
E p i n e u r l u m4 3 - intervertebral7 i s- 9 , 1 2 ,1 1 ' - 1 6 , - L o n g i t u d i n a LI Le isg c r u c i f o r m e ta[e
E p i o r c h i u m1 9 4 25 a t t a n t i s l1 8 - 1 9 - infrapiriforme 3 1 7 ,3 1 9- 3 2 1 ,
Ep iph y s i s - i n t e s t i n a [ i s2 0 1 - 2 0 2 2 , 0 9 ,2 2 9 , - m e d i a t i s1 2 2 360,361
- a n u t a r i s5 , 7 - 9 , 2 4 - 2 5 253 - p o s t e r i o r1 2 2 - i n t e r v e r t e b r a l e4 , 1 2 , 1/ + - 1 5 2
, 2,
- o f t h e h e a do f t h e f e m u r 2 7 4 - L a t e r a t iIsF i b u t a ]2 8 3 - t r a n s v e r s li A p o n e u r o s i Ps lan- 2 5, 2 9, 3 5, 4 1, 4 5, 2 71
- - [ T e s t i s l1 9 3 taris) 338 - ischiadicum majus 230,265,
Episiotom2 y 33
Epithetium 1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 - - [Tibia] 282-283 F a t p a d ,p a r a t h y m i c 2 6 9 - 2 7 1 , 391, 3 6 0
- [ u n a t a 2 3 0 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7 2 , 79 111 - - minus 265,269-271,317,
Epoophoro2 n00
Erection 222 - matteotaris l a t e r a L i s2 9 6 - 2 9 8 F e m u r 3 , 2 1 5 ,2 5 6 - 2 5 7 2
, 6 2 - 2 6 3 , 319,321
- - m e d i a L i s2 9 6 - 2 9 8 273-277, 280-281,284-287, - m a g n u m6 , 4 0
E x c a v aot i
- r e c t o u t e r i n a1 5 7 ,16 7 , 2 0 1- 2 0 2 , - m e d i a t i s( F i b u t a 2 l 83 2 9 0 - 2 9 3 3, ' ,3] - 3 16 , 3 2 3 ,3 2 8 ,3 3 0 , - nutricium 282-2833 , 11
- - { O v a r i u m2l 0 1 369,381 - o b t u r a t u m 2 2 9 ,2 6 5 - 2 6 6 2 , 69,
2 0 5 , 2 0 7, 2 2 9 , 2 5 3 , 2 5 7
- r e c t o v e s i c a L i1s6 6 ,1 9 0 ,1 9 6 , - - { T i b i a l 2 8 2 - 2 8 3 , 3 0 6 , 3 2 7 , 3 6 7 - a n g L eb e t w e e nn e c k a n d s h a f to f 271, 273-274, 280
- p a t e I t a r i s2 7 5 ,2 8 1 ,2 8 4 - 2 8 6 , t h ef e m u r 2 7 6 - o m e n t a L e1 6 0 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7
2 1 0 ,2 1 7, 2 2 6 , 2 3 6 , 2 1 3 , 2 5 2
- v e s i c o u t e r i n 1a 5 7 ,1 6 1 ,2 0 2 , 290,292 - - o f a n t e t o r s i o n2 7 7 - o v a [ el C o r l 7 8
- p e l v i c a 11 - A P - r a d i o g r a p h2 7 4 - p a p i L [ a r i 1a 8 3
2 0 5 , 2 0 1, 2 0 9 , 2 3 7, 2 5 3
- p o p L i t e a2 7 5 ,2 7 7 ,2 9 1 ,3 2 3 ,3 2 8 , - a r t e r i e s3 5 1 , 3 5 9 - s a c r a L iaan t e r i o r a1 0 , 1 6 , 3 1 7
Extremitas
- acromialis 47, 122 - - d i g i t a st u b t r a c t i oann g i o g r a - - - p o s t e r i o r a1 0 - 1 1
3 3 0 ,3 6 9
- a n t e r i o r( S p L e n1l 5 6 ,1 5 9 - p o s t e r i o rI F i b u t a ]2 8 3 p h y I D S A ]3 5 9 - s u p r a p i r i f o r m 3e 1 7 ,3 1 9 - 3 2 0 ,
- i n f e r i o rl R e n l 16 4 , 1 6 7 , 1 8 6 , - - ( P r o s t a t a1l 9 1 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n3 8 0 - 3 8 1 360
- - l R e n l1 8 8 - fascia306-307 - t r a n s v e r s a r i u m6 - 7 , 3 5
188,21 6
- - { T e s t i s1 - - {Tibial 282-283 - m u s c l e s 3 1 0 - 3 2 3 f, 4 2 - f 4 6 - v e n a eb a s i v e r t e b r a t i 9 s , 25
l 93
- nn<tarinr lSnianl 'l5A - r e n a L i s[ S p L e n l' 1 5 6 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n s - - c a v a e5 5 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 ,
- s t e r n a l i s3 , 4 7 , 1 0 8 - s a c r o p e t v i c a2 6 6 310-311 r21
- s u p e r i o r{ R e n l 1 6 0 ,1 6 6 ,1 8 8 , - s u p e r i o r{ T a t u s l2 9 7 - s t r u c t u r eo f t h e t r a b e c u [ abr o n e - v e n a r u mm i n i m a r u m7 8
- s y m p h y s i a t i3s, 2 6 6 ,2 71 , 2 7 9 276 - v e r t e b r a [ e6 - 9 , 3 5 ,1 2 5
216
- - l T e s t i s l1 9 3 - v e s i c a l i s2 0 2 ,2 0 9 ,2 5 3 - v e i n s3 5 2 - WINSLOW 1 I6 0
- t u b a r i a2 0 1 - v i s c e r a l i lsH e p a r l 1 4 5 ,1 6 0 Fibrae F or n i x
- u t e r i n a2 0 1 - - { S p t e n )1 5 6 - i n t e r c r u r a l e s5 6 ,5 8 , 6 0 - g a s t r i c u s1 3 0 ,1 3 2 ,2 4 2 , 2 4 7
- o b L i q u a e1 2 9 - vaginae 202, 205, 207, 253
F a t xs e p t i 7 9
Fascia Fibula 262-263, 282-283, 285-287, Fossa
F - a x i t t a r i s5 8 2 9 4 ,3 0 0 - 3 0 13, 0 4 - 3 0 53, 3 0 - 3 3 1 , - a c e t a b u t i7 1 , 2 3 0 ,2 5 6 ,2 6 0 ,
- b r a c h i i5 8 3 3 5 ,3 6 6 ,3 8 1- 3 8 2 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,72 7 3 , 2 7 9 - 2 8 0
- c e r v i c a t i1s1 0 , 1 1 9 Frtumt-al - itiaca 26t+,266,271
F ac i e s
- a n t e r i o r( G [ a n d u lsau p r a r e n a L i s l - r l r w i n o r r n r r l i < 6R - r a d i c u t a r ilaN s p i n a t i s 4) 5 - i n g u i n a t il sa t e r a L i5s 9 ,6 1 , 7 1 , 2 3 6
- c r e m a s t e r i c a6 1 ,1 9 3 - 1 9 4 1 , 97, - - p o s t e r i o r a4 0 - - m e d i a l i s5 9, 6 1, 7 1 , 2 3 6
189
- - { P a t e l t a ]2 8 L - 2 8 5 , 2 9 0 - 2 9 1 239,252 - t e r m i n a L e4 3 ,2 / + 22, 5 2 - i n t e r c o n d y l a r i s2 7 5 ,2 7 7 ,2 8 1 ,
- - tRenj188 - c r i b r o s a2 1 8 , 3 0 6 Fimbria[-ae] 2 9 1, 2 9 3
- a n t e r o i n f e r r o r1 6 4 - c r u r i s 3 0 6 - 3 0 73, 2 8 ,3 6 5 - 3 6 6 , - o v a r i c a2 0 1 - ischioanatis 232-233,236
- a n t e r o s u p e r i o1r 6 1 3 8 1- 3 8 2 - t u b a eu t e r i n a e 2 0 1 , 2 0 9 , 256-258
- a r t i c u t a r i sa n t e r i o rl A x i s l 6 - d e L t o i d e a2 6 - 2 7 253 - maIteo[L i a t e r a t i s2 8 3
- - c a l c a n e a2 9 8 - d o r s a I i sp e d i s 3 0 6 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 4 F i s s ur a| - a eI - n a v i c u t a r i su r e t h r a e 1 9 8 - 1 9 9 ,
---anterior297 - g l u t e a 5 2 , 3 0 7 ,3 1 9 ,3 6 2 - horizontatp i su l m o n i sd e x t r i 252
---media297 - i t i a c a1 7 9 94-95,120 - ovalis78
---posterior297 - inferiod - [ i g a m e n ttie r e t i s 1 4 2 - paravesicatis59, 260-261
r iaphragmatp i se t v i s
- - c a p i t i sc o s t a e 4 9 - o b t i q u a 9 L - 9 5 ,9 9 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , - p o p l i t e a2 6 2 ,3 0 7 ,3 2 1 ,3 6 0 - 3 6 3 ,
230
---fibulae283 - i n f r a s p i n a t a2 6 - 2 8 12/,-127 366,369-372
 Index

Fossa Gt an dI s l Hip J
- s u p r a v e s i c a l i6s1 ,7 1 ,2 3 6 - o f B A R T H o L I2N0 0 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 - a r t e r i e s3 5 9
- t r o c h a n t e r i c 2a 7 5 - 2 7 72, 7 9 - o f B R U N N E1R3 6 - muscles 310-322,T42-f 43 Jejunum132,13/.-135,137,152,
- v e s t i b u lvi a g i n a e2 3 5 - o f c o w P E R2 2 6 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 4 H o r s e s h o kei d n e y18 5 154,157,162-163,165,175,179,
F o v e a[ - a e J Glandu[al-ae] H u m e r u s3 , 1 2 4 242,244,247, 249-251
- c a p i t i sf e m o r i s 2 7 3 ,2 7 5 - 2 7 7 , - a r e o t a r e s6 4
, 255
H U N T EsRv e i n 3 5 2 Joint
279-280 - b u l b o u r e t h r a t i1s9 2 ,1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , H y d a t i ds, t a t k e d2 0 1 - o f c H 0 P A R 2T9 6 , f 3 9
- c o s t a t i si n f e r i o r 8 , 2 0 2 2 2 ,2 2 6 , 2 3 22, 3 4 ,2 3 6 - o f L I S F R A N2C9 6 , T 3 9
H y m e n2 3 5
- - p r o c e s s utsr a n s v e r s8i - 9 , 2 1 , -d u o d e n a t e s1 3 6 H y s t e r o s a t p i n g o g r a p h2 y0 3 J u n c t i oa n o r e c t a t i 2
s 10
45 -g a s t r i c a e1 3 0 J u n c t u r a ec i n g u Lpi e t v i c 2
i 6 8 - 2 71 ,
- - superior 8-9,20-21 -r n t e s t i n a t e1s3 6 ,1 3 9 T39
- d e n t i s6 , 1 9 -mammaria 125-127 I
F o v e o l a eg a s t r i c a e 13 0 -o e s o p h a g e a 1e 0 5
F R A N K E N H A USSgEaR n g t i o n2 2 3 -s u p r a r e n a t i s1 5 2 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 7 ,1 7 9 , l t e u m 1 3 7 - 1 1 r 0 1 ,5 7 - 1 5 81, 6 2 - 1 6 3 , K
Frenu[um 1 8 2 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 4 5 ,2 4 9 16 6 , 1 7 5 ,2 0 9 ,2 1 5 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 4 , 2 5,1
- c t i t o r i d i s2 3 5 , 2 5 3 - t h y r o i d e a 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 ,1 0 7 , 254-255 K o H L E Rt' se a r d r o p 2 8 0
- [ a b i o r u mp u d e n d i2 3 5 110-111,118-119 lmpotentia K0HLRAUScH f o' sl d 2 1 0 ,2 5 2
- o s t i ii t e a t i s1 3 9 - t r a c h e a l e s9 1 - coeundi 222 K R I S T E L L EmRu,c o u sp t u g o f 2 0 7
- p r e p u t i i1 9 9 - v e s i c u t o s a1 9 1 - 1 9 2 ,1 9 5 - 1 9 6 , - generandi 222
F un du s 2 2 2 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 ,72 3 6 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 2 5 6 , r m p r e s s r o
- g a s t r i c u s 1 2 0 ,1 2 8 - 1 3 0 ,1 3 2 , 258 - c a r d i a c a9 5 L
1 4 9 ,1 6 0 - - AP-radiograph 195 - colica 142
- u t e r i 1 6 7 ,2 0 1 - 2 0 4 2 . 0 7 ,2 0 9 , - v e s t r b u [ a rm i s a j o r 2 0 0 ,2 3 3 , - d u o d e n a [ i s1 4 2 Labium
253 235,237 - g a s t r i c a1 4 2 - anterius 202,205
- v e s i c a e 1 6 7 ,1 9 5 - 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 Gtans - o e s o p h a g e a1 4 2 - e x t e r n u m 2 6 4 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7 3 , 22
- - b i l r a r i s1 / + 9 - 1 5 0 , 1 5186, 3 , - c L i t o r i d i s2 0 0 ,2 0 7 ,2 3 3 ,2 3 5 - r e n a t i s1 4 2 - i n t e r n u m 2 6 / +2, 6 6 - 2 6 7
166 - p e n i s 1 9 2 ,1 9 6 - 1 9 9 , 2 2 2 , - s u p r a r e n a l i s1 4 2 - l a t e r a t e2 7 5 , 2 7 7
FunicuLus 242-243,252 Inctsura - m a J Up s u d e n d i2 0 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 5 ,
- s p e r m a t i c u s5 6 - 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 81, 9 3 , G L I S S 0T Nr,i a do f 1 4 5 - a c e t a b u I2i 6 6 - 2 6 7 253,261
1 9 7, 2 1 8 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 ,72 3 8 ,2 5 6 , 3 0 6 , G l o m u sc o c c y g e u m2 5 3 - a n g u l a r i s1 2 8 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 , 1 3 5 , - m e d i a [ e2 7 5 - 2 7 7
35 4 - 3 5 5 GRAAFia f ont t i c t e2 0 1 160 - m i n u sp u d e n d i2 0 7 ,2 2 3 , 2 3 1 ,
- u m b i t i c a I i s7 0 , 2 0 6 ,2 0 8 G u b e r n a c u l u tme s t i s 7 0 , 1 9 2 - a p i c i sc o r d i s8 4 - 8 5 233, 235, 237,241, 253, 261
- cardiaca p u l m o n i ss i n i s t r i - p o s t e r i u s2 0 2 , 2 0 5
94-95,103,110 L a b r u ma c e t a b u L2i 7 9
G H - c a r d i a [ i s1 2 8 , 1 3 0 L ac un a[ - a e J
- c t a v i c u l a r i 5s 0 - m u s c u t o r u m2 6 9 , 3 5 5
Gangtion(-ial H A c Hd, e e pp e r f o r a t i nvge i no f 3 5 2 - c o s t a l i s5 0 - u r e t h r a t e s1 9 8
- c a r d i a c u m1 2 0 H a e m o r r h o i d2s1 1 - f i b u t a r i s2 8 2 - v a s o T U m6 2 , 6 8 ,2 6 9 ,3 5 5
- c e r v i c a tm e edium83,117,120 H a L t u x2 6 2 ,2 9 5 , 2 9 9 - i s c h i a d i c am a j o r 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 L a mi n a ( - a e l
- - s u p e r i u s8 3 H a u s t r ac o l i 1 3 8 - 1 3 91, 4 1 ,16 3 - - minor 266-267,280 - a n t e r i o rl V a g i n a
- c e r v i c o t h o r a c i c u8m3 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 0 H E A Dz,o n e so f m u s c u [ ri e c t i
67 - j u g u [ a r i sl S t e r n u m ]4 6 , 5 0 a b d o m i n i s l5 2 , 5 6 - 5 8 ,7 0 , 7 2 ,
- c o e l i a c a2 1 L , 2 4 9 Heart - t i g a m e n ttie r e t i s 1 4 2 355
_ o f F R A N K E N H A U S2E 2R3 - axis80 - p a n c r e a t i s' 1 5 2 - ar c us v e r t eb r ae 7- 9 , 2 1- 2 3 , 2 5 ,
- mesentericum i n f e r i u s2 1 4 - s h a d o w1 0 1 - v e r t e b r a l i isn f e r l o r8 , 1 2 ,1 5 2 9 , 3 5 ,4 1, 4 4
- p e t v i c a2 1 4 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 - s h a p e1 0 1 - - s u p e r i o r1 2 ,1 5 - c a r t i t a g i n icsn c o i d e a e12 . 9 1 ,
- s a c r a L i a2 2 5 - - a o r t i ck n o b 1 0 1 In f u n d r bIuu m 119
- s e n s o r i an e r v o T U m spinalium - - - o f p u t m o n a r y a r t e r y1 0 1 - d u c t u sp a r a m e s o n e p h r i 'c1i 9 2 - cribrosa68
21,40-43,45 - - - o f t h e t e f t / r i g hat t r i u m 1 0 1 - t u b a eu t e r i n a e 2 0 0 - 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , - d e x t r al C a r t i t a gtoh y r o i d e a l
- s t e t l a t u ms G a n g [ i o cne r v i - - - a r c h o f t h e v e n t r i c [ e 10 1 209, 228,253 9 0 - 9 1 ,1 0 / +
c o th o r a c i cum - v e i n s8 5 I n g u i n acIa n a [6 1 - h e p a t o c y t i c a1e4 5
- t h o r a c i c a1 1 3 - 1 1 41, 1 7 , H E I S T E R S v a L1v5e0 - walts 60 - m u s c u [ a r im s u c o s a e1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,
120-121 H e p a r 5 4 ,6 7 , 1 1 9 - 1 2 11, 3 1 , I n g u i n ahI e r n i a 6 1 136,139
- t r u n c is y m p a t h i cLi 1 - 4 3 , 4 5 , 142-146, 149 -150, 154-155, 157, - directm - p a r i e t a t i sI P e r i c a r d i u ms e r o -
, e d i a [6 1
21/+,222-223 180, 188, 242-241.246-250.255 - i n d i r e c tL, a t e r a 6[ 1 suml 74-75, 85, 89, 119-120
G a s t e r6 3 ,6 7 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , - A p - r a d i o g r a p h1 7 1 I n j e c t i o nv,e n t r o g I u t e a3[6 4 - - lTunica v a g i n a t itse s t i s l 7 0 ,
1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 21 8 - 13 5 , 1 4 0 ,15 5 , - a r t e r i e sv, a r i a t i o n s17 0 I n s u t ap a n c r e a t i c a 153 193-194,239
1 5 7 - 1 6 1 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 2 , 1 7 9 - 1 8 0-, f o r m v a r i a t i o n s1 + + I n t e r a c e t a b u Lt ianre 2 6 5 - p o s t e r i o [rV a g i n m a u s c u t ri e c t i
217,242-244,246-250,255 - t a p a r o s c o p1y 4 9 I n t e r a r t i c u Lpaor r t i o n8 , 1 5 a b d o m i n i s 5J 8 , 6 9 - 7 0
- AP-radiograph 1 3 2 ,1 7 1 - m i c r o s c o p isct r u c t u r e1 4 5 - p r o f u n d a( F a s c i tah o r a c o t u m -
I n t e r m e t a t a r s aj oI i n t s s A r t i c u l . a -
- a r t e r i e sv, a r i a b i l i t y1 7 0 - p o r t ah e p a t i s1 4 2 t i o l - n e s il n t e r m e t a t a r s a [ e s b a t i s J2 9 ,3 2
- forms 132 - p r o j e c t i o n1 4 4 I n t e r s e c t itoe n d i n e a4 6 , 5 6 - 5 8 - p r o p r i am u c o s a e1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 ,
- l a y e r so f t h e w a t t 1 3 0 - s e g m e n t s1 4 7 I n t e r s p i n at iI n e 2 6 5 139
- p r o j e c t i o n1 3 2 - veinsp , r o j e c t i o n1 4 6 - s u p e r f i c i a [ i sI F a s c i ac e r v i c a t i s ]
I n t e s t i n adIe v e l o p m e n1t5 7
G a s t r o s c o p1y3 3 - - ultrasound image 14g Intestinum 110,119
G e n i t aol r g a n s Hiatus - c r a s s u m6 7 , 1 6 3 - 1 6 5 - - [ F a s c i at h o r a c o [ u m b a L i s ]
- f e m a l e2 2 3 - a d d u c t o r i u s3 1 5 - 3 1 6 , 3 2 3 , 3 5 8 , - t e n u e 6 7 , 1 3 6 ,1 5 9 ,1 6 3 - 1 6 4 ,
- - d e v e t o p m e n t2 0 0 29
362 252-253 - v i s c e r a t i IsP e r i c a r d i u m sero-
- - external233,235,241 - a o r t i c u s6 2 - 6 3 ,1 0 4 ,1 7 9 , f 2 1 - - l a y e r so f t h e w a t L 13 6
- - i n n e r v a t i o n2 2 3 suml 74-75, 78-80, 119-120
- o e s o p h a g e u s6 2 - 6 3 ,1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , I n t r o i t u vs a g i n a e2 2 3 - - I T u n r c a v a g i n a l i s t e s t1i s9)4 ,
- - i n t e r n a l2 0 4 , 2 0 9 1 0 7 ,1 0 9 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 1 ,T 2 1 l s t h m u s8 , 1 5 239,242
- male 222,239 - s a c r a l i s1 0 - 1 1 - g t a n d u l a teh y r o i d e a e1 0 4
- - development ' 1 9 2 v L A N Z 'pso i n t 1 4 0
- s a p h e n u s3 0 6 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 5 - t u b a eu t e r i n a e2 0 1 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 9 ,
- - e x t e r n a l1 9 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 0 L a p a r o s c o p y1 4 9
- urogenitate i st a n i 2 3 0 253 L a r y n x3 5 ,9 0 - 9 1 ,10 9
- - innervation 222 Hitum - uleri 201-202,253 L A U E N S T EpIrNo j e c t i o n2 8 0
G e n u2 6 3 - ( G L a n d ust au p r a r e n a t i s1l 8 2 Legs Crus
- muscles 323 - r e n a [ e1 8 2
L i e ns S p t e n
G I f 4 B E R NsA[Ti g a m e n t 3 5 5 - s p t e n i c u m1 5 6 ,1 6 1 ,2 1 9
L i g a m e not f G I M B E R N 3A5I 5
 lndex

L i g a m e n tm
u [-aJ Ligamentuml-a) Ligamentum[-a) Linea[-ae]
- atare18 - i[iotumba[3 e 1, 4 1, 2 1 7, - suspensorium c L i t o r i d i2
s35 - i n t e r c o n d y l a r2 i s7 5
- a n o c o c c y g e usmc o r p u s 268-270,272 - - o v a r i i1 6 7 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 9 , 2 5 3 - i n t e r m e d i a2 6 4 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7
anococcygeum - i n f u n d i b u L o p e L v i c2u0m 9 - - penis 58,238-239 - i n t e r t r o c h a n t e r i c a2 7 5
- a n u [ a r i a9 0 - 9 1 - i n g u i n a l e5 7 , 6 0 ,6 2 , 6 9 , - tatocatcaneum interosseum - m e d i a n ap o s t e r i o r1
- a p i c i sd e n t i s 18 - 1 9 196- 19 7 , 2 34 - 2 3 5 ,2 6 2 ,2 6 8 - 2 70 , 3 0 0 ,3 0 3 - 3 0 4 3 , 83 - m u s c u t is o t e i 2 8 2 - 2 8 3
- a r c u a t u mL a t e r a t e6 2 - 6 3 ,6 8 3 0 6 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 7 ,3 5 4 - 3 5 6 , 3 5 9 - - l a t e r a t e3 0 0 - p a r a v e r t e b r a [ i s1
- - m e d i a t e6 2 - 6 3 - i n t e r c t a v i c u L a5r1e - - m e d i a l e3 0 1 - p e c t i n e a2 7 5 - 2 7 6
- - m e d i a n u m6 3 - i n t e r c u n e i f o r mdi ao r s a L i a 303 - - p o s t e r i u s3 0 1 - s c a p u t a r i s1
- a r t e r i o s u m 7/ ' - 7 5 , 8 / + 8 , 8 ,9 9 , - i n t e r f o v e o l a r e7 1 - t a t o f i b u t a raen t e r i u s3 0 0 , 3 0 3 - s e m i L u n a r i5s 8
10 4 - 10 5 , 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 - interspinaLia 2 5 , 3 1 ,3 5 , 4 4 ,1 1 9 - - p o s t e r i u s3 0 1 , 3 0 4 - s u p r a c o n d y l a r ilsa t e r a L i s2 7 5
- a t t a n t o o c c i p i t aLtaet e r a t e1 7 - i n t e r t r a n s v e rasr i u m 2 1- 2 2 , - t a r s ip L a n t a r i 3 a0 2 - - m e d i a t i s2 7 5
- b i f u r c a t u m3 0 0 , 3 0 3 31-32, 1,1 - t a r s o m e t a t a r s a Ldi ao r s a L i a3 0 0 , - t e r m i n a L i s1 6 7 ,2 3 0 ,2 3 6 ,
- c a l c a n e o c u b o i d e u3m 0 0 ,3 0 3 - i s c h i o f e m o r a [ e2 7 8 - 2 7 9 303,334 264-2652 , 7 1 ,2 8 0
- - p t a n t a r e3 0 2 - Lacunare 62,317,355 - - p L a n t a r i a3 0 0 ,3 0 2 - t r a n s v e r s a1 0
- c a l c a n e o f i b u [ a r 3e 0 0 - 3 0 4 - L a t u mu t e r i 2 0 1 , 2 0 9 - t e r e sh e p a t i s5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 4 2 , L i n g u a1 2
- c a t c a n e o n a v i c u L a3r e 0 0 ,3 0 3 - [ o n g i t u d i n a at en t e r i u s1 7 , 1 4 4 , 1 1 1 75,41,15 8 ,16 0 - 16 1 ,16 6 , L i n g u t ap u l m o n i s i n i s t r i9 4 - 9 5 ,
- - plantare299-3003 , 02-303 2 0 - 2 2 , 2 4 - 2 5 ,2 9 ,4 2 , 4 5 ,5 5 , 7 2 , 170,172,21,9-250,255 110
- c a p i t i sc o s t a ei n t r a a r t i c u l a r e2 2 116,124,268 - - uteri 167,200-201,204,209, L I S F R A N cj o' si n t 2 96 , I 3 9
---radiatum20-21 - - p o s t e r i u s2 0 , 2 3 - 2 5 , 4 2 - 4 3 , 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 ,2 5 3 L i v e rp u n c t u r e 1 4 4
- - f e m o r i s2 3 6 , 2 5 6 , 2 6 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 9 45 - t i b i o f i b u L aar e
n t e r i u s2 9 4 , L o b a rb r o n c h i9 2
- - f i b u l a ea n t e r i u s2 8 6 , 2 9 4 - [ u m b o c o s t a t e6 3 3 0 0 - 3 0 13, 3 4 Lobutusl-il
---posterius287,290 - m e n i s c o f e m o r a lpeo s t e r i u s - - p o s t e r i u s3 0 0 - 3 0 1 - g l a n d u l a em a m m a r i a e6 4
- c a r d i n a [ e2 0 1 , 2 0 5 287-288 - t r a n s v e r s u m2 3 - testis193-194,252
- cottateratel-ial - m e t a t a r s a [ e ( - i adlo r s a t i a 3 0 0 - - a c e t a b u t i2 3 0 , 2 7 9 - t h y m i1 1 1
- - {Articutatione i nst e r p h a - - - p t a n t a r i a3 0 2 - - l A r t i c u L a tzi oy g a p o p h y s i a t i s l Lobusl-iJ
t a n g e a ep e d i s )3 0 2 - - t r a n s v e r s u mp r o f u n d u m 3 0 0 , 23 - caudatus142-1431 , 5 4 ,1 6 1 ,
- - fibulare 285-289,293, 302 - - a t t a n t i s1 8 - 1 9 166,172,244,249
3 10 - 3 11 ---superficia[e338 - - cervicis Ligamentum cardi- - [ G L a n d u t ha y r o i d e a 1J 0 4 - 1 0 5 ,
- - laterale288 - n u c h a e2 5 , 2 8 , 3 4 nate 107,110
- - m e d i a [ e[ A r t i c u l a t igoe n u s ) - o v a r i ip r o p r i u m 2 0 0 - 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , - - genus 286,289 - g l a n d u l a em a m m a r i a e5 2
287-288 209 - - perinei 230,234 - h e p a t i sd e x t e r 1 3 1 ,1 4 0 ,
- - - [ A r t i c u t a t i o t a t o c r u r a L i s ] - patettae 285, 287-290, 293,306, - t r i a n g u t a rdee x t r u m 1 4 2 1 4 2 - 1 1 + 4 , 1 4 9 - 1 5508,-116 1 ,16 3 ,
3 0 0 - 3 0 4 ,3 8 2 310, 312-315, 322-323,327, 332, - - s i n i s t r u m1 4 2 , 1 4 7 , 1 6 7 16 6 , 1 7 2 ,1 8 8 , 2 4 / + - 2 4 6 2 ,1 , 8 - 2 5 0 ,
- - tibiate 284-290,293 356,368 244-245 255
- c o r o n a r i u m 14 2 - 11 , 3 ,1L 5 , 1 6 0 , - u m b i l i c a lm e e d i a n u m6 1 , 7 2 , - - sinister 120,131,142-144,
167 - p h r e n i c o c o t i c u 1m6 0 ,1 6 6 15 8 ,1 9 0 - 1 9 11, 96 , 2 0 7 ,2 2 9 ,2 3 6 , 14 9 - 15 0 , 1 5 4 ,1 5 8 - 16 1 ,16 6 ,
- costoclavicular5 e1 - phrenicosplenicum 247 252-253 170,172,212-243,245,
.- costotransversarium20-21, 32 - p t a n t a r e l - i a3J0 2 - v e n a ec a v a e 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , 1 4 7 2 4 7- 2 5 0 , 2 5 5
- - L a t e r a t e2 0 - 2 2 - - longum 299-300,302,304, - v e n o s u m1 4 2 , 1 4 7 - i n f e r i o r9 4 - 9 6 ,9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 3 ,11 0 ,
- - s u p e r i u s2 1 - 2 2 , 3 1 342,379,383 - vocale 1'19 1 18, 121, 121+-127 , 148, 159,243,
- c o s t o x i p h o i d e5a6 ,5 8 - p o p t i t e u ma r c u a t u m 2 8 6 , 2 8 8 , L i m b ,l o w e r 2 6 3 245-247
- c r i c o t h y r o i d e um me d i a n u m9 0 290,329 - a r t e r i e s3 5 1 - m e d i u s( P r o s t a t a1l 9 5
- c r u c i a t u ma n t e r i u s 2 8 6 - 2 8 7 , - - obliquum 286-288,293, - c o m p a r t m e n t s3 6 6 - - putmonis dextri 94-96, 98,
289-290,292-293 329-330 - c r o s s - s e c t i o3n8 1 - 3 8 2 1 0 3 ,1 1 0 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 1 , 59,
- - p o s t e r i u s2 8 6 - 2 9 0 , 2 9 3 - p u b i c u mi n f e r i u s2 3 0 , 2 3 1 r , 2 6 8 , - c u t a n e o u Isn n e T v a t r osne,g m e n - 245
- c r u c i f o r m ea t t a n t i s18 - 19 270-272,r39 tat 346 - nrnc+elra davfpr 195
- cuboideonavicu[a d roer s a L e3 0 0 - - superius234,256-257, - c u t a n e o u sn e r v e s 3 4 9 - - s i n i s t e r1 9 5
- - plantare302 268-2692 , 7 2 ,3 14 , 3 5 s ,T 3 9 - d e r m a t o m e s3 4 6 - p y r a m i d a t i1s1 0
- c u n e o c u b o i d e udmo r s a t e3 0 3 - p u b o f e m o r a l e2 7 8 - 2 7 9 - innervation se , g m e n t a it n, d i c a - - q u a d r a t u s 14 2 , 1 6 0 - 16 1 ,1 7 2 ,
- c u n e o n a v i c u l a rdi oa r s a t i a3 0 0 , - p u b o p r o s t a t i c u m2 2 6 ,2 5 2 tor musclesT41 249
303 - p u L m o n a [ 9e 5 ,1 ' 1 2 - l y m p h a t i c s3 5 2 - s u p e r i o r I 4 - 96 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 3 ,
- - p t a n t a r i a3 0 2 - rectouterinum 205 - muscles 306-309T , 42-T5/. 110 - 111 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 4 - 1 2 71, 5 9 ,
- deltoideum s Ligamentum - r e f l e x u m5 6 ,5 8 , 6 0 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n s 245
c o t L a t e r a tme e d i a t e[ A r t i c u [ a t i o - r o t u n d u m 1 6 7 ,2 0 1 ,2 0 4 ,2 2 9 310-311,324-325 - { T h y m u s1l 1 1
t al o cr u r aI is ] - sacrococcygeum anterius - nerves345 L o w e ra b d o m e nv, e s s e L s1 7 5 ,1 7 7
- d e n t i c u l a t u m4 0 , 4 3 , 4 5 230-231 - s k e L e t o n2 6 3 L o w e rl i m b s L i m b ,l o w e r
- epididymidin s f e r i u s1 9 3 - - p o s t e r i u sp r o f u n d u m2 7 0 - -,,-J^-^ ^^^l^-.,
5Ur rdLtr d'rd(v'rry
tlt
zez L u m b a rp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I
- - s u p e r i u s1 9 3 - - - s u p e r f i c i a t e2 5 2 , 2 7 0 - v e i n s3 5 2 c o L u m n4 3
- f a L c i f o r m e5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 ,1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , - s a c r o i L i a caan t e r i o r a 2 3 0 , Limbus - A P - r a d i o g r a p 'h1 6
14 7 , 1 5 0 ,15 8 - 16 0 , 16 6 ,2 4 3 , 268-2692 , 7 1 - 2 7 2 , 3 1 ,7r 3 9 - a c e t a b u t i2 5 6 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7 _CT35
21,8-249 - - i n t e r o s s e a2 3 0 , 2 5 4 , 2 7 0 - 2 7 2 , - f o s s a eo v a l i s 7 8 - | ^+^-^t -^t:^^-^^l
(dLEr dt I ourvgr dPr |
1F
| J

- flavum 20-23, 25, 29, 32, 35, 41, T39 L in e a| - a eJ - [ i g a m e n t s2 3

/.3-/.5,254 - - p o s t e r i o r a2 7 0 - 2 7 1 , f 3 9 - a t b a 4 6 ,5 6 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,7 2 - 7 3 , 2 0 7 , - N 4 R l2 4
- f u n d i f o r m ep e n i s 5 8 ,6 0 ,2 3 8 , - s a c r o s pni a l e 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 2 , 2 9 ,2 4 0 , 242-243,21,8-249,251-254 - v e r t e b r a t j o i n t s2 3
242-244,252 2 6 5 ,2 6 9- 2 71 , 2 7 8 ,3 1 0 ,3 14 , 3 6 0 , - a n o c u t a n e a2 1 0 L u m b a rp u n c t u r e4 4
- gastrocolicum 157-158, T39 - a r c u a t a7 1 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 3 L u n u [ av a t v u l a es e m i L u n a r i s7 9
16 0 - 16 1 , 16 6 ,1 7 3 ,2 4 3 ,2 4 7 - s a c r o t u b e r a t e3 1 , 2 2 4 ,2 3 0 , - - [ 0 s i t i u m ]2 6 4 , 2 6 6 L y m p h a t i c sA, P - r a d i o g r a p h2 19
- gastrophrenicum 167 232-233,240, 265, 269-27 1, 278, - - [Vaginm a u s c u t ri e c t ia b d o - L y m p h o g r a p h y2 1 9
- g a s t r o s p L e n i c u1m5 6 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 1 , 3 1 1 ,3 1 9 - 3 2 1 3 , 6 0 ,3 6 4 ,T 3 9 m i n i s l5 8 ,7 0 ,1 5 8
166-167, 245, 247 - s a c r o u t e r i n u m2 0 1 ,2 5 3 - aspera 275-271,323
- h e p a t o d u o d e n a1L3e1 ,1 5 0 , - spLenorena[1 e56,245 - a x i [ [ a r i sp o s t e r i o r] M
16 0 - 16 1 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 - s t e r n o c l a v i c u t a raen t e r i u s 5 1 - e p i p h y s i a t i2s8 1 ,2 9 1 ,2 9 3 .
- hepatogastricum 1 3 1 ,1 5 7 - s t e r n o c o s t a [ ien t r a a r t i c u t a r e 304-305,383 MaLleotus
16 0 - 16 1, 16 6 , 2 4 7, 2 4 9 JI - glutea anterior 267 - l a t e r a l i s 2 6 2 ,2 8 3 ,2 9 4 ,3 0 0 - 3 0 1 ,
- itiofemorate 268-269,278-279, - - r a d i a t u m5 1 - - i n f e r i o r2 6 7 304-3053 , 2 7- 3 2 8 , 3 3 2 ,3 34 ,
3 15 . 3 8 0 - s u p r a s p i n a t e2 2 , 2 5 ,3 1 , 3 3 , 2 7 0 - - p o s t e r i o r2 6 7 336-338,367, 370-371, 37?)
 Index

Malteolus Me s o c o[ on MuscuLusl-il Muscutus{-i)

- m e d i a t i s2 6 2 ,2 8 2 ,2 9 / + , 3 0, 1 - s i g m o i d e u m1 6 4 ,1 6 6 - 1 6 71, 7 9 , - c r i c o t h y r o i d esu 1 0 4 ,1 1 0 ,1 2 0 - gracilis232-233, 261,284,308,
3 0 4 - 3 0 5 ,3 0 7 ,3 2 7- 3 3 0 ,3 3 4 ,3 3 6 , 217-218,226 - d a r t o s 7 0 , 2 2 6 ,2 3 2 ,2 3 9 ,2 5 2 310-317, 319-321,323-324,328,
3 3 8 ,3 7 1 ,3 7 3 - t r a n s v e r s u m1 3 9 ,1 5 7 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 1 , - d e t t o i d e u s1 , 3 7 , 4 6 ,5 2 ,5 4 ,5 8 , 356-358, 361-362,369,381
- t e r t i u s3 0 5 16 3 ,16 5 - 16 7 , 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,1 7 7 122-123 r /+0-I41, I45
M a m m a 6 4 - 6 5 ,1 2 7 M e s o s a [ p i n x2 0 1 , 2 0 9 - d i g a s t r i c u s3 1 , 3 3 - 3 4 - i t i a c u s6 2 - 6 37, 1 - 7 22, 1 72, 2 0 ,
- t y m p h a t i dc r a i n a g e6 5 Metaphysi3 s04 - d o r s i 2 6 - 3 3 ,3 5 , 4 ' l 231,244,254,257,259,308,310,
- r a d i o g r a p h6 y5 M e t a t a r s u s2 6 3 , 2 9 8 --cr29 312-314, 317,348,355-358, T42
Mammograph6 y5 M o n sp u b i s 2 3 5 - - [ a t e r a l t r a c t3 4 - iIiococcygeus 230,243,T22
M a n u b r i u ms t e r n i 3 , 4 7 ,5 0 - 5 1 ,5 5 , M o t i o ns e g m e n t - e p i c r a n i u s3 9 - i t i o c o s t act iesr v i c i2s 8 , 3 0 ,
6 9 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 9, 1 2 4 - c e r v i c a l2 5 - ArA.t^rcnin:o 1 )1-)q
'11,73,
33-34,120
Margo - [umbar25 122,125,188,243,216-251 - - [umborum 28,30,72,f20
- a c e t a b u tsi L i m b u sa c e t a b u l i M u c o u sp t u go f K R T S T E L L2E0R - - t h o r a c i2
7 253-254,319 s8,30,37,249,f20
- a n t e r i o rI F i b u t a l2 8 3 M U L L E R i adnu c l 1 9 2 , 2 0 0 - e x t e n s odTi g i t o r u b - itiopsoas
mr e v i s3 2 7 , 71,73,256-257,
- - { P u l m o l9 4 - 9 5 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 Muscles 332-337 ,368,37 4,379, 382,384, 260-261 , 279, 308,310-316, 321,
- - l T e s t i s j1 9 3 - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n os f T40-r41,r51 355,380,r40-r41
- - ( T i b i a l2 6 2 , 2 8 2 - 2 8 3 , 3 0 6 - o f t h e a b d o m i n a t w a L5L2 ,5 4 , - - - l o n g u s3 0 6 , 3 0 8 , 3 1 0 , 3 2 1 +- , infraspinatus 26-28,37,52,
- f a [ c i f o r m i s3 0 6 , 3 5 5 5 6 - 5 8 , 6 0 - 6 26, 6 , 7 2 - 7 3 326-327 ,332-337 , 123-125
- i n f e r i o rI H e p a r l1 4 2 ,1 4 5 , 1 6 3 - - Crus 310-311,324-325 367-368,37 - i n t c r c o c l e l e 5s 5 7 ? 2 1 7 2 4 8
4,379,
- - I P u t m o l9 4 - 9 5 , 1 1 0 --cT73 381-384 I L, j - T 1 1 , T 4 7 - - e x t e r n i3 1 , 5 4 - 5 5 5 , 7-58,60,
- - I S p t e n )1 5 6 - - Femur310-31'1 - - h a t l u c ibsr e v i s3 0 63, 2 7 , 10 6 , 115 , 1 2 4 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 1 1 + 4 ,
- i n t e r o s s e u{sF i b u t a l2 8 3 , - - P e l v i s3 1 0 - 3 11 332-337 , 374, 384,r 40-r41, 2 4 9, T 1 3
3 3 0 - 3 31 - - Pes 339 T51 - - i n t e r n i3 1 ,5 4 - 5 8 ,6 0 , 1 0 6 ,
- - (Tibial 282-283 M u s c t e so f t h e b a c k 2 6 - 3 4 - - - longus304,306,308,324, 115 - 116 , 1 2 0 ,1 2 2 ,14 4 ,2 4 9 ,
- l a t e r a l i sl R e n l 18 2 ,2 16 - a u t o c h t h o n o u2s8 , 3 0 - 3 3T, 2 0 326-327 ,332-337 , T13
- t i b e rl O v a r i u m 2 l 01 - - l a t e r a l t r a c t2 9 - 3 0 , 3 4T, 2 0 366-368,374,379, - i n t e r o s s eci ,o m p a r t m e n t s3 7 9
- m e d i a l i sl G t a n d u t a - - m e d i a It r a c t 2 9 - 3 0 ,T 2 0 381-382,38/1, I 40-r41,T47 - - d o r s a L e IsP e s l 3 0 4 ,3 3 3 - 3 3 4 ,
s u p r a r e n a t i s1) 8 2 , 1 8 9 - - s u b o c c i p i t am I uscles32-34 - extremitatis inferioris308-309 336-3373 , 3 9 ,3 4 1- 3 4 3 ,
- - lRenl 182,216 - deep 28-34 - fibularis brevis300,302-304, 383-384T , 53
- - ( S c a p u t a2) - s u p e r f i c i a2[ 6 - 2 7 324-325,327,331-337,366,368, - - p l a n t a r e s3 3 3 , 3 3 9 - 3 4 33, 8 4 ,
- - lTibia] 282-283 M u s c u l u s [ - i3] 0 8 ,3 12 , 3 19 , 370,372,381-382,r 40-I/+1, r 48 T53
- m e s o v a r i c u s2 0 1 , 2 0 9 1040-1041,1045,1052 - - [ o n g u 3s 0 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 8 , 3 1 0 , - i n t e r s p i n a t ecse r v i c i s3 0 - 3 1 ,3 3 ,
- p o s t e r i o{rF i b u t a l2 8 3 - a b d o m i n i s 5 2 , 5 6 - 5 8 ,6 2 , 6 6 , 324-327, 329-330, 332,335, 40,T20
- - l T e s t i s ]1 9 3 72-73,188 339,341-342,366-368, - - l u m b o r u m3 0 - 3 1 ,T 2 0
370,
- s u p e r i o r[ G t a n d u t a --cr73 3 7 23, 8 1- 3 8 3r, 4 0 - 1 4 1 , r 4 8 - - t h o r a c i s3 0 , 1 1 9 , T 2 0
s u p r a r e n a t i s l1 8 2 , 1 8 9 - a b d u c t odri g i tm i i n i m i3 0 4 , - - tertius327,332-337,366, - i n t e r t r a n s v e r s a rai in t e r i o r e s
- - l S p t e n l1 5 6 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 333-334, 336-337, 339-342, 368,382,T47 c e r v i c i s3 3 ,T 2 0
M a s s al a t e r a t i sa t t a n t i s6 , 1 7 ,1 9 377-378,384, T40,T54 - f i b u L a rIipse r o n e ubsrle v i s3 2 6 - - l a t e r a t e [su m b o r u m3 1 - 3 2 ,
M A Ys v e i n 3 5 2 ,3 6 5 - - h a t t u c i2s 9 9 , 3 0 / + , 3 3 3 , 3 3 5 , - f t e x o r [ - easc] c e s s o r isu sM u s - 4 1 ,T 2 0
M C B U R NSEpYo i n t 1 4 0 338-312,377 -378,384, c u l u sq u a d r a t upsl a n t a e - - m e d i a L e[su m b o r u m3 1 - 3 2 ,
M E C K ESLd i v e r t i c u t u m1 3 7 r40-r 41,r52 - - d i g i tm i i n i mbi r e v i{sP e s l 41, r20
M e d i a s t i n u m1 1 2 - 1 1 31, 16 , 11 9 - adductor(-esj 243,259 339-342,384, r/10-r41, r54 - - p o s t e r i o r ecse r v i c i s3 1 , 3 4 ,
- a n t e r i u s1 1 9 - - b r e v i s2 4 4 , 2 6 1 , 3 1 0 - 3 1 2 , - - d i g i t o r u m 379 T20
- i n f e r i u s1 1 9 3 15 - 3 16 ,3 5 83, 8 0T , 4 0 - T 4 1 , - - - brevis304,335, 339-342, - - - l u m b o r u m 3 0
- m e d i u m1 1 9 r45 3 7 7- 3 7 8 , 3 8 3 - 3 8 4 , - - t h o r a c i s 3 4 ,T 2 0
- organisatio1 n19 - - hattucis301+,339-342,378, T 4 0 - T 4T 1 ,5 3 - i s c h i o c a v e r nsou s 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 ,2 2 6 ,
- p o s t e r i u s1 1 9 , 1 2 1 383-384, T40-r11,152 - - - l o n g u s3 0 4 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 5 - 3 2 6 , 232-233,235, 237, 240-242,
- s u p e r i u s1 1 9 - - l o n g u s2 4 4 , 2 6 1 , 3 0 8 , 329-331, 339,341-342, 260-261,r22
- lestis 193-19/+,252 3 10 - 3 17 ,3 5 43, 5 6 - 3 5 8 , 3 6 6 , 3 7- 13 7 2 , 3 7- 73 7 8 , - i s c h i o c o c c y g e u2s2 5 ,2 2 7 ,
MedutLa 380-381 r 4, 0 - I / + 1 , r 4 5 381-384,T40-T41, T50 230-231, 256,317, T22,T40
- [ G t a n d u tsau p r a r e n a t i s1l 8 9 - - magnus260,286-288,290, - - hattucis - i s c h i o c r u r a t e2s6 0
brevis339-342,
- r e n a l i s 1 8 3 - 1 8 41, 8 8 , 2 1 6 - 2 4 7 , 310-312,3 15-3't7, 319-321 377-378,38/,, - l a t i s s i m ud
, r 40-rU ,r52 sorsi 1,26-29,
250 323,358,363-364, 380-381, - - - longus30/+,325-326, 37 -38, 52, 54, 57-58, 63,72,
- s p i n a t i s 4 0 - 4 1 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 3 , r 40-r/+1 , r 45 329-331, 339-312,36(. 1 2 6 - 1 2 72 , 4 8 - 2 5 13 , 19 , T 1I
222-223,248-249 - - m i n i m u s2 6 0 , 3 1 6 , 3 1 9 - 3 2 1 , 3 7 1- 3 7 2 , 3 7- 73 7 9 . - l e v a t o r l - e saln i 2 1 0 ,2 1 2 - 2 1 4 ,
M e m b r an a T40 381-384,T40-T41, T50 226-233,236-237, 240-2/+3,
- a t L a n t o o c c i p i t aatni st e r i o r1 7 , - a r t i c u t a rgi se n u s2 8 5 , 3 1 04, f/ ' - gastrocnemius 262,284, 256-258,260-261,311 , T22,r 1,0
19 - arytenoideus transversus 119 286-288,293,307-309, 311, - - costarumT20
- - p o s t e r i o r1 7, 1 9 , 3 4 - bicepsbrachii52,54,122 -323, -332,
320 326 361-362.366, - - - b r e v e s 3 1 - 3 2
- i n t e r c o s t a tri n s t e r n a3 1 ,5 5 - - femoris258,284,286,288, ---tongi31-32,f20
369-370,381 , T41,1 49
- i n t e r o s s e ac r u r i s 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 , 2 9 4 , 309-311, 317-324,328-332, - g e m e t l ui sn f e r i o3r 1 1 , 3 1 8 - 3 2 1 , - - s c a p u l a e2 7 - 2 8 , 3 4 , 3 7 - 3 8 ,
3 0 1 ,3 6 6 ,3 8 1 361-363,369-370, 380-381, 363-364,380, T43 r17
- o b t u r a t o r i a2 3 6 ,2 6 0 - 2 6 1 ,2 6 8 , r40-TL1 - - s u p e r i o3r1 1 , 3 1 8 - 3 2 1 , - [ o n g i s s i mcuasp i t i s2 8 ,3 0 - 3 1 ,
, T46
271,278-279,355 - b r a c h i a t5 i s2 363-364,380, T43 33-34,37-39,T20
- p e r i n e i2 5 2 - bronchooesophag 9e 9us - g t u t e ums a x i m u1s , 3 7 , 5 2 , 2 1 5 , - - cervicis28,30,33-34,T20
- t e c t o r i a1 8 - 1 9 - bulbospon giosus 222-223, 226, 226,232-233, 240-241,243,254, - - t h o r a c i2 s8,30,37,72,249,
Membrum 232-233,235,240-242, 260-261 , 2 5 6 - 2 5, 72 5 9, 2 6 2 , 2 7 9 , 3 0 9 1 ,3
,1 r20
- inferius 206,263 T22 - [ o n g ucso t t i5 5 ,f 1 2 - T 1 3
317-322,361-364,380,
- - s u r f a c ea n a t o m y 2 6 2 - c o c c y g e su sM u s c u t ui ssc h r o - - [umbricales
r40-T41,T43 IPes]340-342, T1+0,
Meniscusl-il c0ccygeus - - m e d i u s7 2 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 6 , 2 5 9 . T53
- l A r t i c u t a t i og e n u s l 2 8 9 - c o t t i3 4 - muttifidusl-il
2 7 9 , 3 0 9 , 3,13111 + - 361, cervicis30,33-34,
- lateraLis 286-290,292-293 - constrictor pharyngis inferior 318-321 ,361, 363-364, 380, 3 9 ,10 2 0
- medialis 286-290 104,120 - - lumborum30-32,2L9,f20
r40-r41,143
M e s e n t e r i u m1 3 6 - 1 3 7 1 , 6 4 - 16 6 , - coracobrachiatis 54,122 ---injection364 - - thoracis30-32,37,T20
252 - c r e m a s t e5r6 - 5 86, 0 - 5 1 , 7 0 , - - m i n i m u 2s 5 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 ,- o b t i q u ucsa p i t iisn f e r i o3r 1 ,3 3 ,
- d i v e r t i c u t1i 3 7 193-194, 197,226,239,242-243, 318,320-321,364, 380, 39-40,120
M e s o a p p e n d i x1 6 3 - 1 6 7 252 r40-T41.T43 - - - s u p e r i o3r 1 . 3 3 , 3 9 - 4T02, 0
 lndex

Musculusl-ilobLiquus Musculusl-ilrectus MuscuLus[-il Nervusl-ilcutaneus

- - e x t e r n u sa b d o m i n i s2 6 - 2 9 ,
- - c a p i t i sa n t e r i o rT 1 2 - t e r e sm a j o r 1 , 2 6 - 2 8 , 3 7 , 5 2 , - - d o r s a t i si n t e r m e d i u s3 1 r 5 ,
3 1, 3 7, 4 6 , 5 2 5, 4 ,5 6 - 5 8 , - - - L a t e r a l i s3 4 ,T 2 0 122,124-125 3 4 9 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 3r,4 0
- - - p o s t e r i o r m a j o3r1 , 3 3 ,
6 0 - 6 1 ,6 3 ,6 6 , 6 8 , 7 0 - 7 3 , 1 1 0 , - - m i n o r 3 7 ,5 2 - - - l a t e r a t i s 3 4 5 ,3 4 9 - 3 5 0 ,
1 5 8 ,2 1 7, 2 3 1 ,2 3 9 ,2 4 8 ,2 5 1 , 39-10, r20 - t h o r a c i s3 1 , 5 2 , 5 46, 0 3 6 5 ,3 7 3 ,T 4 0
2 5 4 ,3 1 1 ,3 2 2 ,3 5 5 ,3 6 4 ,T 15 , m i n o r 3 1 , 3 3 , 4 0T, 2 0 - t h y r o h y o i d e u1s1 0 - - - m e d i a [ i s3 4 5 , 3 4 9 - 3 5 0 ,
r40 - - femoris 244,256-257,269, - t i b i a L i sa n t e r i o r 2 9 0 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 2 , 365
- - i n t e r n uasb d o m i n i2s7 - 2 8 , 2 7 8 - 2 7 9, 3 0 8 , 3 1 0 - 3 1 ,73 2 2 , 3 0 6 ,3 0 8 ,3 1 0 ,3 2 1 ,3 2 6 - 3 2 7 3 , 32, - - f e m o r i sl a t e r a t i s3 6 , 6 8 , 7 1 ,
3 1 ,5 6 - 5 86, 0 - 6 16, 6 ,6 8 , 3 5 6 - 3 5 83, 8 0 - 3 8 1T, 4 4 3 3 4 ,3 3 6 - 3 3 7 ,3 3 9 ,3 6 6 - 3 6 8 3 , 74 , 7 3 , 1 7 9, 2 1 7, 2 2 0 - 2 2 1, 3 1 7,
70-73,158,217,231,239 - r h o m b o i d e u sm a j o t 2 6 - 2 8 , 3 8 1 - 3 8 3T, L j - r 4 1 , I / 1 7 3 / + 4 - 3 4 53,4 8 - 3 4 9 ,3 5 3 ,
2 5 1 , 2 5 4 ,03 ,1T 15 ,T 4 0 3 7- 3 9 , r 1 7 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 0 ,3 0 2 ,3 0 4 ,3 11 , 3 5 5 - 3 5 7 ,3 6 0 ,T 1 * 0
- obturatorius externus236, - - minor 27,38-39,I17 325-326,329-331, 339,342, - - - p o s t e r i o r3 6 , 2 4 0 - 2 4 1 ,
256-257 ,259-261, 279,310-311 , - r o t a t o r e sb r e v e s 3 0 - 3 1 ,T 2 0 3 6 6 , 3 7 0 - 3 7 2 , 31-83 8 2 , 2 5 7, 3 4 / + - 3 4 5 , 3 4 9 ,
316,321,364,380,T40-141, - - t o n g l3 0 - 3 1 , T 2 0 T 4 0 - T 4 1T, 50 360-3643 , 8 0 ,T 4 0
T45 - qa.rn.o..vdprs ?3n-2?1243 - t r a c h e a L i9s1 - - s u T a el a t e r a L i 3 s45,349-350,
- - internus212-213,225, - s a r t o r i u s 5 2 ,2 / 1 42, 5 6 - 2 5 7 ,2 6 2 , - tr:ncvar<ncninrlic 29 3 6 1- 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 ,3 6 9 ,T 4 0
230-231 - t r a n s v e r s uasb d o m i n i s3 1 , - - - m e d i a t i s3 4 5 , 3 6 1 - 3 6 3 ,
, 236-237 ,256-261, 2 8 4 ,3 0 8 ,3 r 0 - 3 17 , 3 2 2 - 3 2 1 .
2 7 9 , 3 1 0 - 3,1311 7- 3 2 1 , 3 5 6 - 3 5 83, 6 2 ,3 8 0 - 3 8 1 , 5 8 - 6 3 ,6 6 , 6 8 ,7 0 - 7 3 ,1 5 8 ,2 1 7 , 365-366,369,373,r40
363-364,
380,T40-T41,
T43 r40-r41, r44 2 2 1, 2 3 1, 2 4 9, 2 5 1, 2 5 4 , 3 1 0r, 1 5 , - d i g i t a l ed
s o r s a l e sp e d i s 3 4 5 ,
- - scalenua '1 3 4 9, 3 6 8 , 3 7 3 - 3 7L , r 4 0
neeinitnfrnnt:lie ?9 s n t e r i o r5 5 ,110 , 12 , T40
- omohyoideu1 s10,123 117-118,123,r11 - - p e r i n e pi r o f u n d u s2 0 7 , 2 2 6 , - - p l a n t a r e cs o m m u n e s
- opponend s i g i t im i n i m iI P e s ) - - m e d i u s 3 4 ,4 0 ,5 5 ,1 2 0 , 1 2 2 , 230,232-236,2/+2,252, 260, 3 76 - 3 7 8 , r 4 0
3 3 4 , 3 4 2 , 3 8 4T,4 0 ,T 5 4 T11 3 1 1 , f 2 2 , 10 4 0T a b - - - proprii 376,378,140
- p a p i l l a r ia
s n t e r i o r7 8 - 8 2 - - p o s t e r i o r2 8 ,3 1 ,3 4 ,5 5 ,T 11 - - - s u p e r f i c i a t i s2 3 0 ,2 3 2 - 2 3 5 , - d o r s a t i sc t i t o r i d i s 2 2 3 ,2 3 1 ,2, 4 1 ,
- - p o s t e r i o r7 8 - 8 1 - s e m i m e m b r a n o s u2s5 8 ,2 8 4 , 2 4 0 - 2 4 ,12 6 0 , r 2 2 ,1 0 4 0 r40
- - s e p t a l i s7 8 2 8 6 - 2 8 83 , 0 9 - 3 11 , 3 17 - 3 18 , Tab - - penis222,234,238-240,
- p e c t i n a t 7i 8 3 2 0 - 3 2 3 ,3 2 5 ,3 2 8 - 3 3 0 3, 61- 3 6 3 , - - t h o r a c i s5 5 , 6 9 ,1 1 0 ,1 2 7, T40
- p e c t i n e u s2 4 4 ,2 5 6 - 2 5 7 3 , 08, 3 6 9 - 3 7 03, 8 0 - 3 8 1T, 4 1 ,r 4 6 f 13-T11+ - - s c a p u l a3e8 - 3 9 , T 1 7
3 10 - 3 16 , 3 5 5 - 3 5 73, 8 0 , - s e m i s p i n a t icsa p i t i s2 8 ,3 0 - 3 1 , - t r a p e z i u s1 , 2 6 - 2 8 , 3 3 - 3 43, 8 , - e r i g e n t essN e r v u s l -si p Jlanch-
r40-r41,r45 3 3 - 3 4 ,3 8 - 4 0 ,T 2 0 5 2 ,1 2 2 - 1 2 6r 1, 7 n i c ip e L v i c i
- p e c t o r a [ i sm a j o r 4 6 , 5 2 , 5 1 . - - c e r v i c i s2 8 ,3 0 - 3 1 ,3 3 ,3 9 ,T 2 0 - t r i c e p sb r a c h i i3 7 ,5 2 - femoraLis 66,68,73,179,
5 6 - 5 8 ,6 0 , 6 4 ,1 1 0 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 3 - 1 2 7 , - - t h o r a c i s3 1 , 3 3 - 3 4T, 2 0 - - s u T a e3 0 1 , , 3 2 6 , 3 3 3 , 3 6 6 , 3 8 3 , 2 17- 2 18 ,2 2 0 - 2 2 1 2 ,36 ,2 4 4 ,
r26 - s e m i t e n d i n o s u s2 5 8 ,2 8 4 , r 4 0 , r4 9 256-257, 317,344-345, 348-349,
- - minor 54,60,120,12L,f26 309-311, 31 6-321,323-324,328, - v a s t u si n t e r m e d i u s3 1 0 - 3 1 2 , 3 5 3 3, 5 5 - 3 5 8 3 ,8 0 - 3 8 1 T ,4 0 ,
- p e r i n e i2 3 0 3 6 1- 3 6 3 ,3 6 9- 3 7 0 ,3 8 0 - 3 8 1T, 4 1 , 315-316,381,144 r LL-r45
- p e r o n e u sb r e v i s ,[ o n g u sb z w T46 - - l a t e r a l i s2 5 7 , 2 5 9 , 2 7 9 , 2 9 0 , - f i b u t a r icso m m u n i2s8 4 ,
t e r t i u ss M u s c u t u fsi b u [ a r i s - s e r r a t u sa n t e r i o r2 7 - 2 8 , 4 6 , 5 2 , 2 9 3 ,3 0 8 ,3 10 - 3 16 , 3 2 0 - 3 2 3 , 344-345, 349-350, 361-363, 365,
b r e v i s ,L o n g u sb z w t e r t i u s 5 4 , 5 6 - 5 8 ,6 3 - 6 4 ,7 0 , 1 2 0 , 3 3 2 ,3 5 6 ,3 5 8 ,3 6 1 ,3 8 1 ,r 4 4 368-371, T40,T51
- p h a r y n g i s1 0 9 1 2 2 - 1 2,7r 1 7 - - m e d i a L i s2 9 0 ,3 0 8 ,3 10 - 3 16 , - - profundus 31'5, 349-350, 366,
- p i r i f o r m i s 2 2 4 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 7 2
, 31, - - p o s t e r i o ri n l e r i o r 2 7 - 2 8 , 3 7 , 323,356-358.381,r44 3 68,373-374, 379, 381-382,
2 4 3 ,3 1 0 - 3 11 , 3 14 - 3 2 1 ,3 6 0 , 2 4 9 ,T 1 9 M y o c a r d i u m76 , 7 8 - 8 0 ,11 9 f 4 0 , f1 + 7 5, f1
363-3643 , 8 0 ,T 4 0 - T 4 1 T, 43 - - - s u p e r i o r2 7 - 2 8 , 3 7 , f 1 9 - - superficia[is 345,349-350,
- p t a n t a r i s2 8 6 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 3 , - s o t e u s2 9 0 ,3 0 8 - 3 0 93, 11 , 365-366, 368,373,379,
3 2 8 - 3 3 1 ,3 6 6 ,3 6 9- 3 7 2 ,3 8 2 ,T 4 0 , 325-332,369-372, 381, T 41,r 49 N 381-382 r 4, 0 , r 4 8
T49 - s p h i n c t ear n i e x t e r n u s2 0 7 , 2 1 0 , - genitofemoralis 60,66,68,179,
- p o p l i t e u s2 8 6 - 2 9 0 ,2 9 3 ,3 1 1 , 2 12 - 2 14 , 2 2 6 ,2 3 0- 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 , N e c k ,m u s c t e s3 4 1 9 ,72 1 7 , 2 2 0 - 2 2, 212 5 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 6 ,
3 2 5 ,3 3 0 - 3 3 1 ,3 6 9- 3 7 0 ,3 7 2 , 240-242,252, 258,r22, r 40 N e c k - s h a fat n g t eo f t h e f e m u rs 238,256, 317, 344_3 1,5,348_349,
T 4 0 - T 4 1T , 50 - - - i n t e r n u s2 0 7 , 2 1 0 , 2 3 1 , A n g t eb e t w e e nn e c k a n d s h a f to f 3 5 33, 5 5T, 15 ,T 4 0
- p s o a sm a j o r 2 9 , 3 5 , 4 1 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 242,252,258 thefemur - gluteusinferior257,344-345,
6 8 ,7 2 , 1 5 2 ,18 5 - 18 6 , 1 8 8 ,2 1 7 , - - p y l o r i c u s1 3 5 ,1 5 2 N e p h r o ss R e n 349,360,363-364, 380,T40,T43
2 2 1 ,2 3 6 ,2 4 5 - 2 4 ,72 5 1, 2 5 4 ,2 5 7, - - u r e t h r a e2 0 7 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 4 , N e r v o u ss y s t e ma, u t o n o m o u s1 1 7 , - - superior3/+1r-345,349,360,
2 5 9 ,3 0 8 ,3 1 0 , 3 1 2 - 3 1 1 , , 3 1, 37L 8 , r22 120-121 364,380,r40,rrc-r4t'
354-355T , 42 - - vesicae 222 Ne r v u s ( - i l - hypogastricus 214, 222-223
- - minor 62-63,72,179,217, - s p i n a l i s3 0 - a c c e s s o r i u s[ X l ] 3 8 - 3 9 ,T 17 - iLiohypogastricus 36-37,66,68,
313,317,355,T42 - - c a p i t i s3 0 - 3 1 ,T 2 0 - a n a l e s2 1 4 73,115,117, 179,217 ,220-221 ,
- p u b o c o c c y g esu 2 3 0 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , - - c e r v i c i s 3 0 ,T 2 0 - - i n f e r i o r e s2 2 5 , 2 4 0 - 2 / . 1 , 3 4 4 , 34/+-345, 348-349, 353,364,T15,
r22 - - t h o r a c i s2 8 ,3 0 ,T 2 0 T40 T40
- puborectaLis230, 256, 258 - s p [ e n i u sc a p i t i s2 6 - 2 8 ,3 0 - 3 1 , - a n o c o c c y g e u s2 2 5 ,2 4 0 - 2 4 1 , - i t i o i n g u i n a 6L 0i s6
, 6 ,6 8 7, 3 ,1 7 9 ,
- p y r a m i d a t i s5 6 - 5 8 ,6 6 , 7 0 , 7 2 , 3 3 - 3 4 , 3 8 - 3 91, 2 2 , T 2 0 3 4 4 ,T4 0 217-218, 220-221, 238-239,
2 4 2 ,T 1 1 r - - c e r v i c i s2 7 - 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 3 - 3 1T* ,2 0 - a u r i c u l a r im s a g n u s3 6 - 3 8 344-31,5, 31,8-349, 353,T15,
- q u a d r a t u fse m o r i s 2 6 0 ,3 10 , - s t e r n a l i s5 4 , 6 0 ,T 1 3 - a x i t l a r i s3 6 - 3 7 , 1 2 2 r40
318-3213 , 63-3643 , 8 0 ,T 4 0 ,T 4 3 - s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d e2u6s- 2 8 , - c a r d i a c ucse r v i c a t iisn f e r i o r - intercostates 36,38,41,54,66,
- - f u m b o r u m2 9 , 3 1 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 6 6 , 3 5 ,3 8 ,5 4 ,5 8 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 3 83 70,73,112-1 13,115-117,120,
6 8 ,7 2 - 7 3 ,1 2 1, 1 5 2 , 2 1 7, - s t e r n o h y o i d e u1s1 0 ,1 2 3 - - - m e d i u s8 3 , 1 2 0 1 2 11+2, 7, 2 2 0 , 2 4-72 4 8T, 1 3 - r 1 1
2 2 0 - 2 2 12, 4 6 - 2 4 72, 5 1 ,3 10 , - s t e r n o t h y r o i d e u5s5 ,1 ' 1 01, 1 9 , ---superior33 - intercostobrachiaLis 37
r16 124 - c a v e r n o sci t i t o r i d i s2 2 3 - interosseus crurisT40
- - ptanta3 e 0 4 , 3 3 9 , 3 4 1 - 3 4 2 , - s u b c l a v i u s5 4 ,6 0 , 11 0 ,1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , - c e r v i c a [ i s1 9 , 4 0 ,1 2 0 ,T 1 9 - I 2 0 - ischiadicus 256-257, 284,
377-378,382-383, T40,T53 120,122-123,126 - cLunium i n f e r i o r e s3 6 , 2 4 0 - 2 4 1 , 344-315, 347,349-350, 360,
- quadriceps femoris262,285, - s u b c o s t a [ e s6 0 ,T 1 3 3/,9,360-362,r40 362-361,, 380-381,I 40,r n,
287-288,290,306,308,311-312, - suboccipitate3 s 1 - 3 4 ,L 0 - - medii 36,349,360-362 T46-T50
314,324,332, T40-r41,r 44 - s u b s c a p u t a r i6s 0 ,1 2 2 ,1 2 4 ,f 2 6 - - s u p e r i o r e s3 6 - 3 7 , 3 / + 9 , 3 6 0 , - - projection 350
- rd.t^.^..vdo,,< )1n-2'\1 - s u p r a s p i n a t u s1 2 2 - 1 2 3 362 - labiates223
- r e c t o u t e r i n u 2s 0 1 - s u s p e n s o r i udsu o d e n i1 3 5 ,1 5 2 - c o c c y g e u s2 2 5 ,3 6 4 ,f 4 0 - - anteriores T40
- r e c t u sa b d o m i n i s1 ' 6 , 5 6 - 5 9 , - t e n s o rf a s c i a el a t a e 5 2 , 7 3 , 2 4 4 , - c u t a n e u sb r a c h i li a t e r a t i si n f e r i - - - p o s t e r i o r e2s2 3 , 2 4 1 , f 4 0
6 1 - 6 3 ,6 6 , 6 9 - 7 3 ,1 1 0 ,11 9 , 1 5 5 , 2 5 6 - 2 5 ,72 6 2 ,2 7 9, 3 0 6 - 3 0 8 , or 36-37 - [aryngeus recurrens83,88-89,
1 5 8 , 2 1 ,72 2 6 ,2 t 2 - 2 4 3 ,2 4 6 - 2 5 4 , 3 11- 3 14 , 3 2 0 ,3 2 2 ,3 5 6 ,3 8 0 , s u p e r i o r3 6 111-1 13,115,117-1 18,120
2 5 6 ,r 1 4 , r 4 0 r40-r41.r44 ---posterior36-37 - [ u m b a t e6s 6 , 2 2 6 , 3 4 9
 Index

Nervus[-il N odus[- i] tymphoideus[- i) 0 [ i s t h e s i s9 0stium[-a]

- o b t u r a t o r i u s6 8 ,7 1 , 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , - - b r a c h i a l e s6 5 0mentum - uteti 201-202, 205, 207, 253
2 2 5 ,2 2 9 , 2 3 1, 2 3 6 - 2 3 7, 2 5 6 - 2 5 7, - - b r o n c h o p u [ m o n a L e1s2 5 - 1 2 7 - m a j u s 1 2 1 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 9 - 1 4 0 ,1 4 9 , - u t e r i n u mt u b a eu t e r i n a e2 0 1 ,
2 6 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 t 4 - 3 4 5 ,3 4 8 - 3 4 9 ,3 5 3 , - - c e r v i c a t e sa n t e r i o r e s6 5 1 5 7- 1 6 6 , 1 7 2 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 2 4 5 - 2 ,4 7 203
3 5 5 ,3 5 7 - 3 5 83, 6 0 ,3 8 0 ,T 4 0 , T 4 5 p r o f u n d i6 5 2 4 9, 2 5 2 , 2 5 1 r - vaginae 200, 233, 235, 237
- o c c i p i t a l im s ajor 37-40 ---taterates120 - m i n u s 1 6 0 - 1 6 11, 6 6 ,2 4 7 ,2 4 9 - v e n a ec a v a ei n f e r i o r i s8 2
- - minor 36-38 p r o f u n diln f e r i o r e s1 2 0 0 r c h i ss T e s t i s ---superioris32
- - t e r t i u s 3 7 ,4 0 - - dol+nnorrnreloc AE 0 r g an u mI - a l Ovariu m 140, 167, 200-202,204,
- p e c t o r a t i s[ a t e r a [ i s6 0 ,T 2 6 - - g a s t r i c i1 3 1 , 2 1 8 - g e n i t a t i fae m i n i n ae x t e r n a2 2 3 , 2 0 9 ,2 2 3 , 2 2 8 , 2 5 3 , 3 5 4
- - m e d i a t i s6 0 ,T 2 6 - - g a s t r o o m e n t a t e1s3 1 ,2 4 9 233,235,241
- p e r i n e a l e s2 3 4 ,2 4 0 - 2 4 1 , - - h e p a t i c1i 3 1 ---interna204,209
260-261, T40 - - i t e o c o t i c2i 4 3 - - m a s c u l i n a2 2 2 , 2 3 9 P
- p h r e n i c u6s3 , 8 9 1, 1 0 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 , - - i t i a c ci o m m u n e s2 1 8 , 2 2 9 - - - externa 197,238,240
1 1 8 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 11, 2 4 - 1 2 ,7r 2 1 - - - e x t e r n i2 1 8 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 6 , 3 5 4 - nolwic in tho fomrlo ??? P a l a t u mo s s e u m 1 2
- - c o u r s e1 1 8 [ a t e r a t e s2 2 9 , 3 5 4 - - inthemate 236 P a n c r e a s1 2 1 ,1 3 1 ,1 3 4 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 3 ,
- p l a n t a r i s[ a t e r a I i s3 0 4 ,3 4 5 ,3 5 0 , m e d i a t e s2 2 9 , 3 5 4 - u r o g e n i t a l ifae m i n i n ad, e v e t o p - 1 5 7, 16 3 - 1 6 41, 7 2 ,1 7 7, 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 ,
3 76 - 3 7 8 ,3 8 2 - 3 8 3 T , 4 0 ,I 5 2 - r 5 L - - - i n t e r n i2 1 8 , 2 2 9 , 3 5 4 ment 200 245,249-250
- - m e d i a t i s3 0 4 , 3 4 5 , 3 5 0 , - - i n f r a c t a v i c u [ a r e6s 5 - - m a s c u [ i n ad,e v e l o p m e n1t 9 2 - c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h y1 5 5
3 76 - 3 7 8 , 3 8 2 , r4 0 ,T 5 2 - T 5 3 - - inguinate3 s 52 0 r i f i c i u md u c t u sp a n c r e a t i c1i5 0 - L o wm a g n i t u d e n l a r g e m e n1t 5 3
- p u d e n d u s2 14 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 32, 2 5 , ---profundi218,354 0sl-saJ - p r o j e c t i o n1 3 4
2 3 4 ,2 3 6 ,2 4 0 - 2 4 1, 2 5 7, 2 6 0 - 2 6 1, - - - s u p e r f i c i a t e2s1 8 - 2 1 9 , 3 5 4 - c o c c y g i s2 - 4 , 1 1, 2 0 7, 2 1 5 ,2 3 0 , - ultrasound image 151'
344-345,3/+9, 360,T22,r 40 i n f e r i o r e s2 1 8 , 3 5 4 2 3 2 - 2 3 32, 4 2 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 6 - 2 5 , 2771, P a n c r e a t o c y t i c uesx o c r i n u s 15 3
- r a d i a t i s3 6 - 3 7 s u p e r o [ a t e r a t e2s1 8 , 273 P a n n i c u l uasd i p o s u s5 8 ,7 2 ,2 1 0 ,
- r e c t a L e isn f e r i o r e ss N e r v u s ( - i ) aq/, - c o x a e2 , 1 6 ,4 1 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 232,239
a n a L e si n f e r i o r e s s u p e r o m e d i a t e2s1 8 , - - AP-radiograp1 h6 P a p i L t[a- a e )
- s a c r a l e s 2 2 3 ,2 2 5 - 2 2 6 ,2 4 3 , 256,354 - - d e v e t o p m e n t2 6 7
349,r22 - - j u x t a o e s o p h a g e a l e1s0 7 , 1 2 7 - c u b o i d e u m2 9 5 - 2 9 6 ,2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 152-153
- s a p h e n u s3 4 5 ,3 4 8 - 3 4 9 , 3 5 3 , - - [ a c u n a r i s { - e s3]5 5 303,383 - - minor152-153
357-3583 , 65-3663 , 7 3 ,3 8 1- 3 8 2 , ---mediatis355 - c u n e i f o r m e [ - i a2l9 9 - i t e at i s 13 9
r40 - - l i g a m e n tai r t e r i o s i8 8 - - i n t e r m e d i u m2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , 2 9 8 , - m a m m a r i a5 2 , 6 4 ,1 2 7
- s c r o t a t e sa n t e r i o r e sT 4 0 - - [ u m b a L edse x t r i 2 1 8 3 0 4 ,3 8 3 - r e n a l e s 1 8 3 - 1 8 4 ,1 8 6 , 2 4 5
- - p o s t e r i o r e s2 2 2 , 2 4 0 , T 4 0 ---intermedii 218 - - laterale295,298 - o f V a t e rs P a p i [ [ a ( - a d eu ] odenr
- s p i n a t e s3 6 , 4 1 , 4 3 , 4 5 ,2 5 1 - - m e d i a s t i n a Laens t e r i o r e s8 8 , - - m e d i a t e2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 maJor
- spinalis 24,29 1 1 1 ,1 1 3 - d i g i t o r u m( P e s l 2 6 3 ,2 9 5 - 2 9 6 P a r a c y s t i u m2 6 0 - 2 6 1
- s p i n a [ i s l - e s2l 4 , 3 5 ,4 0 - 4 1 - - - p o s t e r i o r e s1 0 7 , 2 4 5 - h y o i d e u m1 2 P a r a d i d y m i s1 9 2
- s p L a n c h n iIcui m b a l e s2 1 1 r - - o b t u r a t o r i2i 2 9 - i t i u m 3 , 1 5 - 1 6 ,4 1 , 7 1 , 7 32, 3 0 , Parametrium s Ligamentum
- - p e t v i csi R a d i xp a r a s y m p a t h - - - p a n c r e a t i c u2s5 0 2 / + 4 , 2 5 82, 6 4 ,2 7 2 ,2 7/ + , 2 8 0 cardina[e
tca - - p a r a m a m m a r i6i 5 - i s c h i i 2 3 6 ,2 5 6 ,2 6 4 ,2 7 4 P a r a p r o c t i u sm S p a t i u mp a r a r e c -
- s p [ a n c h n i c ums a j o r 6 3 , - - n:rrra.trla< It) )tS - m e t a t a r s i 2 6 3 ,2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , taLe
11 2 - 11 3 . 11 5 - 11 7 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 ' - - p a r a s t e r n a t e s6 5 2 9 8 - 2 9 9, 3 0 3 - 3 0 4 ,3 7 9 ,3 8 3 P a r a s y m p a t h e t ince r v o u ss y s t e m
2 2 0 - 2 2 1, 2 4 5 ,2 4 9 - - p a r a t r a c h e a t e8s8 , 1 2 0 ,1 2 4 - n a v i c u [ a r e2 9 5 - 2 9 6 2 , 98-299, 214,222-223
- - m i n o r6 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 2 4 5 -, - p a r i e t a l e s2 1 8 303-305,383 P ar i e s
249 - - p h r e n i ciin f e r i o r e s2 1 8 - o c c i p i t a t e6 , 1 2 ,1 7- 1 9 - a n t e r i o r( G a s t e r 1l 3 3 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 1
- s u b c o s t a t i s6 8 ,7 3 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 , - - - s u p e r i o r e8s 8 , 1 1 9 - pedis 295-296,299 - m e m b r a n a c e ul sT r a c h e a9l 1 ,
2 1 7, 2 2 0 - 2 2,13 4 4 - - p o p t i t e u ps r o f u n d u s3 6 6 - - s t r u c t u r ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s2 9 9 9 9 , 1 0 7, 1 1 9
- s u b o c c i p i t a t3 i s7 ,3 9- 4 0 ,T 2 0 ---superficiatis366 - p u b i s 1 9 6 ,2 1 5 ,2 2 6 ,2 3 4 ,2 / . 2 , - p o s t e r i olrG a s t e r J1 3 3 ,1 5 5
- s u b s c a p u L a r e3s7 , T 2 6 - - preaortici 229,251 2 4 / +2, 5 6 - 2 5 7, 2 6 4 ,2 7/ 1 , 2 7 9 P a r o o p h o r o n2 0 0
- supractavicutare 6 s6 - - p r e c a v a L e2s 2 9 - s a c r u m 2 - 5 , 1 0 - 1 1 ,1 5 ,2 3 ,2 6 , Pars
- - t a t e r a L e s3 6 - 3 7 - - p r o m o n t o r i2i 1 8 4 1 ,2 1 5 ,2 2 6 ,2 3 0 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , - a b d o m i n a [ iaso r t a e3 5 ,6 2 - 6 3 ,
- s u p r a s c a p u t a r i1s2 3 - - p y t o r i c i1 3 1 2 5 2 - 2 5 / 12,6 2 , 2 6 / +2,7 1- 2 7 3 , 3 1 7 6 9 , 1 0 41 , 1 5 ,1 1 7 , 1 4 8 ,514 - 15 5 ,
- s u r a t i s3 4 5 , 3 4 9 - 3 5 03,6 2 , 3 6 5 , - - s e x d i f f e r e n c e1s 1
- - rect:lic crrnorinr ?24
1 5 7, 16 8 ,1 7 2 ,1 74 , 1 7 7- 1 7 9 ,1 8 5 ,
382,r40 - - r e t r o a o r t i c i2 2 9 - s e s a m o i d e al P e s l 2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , 3 0 2 , 18 7 - 18 9 ,2 1 2 ,2 14 , 2 16 - 2 1 8 2 , 21,
- thoracic3 i 7 , 6 0 ,6 6 , 7 0 , - - retrocavales 243 339 2 2 5 ,2 2 7, 2 2 9 ,2 4 2 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 - 2 5,1
11 2 - 11 3 , 11 5 - 11 7 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 2, 2 0 , - - sptenic2 i 45,249 - t a r s i 2 6 3 ,2 9 5 - 2 9 6 2 , 98 359
2 4 9 ,r 1 5 , 1 1 9 - T 2 0 - - s u b m a m m a r i6 i 5 - t e m p o r a t e4 0 - - - u t t r a s o u n idm a g e 1 7 8
- t h o r a c i c u sl o n g u s ' 1 2 2 1 ,
24-126, - - c r r n r e e l e v i r r r l : r o < AE 0stiuml-aJ - - a u t o n o m i c a2 2 0
r17 - - t h o r a c i s1 0 7 , 1 2 0 - a b d o m i n a tteu b a eu t e r i n a e2 0 1 , - - [ M p e c t o r a t i sm a j o r J 5 2 , 5 4 ,
- t h o r a c o d o r s a L1i s2 2 ,f 1 8 - - t i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r3 6 7 204,209 5 6 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,T 2 6
- t i b i a t i s 2 8 4 ,3 4 4 - 3 4 5 3 , 49-350, - - tr:.h6^hr^nehirloc qq - a p p e n d i c ivse r m i f o r m i s1 3 9 - - l O e s o p h a g u s6l2 - 6 3 , 1 0 4 ,
3 6 1- 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 - 3 6 6 ,3 6 9- 3 7 3 , 3 76 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,1 1 3 ,1 2 2 - a t r i o v e n t r i c u t a rdee x t r u m 7 8 10 6 , 10 8 - 10 9 , 1 1 7, 1 2 8 ,1 3 0
3 8 1- 3 8 2 ,T 4 0 ,T 4 9 - T 5 0 T , 52-T53 - - - i n f e r i o r e s8 8 , 9 5 ,1 0 7 , 1 1 9 , - - s i n i s t r u m7 9 , 1 2 6 - - {Ureterl 163,216
- v a g i n a l i s2 2 3 127 - c a r d i a c u m 1 0 8 ,1 2 1 ,1 3 0 , - a n t e r i o rl F a c i e sd i a p h r a g m a t i c a
- v a g u s I X8J 3 , 8 8 - 8 91,11 - 11 3 ,11 5 , - - - s u p e r i o r e s8 8 , 1 0 7 ,1 1 9 16 6 - 16 7, 2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , 2 4 7 h e p a t i s )1 4 5
117-118, 120-121, 123-127, 220 - sinuatriaIi8 s2 - i t e at e 13 9 - - I F o r n i x v a g i n a e2 l0 2 , 2 0 5
N O d CO fR O S E N M U L L3E5R 5 N u c l e u sp u l p o s u s 2 4 - 2 5 ,2 9 - p y t o r i c u m1 3 5 - a n u t a r i sv a g i n a ef i b r o s a e3 4 0
Nodutusl-il - s i n u sc o r o n a r i i7 8 , 8 2 , 8 4 - a s c e n d e naso r t a e 7 5 ,7 8 - 8 0 , 8 4 ,
- t y m p h o i d e u s (a- igl g r e g a t 1 i 37, - u r e t e r i s1 9 0 - 1 9 11, 9 5 ,1 9 8 ,2 0 5 , 1 0 9 ,114 - 11 5 ,11 7 ,11 9 - 1 2 1
139 0 252-253,260 125-126,255
- - s o I i t a r i i1 3 0 ,1 3 6 - 1 3 71, 3 9 , - u r e t h r a ee x t e r n u ml U r e t h r a - - [ D u o d e n u m l1 3 4 , 1 3 9 - 1 4 0 ,
150,210 Oesophagoscop 1 y0 8 ,1 3 3 f e m i n i n a l 2 0 0 ,2 3 1 ,2 3 3 ,2 3 5 , 152,165,167
- v a t v u L asee m i I u n a r i s7 9 0 e s o p h a g u s6 2 - 6 3 ,6 7 ,10 4 - 10 9 , - - { M .t r a p e z i u s2l 6 , f 1 7
2 3 7, 2 4 1 , 2 5 3 ,2 6 1
Nodus{-il 11 2 - 11 3 ,11 5 - 11 7 ,11 9 - 1 2 1 , - - - IUrethramascuIina] - a t t a n t i c aI A v e r t e b r a [ i s ]3 4 , 4 0
- a t r i o v e n t r i c u t a r i s8 2 - 8 3 12 3 - 13 0 , 1 3 2 - 1 3 3 ,1 5 7 ,1 8 0 ,2 2 0 , - b a s a l i s( A a [ o b a r e si n f e r i o r e s
198-199,252
- [ y m p h o i d e u s {a- iol r t i c [i a t e r a t e s 242,245 - - i n t e r n u mI U r e t h r af e m i n i n a l d e x t r a e l9 8
229 - c o n s t r i c t i o n1 s08-109 205,253 - - l A a .[ o b a r e si n f e r i o r e ss i n i s -
- - a x i t L a r i s l - e6s5l , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4 - d i v e r t i c u I u m1 0 9 - - - [ U r e t h r am a s c u l i n a 1 ] 90, trael 98-99
- - - a p i c a t i s1 2 4 - r a d i o g r a p h y1 0 8 - b a s i t a r i (sO so c c i p i t a t e1l 7 - 19
19 5 . 19 8 .2 5 2 . 2 6 0
 lndex

Pars Pars P e r i c a r d i u m6 3 ,74 - 7 5 , 8 5 ,8 9 , P[exus

- c a r d i a c a6 3 ,1 0 4 ,1 2 1 ,1 3 0 - 1 3 2 , - t e r m i n a [ i s1 3 7 , 1 6 3 98-99,110,118,217 - h y p o g a s t r i c uisn l e r i o r 2 2 2 - 2 2 3
1 7 9, 2 1 7, 2 4 2 - t h o r a c i c a o r t a e6 3 , 6 9 , 8 7 , 9 9 , - f i b r o s u m7 4 , 8 9 ,1 0 7 ,111 - 11 3 , - - s u p e r i o r2 1 4 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 3
- c e r v i c a l i(sC o [ u m n vae r t e b r a t i s ] 10/+-106 1 ,0 9 ,11 3 - 11 5 ,1 1 7 ,1 2 1 , 121, 159 - L u m b a t i s2 9 , 3 6 ,6 6 , 6 8 , 2 5 4 ,
2 1 2 1 ,1 5 2 ,1 5 7, 1 7 8 , 2 4 8 - s e T o s u m74 - 7 5 , 7 8 - 8 0 ,8 4 , 8 9 , 3/r1+, T 15, I 40,T42, I 45
- - [ 0 e s o p h a g u s1] 0 4 ,' 1 0 6 - 1 0 8 , - - a u t o n o m i c a1 1 7 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 119-120 - L u m b o s a c r a t i s6 8 ,2 2 0 ,3 4 4 ,f 4 0
119 - - ( C o L u m nvae r t e b r a [ i s2] P e r i n e a [ a c e r a t i o n2 3 3 - m e s e n t e r i c u si n f e r i o r 2 2 0 , 2 2 2
- c t a v i c u t a r (i sM p e c t o r a t im s a- - - [ D u c t u s t h o r a c i c u1s1]3 , P e r i n e u m2 3 5 - - superior 222-223
jor) 51',f26 115-116 - of the femaLe 230, 233, 241 - o e s o p h a g e u s1 1 2 ,1 1 7 ,1 2 1 ,2 2 0
- costatid s i a p h r a g m a t i5s 4 , - - ( O e s o p h a g u s6 l3 ,1 0 4 - 1 0 9 , - of the male 232,240 - o v a r i c u s2 2 3
6 2 - 6 3 ,7 3 , 1 4 8 ,1 7 9 , 2 4 6 - 2 5 0 , 11 3 ,115 - 11 7 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 1 ,2 4 5 P e r i o r c h i u m1 9 4 - p a m p i n i f o r m i s6 0 , 7 0 ,1 9 3 - 1 9 4 ,
T21 - t i b i o c a t c a n e a3 0 0 - 3 0 2 3, 04 P e r i o s t e u m4 3 197,238-239, 213
- - [ P t e u r ap a r i e t a t i s5) 4 ,1 1 0 , - t i b i o n a v i c u L a r3i0s 0 P e r i s t a l s i s1 3 2 - p r o s t a t i c u s2 2 2
11 2 - 1 1 3 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 1 1 , 2 4 ,1 5 9 , - t i b i o t a t a r iasn t e r i o r3 0 0 P e r i t o n e u m1 4 3 - putmonalis112-1131 , 20-121
246-250 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 0 - 3 0 1 h-r;6+rld q/, Ea a1_a1 7q,120, - rectaLisinterior 21L
- c r u c i f o r m i sv a g i n a ef i b r o s a e3 4 0 - t T a n s v e r s IaL i g i t i o f e m o r a t e ) 1 4 9 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 7 ,1 7 9 ,1 9 0 ,1 9 6 ,2 1 7 , - - m e d i u s2 1 4
- d e s c e n d e naso r t a e 7 5 ,1 0 7 , 1 0 9 , 278 226, 2/+2,248-251, 253, 256 - - s u p e r i o r2 1 4
11/1,125-127 - - ( M t r a p e z i u s 2l 6 , T 1 7 - u r o g e n i t a [ e2 0 2 ,2 1 0 ,2 6 0 - 2 6 1 - r e n a t i s2 2 3
- - [ D u o d e n u m 1] 2 8 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , - t r a n s v e r s a r i a[ A v e r t e b r a l i s J - v i s c e r a [ e5 4 , 7 0 , 1 2 0 ,1 3 6 ,2 4 2 , - s a c r a [ i s 6 8 ,2 14 , 2 2 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 2 5 ,
13 4 - 13 5 , 14 0 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 1 1 , 67, 40 246,248-249,251 r22,r 40,r n, r 46
344,349,
179 - u r e n n al t u 0 au t e n n a tz u l Pes 263 - t e s t i c u [ a r i s1 9 7 , 2 2 2
- - t L i g i L i o f e m o r a t e2l 7 8 P a t e t t a2 6 2 - 2 6 3 ,2 8 L - 2 8 5 , 2 8 ,7 - a n s e r i n u s u p e r f i c i a l i3s 1 3 , - u t e r o v a g i n a t i s2 2 3
- - [ M t r a p e z i u s 2) 6 , f 1 7 290-293,306, 3 14-3 15, 322-323, 323 - v e n o s u sa r e o l a r i s6 6
- d i a p h r a g m a t i c5a4 ,6 3 ,8 9 , 3 2 7, 3 3 2 , 3 6 5 - cavus384 - - p r o s t a t i c u s2 3 6 , 2 6 0
11 0 - 11 3 , 11 8 , 1 5 9 ,2 4 5 ,2 4 8 - 2 5 0 - r i d g eo f t h e 2 9 2 - c o m p a r t m e n t s3 7 9 - - r e c t a t i s2 1 3
- h o r i z o n t a L(iD s uodenuml Pecten - c r o s s - s e c t i o3n8 2 - - s u b m u c o s u s10 6 , 1 8 ' 1
13 4 - 13 5 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 3 ,16 3 ,16 5 ,16 7 , - a n a t i s2 1 0 , 2 3 1 , 2 5 2 - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 3 8 4 - - v a g i n a t i s2 2 8
179 - o s s i sp u b i s 6 2 , 2 3 1 , 2 6 L , - j o i n t s 3 0 0 - 3 0 3T, 3 9 - - v e r t e b r a t i se x t e r n u sa n t e r i o r
- i n f r a c t a v i c u L a r i5s4 , 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 ,2 71 , 3 14 - 3 1 5 ,3 1 7 - [ i g a m e n t s3 0 2 1+2
- intermedia l U r e t h r am a s c u l i n a l P e d i c u l uas r c u sv e r t e b r a e5 , 7 - 9 , - l o n g i t u d i n as Ie c t i o nM
, RI 383 P o s t e r i o r4 2
195-196,198,252 1 2 , 1 4 - 1 6 ,2 0 - 2 1, 2 3 - 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 5 , - m u s c t e s3 3 3 - 3 4 3 , 3 8 4T,5 1 - T 5 4 ---internus123
- i n t r a m u r a l i IsU r e t h r am a s c u t i - 273 - - o r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n s3 3 3 , anterior 41-43,45,242
n a l 19 8 P e d o g r a m s3 8 4 339 p o s t e r i o r4 1 - 4 / 1 , 1 1 9
- i n t r a s e g m e n t a l i s1 2 0 ,1 2 2 P e L v i ac p e r t u r e 2 6 4 - o s t e o f i b r o u tsu b e s 3 8 4 - - v e s i c a l i s2 2 7 , 2 3 6 - 2 3 7 , 2 5 6
- l a t e r a t i sl 0 s o c c i p i t a [ e l17 P e L v iacr t e r i e sd, i g i t a sLu b t r a c t i o n - - -^:++^l
sog,trdt
-^^+i^^ ao2
P L i c la- ae l
- - { 0 s s a c r u m )1 0 - 1 1 , 4 1 , 2 5 4 , a n g i o g r a p htyD S A I3 5 9 - t e n d o ns h e a t h s3 3 4 - 3 3 5 - alares 285
261,273 P e L v i c o n s t r i c t i o n2 6 5 - vatgus303 - c i r c u t a r e s1 3 0 ,1 3 2 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 7 ,
- L i b e r am e m b r ii n f e r i o r i s2 6 3 Palvir rlienhr:nm T?? - vault 299 150,152
- L u m b a L {i sC o t u m n a v e r t e b r a [ i s2] - of the female 230-231,233-235 P E Y E Rp' sa t c h e s1 3 7 - d u o d e n a t iisn f e r i o r1 6 5 ,1 6 7
- - d i a p h r a g m a t i6s 2 - 6 3 ,6 8 , - ofthemate232,234,236 P hat an x [- g e s ) - g a s t r i c a e1 3 0 ,1 3 3
1 0 4 ,1 0 6 ,11 5 - 1 ' 1 61 ,1 9 ,1 2 1 , P e t v i co r g a n s - d i s t a L i s { - e s( P
} e s l 2 6 3 ,2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , - g a s t r o p a n c r e a t i c1 a6 1 ,1 6 6 - 1 6 7
14 8 , 15 5 , 1 7 2 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 2 1 5 , - in the femate 228 383 - i [ e o c a e c a t i s1 6 2 - 16 3 ,1 6 7
248-250,r21 - in the male 226-227 - m e d i a t - a e(lP e s l 2 6 3 , 2 9 5 - 2 9 6 , - i n t e r u r e t e r i c a1 9 0 - 1 9 1 1, 98,
- m e d i a s t i n a L8i s9 ,9 5 , 1 1 1 - 1 1 3 , P e t v i cw i d t h 2 6 5 383 260
125,159 P e l v i s2 6 4 , 2 6 8 - l P e s l 2 6 3 ,2 9 6 ,2 9 9 , 3 0 4 - l o n g i t u d i n a [di su o d e n i1 5 0 ,1 5 2
- m e m b T a n a c el S a e p t u mi n t e r - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 7 3 - 2 7
4 - p r o x i m a l i {sP e s l 2 9 5 - 2 9 63, 8 3 - m u c o s a e1 5 0 ,1 9 0 ,1 9 8
v e n t r i c u l a r e7l 9 - 8 0 - cT 254 P h a r y n x1 3 3 - p a t m a t a e2 0 1 , 2 5 3
- - I U r e t h r am a s c u t l n asl P a r s - of the femate 265 P i am a t e rs p i n a t i s4 1 ,4 3 - r e c t o u t e r i n a2 0 1 ,2 2 8 - 2 2 9 ,2 5 3
intermedia l U r e t h r am a s c u t i - - - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 7 Ptacenta 207-208 - s e m i [ u n a r ecso t i 1 3 9 , 1 4 1 , 1 6 3
nal --cr257 Planta 262,375-378 - s p i r a t i s1 5 0 - 1 5 1
- m u s c u [ a r i (sS e p t u mi n t e r v e n - - - m e d i a ns e c t i o n2 5 3 - a r t e r i e s3 7 5 - s y n o v i a l i s3 0 1
t r i c u t a r e l7 8 - 8 0 - - MRt 253,259 - - v a r i a t i o n s3 7 5 - - :^r-^^^+^lr--i-
ililroPoLE(ro,,r
toq
zuJ
- o c c l u s a2 2 9 , 2 3 6 - - o b t i q u es e c t r o n2 6 1 P l a n t a ra p o n e u r o s iss A p o n e u r o - - - m e d i o p a t e L L a r2i s8 4
- patens 225,227-229 - - p e t v i cd i m e n s i o n s2 6 5 sisplantaris - t r a n s v e r s ar e c t i 2 0 7 , 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 ,
- petvica l U r e t e r l7 1 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 , - j o i n t s o f p e l v i ca i r d t e 2 6 8 - 2 7 1 P t a t y s m a5 8 242,252-253
221 - L u m b o s a c r apl a s s a g e2 6 8 - 2 6 9 , P [ e ur a - t u b a r i a e2 0 1
- p o s t e r i olrF o r n i xv a g i n a e 2 l 02, 271 - p a r i e t a L i5s4 ,6 3 ,8 9 ,9 5 , - u m b i L i c a l li as t e r a l i s5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 ,
205,207,253 - majot 264 110 - 1 ' 13 , 11 8 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 1 , 23-125, 158-159,227,236
- p r o f u n d al C o m p a r t i m e n t u m - o f t h e m a [ e .c r o s s - s e c t i o2n5 4 , 159, 245-250 - - m e d i a t i s5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 ,
rrrrri< nn<+orirr<l ?AA 256 - p u t m o n a l iss P t e u r av i s c e r a t i s 1 96 , 2 0 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 7 ,2 3 6 ,2 5 3
- p r o s t a t i c a1 9 0 ,1 9 5 ,1 9 8 --cr256 - v i s c e r a t i s5 / + 1, 1 2 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , - - m e d i a n a5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 ,
- p y [ o r i c a1 1 7 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 2 - 1 3 51, 5 8 , - - f r o n t a Is e c t i o n 2 5 8 246-21+7 196, 209, 217, 236, 252-253
16 0 ,16 6 ,2 4 7, 2 5 5 - - m e d i a ns e c l i o n 2 4 2 , 2 5 2 P [ e u r a Lb o r d e r s ,p r o j e c t i o n1 0 3 - v e s i c a t i s t r a n s v e r s7 a1 ,2 3 6
- s p o n g i o s a1 9 8 - 1 9 9 2 , 52 - - MRt 252,259 P l e u r o c e n t e s i sp,u n c t u r eo f t h e Point
- sterna[id s i a p h r a g m a t i6s 2 - 6 3 , - - o b [ i q u es e c t i o n2 6 0 p l e u r a lc a v i t y 5 4 - o f v . L A N Z14 0
110-111,119,243,121 - - <>nit+rl <aetian 2l'\ Plexus - o f M c B U R N E1Y4 0
- s t e r n o c o s t a t i(sM p e c t o r a [ r s - minor 167,26/. - a o r t i c u st h o r a c i c u s8 9 , 11 3 , - of SUDEcK 176,212
m a j o r l 5 2 ,5 4 ,5 6 ,5 8 ,6 0 ,T 2 6 - m u s c t e so, r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n s 117,121 P o l u su r i n a r i u s1 8 4
- s u b c u t a n e{aM s p h i n c t ear n i 310-311 - b r a c h i a l i s5 4 , 6 0 , 1 1 1 - 1 1 3 , 1 2 0 , P o p t i t e apt e r f o r a t i nvge i n 3 5 2
e x l e T n u szl J a , t z l - r e n a t i s1 7 1 , 1 8 2 - 1 8 4 8 , 16 , 18 8 , 122-123,128,T11,f17 P o r t ah e p a t i s1 4 2
- s u p e r f i c i a l i{sC o m p a r t i m e n t u m 192,200, 216, 245-246,250 - c a r d i a c u8s 3 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 Portio
rrrrric nnctorirrcl ?AA - - a m p u t l a rt y p e 1 8 6 - c a r o t i c u sc o m m u n i s 1 1 0 - s u p r a v a g i n a t icse r v i c i s2 0 1 - 2 0 2
- s u p e r i oIrD u o d e n u m1l 2 8 , 1 3 0 , - - AP-radiograph 186 - c e r v i c a [ i s3 6 - 3 7 , 4 0 , f 1 1 - f 1 2 , - v a g i n a l i sc e r v i c i s 2 0 1 ,2 0 5 , 2 0 7 ,
1 3 4 - 1 3 61,4 9 ,15 3 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 1 - - d e n d r i t i c t y p1e8 6 r17.r21 253
16 6 - 16 7, 1 7 9, 2 1 4 - s e x d i f f e r e n c e s2 6 4 , 2 6 8 - 2 7 1 - c o c c y g e u s2 2 5 ,3 4 4 ,f 4 0 ---nullipara205
- - [Facied s iaphragmatica P e n i s 1 9 7 ,1 9 9 ,2 2 2 ,2 4 4 ,2 6 0 - c o e l i a c u s2 1 4 , 2 2 0 P o r t o c a v aaI n a s t o m o s e s1 8 1 ,2 1 3
h e p a t i s l1 4 2 P e r f o r a t i n gv e i n ,[ a t e r a [ 3 5 2 - d e f e r e n t i a L 1i s9 7 .2 2 2 P o s i t i ol U t e r u s l 2 0 3
 Index
Preputium
- c L i t o r i d i s2 3 3 , 2 3 5
- p e n i s 19 7 - 1 9 9 2, 4 2 - 2 4 32, 5 2
P r o c e s s uIs- u s l
- a c c e s s o r i u 5s , 8 - 9
- a r t i c u l a r i isn f e r i o r6 , 8 - 9 , 1 2 ,
15 - 16 , 2 2 - 2 3 ,2 5 , 2 9 , 3 5 , 2 5 4
- - s u p e r i o rl O ss a c r u m l 1 0 - 11 ,
4 1, 2 3 0 , 2 5 4
- - - I V e r t e b r a e5l - 9 , 1 2 , 1 5 - 1 6 ,
2 0 - 2 1, 2 3 , 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 5 ,4 1,
45,248,273
- c a u d a t u s1 4 2
- c o r a c o i d e u s4 7 - 4 8 ,1 2 2
- c o s t a t i s5 , 9 , 1 6 , 2 3 , 3 03,2 ,3 5 ,
4 8 , 6 3 ,2 1 6 ,2 6 9, 2 7 2 - 2 7 3
- f a t c i f o r m i s2 7 0
- L a t e r a t i tsa t i 2 9 5 ,2 9 7 - 2 9 8 , 3 8 2
- - t u b e r i sc a t c a n e2i 9 5 ,
297-298
- m a m i t l a r i s8 - 9 , 3 5
- m a s t o i d e u s1 2 , 3 3 , 4 0
- m e d i a t i st u b e r i sc a t c a n e i
295-298,302
- p a p i t t a r i s1 4 2 ,1 6 6 ,2 4 9
- p o s t e r i o rt a L i 2 9 6 - 2 9 8 3 , 05
- s p i n o s u s1 , 5 - 9 , 1 2 - 1 6 1 ,9
2 2 - 2 6 ,2 8 - 2 9 ,3 2 - 3 5 , 4 1 ,1 , 4 ,1 1 9 ,
123-1241 , 2 7, 1 8 8 , 2 / +,92 5 1, 2 7 3
- s t y t o i d e u sl 0 s t e m p o r a [ e J3 3 - 3 4
- t r a n s v e r s u s6 - 8 ,1 3 - 1 L 2 , 0 ,2 2 ,
3 1, 3 4 - 3 5 , t + 0 ,1 2 5
- - l A t t a s J3 4 , 4 0
- - [Axis]34
- u n c i n a t u tsP a n c r e a s1j 5 2 - 15 3 ,
1 7 3 ,1 7 9 , 2 4 3
- - I V e r t e b r asJ U n c u sc o r p o r i s
- v a g i n a t i ps e r i t o n e 6 i 1
---persistens6l
- x i p h o i d e u s4 7 ,5 0 ,5 5 , 6 3 ,7 0 ,
1 1 9 ,1 2 7, 1 3 2 , 2 0 7, 2 4 2 , 2 4 8
Promontorium ( 0 ss a c r u m l3 - + ,
1 0 - 11 , 15 , 6 2 , 1 7 7 ,1 8 5 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 7 ,
2L2,253,26/+,31/+
P r o n a t i ol A r t i c u L a t itoa l o t a r s a t i s l - c a r d i a c ucse r v i c a t iisn f e r i o r3 7 6
T39
P r o s t a t a7 1 , 1 9 0 - 1 9 11, 9 5 - 1 9 6 ,
1 9 8 , 2 2 22, 2 6 - 2 2 ,72 3 6 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 ,
252,259-260
Protuberantia o c c i p i t a l i se x t e r n a
26,39
P s o a sa r c a d e 6 3
P u b e s 19 7
P u I m o 5 4 ,9 2 ,9 L - | 0 0 ,1 1 0
- a r t e r i e s1 0 0
- d e x t e r 8 9 ,9 L - 9 8 ,11 0 - 1 11 , 11 8 ,
120-121, 123-127, 1/+8,159,243,
245-246
- o r g a n i s a t i o 9n 8
- s i n i s t e r8 9 ,9 4 - 9 9 ,11 0 - 111 ,
11 8 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 2 ,12 4 , 12 6 - 12 7 , 15 9 ,
245,247
- veins100
P u l m o n a r ay n g i o g r a p h y1 0 0
P u [ m o n a r yb o r d e r s ,p r o j e c t i o n
103
P u t p as p t e n i c a15 6
P y e l o g r a p h yi n, t r a v e n o u s2 16
P y t o r u s1 2 8 - 1 3 11, 3 5 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 1
P y r a m i d e rse n a t e s1 8 3 - 1 8 41, 8 8 ,
245
0 - - - ( N s p i n a L i s3) 6 , 1 1 1
Q u a d r a n g u t as rp a c e3 7
R Ram us[- i] cutaneusl-il
Radixl-cesi
- a n t e r i o rl N s p i n a t i s l4 1 ,4 3 ,4 5 ,
214
- mesenteri1 i 4 0 ,16 3 ,16 6 - 16 7 ,1 7 7
- m o t o r i as . R a d i xa n t e r i o r
lN spinatisl
- p a r a s y m p a t ha i c 2 14 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 3
- p o s t e r i o rI N s p i n a L i s l4 1 ,1 + 34,5
R am u s l - i l
- a c e t a b u L a r il sA c i r c u m f l e x a
f e m o r i sm e d i a t i s 3 J59
- - [ A o b t u r a t o r i a3l 5 7 ,3 5 9
- a n t e r i o r{ A m e d i ag e n u s l 2 8 9
- - [ A o b t u r a t o r i a3] 5 7 ,3 5 9
- - [ A r e n a t i s l1 8 2
- - I N c e r v i c a L i s1l2 0
- - I N l u m b a l i s )4 1 , 2 2 6
- - [ N o b t u r a t o r i u s ]6 8 , 3 4 8 .
T39-T40
- - [ N s a c r a t i s l2 2 6
- - l N s p i n a t i s l4 0 - 4 1 , 4 5 , f 2 0
- - l T r u n c u sn s p i n a t i s 4l 2 - 4 3 ,
45
- - l V p o r t a eh e p a t i s )2 4 6
- a r t i c u [ a r e s{ A d e s c e n d e n s
g e n u s l 3 5 1 ,3 5 6 - 3 5 8
- a s c e n d e n sl A c i r c u m f L e x a
f e m o r i sl a t e r a L i s 3 ] 5 1 ,3 5 8 - 3 5 9
- - l A c i r c u m f l e x af e m o r i s
mediatis3 j 63
- a t r i a l e s( A c o r o n a r i ad e x t r a l
8 4 ,8 6
- - (A coronaria s i n i s t r a l8 6
- a t r i o v e n t r i c u t a r e 8s 6 - 8 7
- b r o n c h i a [ e9s 9
- - l A o r t a J1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 1 2 , 1 1 5 ,
121
- - [ N v a g u s J1 1 5 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1
- c a L c a n e[ Ai t i b i a t i sp o s t e r i o r l
372
- - m e d i a t e sI N t i b i a L i s3l 7 6 ,
T40
{ N v a g u s )8 3
- - t h o r a c i c u isn f e r i o rI N v a g u s )
83,118
- - - I N v a g u s l ' 11 2 - 1' 1 3 1, 1 8
- - - [Truncussympathicus)
113
- c i r c u m f l e x u(sA c o r o n a r i sa r n r s -
rral 74-75,84-87
- c o m m u n i c a n s [ - t el sA] f i b u L a r i s l - m a L [ e o [ a r eLsa t e r a [ e s3 5 1 , 3 7 2
351
- - a L b u s4 2
- - f i b u t a r i s 3 4 5 ,3 6 5 ,T 4 0
- - g r i s e u s4 2
- - [ T r u n c u s ns p i n a t i s4l 1 , 4 3 ,
45
- - l T r u n c u s y m p a t h i c u s4l 5 ,
112-113,116-117,222
- c o n ia r t e r i o s i 8 1 , , 8 6 - 8 7
- c u t a n e u s ( -ai ln t e r i o r l - e salb -
d o m i n a l e s6 6
- - - t N f e m o r a t i s l6 6 ,6 8 ,
3 / + 8 - 3 4 9 , 3 5 3T,4 0
- - - lN iLiohypogastricu o so l, - - lN p[antarim
349,353
- - c r u r i sm e d i a l e s( N
s a p h e n u s 3l 4 9 ,3 6 5 ,T 4 0
- - [ a t e r a t i s [ - e {sN) i t i o h y p o g a s - - - s i n u a t r i a L i8s4 ,8 6
t r i c u s l 3 6 , 3 1 , 93, 6 0 ,3 6 4
- - - [ N n t h o r a c i c i3 ] 44
- - - p e c t o r a t e s( N n i n t e r -
c o s t a l e s i3 8 , 6 6
Ramus[-i]
- - m e d i a t i s ( - e IsNJ s p i n a t i s 3l 6 , - o e s o p h a g e a t el sA g a s t r i c a
41 s i n i s t r a1l 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 6 8
- - l N o b t u r a t o r i u s3j 4 9 ,3 5 3 , - - [ A ,t h y r o i d e a i n f e r i o r ]1 0 6
3 5 7 - 3 5 8 ,3 6 0 ,T 4 0 - - I A o r t a l 1 0 6 ,1 1 5
- - l N p L a n t a r im s ediatis3 l 77 - - l G a n g t i otnh o r a c i c u m l1 2 0
- - p o s t e r i o r ( - e sIlN n c e r v i c a [ e s , - - l N [ a r y n g e u rse c u r r e n s J1 1 5 ,
Pr nnctorinrocl ?Q 121
- - - l N n t h o r a c i c iR, r p o s t e r i - - - { V g a s t r i c as i n i s t r a l1 6 9 ,1 8 1
0rest J6 - o m e n t a l e sl A a g a s t r o o m e n -
- d e s c e n d e n(sA c i r c u m f t e x a t a L e s1l 3 1 , 1 7 2
f e m o r i s[ a t e r a L i s3l 5 1 ,3 5 7 - 3 5 9 - - l V v g a s t r o o m e n t a t e s1l3 1 ,1 6 0
- - { A c i r c u m f l e x af e m o r i sm e d i - - o s s i si s c h i i 2 3 4 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 1 ,
atisl359 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,72 7 3 , 3 1 ,73 1 9
- d e x t e r( A h e p a t i c a p r o p r i a l1 4 6 , - o v a r i c u s2 0 4
1 7 1, 2 4 9 - p e r f o r a n s [ - t e s[]A f i b u L a r i s ]
- - {V portae hepalis) 146,244, 351, 368, 374
246,248-249 - - lA thoracica i n t e r n a l6 9
- d o r s a t i s[ A t u m b a l i s ]4 1 - - l A r c u sp L a n t a r i sp r o f u n d u s l
- - ( V t u m b a l i s l4 1 378
- f e m o r a [ i s6 6 ,6 8 , 2 1 ,72 2 1, 3 1 7, - p e r i c a r d i a c ul Ns phrenicusl
3 4 4 , 3 4 9 , 3 5 33, 5 5 ,T 4 0 118
- f u n d iu t e r il A u t e r i n a l2 0 4 - p e r i n e a t e s2 / + 0 - 2 L 1
- g a s t r i cai n t e r i o r e (sT r u n c u vs a - - p h r e n i c o a b d o m i n a ll N es
g a [ i s a n t e r i o 1r l1 7 p h r e n i c u s6J3 , 1 1 8
- - l V g a s t r o o m e n t a l ids e x t r a l - p o s t e r i o r ( - e [sA) m e d i ag e n u s ]
160 289
- g e n i t a I i s6 0 ,6 8 , 1 9 7 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 , - - [ A o b t u r a t o r i a J3 5 9
225, 238, 256, 344, 31+9 , T40 - - ( A .r e n a t i s l1 8 2
- h e t i c i n i2 0 4 - - [ a t e r a [ e IsN n t h o r a c i c i 3 J7
- i l i a c u s2 1 7 , 2 2 1 - - m e d i a [ e {sN n t h o r a c i c i 3 l 7
- i n f e r i o ro s s i sp u b i s 1 9 6 , 2 1 5 , - - I N a u r i c u [ a r im s a g n u s l3 6
2 3 4 ,2 6 0 ,2 6 6 - 2 6 7, 2 7 2 - 2 7 3 , 3 1 ,7 - - [ N c e r v i c a t i s l3 7 - 4 0
319 - - [ N o b t u r a t o r i u s ]3 4 8 ,T 4 0
- i n f r a p a t e L L a r3i s4 8 - 3 4 9 3 , 53, - - [ N s a c r a t i s3 J7
3 6 5 ,T 4 0 - - I N s p i n a l i s )3 6 - 3 7 , 4 0 - 4 1 , 4 5
- i n t e r c o s t a t easn t e r i o r e s6 9 , 2 4 7 - - { N n t h o r a c i c i3 J 7 - 3 8 ,T 2 0
- interganglionare 4 s5 - - I T r u n c u s ns p i n a t i s 4 J1-43,
- i n t e r v e n t r i c u t a r i s [ -aenstl e r i o r 45
[A coronaria s i n i s t r a ]7 4 , - - l V p o r t a eh e p a t i s l 2 4 8
7 9- 8 0 , 8 1 , 8 6 - 8 7, 9 8 , 1 2 7 - - v e n t r i c u lsi i n i s t r i8 5 - 8 6
- - p o s t e r i o r{ A c o r o n a r i ad e x - - p o s t e r o t a t e r a t idse x t e r 8 6 - 8 7
t r a l 7 5 ,8 0 , 8 4 - 8 7 , 1 2 0 - p r o f u n d u sl A c i r c u m f t e x a
- - s e p t a t e s{ A c o r o n a r i ad e x t r a ) f e m o r i sm e d i a t i s J3 5 9 ,3 6 3 - 3 6 4
86 - - l A g t u t e as u p e r i o r l3 6 4
- - - l
tH
^ ^ -^ ^ ^ -i^ ^ i^ i^ +-^ l
5ilil5udj
- - (A p[antarim s ediatis3 J75
86-87 - - ( A t r a n s v e r s ac o t L i l3 8 - 3 9
- L a b i a l ep s o s t e r i o r e s2 4 1 - - [ N p [ a n t a r i s[ a t e r a l i s J
- L a t e r a t i [sA c o r o n a r i as i n i s t r a ) 377-378
86 - - [ V g t u t e as u p e r i o r l3 6 4
- - [ N s p i n a t i sR, p o s t e r i o r ) - p u b i c u s{ A e p i g a s t r i c ai n f e r i o r l
41-43 225,359
- - l N t h o r a c i c u s3l 7 - - l A o o l u r a l o f t a ll l 5
- r a d i c u t a r iasn t e r i o r{ A .s p i n a t i s
- - m e d i a t e s3 5 1 , 3 7 2 a n t e r i o r l4 5
- m a n d i b u L a1e2 - s a p h e n u s{ A d e s c e n d e n s
- m a r g i n a t i ds e x t e r 8 0 , 8 4 , 8 6 - 8 7 g e n u s J3 5 ' 13, 5 8
- - s i n i s t e r 8 0 , 8 4 ,8 6 - 8 7 - s c r o t a t e sa n t e r i o r e s2 3 8
- m a s t o i d e ulsA o c c i p i t a t i s3l 8 - - p o s t e r i o r e s2 2 7 , 2 4 0
- m e d i a t i sI N s p i n a t i sR, p o s t e r i - - s i n i s t e r[ A h e p a t i c ap r o p r i a l 1 4 6
ot) 41-43 - - [ V p o r t a eh e p a t i s l1 4 6 ,1 5 4
- - [ N t h o r a c i c u s3l 7 - s p i n a l e sl A i n t e r c o s t a l i ps oste-
- m e n i n g e u lsT r u n c u sn s p i n a t i s ) nofl 45
41-43,45 - - [ A s a c r a t i sl a t e r a t i s ]2 2 6
- m u s c u L a r i s l - el sNl . f e m o r a t i s l - s p L e n i c1i 7 3
356-358T , 40 - s u b e n d o c a r d i a t e8s3
- - l N . f i b u t a r i sp r o f u n d u s3l 7 4 - s u p e r f i c i a L i[sA c i r c u m f t e x a
s ediatis3 J77 f e m o r i sm e d i a [ i s ]3 5 7 ,3 5 9 ,3 6 3
- - (N tibiatisl362-363, - - ( A g t u t e as u p e r i o r l3 6 3
369-370 - - [A ptantarim s ediatis3 ] 75,
- n o d ia t r i o v e n t r i c u l a r i s8 6 378
- - [ A t r a n s v e r s ac o t t i ] 3 9
- o b t u r a t o r i u{sA e p i g a s t r i cian - - - [ N p L a n t a r i lsa t e r a t i s ]
f e r i o r J 2 2 5 ,3 5 9 37 6-378
- o c c i p i t a t i s ( - e[ sAl a u r i c u l a r i s - - l N t i b i a t i s lT 4 0
p o s t e r i o r )3 8 - s u p e r i o ro s s i sp u b i s 1 9 6 , 2 3 4 ,
- - { A o c c i p i t a L i s3l 8 26 / 1 2, 66- 2 6 7 , 2 72 - 2 73 , 3 17
 lndex

Ramusl-il Rete Segmentum[-a) Spina[-ae)

- t r a c h e a t e s { N[ a r y n g e u s r e c u r - - a r t i c u [ a r e g e n u3s 5 1 , 3 5 8 , 3 6 8 - m e d i a l e [ S V ]l P u t m o l9 6 - i s c h i a d i c a3 , 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 , 2 3 0 , 2 5 6 ,
rensf120 - c a l c a n e u m3 7 2 . 3 7 7 - 3 7 8 - - s i n i s t r u m[ l V ] 1 4 7 264,266-267,273,280,319
- t r a n s v e r s u s3 5 9 - m a t t e o t a rLea t e r a t e 368,374 - p o s t e r i u lsa t e r a l ed e x t r u m[ V l l ] - s c a p u t a e1 - 2 , 2 6 , 5 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 3
- t u b a r i u s ( Au t e r i n a l2 0 4 , 2 2 8 - - m e d i a t e3 7 4 l H e p a r )1 4 7 S p i n a l a n a e s t h e s4i a4
- v a g i n a t e(sA u t e r i n a l2 0 4 - p a t e l t a r e3 5 3 , 3 5 6 - - - s i n i s t r u m[ l l ] { H e p a r l1 4 7 S p L e n1 1 1 01 ,5 5 - 1 5 71, 5 9 - 1 6 1 ,
Raphe - v e n o s u md o r s a l ep e d i s3 6 5 - - m e d i a l ed e x t r u ml V l l l ] 166-167,170,172,180,245,
- perinei 232-233,235 Retinacutum(-aj lHeparl 147 247-249,255
- s c r o t i1 9 4 , 2 3 9 - muscutorum extensorum in- - - {Renl187 - AP-radiograph 171
Recessus f e r i u s3 0 6 , 3 3 2 , 3 3 4 - 3 3 7 , - - t S l l l l P u t m o l9 6 - Hitum 156
- axittaris122 367-368,373 - renatia187 S p o n d y l o l i s t h e s i9s
- c o s t o d i a p h r a g m a t i c5u4s, 1 0 1 , - - - s u p e r i u s3 0 6 - s u p e r i u s { R e n1l 8 7 S p o n d y t o t y s9i s
1 0 3 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 8 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 6 0 , - - f i b u l a r i u mi n f e r i u s3 0 4 , 3 3 2 , - - t S V l ]l P u t m o l 9 6 S q u a m ao c c i p i t a l i s1 9
246-248,250 334-336 S e p t u l a t e s t r s1 9 3 - 1 9 4 , 2 5 2 S t e r n o c l a v i c u t a r j o i nAt sr t i c u t a t i o
- c o s t o m e d i a s t i n a t1i 1 s 0,113, - - - s u p e r i u s3 0 / 1 , 3 2 7 , Septum{-al sternoctavicularis
124,127 329-332,335,370-371 - a t r i o v e n t r i c u l a r8e2 S t e r n u m5 , 4 8 , 5 0 - 5 2 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 9
- d u o d e n a t i si n f e r i o r 16 4 , - - f l e x o r u m{ P e s J3 0 4 ,3 2 9 - 3 3 1, - femorale355 1 2 5 ,1 2 7, 1 3 2 , 2 0 7, 2 4 2
166-167 335,342,370-371,376-378 - gtandis 199 Stratum
- - s u p e r i o r1 6 4 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 - - peroneorum inferius/su- - i n t e r a t r i a l e7 8 - 7 9 , 1 1 9 - b a s a l e e n d o m e t r i a 2l e0 2
- i t e o c a e c a [iinsf e r i o r1 6 3 - 1 6 7 p e r i u ss R e t i n a c u t u m u s - - i n t e r m u s c u t a rcer u r i sa n t e r i u s - c i r c u [ a r e1 0 5 , 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 6 ,
- - s u p e r i o r1 6 3 , 1 6 5 - 1 6 7 c u L o r u mf i b u l a r i u m 3 2 7 , 3 3 2 , 3 6 63,8 1 139
- i n f e r i o rb u r s a eo m e n t a l i s1 6 1 inferius/superius - - - p o s t e r i u s3 2 9 , 3 6 6 , 3 8 1 - f u n c t i o n a teen d o m e t r i a t e 202
- i n t e r s i g m o i d e u1s6 4 , 1 6 7 - p a t e l l a e t a t e r a t2e8 4 - 2 8 5 , 3 0 6 , - - v a s t o a d d u c t o r i u3m1 4 , 3 5 7 - l o n g i t u d i n a t1e0 5 , 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 6 ,
- p h r e n i c o m e d i a s t i n a1t i2s1 ,2 4 3 3 1 0 - 3 11 - interventricu[a7 r e8 - 8 0 ,8 3 , 1 2 6 139,210,228
- piriformis 108 - - mediate284-285,323 - t o n g i t u d l n a t i a3 7 9 S t r o m ao v a r i i 2 0 1
- r e t r o c a e c a l i s1 6 6 Retrof[exio { U t e r u s }2 0 3 - p e n i s 1 9 9 ,2 4 3 S u b o c c i p i t aml usctes31-34,40,
- s p t e n i c u s1 6 1 , 1 6 7 , 2 L q R e t r o p e r i t o n eoarlg a n s 15 2 - r e c t o v a g i n asl eF a s c i ar e c t o - T20
- s u b p o p t i t e u2s 9 0 , 3 3 1 R e t r o p e r i t o n esapl a c e 1 7 9 vaginatis Substantia
- s u p e r i o rb u r s a eo m e n t a L i s1 6 1 , R e t r o p e r i t o n esat Ir u c t u r e sp, o s i - - s c r o t i6 1 ,1 9 4 , 2 3 9 , 2 4 2 - c o m p a c t a2 7 7
167,249 t i o no f t h e 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 - v e s i c o v a g i n a2t e0 7 , 2 5 3 - s p o n g i o s a2 7 7 , 2 8 1
- c r r n r r n r t o l l r r i c? a ? R e t r o v e r s i(oU t e r u s j2 0 3 SHERMAN v e' Si n 3 5 2 S u b t r a c t i oann g i o g r a p h dy i, g i t a t
- v e r t e b r o m e d i a s t i n a l i1s2 4 , 1 2 6 R E T Z I UC S a, v e o l 2 0 7 , 2 5 2 Sinus T D S A J3 5 9
R e c t o s c o p2y1 1 Rima - a n a l e s2 1 0 - 2 1 1 , 2 5 2 - a r t e r i e s o f f e m u r3 5 9
R e c t u m6 2 , 1 3 8 , 1 6 5 - 1 6 7 , 1 7 7 , - g t o t t i d i s1 1 4 - a o r t a e7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 1 2 7 S U D E O Kp'os i n t 1 7 6 , 2 1 2
1 8 0 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 0 ,2 0 5 ,2 0 9 - 2 1 4 , - p u d e n d i2 3 5 - c o r o n a n u s7 5 - 7 6 , 8 5 , 9 9 Sutcusl-iJ
2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , 2 2 6 , 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 7R, i m s 5 , 2 5 - e p i d i d y m i d i 1s 9 3 - 1 9 4 - a n a l i s2 6 2
243,256-257,354 ROSENMULLE n oRd' S
e355 - l a c t i f e r u s6 4 - a r t e r i a es p t e n i c a e1 5 3
- AP-radiograph 141 R u g a e v a g i n a l e2s0 1 , 2 0 5 , 2 3 3 - m a x i l l a r i s1 2 - - subclaviae 49
- a r t e r i e s2 1 2 - o b t i q u u sp e r i c a r d i7i 5 , 8 9 - - v e r t e b r a l i s6 , 1 7
- c o t o n o s c o p y2 1 1 - p r o s t a t i c u s1 9 0 - c a l c a n e i2 9 7 - 2 9 8
- innervation 214 S - r e n a t i s1 8 3 - 1 8 41. 8 8 , 2 5 0 - c o r o n a r i u s7 5 - 7 6 , 8 5
- L a t e r arl a d i o g r a p h2 ' 1 5 - s a g i t t a t i ss u p e r i o r 4 0 - costae49
- r e c t o s c o p2 y11 Sacrap l u n c t u r e4 4 - tarsi 296,305 - g l u t e a t i s2 6 2 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 9 , 3 6 0
- v e i n s2 1 3 S a c r o i t i a c j o i sn tA r t i c u l a t i o - t r a n s v e r s u s4 0 - i n t e r v e n t r i c u L aar ni st e r i o r7 6 ,
Regio(-nes) sacroitiaca - - p e r i c a r d i7i 5 , 8 4 , 8 9 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 6 80
- c a t c a n e sa C a L x S a c r u mw , i d t ho f t h e 2 6 5 - t r u n c ip u l m o n a t i s7 6 , 8 2 ,9 8 - - p o s t e r i o r7 6 , 8 0 ,8 5
- c e r v i c a l i sp o s t e r i o r 1 , 3 8 - 4 0 S a l p i n xs T u b au t e r i n a - v e n a T u mc a v a r u m 8 5 - m a t l e o l a r i s2 8 2 - 2 8 3 , 3 0 1
- cruris365 S A N T O RsI N d Iu c t 1 5 2 Situs - n e r v is p i n a l i s7
- - a n t e r i o r2 6 2 . 3 6 7 - 3 6 8 S c a l e n um s u s c t e sT 1 1 - c o r d i s8 8 - o b t u r a t o r i u s2 6 6
- - p o s t e r i o r2 6 2 , 3 7 0 - 3 7 2 S c a p u t a1 - 3 , 2 6 - 2 1 , L 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 8 , - r e t r o p e r i t o n e a l 1i s7 9 , 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 - p a r a c o l i c1i 6 2 - 1 6 4
- d e l t o i d e a1 122-125 - v i s c e r u m1 5 8 - 1 5 91, 6 2 , 1 6 6 , - p o p l i t e u s2 8 1 , 2 9 1 , 2 9 3
- f e m o r i sa n t e r i o r2 6 2 , 3 5 3 , S c r o t u m1 9 4 , 1 9 7 , 2 5 2 172-173,175 - s i n u ss i g m o i d e i1 8
356-358 Segmentuml-al S o t eo f t h e f o o t ,m u s c l e s 3 3 8 - 3 4 3 , - s u p r a a c e t a b u L a r2 i s6 6 - 2 6 7
- - p o s t e r i o r2 6 2 , 3 6 0 - 3 6 3 - a n t e r i u si n f e r i u s{ R e n l 1 8 7 T53-T54 - tali 297
- g e n u sa n t e r i o r2 6 2 , 3 5 3 - - l a t e r a l ed e x t r u m[ V l ]l H e p a r l Spatiuml-al - t e n d i n i sm u s c u t fi i b u t a r i sl o n g i
- - p o s t e r i o r2 6 2 147 - e p i d u r a l e2 4 , 4 1 , 1 , 3 , 2 4 8 , 2 5 2 295,297-298,300,302
-glutealis 1,262,360-361, - - - s i n i s t r u m [ l l l ] { H e p a r1l 4 7 - p a r a r e c t a l e2 0 5 , 2 1 0 - - - ftexorishattucislongi
- i n f r a s c a p u t a r i s1 - - m e d i a t ed e x t r u m[ V ] { H e p a r l - p a r a v e s i c a t e2 0 5 l C a l c a n e u s J2 9 6 - 2 9 8 ,
- i n g u i n a t i s2 6 2 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 4 147 - r e t r o p u b i c u m7 0 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 5 2 , 302
- l u m b a t i s1 , 4 1 - - t S l l l ] l P u t m o j9 6 257 - t o n g il T a t u s l2 9 7 - 2 9 8
- - AP-radiograp2 h19 - - s u p e r i u sl R e n l 1 8 7 - r e t r o r e c t a t 2e 0 5 - t e r m i n a l i sc o r d i s 7 5 , 8 5
- o c c i p i i a l i s3 8 - 3 9 - a p i c a t e[ S l ] 9 6 - s u b a r a c h n o i d e u4m1 , 4 3 , 4 5 , - v e n a es u b c t a v i a 4 e9
- p e d i s3 6 5 - a p i c o p o s t e r i [uSsl - l l ]l P u t m o ]9 6 119,123,252 Sura 262
- p e r i n e a l ios f t h e f e m a t e2 4 1 - b a s a l ea n t e r i u s[ S V l l l ]l P u t m o ] - s u b d u r a t e4 1 ,4 3 S u s t e n t a c u l utm a t i 2 9 5 - 2 9 83, 0 0 ,
- - ofthemate 240 96 Spinal-ael 3 0 2 ,3 0 5 ,3 8 2
- s a c r a l i s1 - - l a t e r a l e[ S l X ] l P u t m o )9 6 - i t i a c aa n t e r i o ri n f e r i o r2 3 0 , S y m p a t h e t ince r v o u s y s t e m2 1 4 ,
- s c a p u l a r i s1 - - m e d i a t e[ S V l l ]{ P u t m o l9 6 264-267,271,273 222-223
- v e r t e b r a l i s1 - - p o s t e r i u [sS X ] l P u t m o l9 6 - - - s u p e r i o r3 , 1 , 6 - 4 7 , 5 2 , Symphysis
R e n 2 9 ,3 5 ,6 7 , 1 5 2 ,1 5 4 - 1 5 5 , 1 6 0 , - b r o n c h o p u l m o n a t9i a6 - 9 7 5 6 - 5 8 ,7 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 4 0 , 1 9 7 , - m a n u b r i o s t e r n a t5i s0 - 5 1
1 6 4 , 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 - 1 8 6-, c a r d i a c u m s Segmentum 207,230,255,262, - p u b i c a7 3 , 1 9 0 , 2 0 5 , 2 0 7 , 2 2 5 .
1 8 8 , 1 9 2 , 2 0 0 , 2 1 6 - 2 1 7 , 2 4 5 - 2 4 7 , b a s a [ em e d i a t e[ S V l l ] [ P u t m o ] 261+-269,271,273,306, 230,234-235,21,4,252-253,
2/+9-250,255 - [ 1 1l H e p a r l 1 4 7 3 1 5 , 3 1 73, 2 2 , 3 5 5 , 3 6 0 , 3 6 4 256-257,264,268,271-274,317,
- A P - r a d i o g r a p h1 8 6 , 2 1 6 - i n f e r i u s{ R e n l 1 8 7 - - p o s t e r i o ri n f e r i o r 2 6 6 - 2 6 7 , 3 5 5 ,T 3 9
- c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h y1 8 8 - l a t e r a l e[ S l V ] l P u t m o ] 9 6 273 - x i p h o s t e r n a l i s5 0
- d e v e l o p m e n1t 8 8 - lingulareinferiuslSV ( P] u t m o ) - - - s u p e r i o r2 , 3 1 , 5 2 ,1 8 3 , S y n c h o n d r o s i s c o s t 5a 1e
- p r o l e c t i o n1 8 3 , 1 8 5 96 230,254,264,266-267, S y n d e s m o s i s t i b i o f i b u t a2r5i s3 ,
- u t t r a s o u n di m a g e 1 8 8 - - s u p e r i u s[ S l V ] l P u t m o i 9 6 270,273,360 294,304-305,382,139
 Index

Systema
- c o n d u c e n t ec o r d i s 8 2 - 8 3
f rigonunl-a) TubercuLum[-aJ v
- l u m b o c o s t a [ e6 3 ,T 2 1 - p u b i c u m 4 7 , 2 3 0 ,2 3 4 - 2 3 5 2 , 64,
- s k e t e t a l e( C o l u m n av e r t e b r a l i s l - s t e r n o c o s t a t e6 3 ,T 2 1 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,72 7 1, 2 7 3 ,3 5 5 V ag i n a[ - a e ) 2 0 0 - 2 0 5 2 , 0 7 ,2 2 3 ,
2 - v e s i c a e1 9 0 - 1 9 11,9 5 ,1 9 8 - q u a d r a t u m2 7 5 - 2 7 6 2 2 8 ,2 3 0 - 2 3 1, 2 3 4 , 2 3 7, 2 5 3 , 2 5 7
T r o ch an t er T ub e r o si t a s - c o m m u n i st e n d i n u mm u s c u t o -
- m a j o r 2 5 6 ,2 6 2 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 3 - 2 8 0 , - g t u t e a 2 7 5 - 2 76 , 2 7 8 ,3 1 9 r u m f i b u t a r i u m3 0 4 ,3 3 4 - 3 3 5
T 3 1 9 - 3 2 1 , 3 6 03, 6 4 - iliaca 264,266 - m u s c u t rl e c t ia b d o m i n i s5 2 ,
- minor 273-2803 , 16 , 3 2 1 ,3 6 4 - m u s c u Lgi I u t e im a x i m i 2 6 7 5 6 - 5 8 ,6 9 - 7 0 ,7 2 , 2 4 9 ,3 5 5
Taenia - t e r t i u s2 7 5 - - s e r r a t ia n t e r i o r i s 4 9 - p L a n t a r it se n d i n i sm u s c u L i
- t i b e r a1 3 8 - 1 1 r1 05 , 8 ,1 6 1 - 1 6 5 T r o chI e a - o s s i sc u b o i d e i2 9 5 - 2 9 6 2 , 9 8 ,3 0 2 f i b u t a r i sL o n g i3 4 1
- m e s o c o L i c1a3 9 ,1 6 1 - f i b u L a r i s2 9 6 - 2 9 7 - - m e t a t a r spi r i m i 2 9 5 ,2 9 8 - t e n d i n i s / t e n d i n udmi g i t o r u m
- o m e n t a t i s1 3 9 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 0 - 1 6 11, 6 3 - tati 295-298,305 - - - quinti 295-296,298, p e d i s3 3 5 , 3 4 0 - 3 4 1
fatus 295-2993 , 0 1 ,3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3 , 83 Truncus[-il 302-303,334 - - muscuti/-orum extensoris
T a r s a Ij o i n t - b r a c h i o c e p h a l i c u7s4 - 7 5 , 8 9 , - - n a v i c u l a r i s2 9 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 2 d i g i t o r u mt o n g i 3 3 4 - 3 3 5
- s A r t i c u l a t i cou n e o n a v i c u t a r i s , 9 8 - 9 9 ,10 4 - 10 5 , 1 0 7 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 1 , - - s a c r i1 0 - 1 1 h a L L u c i[ so n g i 3 3 4 - 3 3 5
A r t i c u l a t i co u n e o c u b o i d eAar,- 114-1151 , 1 8 - 1 2 1, 1 2 4 - p h a t a n g ids i s t a t i sl P e s l 2 9 5 - - - f t e x o r i sd i g i t o r u ml o n g i
t i c u t a t i o l - n e isnl t e r c u n e i f o r m e s - c o e t i a c u s6 2 , 1 0 4 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 5 ,1 5 2 , - tibiae 262, 282, 285-287,291, 304,335
- t r a n s v e r s es A r t i c u t a t i ot a t o c a t - 15 5 , 16 8 , 1 7 0 - 1 7 3 1 , 7 8 - 1 7 9 ,1 8 7, 2 9 4 , 3 2 ,73 3 2 , 3 6 7 h a L L u cliosn g i 3 3 5 , 3 4 0
c a n e o n a v i c u l a rAi sr ,t i c u t a t i o 2 1 4 , 2 1-72 1 8 ,2 2 0 - 2 2 1 Tubutus - - - t i b i a L iasn t e r i o r i s3 3 4 - 3 3 5
catcaneocuboidea - - v a r i a t i o n s1 7 8 - d i s t a t i s1 8 4 p o s t e r i o r i s3 0 4 , 3 3 5
T a r s a tI u n n e [ 3 7 7 - c o s t o c e r v i c a t1i s1 5 - p r o x i m a l i s1 8 4 - - [Pesl 334-335
T a r s o m e t a t a r sj a o Ii n t ss A r t i c u l a - - [ E m b r y o l2 0 6 Tunica Vatval-ael
t i o l - n e stJa r s o m e t a t a r s a t e s - nac+rncnlonirrrc 174 - a d v e n t i t i a1 0 5 - a o r t a e 7 7 ,8 0 ,8 2 ,8 5 , 1 1 L ,
Tarsus263 - hepatomesentericu 1 s7 8 - - l T r a c h e a9l 1 119-120,126-127
Teta - i n t e s t i n a t i 2s 1 8 - a t b u g i n e a1 9 3 , 2 / 1 / + - a t r i o v e n t r i c u L a rdi se x t r a 7 7 - 7 8 ,
- s u b c u t a n e a5 8 ,74 , 2 1 0 ,2 3 2 ,2 3 9 - [ u m b a L i s2 1 8 - 2 1 9 - - enrnnri< <nnnnin<i 199 8 0 - 8 2 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 1 , 27
- s u b m u c o s a1 0 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 - 1 3 7 , - l u m b o s a c r a l i s6 8 ,2 2 0 - 2 2 12, 2 5 , - - c o r p o r u mc a v e r n o s o T u m - - sinistra 77,79-82,126-127
139 344 1 9 7- 1 9 9 ,2 4 2 , 2 5 2 - cordis 77
- s u b s e r o s a1 3 0 ,' 1 3 61, 3 9 - n e r v is p i n a l i s 1 + 1 - 4 3/ .,5 - d a r t o s 7 0 ,1 9 4 ,1 9 7 ,2 2 6 ,2 3 2 , - m i t r a I i ss V a l v aa t r i o v e n t r i c u -
T e n d oc a t c a n e u s3 0 0 - 3 0 13, 0 4 , - p u l m o n a t i s7 4 - 7 6 ,7 9 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 239, 242, 252 [ a r i ss i n i s t r a
3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 8 - 3 3 3 3 , 3 5 ,3 7 0 - 3 7 2 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 ,11 4 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 1 , 25-126 - f i b r o s a1 5 3 - t r i c u s p i d a I i s V a l v aa t r i o v e n -
382-383 - s y m p a t h i c u s4 1 , 4 5 , 6 3 , 6 8 ,8 3 , - m u c o s a 1 0 5 ,1 2 1 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 , t r i c u t a r i sd e x t r a
T e s t i s6 1 ,6 7 , 1 8 5 ,1 9 2 - 1 9 42, 2 2 , 112-1131 , 1 5 - 1 1 7, 1 2 0 - 1 2 1, 150,190,201-202 - t r u n c ip u t m o n a t i s7 7 , 8 2 , 8 4
242-243.252 12/+-125 1 ,2 7, 2 2 0 - 2 2 3 , 2 2 52,4 5 , - - I G a s t e r j1 0 8 V a [ V eo f H E I S T E 1 R5 0
T h i g hs F e m u r 248,250-251 - - I T r a c h e a9j 1 Valvu[a{-aeI
Thnr:rir m, ,c.16. qr-Eq c7 E8,Tl 3 - t i b i o f i b u L a r 3i s6 9 ,3 7 2 - muscuLari1 s 0 5 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 9 - 1 3 0 , - a n a l e s2 1 0
T h o r a c i c o r g a n1s1 8 - v:n:lic:nrorinr A1 117 13 5 - 13 7 , 1 3 9- 1 4 0 , 1 9 0 - 1 91 , - f o r a m i n i so v a [ i s7 9
T h o r a c i cp a r t o f t h e v e r t e b r a I - - posterior 63,120-121 201-202,210,226,228,230, 261 - f o s s a en a v i c u [ a r i s1 9 8
coIumn T r u n k - a r mm u s c t e s2 6 - 2 7 , f1 8 - s e T o s a1 3 0 ,1 3 6 - 1 3 7' ,1 4 31, 5 0 , - s e m i t u n a r ias n t e r i o r7 7
- AP-radiograp1 h4 - d e e pl a y e r 2 7 153,201-202,226 - - - { V a t v tar u n c ip u [ m o n a I i s8l 4
- [ a t e r a rI a d i o g r a p h1 4 - s u p e r f i c i a lIa y e r 2 6 - - I C o t o n j1 3 9 - - d e x t r a( V a t v a o r t a e j 7 7 , 7 9 ,
T h o r a c iw c a L [5 8 ,6 6 ,6 9 T r u n k - s h o u t d eg ri r d L e muscles - v a g i n a I i st e s t i s 7 0 , 1 9 3 - 1 9 4 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 1 1 9 ,1 2 6
- innervation se, gmenta6 [ 7 26-27,r17 2 3 9 ,2 4 2 - - - { V a L vtar u n c i p u L m o n a L i s l
- m u s c t e ss t h o r a c i cm u s c t e s - d e e pl a y e r 2 7 77,84
- s k e t e t o np r o j e c t i o n4 7 - s u p e r f i c i al aI yer26 - - p o s t e r i o r[ V a l v aa o r t a e l 7 7 ,
- s u r f a c ea n a t o m y 4 6 Tuba U 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 4 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 6
Thorax - uterina 167, 200-201,203-204, - - s i n i s t r a{ V a l v aa o r t a e } 7 7 ,
- c r o s ss e c t i o n1 2 5 2 0 9, 2 2 3 , 2 2 8 2 , 59 U m b i [ i c acLo r d 2 0 8 7 9 - 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 41, 1 9 ,1 2 6
- f r o n t a ls e c t i o n 118 , 12 1 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 0 3 U m b i L i c u5 s 9 , 7 2 ,1 9 7 - - - ( V a L vtar u n c i p u I m o n a t i s )
- m e d i a ns e c t i o n11 9 Tuber U n c o v e r t e b r acIl e f t s 2 4 7 7, 8 2 , 8 4
T h y m u s1 1 0 - 1 1 31 ,1 9 1, 5 9 - c a L c a n e2i 96 - 2 9 8 ,3 0 0 - 3 0 2 , U n c u sc o r p o r i s7 , 1 3 ,2 4 - 2 5 ,3 5 - s i n u sc o T o n a r i 7 i 8,82,84
ribia 262-263,282-283,285-287, 304-305,328-330, 332, 340-341 U p p e ra b d o m e n - v e n a ec a v a ei n f e r i o r i s 7 8 ,8 2
290-294, 300-301, 304-306,327, - i s c h i a d i c u m3 , 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 2 , 15, - v e s s e t s1 7 2 - 1 7 3 Vas[-a]
3 2 9 - 3 3 1 , 3 6 6 - 3 6,73 7 4 , 3 8 1- 3 8 3 230, 232-235, 257-258, 265-268, - v i s c e r a1 6 0 - d e f e r e n ss D u c t u sd e f e r e n s
Trabecu[a{-ae] 2 7 0 ,2 7 3 ,2 8 0 ,3 1 7 ,3 19 - 3 2 0 ,3 6 0 U r a c h u s7 0 , 1 5 9 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 2 ,2 0 0 - l y m p h a t i c u ma()- 1 9 7, 2 1 9
- carneae79-80 - o m e n t a t e1 4 2 ,1 6 1 U r e t e r 7 1 , 1 5 2 ,1 6 3 - 1 6 4 1 , 66-167, - - a f f e r e n t i a2 1 9
- coTporum cavernosorum 198 T u b e r c [ eo f V A T E R13 5 , 15 0 , 15 2 1 7 1 ,1 7 9 ,1 8 2 - 1 8 31, 8 5 - 18 7 , - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 1 9
- septomarginat7 i s8 ,8 0 - 8 1 Tubercutuml-al 191-1921 , 9 6 ,2 0 0 - 2 0 1, 2 0 5 , 2 0 9, - - c e n t r a t e1 3 6
- s p t e n i c a e1 5 6 - a d d u c t o r i u m2 7 5 , 2 7 7 2 16 - 2 1 8 ,2 2 1 - 2 2 2 2 , 2 6 - 2 2 9 ,2 3 1 , - - e f f e r e n t i a2 1 9
T r a c h e a1 3 ,8 9 - 9 1 ,9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 1 , - a n t e r i u s{ V e r t e b r ac e r v i c a [ i s ] 236,245, 251, 253-254,258 - - p r o f u n d a3 6 7
104,106-1070 , 19 , 111 , 1 1 / + - 1 2 1 , 6-7, 35,55 - AP-radiograp1 h86 - - s u p e r f i c i a [ i3a6 6
123-124 - c o s t a e8 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 4 9 U r e t h r a 19 0 , 1 9 6 ,1 9 8 , 2 5 2 - 2 5 3 - t e s t i c u t a r e s7 1
- b i f u r c a t i o n9 0 - i l i a c u m2 6 4 , 2 6 7 - f e m i n i n a 2 0 0 ,2 0 7 ,2 3 0 ,2 3 / . , V A I E RP,a p i t l oa f 1 3 5 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 3
- c r o s s - s e c t i o9n1 - i n t e r c o n d y l a r lea t e r a L e2 8 2 , 237,261 Veinlsl
- p r o j e c t i o n9 0 291 - m a s c u t i n a1 9 0 , 1 9 5 - 1 9 6 1 ,9 8 - 1 9 9 , - d e e p p e r f o r a t i n go f H A c H3 5 2
T r a c t u si t i o t i b i a l i s2 7 9 ,3 0 6 - 3 0 7 , - - nediale 282,291 222,234,239,244,259-260 - o f B o Y D3 5 2
312-3133 , 18 - 3 19 , 3 2 2 ,3 2 4 ,3 2 7 , - i n t e r v e n o s u m7 8 U t e r u s 1 4 0 ,2 0 0 - 2 0 3 2 , 0 5 ,2 0 7 , - o f C O O K E I3T5 2
3 3 2 ,3 6 1 ,3 8 1 - Latera[e ( T a t u s ]2 9 6 - 2 9 8 209, 223, 228-229,253,351, - o f D o D D3 0 6 ,3 5 2
T R E I TM Z ,u s c t eo f 1 3 5 ,1 5 2 - m a j u sI H u m e r u s J4 7 - A P - r a d i o g r a p 2h 0 3 - o f H U N T E 3R5 2
T r i a do f G L I S S 0 1 N4 5 - m e d i a l e[ T a t u s J2 9 6 - 2 9 8 - m u c o s a p, h a s eo f p r o t i f e r a t i o n - o f M A Y3 5 2 , 3 6 5
T r i a n g l eo f B O C H D A L E6K 3 - m i n u sl H u m e r u s l4 7 202 - o f S H E R M A3N5 2
Trirnnrrlrr cnrro ?7 - m u s c u t si c a t e nai n t e r i o r i s4 9 - p o s i t i o n2 0 3 Venal-ael
Trigonum I- a J - obturatorium a n t e r i u s2 6 7 - pregnant 206-207 - a n t e r i o r[ V p u [ m o n a l i sd e x t r a
- ctavipectorate 58 - - p o s t e r i u s2 6 6 - 2 6 7 - - ultrasound image206 s u p e r i o r l9 8 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 2
- f i b r o s u md e x t r u m 7 7 , 8 4 - p o s t e r i u s{ A t t a s l 3 4 - u [ t r a s o u n idm a g e 2 0 6 - a p i c a [ i s9 8
- - s i n i s t r u m7 7 , 8 4 - - ( V e r t e b rcae r v i c a L i s6J- 7 , 1 2 , U t r i c u I u sp r o s t a t i c u s1 9 0 ,1 9 2 ,1 9 8 - a p i c o p o s t e r i o9r8
- [ u m b a t e 2 6 - 2 7 ,3 7 , 5 2 , 3 6 1 17 , 3 1 ,3 3 ,3 5 '190, - a p p e n d i c u [ a r i1s6 9 ,1 8 0
U v u l av e s i c a e 198
 lndex

Vena{-ael Venal-aelgtutea Vena[ -ae) portaehepatis t / ^ ^ ^ t - d^ ^ l , , ^ - : ^ ^ t : - l

- a r c u a t ac r u r i s p o s t e r i o r3 6 5
- a t r i a t e ss i n i s t r a e 7 5
- a u r i c u t a r i ps o s t e r i o r3 8 - 3 9
- a x i [ [ a r i s5 4 , 1 1 3 ,1 2 0 ,1 2 2 ,i 2 4
- a z y g o s6 3 ,7 5 ,9 9 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 7i ,1 2 ,
115 - 116 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 4 - 1 2 71,8 1 , 2 4 9
- b a s a t i si n f e r i o r1 2 7
- basivertebraIi4 s 2 , 1 1 9 ,2 4 2
- b r a c h i o c e p h a l i c7a5 ,8 9 ,9 8 ,
'105-106,
11 0 - 1 ' 1 311, 6 ,11 8 - 11 9
- b r o n c h i a t i1s1 2
- b u t b ip e n i s 2 3 4
- - vestibut2 i 41
- c a T d r a cm a agna 74-75,79-80,
84-85,127
- - media75,84-85,99,119
- - p a r v a 7 4 ,8 5
- c a v ai n f e r i o r3 5 , 6 3 , 7 5 - 7 6 , T 8 ,
8 3 ,8 5 ,8 9 ,9 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 + ,
1 16 , 1 2 1 ,14 2 - 1 4 3 ,1 4 6 - 1/ + 8 ,1 5 2 , - - i n t e r n a 1 8 1 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 7 ,
1 5 4 - 15 5 , 16 7 , 16 9 ,1 7 2 _ 1 7 3 ,
1 7 9- 1 8 1 , 1 8 5 ,1 8 7 - 18 9 , 2 1 0 ,2 1 3 ,
2 1 7- 2 1 8 , 2 2 1, 2 4 3 - 2 1 + /2+4,8 - 2 5 1
- - s u p e r i o r7 4 - 7 8 , 8 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 , 8 9 , - - a n t e r i o r e s
9 8 - 9 9 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 71, 1 1 _ 1 1 2 , - - p o s t e r i o r e s5 1 , , 7 3 , 1 0 6 ,
114 , 116 , 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 ,1 2 1 _ 1 2 6
- c e n t r a l i s1 4 5 ,1 8 9
- - [ G t a n d u tsau p r a r e n a t i s1l 8 9
- c e p h a [ i c a5 8 , 6 6 , 1 2 2
- c e r v i c a L ipsr o f u n d a3 9
- - s u p e r f i c i a U6s6
- c i r c u m f t e x fae m o r i sl a t e r a l i s2 6 1
- - - m e d i a l i s2 5 6 , 2 6 0 - 2 6 1
- - h u m e r ip o s t e r i o r3 7
- - i t i u mp r o f u n d a1 7 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 7 , - - i n t e r n a
v cr ta | c t vsJ,Ldr,5i - t ^r )-/l
- - superior 213,254,380 - - - ultrasound - - superior 227
image 148
- h e m i a z y g o s6 3 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 6 ,1 1 9 , - p o s t e r i o{rV p u t m o n a t idse x t r a V en t e r
1 8 1, 2 / + 5 , 2 4 9 - o c c i p i t a t i3
s u p e r i o r J9 8 s9
- - a c c e s s o r i a1 0 6 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 - p r e p y t o r i c a1 7 2 - p o s t e r i o r3 1 , 3 3 - 3 4
- h e p a t i c a e6 3 ,8 9 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 1 - profunda[-ae - s u p e r i o r1 1 0
, 43, b )r a c h i i3 7
14 8 ,16 7 , 16 9 ,1 7 9- 1 8 1 ,2 1 7_ 2 1 8 - - femoris 261,352,358 Ventricu[us(-iJ
- - d e x t r a e1 4 6 , 1 / 1 8 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 6 , 2 / + 8- - i n t e r n a2 1 3 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 8 - c o r d i sd e x t e r 7 4 - 7 6 , 7 8 ,8 0 - 8 2 ,
- - i n t e r m e d i a e1 4 6 , 1 4 8 - p u d e n d a [ - a e Jx t e r n a e6 6 , 1 9 7 , 8 5 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,114 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 ,
- - p r o l e c t i o n1 4 6
238,353-355 1 2 6 - 1 2,72 4 4
- - s i n i s t r a e 1 1 + 6 , 1 4 8 , 2 4 3 - 2 L 4 - - i n t e r n a2 2 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 6 , - - s i n i s t e r7 4 - 7 6 , 7 9 - 8 2 , 8 5 , 9 8 ,
- - u t t r a s o u n idm a g e 1 4 8 2 4 0 - 2 4 1, 2 s 6 - 2 5 8 ,2 6 0 - 2 6 1, 1 0 1 ,1 0 5 ,1 2 0 - 1 2 11, 2 6 - 1 2 7
- i t e a [ e s 1 6 9 ,1 7 5 ,1 8 0 ,2 5 1 363-364 V e r s i o( U t e r u s l 2 0 3
- i l e o c o l i c a1 6 9 ,1 8 0 - p u l m o n a t i s l - e s1)1 2 ,1 2 0 V er t ebr a[ - a e ]
- i t i a c ac o m m u n i s1 6 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 1 , - - d e x t r a ( - a e l7 5 - 7 6 , 7 8 - 7 9 , 8 5 , - c e r v i c a [ e s3 - 5 , 7 , 1 2 - 1 3 ,1 7 - 1 9 ,
2 1 0 ,2 1 3 . 2 1 7 - 2 1 82, 2 1, 2 2 5 , 8 8 - 8 9 ,9 5 ,9 8 , 1 0 0 ,1 0 5 ,1 0 7 , 3 5 ,4 0 ,4 8 ,s s , 10 3 , 119
2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 2 3 1, 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 ,2 5 4 - - AP-radiograp1
1 1 2 ,1 2 1, 2 4 5 h3
- - e x t e r n a7 1 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 6 , 2 1 0 , - - - i n f e r i o r9 9 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 l^l^-^t -^ti^^-^-L 1a
dr tdutugtdPil tz
2 1 3 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 9 ,2 3 1 ,2 3 6 , - - - s u p e r i o r9 8 - 9 9 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 4 , - coccygeae s 0 s { - s a lc o c c y g i s
2 5 3 - 2 5 4 , 3 1 ,73 5 4 , 3 5 6 3 , 58 126 - d e v e t o p m e n t5 , 2 4
- - s i n i s t r a [ - a e7J5 - 7 6 ,8 5 ,8 9 , - e p i p h y s e s5 , 2 5
2 2 6- 2 2 8 , 2 31 , 2 5l r , 2 5 8 ,3 51 105,107,113,119,245 - [ u m b a t e s1 , 3 - 5 , 8 - 9 1, 5 - 1 6 ,
- i t i o L u m b a t2i s1 7 - - - i n f e r i o r7 9 , 8 8 , 9 5 , 9 8 - 9 9 , 2 3 - 2 4 , 3 2 ,4 1 ,4 4 , 4 8 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 7 2 ,
- i n t e r c o s t a t i se[ -s ) 7 0 , 12 6 - 1 2 7 126-127 1 5 4 ,1 7 8 , 2 1 6,249-252,254,
- - - s u p e r i o r7 9 , 9 8 , 9 5 , 9 8 - 9 9 ,
247 2 6 8 - 2 6 9 , 2 7 -12 7 3 , 3 1 7
107,125 - - AP-radiograp1 h6
112-113,115-116 - r e c t a t i s l - e si nl f e r i o r e s1 6 9 ,1 8 1 , - - [ a t e r a I r a d i o g r a p1h5
- i n t e r l o b u [ a r i1s 4 5 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , 2 2-72 2 8 - ossification centres 5
- i n t e r v e n t r i c u l a rains t e r i o r7 4 , - - m e d i a e1 6 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 3 , - p r o m i n e n s1 - 4 , 7 , 2 6 , 3 4 , 1 0 13 1, 9
8 0 ,8 4 2 2 7- 2 2 9 - r e g i o n a Ic h a r a c t e r i s t i c s5
- - p o s t e r i o r 7 5 ,8 0 , 8 4 - 8 5 - - s u p e r i o r1 6 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 0 - 1 8 1 , - s a c r a l e s2 , 2 7 4
- i n t e r v e r t e b r a t i s4 2 2 1 0 ,2 1 3 ,2 2 7- 2 2 9 - s t r u c t u r ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s8
- . l e j u n a l e s1 5 2 ,1 6 9 ,1 7 5 ,1 7 7 ,1 8 0 - r e n a t i s1 5 2 ,1 5 / +1, 8 1 - 1 8 5 , - t h o r a c i c a e3 - 5 , 8 - 9 , 2 0 , 2 6 , 4 8 ,
- j u g u [ a r i sa n t e r i o r 119 18 7 -18 8 ,2 1 7, 2 2 1, 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 1 2 1 - 1 2 7 ,1 8 6 , 2 / + 8 - 2 4 9
- - externa38 - - AP-radiograph
245-246,250 14
- s a c r a I i sl a t e r a l i s 2 2 6
89,105-106,110,

t
- - rdrsr dr I duru9r dPil r4
231 118,121-122 - - m e d i a n a1 7 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 , V e r t e b r a cl o t u m n 3 - 4
- - - s u p e r t i c i a t i6s 6 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 5 - L o bm i edii 98 - t i g a m e n t s2 0 - 2 1
229
- - s c a p u l a e3 7 - [ u m b a l e s 4 1 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 7 ,2 4 3 ,2 1 + 5 - s a p h e n aa c c e s s o r i laa t e r a l i s3 5 3 V e si c a
- c o L i cdae x t r a1 5 2 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 0 - [ u m b a l i sa s c e n d e n s ---medialis354 - b i L i a r i s6 7 , 1 4 0 ,1 4 2 ,1 4 4 ,
42,
- - m e d i a 1 5 2 ,1 6 1 , 1 6 3 - 1 6 1 + , 115-116,221 - - magna66,68,218,257,284, 146-1/+7, 149 -151, 15/1,160-161,
169,175,177,180 - m a r g i n a t i cs o t i 1 6 9 3 0 6 ,3 5 2 - 3 5 63, 5 8 ,3 6 0 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 2 ,18 0 ,2 5 0
- - s i n i s t r a1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 7 , - - l a t e r a l i s
3 6 5 ,3 7 3 365-3663 , 7 3 ,3 7 9 ,3 8 1- 3 8 2 - - AP-radiograph 1 5 1 ,i 5 4
180-181 - - m e d i a l i s3 6 5 ,3 7 3 - - p a r v a 2 8 4 , 3 5 2 , 3 6 0 - 3 6 1 , 3 6 3 , - - t a p a r o s c o p1y 4 9
- c o r d i s8 5 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n t e r i o r 1 5 2 ,1 6 7 , - f e l t e as V e s i c ab i t i a r i s
3 6 5 - 3 6 6 ,3 6 9 - 3 7 0 , 3 7 3 ,
- - m e d i as V e n ac a r d i a c a media 1 6 9 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9 - 1 8,12 1 3 3 81- 3 8 2 - u r i n a r i a6 2 ,6 7 ,7 0 - 7 1 ,1 4 0 ,1 5 9 ,
- cremasterica 238 - - s u p e r i o r1 5 2 - 1 5 3 , 1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , - s i g m o i d e a e1 6 9 ,1 7 7 ,1 7 9 - 1 8 1 , 16 5 - 1 6 7, 1 7 9 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 0 - 1 9 2 ,1 9 6 ,
- c y s t i c a 1 4 9 ,1 6 9 ,1 7 2 ,1 8 0 - 1 8 1 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9 - 1 8,1 210,213 1 9 8 ,2 0 0 ,2 0 5 ,2 0 7, 2 0 9, 2 1 7, 2 2 2 ,
- d i g i t a t e sd o r s a [ e sp e d i s 3 7 3 242-244,251 - eninelic nnc+orinr l'l 226-229, 236-237, 242-243,
- d o r s a [ i sp r o f u n d ac t i t o r i d i s2 3 1 , - m u s c u [ o p h r e n i c6a9 - s p [ e n i c a1 5 2 - 1 5 6 ,1 6 1 ,1 6 7 ,1 6 9 , 252-253, 256-257, 259-261,35/+
234 - o b t i q u aa t r i is i n i s t r i8 5 1 7 3 ,1 7 7, 1 7 9- 1 8 1 ,2 4 4 - 2 4 5 , - - p u n c t u r e1 9 0
---penis199,227,234, - o b t u r a t o r i a7 1 ,2 1 3 ,2 2 7 ,2 2 9 , 248-2s0 Vestibu[um
238-239,252 2 3 1, 2 3 6 ,2 5 6 - 2 5 7, 2 6 1, 3 1 7, 3 5 5 - s u b c l a v i a8 9 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 1 1 - 1 1 2 , - b u r s a eo m e n t a l i s1 6 1 , 1 6 6
- - s u p e r f i c i a Ipi e s n i s1 9 9 , 2 3 8 , - o c c i p i t a t i3s7-39 - v a g i n a e2 3 5
116,118,121,123
252 - o e s o p h a g e a 1e 0 6 , 1 6 91, 8 0 - s u b c o s t a L i1s1 5 - 11 6 V i t t ir n t e s t i n a t e1s3 6
- d u o d e n a t e s1 6 9 - o v a r i c a1 5 2 ,1 6 7 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 7 , 2 0 1 , - s u b c u t a n e aaeb d o m i n i s6 6 V is c er a
- e p i g a s t r i cian f e r i o r6 0 ,6 6 ,6 9 , 2 0 9 , 2 2 8 - 2 2 ,92 5 3 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s1 8 2 ,1 8 7 ,2 1 7 - o f t h e n e o n a t e15 9
7 1- 7 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 5 9, 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 ,1 7 9 , - p a n c r e a t i c a 1e 6 9 - suratis 370 - u p p e ra b d o m e n1 6 0 - 1 6 i
18 1 , 19 6 ,2 1 7 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 7 ,2 2 9 ,2 3 1 , - p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e n a I i s ( - e s J - t e s t i c u t a r i s7 1 , 1 5 1 ,1 7 9 ,1 8 2 , V o r t e xc o r d i s 7 6
236,253 169,180 18 7 , 19 3 ,2 1 7, 2 2 1, 2 3 8 , 2 5 1
- - s u p e r f i c i a l i6s 6 ,1 8 1 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 5 - - s u p e r i o r p o s t e r i o r - thoracica
169 i n t e r n a6 3 ,6 6 ,6 9 ,
- - s u p e r i o r6 6 , 6 9 - 7 0 , 7 2
- f e m o r a l i s 6 2 , 7 3 , 2 1 8 ,2 4 4 , 2 5 6 -
- paraumbiLicate 6 s6 , 7 2 ,1 8 1
- p e r f o r a n t e s3 0 6 ,3 5 2 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 3
8 8 - 8 9 ,9 8 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 ,1 2 4
- - L a t e r a I i s5 6
w
2 5 7, 3 14 , 3 5 3 3 , 5 5 - 3 5 83, 8 0 - 3 8 1 - pericardiacophren8 i c9a, - t h o r a c o e p i g a s t r i c6a6e WINSLoW F ,o r a m e no f 1 6 0
- f e m o r o p o p t i t e a3 6 6 111-113,118 - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 8 8 - 8 9 ,' 1 0 6 , W I R S U ND Gu, c to f 1 5 2
- f i b u t a r i s3 6 6 - p e r i n e a [ i s2 3 4 110-111,116 W 0 L F F i adnu c t 1 9 2 ,2 0 0
- g a s t r i c a [ - a eb lr e v e s1 3 1 ,1 o o , - p h r e n i c a ien f e r i o r e s6 3 , 1 0 6 , - - s u p e r i o r1 1 0
169,180 1 8 1, 2 1 7 - t i b i a t e sa n t e r i o r e s3 6 6 - 3 6 7
- - d e x t r a 1 3 1 ,1 6 9 ,1 8 0 - p [ a n t a r i s[ a t e r a [ i s3 0 4
- - s i n i s t r a1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 6 0 , - - m e d i a t i s3 0 4
- - p o s t e r i o r e s3 6 6 , 3 7 0
- t r a n s v e r s ac o t l i 3 8
z
16 9, 1 7 2 ,1 7 9 - 1 8,12 4 4 ,2 4 9 - p o p t i t e a2 8 4 ,3 2 9 , 3 6 1 - 3 6 33, 6 6 , - umbiticati7 s 0 - 7 1 ,1 t 3 , 1 5 9 ,2 0 7 ZENKER D ,i v e r t i c u t u m of 109
- g a s t r o d u o d e n a t1i s5 2 369-37 1 - uterina 228-229 Zona
- g a s t r o o m e n t a tdi se x t r a 1 3 1 - p o r t a eh e p a t i s1 0 6 ,1 3 1 , - v e n t r i c u tdi e x t na n t e r i o r e s8 4 - f a s c i c u t a t a1 8 9
16 0 ,16 7 , 16 9 , 1 7 2 - 1 7 3 1 , 80 142-1431 , 4 6 , 14 8 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 1 1, 6 7, - - s i n r s t r ip o s t e r i o r e s7 5 ,8 5 - o r b i c u t a r i s2 5 6 ,2 7 1 ,2 7 9
- - s i n i s t r a1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 9 , 16 9- 1 7 0 ,1 7 2 - 1 7 31, 7 9- 1 8 1 , - v e r t e b r a t i s3 9 , 7 5 , 1 0 6 - r e t i c u t a r i s1 8 9
172-173,180 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 , 2 4 62, 4 8 - 2 5 0 - v e s i c a t i s { - e s7l 0 , 2 2 8 Z y g a p o p h y s iss P r o c e s s u sa r t i c u -
- g t u t e ai n f e r i o r 2 1 3 ,2 5 6 ,3 6 / +3, 8 0 ---projectionl46 - - inferior 227 [ a r i s s u p e r i o r /ni f e r i o rl V e r t e b r a l