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Part A
SOCIAL FUNCTION OF THE TEXT
Task 1
Directions
Read to the poem carefully and then complete the table!
"Invictus"
by W.E.Henley
W.E. Henley wrote Invictus whilst in hospital undergoing treatment for tuberculosis of the bones,
specifically those in his left leg, which had to be amputated from the knee down. He was still only
a young man at this time.
He managed to save his right leg by refusing surgery and seeking an alternative form of
treatment from a Scottish doctor, James Lister.
It was during his time in Edinburgh that Henley met the writer Robert Louis Stevenson. They
became friends and corresponded on a regular basis. Stevenson later admitted that he had
based his character Long John Silver - from the book Treasure Island - on Henley, he having a
wooden leg, a strong rasping voice and a forceful personality.
Invictus does contain passion and defiance and it is easy to see just why so many use the
powerful lines to drum up courage and to shed light into the darker corners when all else fails.
Written in 1875 and published in 1888 it retains its original power and conviction.
Henley's personal experience on the operating table and in a hospital bed, facing possible death,
certainly helped him create one of the most popular poems in the English language.
Part B
STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT
Task 2
Find out the structure of the poem played in the audio!
Parts of the text Detail
Task 3
Direction
Identify the figurative languages, simple past tense, present tense and future tense found in the
text!