Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By Tom Irvine
Email: tomirvine@aol.com
June 24, 2004
Introduction
The fundamental frequencies for typical beam configurations are given in Table 1.
Higher frequencies are given for selected configurations.
f 2 = 6.268 f1
f 3 = 17.456 f1
1 3EI
Cantilever with f1=
End Mass m
2π (0.2235 ρ L + m ) L3
Simply-Supported 2
1 nπ EI
at both Ends fn = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(Pinned-Pinned) 2π L ρ
1 22.373 EI
f1=
2π L2 ρ
Free-Free
f 2 = 2.757 f 1
f 3 = 5.404 f 1
1 15.418 EI
f1=
2π L2 ρ
Fixed - Pinned
1
where
The derivations and examples are given in the appendices per Table 2.
Reference
2
APPENDIX A
Cantilever Beam I
Consider a mass mounted on the end of a cantilever beam. Assume that the end-mass is
much greater than the mass of the beam.
Figure A-1.
Figure A-2.
3
Apply Newton’s law for static equilibrium.
+↑ ∑ forces = 0 (A-1)
R - mg = 0 (A-2)
R = mg (A-3)
+ ∑ moments = 0 (A-4)
MR - mg L = 0 (A-5)
MR = mg L (A-6)
Now consider a segment of the beam, starting from the left boundary.
V
y
MR M
R
Figure A-3.
+ ∑ moments = 0 (A-7)
MR - R x - M = 0 (A-8)
4
M = MR - R x (A-9)
M = EI y ′′ (A-10)
EI y ′′ = M R − R x (A-11)
EI y ′′ = mgL − mg x (A-12)
EI y ′′ = mg ( L − x) (A-13)
mg
y ′′ = ( L − x) (A-14)
EI
Integrating,
x2
mg
y′ = Lx − + a (A-15)
EI 2
Integrating again,
3
mg x x
2
y( x ) = L − + ax + b (A-16)
EI 2 6
Thus
b=0 (A-18)
5
Applying the boundary condition to equation (A-16) yields,
a=0 (A-20)
3
mg x x
2
y( x ) = L − (A-21)
EI 2 6
3
mg L L
2
y( L) = L − (A-22)
EI 2 6
mgL3
y ( L) = (A-23)
3EI
F=ky (A-24)
F is the force.
k is the stiffness.
k=F/y (A-25)
The force at the end of the beam is mg. The stiffness at the end of the beam is
mg
k = (A-26)
mgL3
3EI
3EI
k= (A-27)
L3
6
The formula for the natural frequency fn of a single-degree-of-freedom system is
1 k
fn = (A-28)
2π m
The mass term m is simply the mass at the end of the beam. The natural frequency of the
cantilever beam with the end-mass is found by substituting equation (A-27) into (A-28).
1 3 EI
fn = (A-29)
2 π mL3
7
APPENDIX B
Cantilever Beam II
Consider a cantilever beam with mass per length ρ. Assume that the beam has a uniform
cross section. Determine the natural frequency. Also find the effective mass, where the
distributed mass is represented by a discrete, end-mass.
EI, ρ
Figure B-1.
∂4 y ∂2 y
− EI =ρ (B-1)
∂x 4 ∂t 2
dy
= 0 (zero slope) (B-3)
dx x= 0
d2y
= 0 (zero bending moment) (B-4)
dx 2
x=L
d 3y
= 0 (zero shear force) (B-5)
dx 3
x=L
8
πx
y( x) = y o 1 − cos (B-6)
2L
dy π πx
= y o sin (B-7)
dx 2L 2L
d2y π 2 πx
= y o cos (B-8)
dx 2 2L 2L
d 3y πx 3 πx
= − y o sin (B-9)
dx 3 2L 2L
The proposed solution meets all of the boundary conditions expect for the zero shear
force at the right end. The proposed solution is accepted as an approximate solution for
the deflection shape, despite one deficiency.
The Rayleigh method is used to find the natural frequency. The total potential energy and
the total kinetic energy must be determined.
2
EI L d 2 y
2 ∫0 dx 2
P= dx (B-10)
By substitution,
π 2 2
EI L πx
2 ∫0
P= y o cos dx (B-11)
2 L 2L
2
EI π 2 L πx 2
P= y
2 o 2 L ∫0 cos 2 L dx
(B-12)
2
EI π 2 L 1 πx
P= y
2 o 2 L ∫0 2 1 + cos L dx
(B-13)
9
2 L
EI π 2 1 L πx
P= y x + sin (B-14)
2 o 2 L 2 π L
0
4
EI 2 π
P=
2
[ ]
yo
32 L4
L (B-15)
1 4 EI
P=
64
π yo
3
2
[ ] (B-16)
L
1 L 2
T = ρ ω 2n ∫ [ y] dx (B-17)
2 0
2
1 2 L πx
T = ρ ω n ∫ y o 1 − cos dx (B-18)
2 0 2 L
1 2 L πx πx
T =
2
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o ∫ 1 − 2 cos + cos2 dx
0 2L 2L
(B-19)
1 2 L πx πx
T =
2
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o ∫ 1 − 2 cos + cos2 dx
0 2L 2L
(B-20)
1 2 L πx 1 1 πx
T =
2
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o ∫ 1 − 2 cos + + cos dx
0 2L 2 2 L
(B-21)
1 2 L 3 πx πx
T =
2
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o ∫ − 2 cos + cos dx
0 2 2L L
(B-22)
L
1 2 3 4 L πx L πx
2
2
[ ]
T = ρ ω n y o x − sin + sin
2 π 2L π L
(B-23)
0
1 2 3 4L
T =
2
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o L −
2 π
(B-24)
10
1 2 8
T =
4
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o L 3 −
π
(B-25)
1 2 8 1 4 EI
4
[ ]
ρ ω 2n y o L 3 − =
π 64
π yo
3
2
[ ] (B-26)
L
8 1 EI
ρ ω 2n L 3 − = π 4 (B-27)
π 16 L3
EI
π4
L3
ω 2n = (B-28)
16ρL 3 − 8
π
1/2
4 EI
π
L3
ωn = (B-29)
16ρL 3 − 8
π
1/2
4 EI
π
1 L4
f n = (B-30)
2 π 8
16ρ 3 −
π
1/2
4 EI
π
1 L4
f n = (B-31)
2 π 8
16ρ 3 −
π
11
1/2
2
1 π EI
f n = (B-32)
2
2 π 4 L 8
ρ 3−
π
1 3.664 EI
f n ≈ (B-33)
2 π L2 ρ
3EI
k= (B-34)
L3
k
m eff = (B-35)
[ 2 π fn ] 2
3EI
m eff = (B-36)
3 1 3.664 EI 2
L 2 π
2 π L2 ρ
3EI
m eff = (B-37)
L3 EI
{13.425}
L4 ρ
12
APPENDIX C
g
EI, ρ
m
Figure C-1.
m t = 0.2235ρL + m (C-1)
3EI
k= (C-2)
L3
1 3EI
fn ≈ (C-3)
2π ( 0.2235ρL + m ) L3
13
APPENDIX D
Cantilever Beam IV
This is a repeat of part II except that an exact solution is found for the differential
equation. The differential equation itself is only an approximation of reality, however.
EI, ρ
Figure D-1.
∂4 y ∂2 y
− EI =ρ (D-1)
∂x 4 ∂t 2
Note that this equation neglects shear deformation and rotary inertia.
Separate the dependent variable.
y( x, t ) = Y( x)T(t ) (D-2)
d 4 d 2
− EI T(t ) Y ( x ) = ρ Y( x ) T(t ) (D-4)
4 2
dx dt
14
d 4 d 2
Y ( x ) 2 T(t )
− EI dx 4 dt
= (D-5)
ρ Y ( x) T(t )
Let c be a constant
d 4 d 2
4 Y( x) 2 T(t )
− EI dx dt
= = − c2 (D-6)
ρ Y( x ) T(t )
d 2
2 T(t )
dt
= − c2 (D-7)
T(t )
d2
T(t ) + c 2 T(t ) = 0 (D-8)
dt 2
d 4
4 Y( x )
− EI dx
= − c2 (D-9)
ρ Y ( x )
d4 ρ
Y( x) − c 2 Y( x) = 0 (D-10)
dx 4 EI
15
dY( x)
= a1β cosh(β x) + a 2 β sinh(β x) + a 3β cos( βx) − a 4 β sin(β x) (D-12)
dx
d 2 Y ( x)
= a1β 2 sinh(β x) + a 2 β 2 cosh(β x) − a 3β 2 sin(β x) − a 4 β 2 cos(β x) (D-13)
dx 2
d 3 Y( x)
= a1β 3 cosh(β x) + a 2 β 3 sinh(β x) − a 3β 3 cos(β x) + a 4 β 3 sin(β x) (D-14)
dx 3
d 4 Y ( x)
= a1β 4 sinh(λ x) + a 2 β 4 cosh(β x) + a 3β 4 sin(β x) + a 4 β 4 cos(β x) (D-15)
dx 4
(D-16)
{
β 4 a1 sinh( βx) + a 2 cosh( βx) + a 3 sin( βx) + a 4 cos( βx) }
ρ
{ }
− c 2 a1 sinh( βx) + a 2 cosh( βx) + a 3 sin( βx) + a 4 cos( βx) = 0
EI
(D-17)
The equation is satisfied if
ρ
β4 = c2 (D-18)
EI
ρ 1/4
β = c 2 (D-19)
EI
16
The boundary conditions at the fixed end x = 0 are
dY
= 0 (zero slope) (D-21)
dx x= 0
d 2Y
= 0 (zero bending moment) (D-22)
dx 2
x= L
d 3Y
= 0 (zero shear force) (D-23)
dx 3
x= L
a2 + a4 = 0 (D-24)
a4 = − a2 (D-25)
a1 + a 3 = 0 (D-26)
a 3 = −a1 (D-27)
17
{ } {
a1 sin(β L) + sinh(β L) + a 2 cos( βL) + cosh(β L) = 0 } (D-31)
{ } {
a1 cos( βL) + cosh(β L) + a 2 − sin( βL) + sinh( βL) = 0 } (D-33)
{− sin 2 (βL) + sinh 2 (βL)} − {cos2 (βL) + 2 cos(βL) cosh(βL) + cosh2 (βL)} = 0
(D-36)
− sin 2 ( βL) + sinh 2 ( βL) − cos2 ( βL) − 2 cos( βL) cosh( βL) − cosh 2 ( βL) = 0
(D-37)
There are multiple roots which satisfy equation (D-40). Thus, a subscript should be
added as shown in equation (D-41).
18
cos(β n L) cosh(β n L) = −1 (D-41)
The subscript is an integer index. The roots can be determined through a combination of
graphing and numerical methods. The Newton-Rhapson method is an example of an
appropriate numerical method. The roots of equation (D-41) are summarized in Table D-
1, as taken from Reference 1.
EI
c2 = β n4 (D-42)
ρ
d2 EI
T(t ) + β n 4 T(t ) = 0 (D-43)
dt 2 ρ
EI EI
T(t ) = b1 sin β n 2 t + b 2 cos β n 2 t (D-44)
ρ ρ
19
The natural frequency term ωn is thus
EI
ω n = βn2 (D-45)
ρ
Substitute the value for the fundamental frequency from Table D-1.
187510
. 2 EI
ω1 = (D-46)
L ρ
1 3.5156 EI
f1 = (D-47)
2 π L2 ρ
Substitute the value for the second root from Table D-1.
2
4.69409 EI
ω2 = (D-48)
L ρ
1 22.034 EI
f2 = (D-49)
2π L2 ρ
f 2 = 6.268 f1 (D-50)
The effective mass meff at the end of the beam for the fundamental mode is thus
k
m eff = (D-51)
[ 2 π fn ] 2
3EI
m eff = (D-52)
1 35156 2
3 . EI
L 2 π
2 π L2 ρ
20
3EI
m eff = (D-53
L3 EI
{12.3596}
L4 ρ
21
APPENDIX E
EI
m
L1 L1
Figure E-1.
L1 L1
Ra mg Rb
Figure E-2.
+↑ ∑ forces = 0 (E-1)
Ra + Rb - mg = 0 (E-2)
Ra = mg - Rb (E-3)
22
At the left boundary,
+ ∑ moments = 0 (E-4)
Rb L - mg L1 = 0 (E-5)
Rb = mg ( L1 / L ) (E-6)
Rb = (1/2) mg (E-6)
Ra = mg – (1/2)mg (E-7)
Ra = (1/2)mg (E-8)
x
V y
L1
Ra M
mg
+ ∑ moments = 0 (E-9)
23
Note that < x-L1> denotes a step function as follows
0, for x < L1
< x − L1 > =
x − L , for x ≥ L
1 1
(E-11)
mg
y ′′ = [ - (1/2) x + < x - L1 > ] (E-16)
EI
1 2 1 mg
y′ = [ - x + < x - L1 > 2 ] + a (E-17)
4 2 EI
1 1 mg
y( x ) = - x 3 + < x - L1 > 3 + ax + b (E-18)
12 6 EI
y(0) = 0 (E-19)
This requires
b=0 (E-20)
Thus
1 1 mg
y( x ) = - x 3 + < x - L1 > 3 + ax (E-18)
12 6 EI
y(L) = 0 (E-21)
24
1 3 1 3 mg
- 12 L + 6 < L - L1 > EI + aL = 0 (E-22)
1 3 1 3 mg
- 12 L + 48 L EI + aL = 0 (E-23)
4 3 1 3 mg
- 48 L + 48 L EI + aL = 0 (E-24)
3 3 mg
- 48 L EI + aL = 0 (E-25)
1 3 mg
- 16 L EI + aL = 0 (E-26)
1 3 mg
aL = L (E-27)
16 EI
1 2 mg
a = L (E-28)
16 EI
1 1 mg 1 2 mg
y( x ) = - x 3 + < x - L1 > 3 + L [x ] (E-29)
12 6 EI 16 EI
1 1 1 mg
y( x ) = - x 3 + xL2 + < x - L1 > 3 (E-30)
12 16 6 EI
1 L 3 1 L mg
L 1 L
y = - + L2 + < - L1 > 3 (E-31)
2 12 2 16 2 6 2 EI
25
L 1 1 mgL3
y = - + (E-32)
2 96 32 EI
L 1 3 mgL3
y = - + (E-33)
2 96 96 EI
L 2 mgL
3
y = (E-34)
2 96 EI
L 1 mgL
3
y = (E-35)
2 48 EI
F=ky (E-36)
F is the force.
k is the stiffness.
k=F/y (E-37)
The force at the center of the beam is mg. The stiffness at the center of the beam is
mg
k = (E-38)
mgL3
48EI
48 EI
k= (E-39)
L3
26
1 k
fn = (E-40)
2π m
The mass term m is simply the mass at the center of the beam.
1 48 EI
fn = (E-41)
2π mL3
1 EI
fn = (6.928) (E-42)
2π mL3
27
APPENDIX F
EI,ρ
Figure F-1.
∂4 y ∂2 y
− EI =ρ (F-1)
∂x 4 ∂t 2
d 2 Y ( x)
= a1β 2 sinh(β x) + a 2 β 2 cosh(β x) − a 3β 2 sin(β x) − a 4 β 2 cos(β x) (F-3)
dx 2
d2Y
= 0 (zero bending moment) (F-5)
dx 2 x = 0
28
Y(L) = 0 (zero displacement) (F-6)
d 2Y
= 0 (zero bending moment) (F-7)
dx 2
x= L
a2 + a4 = 0 (F-8)
a4 = − a2 (F-9)
a2 − a4 = 0 (F-10)
a2 = a4 (F-11)
a2 = 0 (F-12)
and
a4 = 0 (F-13)
d 2 Y( x)
= a1β 2 sinh(β x) − a 3β 2 sin(β x ) (F-15)
dx 2
29
a1β 2 sinh(β L) − a 3β 2 sin(β L) = 0 (F-17)
nπ
βn = , n = 1, 2, 3,.... (F-24)
L
EI
ω n = βn2 (F-25)
ρ
2
nπ EI
ωn = , n = 1, 2, 3,... (F-26)
L ρ
2
1 nπ EI
fn = , n = 1, 2, 3,... (F-27)
2π L ρ
30
2
1 nπ EI
fn = , n = 1, 2, 3,... (F-28)
2π L ρ
Now calculate effective mass at the center of the beam for the fundamental frequency.
2
π EI
ω1 = (F-29)
L ρ
k
ω1 = (F-30)
m
48EI
k= (F-31)
L3
48EI
ω1 = (F-32)
mL3
2
48EI π EI
= (F-33)
mL3 L ρ
4
48EI π EI
= (F-34)
mL3 L ρ
4
48 π 1
= (F-35)
mL3 L ρ
1 π4
= (F-36)
m 48 ρL
The effective mass at the center of the beam for the first mode is
31
48 ρL
m= (F-37)
π4
32
APPENDIX G
Free-Free Beam
EI, ρ
Figure G-1.
∂4 y ∂2 y
− EI =ρ (G-1)
∂x 4 ∂t 2
Note that this equation neglects shear deformation and rotary inertia.
d4 ρ
Y( x) − c 2 Y( x) = 0 (G-2)
dx 4 EI
dY( x)
= a1β cosh(β x) + a 2 β sinh(β x) + a 3β cos( βx) − a 4 β sin(β x) (G-4)
dx
d 2 Y ( x)
= a1β 2 sinh(β x) + a 2 β 2 cosh(β x) − a 3β 2 sin(β x) − a 4 β 2 cos(β x) (G-5)
dx 2
d 3 Y(x )
= a1β 3 cosh (β x ) + a 2β 3 sinh (β x ) − a 3β 3 cos(β x ) + a 4β3 sin (β x ) (G-6)
dx 3
Apply the boundary conditions.
33
d2Y
=0 (zero bending moment) (G-7)
dx 2 x =0
a2 − a4 = 0 (G-8)
a4 = a2 (G-9)
d 3Y
=0 (zero shear force) (G-10)
dx 3 x =0
a1 − a 3 = 0 (G-11)
a 3 = a1 (G-12)
d 2 Y(x )
= a1β 2 [sinh (β x ) − sin (βx )] + a 2β 2 [cosh (β x ) − cos(β x )] (G-13)
dx 2
d3 Y ( x )
= a1β3 [cosh (β x ) − cos(βx )] + a 2β3 [sinh (βx ) + sin (β x )] (G-14)
dx 3
d 2Y
= 0 (zero bending moment) (G-15)
dx 2
x= L
34
a1[sinh (β L ) − sin (β L )] + a 2 [cosh (β L ) − cos(β L )] = 0 (G-16)
d 3Y
= 0 (zero shear force) (G-17)
dx 3
x= L
[sinh (βL ) − sin (βL )][sinh (βL ) + sin (βL )] − [cosh (βL ) − cos(βL )]2 = 0 (G-20)
The roots can be found via the Newton-Raphson method, Reference 1. The first root is
β L = 4.73004 (G-24)
35
EI
ω n = βn2 (G-25)
ρ
2
4.73004 EI
ω 1= (G-26)
L ρ
22.373 EI
ω 1= L2 ρ (G-27)
βL = 7.85320 (G-28)
EI
ω n = βn2 (G-29)
ρ
2
7.85320 EI
ω2 = L (G-30)
ρ
61.673 EI
ω2 = 2 (G-31)
L ρ
ω 2 = 2.757 ω 1 (G-32)
βL = 10.9956 (G-33)
EI
ω n = βn2 (G-34)
ρ
2
10.9956 EI
ω 3= (G-35)
L ρ
36
120.903 EI
ω 3= 2 ρ (G-36)
L
ω 3 = 5.404 ω 1 (G-37)
− cosh (β L ) + cos(β L )
a 2 = a1 (G-38)
sinh (β L ) + sin (β L )
Recall
a4 = a2 (G-39)
a 3 = a1 (G-40)
− cosh (β L ) + cos(β L )
Y( x ) = a1[sinh (β x ) + sin (β x )] + [cosh(βx ) + cos(βx )] (G-42)
sinh (β L ) + sin (β L )
37
An alternate form is
Y(x ) =
â1{[sinh (β L ) + sin (β L )][sinh (βx ) + sin (β x )] + [− cosh (β L ) + cos(β L )][cosh (βx ) + cos(β x )]}
(G-43)
dy
=
dx
â1β {[sinh (β L ) + sin (βL )][cosh (β x ) + cos(β x )] + [− cosh (β L ) + cos(βL )][sinh (β x ) − sin (β x )]}
(G-44)
d2y
=
dx 2
â1β2 {[sinh (β L ) + sin (β L )][sinh (β x ) − sin (β x )] + [− cosh (β L ) + cos(β L )][cosh (β x ) − cos(β x )]}
(G-45)
38
APPENDIX H
Pipe Example
Consider a steel pipe with an outer diameter of 2.2 inches and a wall thickness of 0.60
inches. The length is 20 feet. Find the natural frequency for two boundary condition
cases: simply-supported and fixed-fixed.
I=
π
64
[
Do4 − D i4 ] (H-1)
D o = 2.2 in (H-2)
D i = 1.0 in (H-5)
I=
π
32
[
2 .2 4 − 1 .0 4 ] in 4 (H-6)
I = 1.101 in 4 (H-7)
( )
E = 30 10 6
lbf
in 2
(H-8)
ρ = 0.282
lbm π
3 4
in
[ ]
2.2 2 − 1.0 2 in 2
(H-10)
39
lbm
ρ = 0.850 (H-11)
in
( )
30 106
lbf
in 2
1.101 in 4
1 slug ft / sec 2 12 in
1 lbf
1 ft
EI
=
ρ lbm 1 slug
0.850
in 32.2 lbm
(H-12)
EI
ρ
( )
= 1.225 10 5
in 2
sec
(H-13)
2
1 nπ EI
fn = , n = 1, 2, 3,... (H-14)
2π L ρ
2
1
f1 =
2π
π
12 in
( )
1.225 105 in 2
sec
(H-15)
(20 ft )
1ft
40
The natural frequency for the fixed-fixed case is
1 22.37 EI
f1 = (H-17)
2π L2 ρ
1
f1 =
2π
22.37
2
( )
1.225 10
5 in 2
sec
(H-18)
12 in
(20 ft )
1 ft
41
APPENDIX I
L = 372.0 inches.
14078.9 lbm
ρ=
372.0 inches
lbm
ρ = 37.847
in
6
EI = 63034 (10 ) lbf in^2
1 22.37 EI
f1 = (I-1)
2π L2 ρ
(I-2)
Note that the fundamental frequency decreases in flight as the vehicle expels propellant
mass.
42
APPENDIX J
Fixed-Fixed Beam
Consider a fixed-fixed beam with a uniform mass density and a uniform cross-section.
The governing differential equation is
∂4 y ∂2 y
− EI =ρ (J-1)
∂x 4 ∂t 2
d4 ρ
Y( x) − c 2 Y( x) = 0 (J-2)
dx 4 EI
Y(0) = 0 (J-3)
dY( x )
=0 (J-4)
dx x =0
Y ( L) = 0 (J-5)
dY( x )
=0 (J-6)
dx x =L
dY( x )
= a 1β cosh (β x ) + a 2 β sinh (β x ) + a 3β cos(βx ) − a 4 β sin (βx ) (J-8)
dx
43
d 2 Y( x )
= a1β2 sinh (β x ) + a 2β2 cosh (β x ) − a 3β2 sin (β x ) − a 4β2 cos(βx ) (J-9)
dx 2
Y(0) = 0 (J-10)
a2 +a4 = 0 (J-11)
−a2 = a4 (J-12)
dY( x )
=0 (J-13)
dx x =0
a 1β + a 3β = 0 (J-14)
a1 + a 3 = 0 (J-15)
− a1 = a 3 (J-16)
dY( x )
= a 1β[cosh (βx ) − cos(βx )] + a 2 β[sinh (β x ) + sin (βx )] (J-18)
dx
Y ( L) = 0 (J-19)
dY( x )
=0 (J-21)
dx x =L
44
a 1 [cosh (βL ) − cos(βL )] + a 2 [sinh (βL ) + sin (βL )] = 0 (J-23)
[sinh (βL ) − sin (βL )][sinh (βL ) + sin (βL )] − [cosh(βL ) − cos(βL )]2 = 0 (J-26)
sinh 2 (βL ) − sin 2 (βL ) − cosh 2 (βL ) + 2 cos(βL ) cosh (βL ) − cos 2 (βL ) = 0 (J-27)
The roots can be found via the Newton-Raphson method, Reference 1. The first root is
β L = 4.73004 (J-30)
EI
ω n = βn2 (J-31)
ρ
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2
4.73004 EI
ω 1= (J-32)
L ρ
22.373 EI
ω 1= (J-33)
L2 ρ
1 22.373 EI
f1 = (J-34)
2π L2 ρ
46
The mode shape for a fixed-fixed beam is
where
sinh (β n L ) + sin (β n L )
σn = (J-42)
cosh (β n L ) − cos(β n L )
n βn L
1 4.73004
2 10.9956
3 14.13717
4 17.27876
d
Yn ( x ) = β n [sinh (β n x ) + sin (β n x )] − σ n β n [cosh (β n x ) − cos(β n x )]
dx
(J-43)
d2
Yn ( x ) = β n 2 [cosh (β n x ) + cos(β n x )] − σ n β n 2 [sinh (β n x ) + sin (β n x )]
dx 2
(J-44)
47