Plumbing & Sanitary System Flea 2012 PDF

PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM
Plumbing and Sanitary
and Sanitary System
• Water Supply and Distribution
pp y
System
• Drainage System
D i S t
• Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
• Storm Water System
Water Supply and Distribution System
Water Supply
and Distribution System
• Basic Properties of Water
• Water Cycle
Water Cycle
• Sources of Water
• Water Treatment and Purification
W t T t t d P ifi ti
• Wells
• Pumps
P
• Water Storage for Domestic Use
• Valves and Controls
• Cold Water Distribution System
• Hot Water Distribution System
Basic Properties of Water
– Universal Solvent
1 000 kg/m3 @ liquid state (4
– Density: 1,000 @ liquid state (4 °C);
C);
917 kg/m3 @ solid state
Water Cycle
Major Stages
Major Stages
Evaporation
The transformation of
water from liquid to gas
phases as it moves
f
from the
th ground d or
bodies of water into the
overlying atmosphere
Water Cycle
Major Stages
Major Stages
Condensation
The transformation of
water vapor to liquid
water droplets in the air,
creating clouds and fog
Water Cycle
Major Stages
Major Stages
Precipitation
Condensed water vapor
that falls to the Earth's
surface . Most
precipitation
i it ti occurs
as rain, but also
includes snow, hail, fog
drip, graupel, and sleet.
Sources of Water
• Rainwater
• Natural Surface Water
Natural Surface Water
• Ground Water
Sources of Water
• Rainwater
‐Collected from roofs of buildings and special water
sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds
ponds.
Advantages Disadvantages
‐Water is soft & pure and is
Water is soft & pure and is ‐Only a source during the
Only a source during the
suitable for the hot water wet season
supply system
pp y y ‐Storage
Storage becomes a
becomes a
breeding place for
mosquitoes
‐Roofs may not be clean
Sources of Water
• Natural Surface Water
Natural Surface Water
‐A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface
sources includes rivers
rivers, lakes
lakes, ponds and
impounding reservoirs.
Advantages
g Disadvantages
g
‐Usually easy to acquire ‐Contains a large amounts
and in large quantities. of bacteria, organic &
‐Used for irrigation,
df i i i inorganic substances;
industrial purposes and, Purification & treatment is
when treated for
when treated, for necessar
necessary.
community water supply.
Sources of Water
• Ground Water
–The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the
earth to form underground deposits called aquifers (water‐
earth to form underground deposits called aquifers (water
bearing soil formation). From springs and wells and is the
principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas
Advantages Disadvantages
–Usually has an abundant
y ‐May
May have organic matter
have organic matter
supply; requires less treatment & chemical elements
because of natural filtering. usually treatment is
suggested.
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR TREATMENT
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS TREATMENT
Acidity •Contains Carbon •Corrosion of non‐ •Passing the water
Dioxide ferrous pipes through a bed of
Rusting and clogging
•Rusting and clogging crushed marble or
crushed marble or
of steel pipes limestone to achieve
alkalinity, or adding
sodium silicate
sodium silicate
Hardness •Presence of •Clogging of pipes •Boiling
magnesium and •Impaired laundry •Introduction of water
calcium salts
calcium salts and cooking
and cooking softeners made up of
softeners made up of
Zeolite
Turbidity •Silt or mud in •Discoloration •Filtration
surface or in ground
f i d •Bad taste
B dt t
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR TREATMENT
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS TREATMENT
Color •Presence of Iron •Discoloration of •Chlorination or
and Manganese fixtures and laundry ozonation and file
filtration
Pollution •Contamination by •Disease •Chlorination
organic matter or
sewage
WATER TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION
Water Treatment ‐ describes those processes used to
make water more acceptable for a desired end‐use.
Water Purification ‐ is the process of removing undesirable
chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from
contaminated water.
• Aeration
• Coagulation ‐ Flocculation
• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Disinfection
• Aeration ‐ Water is sprayed into the air to release any
Water is sprayed into the air to release any
trapped gases and absorb additional oxygen for
better taste.
• Coagulation
Coagulation ‐ Flocculation
Coagulation – chemical process in which the coagulant
reacts with the sediment to make it capable of combining
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into larger particles.
Flocculation – physical process in which the sediment
particles collide with each other and stick together.
l ll d h h h d k h
• Sedimentation ‐is a physical
is a physical water treatment
water treatment process
process
used to settle out suspended solids in
water under the influence of gravity.
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• Filtration
t at o ‐ Water is passed through layers of sand
p g y
and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.
• Disinfection
Di i f ti
‐ The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste
water is to substantially reduce the number
water is to substantially reduce the number
of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into
the environment.
‐Common methods of disinfection include:
Ozone
•Ozone Ultraviolet light (UV)
•Ultraviolet light (UV)
•Chlorine •Sodium Hypochlorite.
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
WELLS
‐is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving,
boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well
water is drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical
turbine pump, a
p p, handpump p p or a mechanical pump
p p
General Types of Well
•Shallow Well
•Deep Well
WELLS
‐is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving,
boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well
water is drawn by an electric submersible pump, a trash pump, a vertical
turbine pump, a
p p, handpump p p or a mechanical pump
p p
•Shallow Well
•Deep Well
Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction)
•Dug Wells
•Dug Wells ‐ are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or
are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or
more men with shovels digging down to below the water table. They can
be lined with laid stones or brick; extending this lining upwards above the
ground surface into a wall around the well serves to reduce both
contamination and injuries by falling into the well. A more modern
method called caissoning uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre‐
cast well rings that are lowered into the hole.
Driven Wells
•Driven Wells ‐ may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a
may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a "well
well
point", which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated
pipe). The point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a
tripod and "driver", with pipe sections added as needed. A driver is a
weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly
dropped on it. When groundwater is encountered, the well is washed of
sediment and a pump installed.
Bored Wells
•Bored Wells ‐ These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters (100 ft)
These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters (100 ft)
deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well is lined with
metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
Drilled Wells
•Drilled Wells ‐ Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods
Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods
(augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling
(rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Drilled wells can get water
from a much deeper level than can dug wells ‐ often up to several
hundred metres.
•Jetted Wells
•Jetted Wells ‐ This method makes use of a high velocity stream of water to excavate
This method makes use of a high velocity stream of water to excavate
the hole and to carry the excavated material out of the hole. It therefore
requires some type of pump, either motor or hand‐powered, of
reasonable capacity, as well as a supply of water. It is possible to separate
the water and the excavated material in a settling pool or tank and to
reuse the water, thus minimizing the quantity required. Since this method
depends on the erosive action of water, it is obvious that extremely hard
materials cannot be penetrated
materials cannot be penetrated.
Pumps Is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
General Types of Pump
•Reciprocating Pump
•Centrifugal Pump
•Turbine Pump
•Submersible Pump
•Jet (Ejector) Pump
•Piston Pump
•Sump Pump
Pumps
•Reciprocating Pump‐ are those which cause the fluid to move using one
or more oscillating pistons, plungers or membranes
(diaphragms).
Pumps
•Centrifugal Pump ‐ is a rotodynamic pump that uses a
rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move
liquids through piping.
Pumps
•Turbine Pump ‐ A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below
ground water levels and a driving motor located at
ground
Pumps
•Submersible Pump ‐ Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with
electric motors which are positioned underwater in a
suitable bored hole that delivers the water to the
surface
Pumps
•Jet (Ejector) Pump ‐ In the jet ejector pump, fluid passes through a
venturi nozzle (see venturi tube) and develops
a suction that causes a second stream of fluid to be
entrained
Pumps
•Piston Pump ‐ is a type of positive displacement pump where the
high‐pressure seal reciprocates with the
piston.Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or
compress gases.
Pumps
p p
•Sump Pump ‐ are used in applications where excess water must
be pumped away from a particular area.
‐ a pump used to remove water that has
accumulated in a water collecting sump pit.
Water Storage for Domestic Use
O h d T k/ G it S l T k
•Overhead Tank/ Gravity Supply Tank
•Cistern
•Pneumatic Water Tank
•Hot Water Tank
O h d T k/ G it S l T k
•Overhead Tank/ Gravity Supply Tank
‐ Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on
gravity to supply water to fixtures below.
‐ Use in overhead feed system
Use in overhead feed system
•Cistern
‐ is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Often cisterns are
built to catch and store rainwater. Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their
waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to
waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to
thousands of cubic metres, effectively forming covered reservoirs.
Pneumatic Water Tank
•Pneumatic Water Tank
‐ are typically horizontal pressurized storage tanks. Pressurizing this reservoir of
water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.
H W T k
•Hot Water Tank
–Range Boiler
is an older type of domestic hot water heater
which uses a separate hot water tank which
which uses a separate hot water tank which
is connected to a heating boiler as well as to
domestic hot water piping in the home.
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel. Standard working
pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
–Storage Boiler
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‐ Large hot water tank (60‐130 cm in diameter;
5m max length). Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint. Standard
working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi.
ki li it i 65 t 100 i
Valves and Control
‐is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are
i l i i ll b i i V l
technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve,
fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
T
Types of Valves
fV l International Standard for Valve
•Gate Valve ISO – International Standard Organization
•Globe Valve
•Globe Valve ASTM
ASTM – American Society for Testing and
American Society for Testing and
Materials
•Check Valve ASME – American Society of Mechanical
•Angle Valve
•Angle Valve Engineers
API – American Petroleum Institute
•Foot Valve JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard
DIN ‐ Deutsches Institut für Normungg ((German
•Safety Valve
•Safety Valve
Institute for Standardization )
PNS – Philippine National Standard
Valves and Control
Types of Valves
Types of Valves
•Gate Valve
is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path
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of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the
gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight‐line flow
of fluid and minimum restriction is desired.
Wedge Type Gate Valve Symbol Double Disc Valve

Valves and Control
Types of Valves
Types of Valves
•Globe Valve
‐ is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable
yp y g g
disk‐type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally y spherical
p body.
y
Symbol
Plug Type Disc Valve Conventional Disc Valve Composition Disc Valve

Valves and Control
Types of Valves
Types of Valves
•Check Valve
‐ is a mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow
g y
through it in only one direction.
Symbol
Swing Check Valve Lift Check Valve Vertical Check Valve Horizontal Check Valve

Valves and Control
Types of Valves
Types of Valves
•Angle Valve
‐ A manually operated valve with its outlet opening oriented at right angles to its
p g; g g pp
inlet opening; used for regulating the flow of a fluid in a pipe.
Symbol
Valves and Control
Types of Valves
Types of Valves
•Foot Valve
‐ are a type of check valve and are placed at the pump's wet well. Unlike other
, g pp
valves, a foot valve is created with a larger flow area than the actual pipe size to
make sure that there is less head loss.
Symbol
Valves and Control
Types of Valves
Types of Valves
•Safety Valve
‐ is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a substance from
a boiler,, p
pressure vessel, or other
, system
y when the pressure or temperature
p p
exceeds preset limits.
Symbol
Types of Faucet
Compression Cock
•Compression Cock ‐ Operates by the compression of a soft
Operates by the compression of a soft
packing upon a metal sheet.
•Key Cock – Operates with a round tapering plug around to
fit a metal sheet.
•Ball Faucet – Constructed with a ball connected to the
handle.
•Hose Bibb ‐ A water faucet made for the threaded
attachment of a hose.
Water Distribution System
‐ The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting
pipes,
i fitti
fittings, control
t l valves
l and
d allll appurtenances
t iin or adjacent
dj t tto th
the structure
t t or
premises.
Parts of Water Distribution System
•Service Pipe The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply
•Service Pipe – Th i f th t i th f t bl t l
to the water distribution system of the building served.
•Water Meter – Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water
th t
that passes through the water service.
th h th t i
•Distribution Pipe/ Supply Pipe – A pipe with in the structure or on the
premises which conveys water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.
•Riser – A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to
•Riser – A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to
branches or to a group of fixtures.
•Fixture Branch – The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe
distributing pipe.
•Fixture Supply ‐ A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
Cold Water Distribution System
Types of Water Distribution
•Direct (Upfeed)
•Indirect
–Downfeed or Gravity System
–Hydro‐pneumatic System (Air Pressure System)
•Direct (Upfeed)
‐ Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public
water main
•Indirect
–Downfeed
D f d or Gravity System
G it S t
‐ Water is pumped into a large tank on top of
the building and is distributed to the fixtures
by means of gravity.
•Indirect
–Hydro Pneumatic System/ Air Pressure System
‐Tanks that use water and air under pressure are referred to as a hydropneumatic
tanks, or pressure tanks. Compressed air is used in these tanks as a buffer or cushion
that allows a surge‐free delivery process. There are three functions for
hydropneumatic tanks. The first is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver
tanks The first is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver
water in a preset pressure range. The second uses the pressure setting to monitor a
pump from turning on too often. The third is to buffer or lower pressure surges, much
like a power surge protector.
System
y Advantages
g Disadvantages
g
Upfeed System 1. Eliminate cost of pumps & tanks 1. Pressure from water main is inadequate
to supply tall buildings.
2. Water
2 Water supply is affected during peak load
supply is affected during peak load
hour.
Air Pressure 1. With compact pumping unit 1. Water supply is affected by loss of
System pressure inside the tank in case of
pressure inside the tank in case of
power interruption.
2. Sanitary due to air tight water
chamber.
chamber
3. Economical (smaller pipe diameter)
4. Less initial construction &
maintenance cost.
System
y Advantages
g Disadvantages
g
Air Pressure 5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves
System as purifying agent.
6 Ad t bl Ai
6. Adaptable Air pressure
7. Air Pressure serves zone of about
10 stores intervals
Overhead 1. Water is not affected by peak load 1. Water is subject to contamination
Feed System hour.
2 Not affected by power interruptions.
2. Not affected by power interruptions 2 High maintenance cost
2. High maintenance cost
3. Time needed to replace broken parts 3. Occupies valuable space
does not affect water supply
4. Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional load
of tank and water.
Hot Water Distribution System
Types of Hot Water Distribution
•Upfeed and Gravity Return System
•Downfeed and Gravity Return System
•Pump Circuit System
•Upfeed and Gravity Return System
– With a continuing network of pipes to
With a continuing network of pipes to
provide constant circulation of water.
–Hot water rises on its own & does not
need any pump for circulation.
need any pump for circulation.
–Hot water is immediately drawn from
the fixture any time
–Provided economical circulating return
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of unused hot water.
–Larger pipe is installed at the top of
the riser & the diminishing sizes passes
through the lower floors of the building
•Downfeed and Gravity Return System
–Hot
Hot water rises on to the highest point
water rises on to the highest point
of the plumbing system and travels to
the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe
system)Water distribution is dependent
system)Water distribution is dependent
on the expansion of hot water & gravity.
–Larger pipe is installed at the bottom
of the riser & the diminishing sizes
g
passes through the upper floors of the
building
•Pump Circuit System
–For
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi
a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi‐
storey buildings
MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION
Galvanized Iron or Steel Pipes
–It is made out of a Mild Steel drawn through a die and welded cast into
It i d t f Mild St l d th h di d ld d ti t
6.00m long. However, steel pipe is subject to deposits of salts and lime which
gradually accumulate and eventually choke the flow of water. This type of pipe
is corroded by alkaline and acid water That is why when used for hot water
is corroded by alkaline and acid water. That is why when used for hot water
line, it deteriorates faster than cold water supply pipe.
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
Rigid Type
Rigid Type Flexible Type
Flexible Type
1. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 1. Polyethylene (PE) – Coil form at 30m
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC)
y y ( ) 2. Polybutylene
y y ((PB)‐up
) p to 150m in coil
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
4. Polyprophylene (PP)
5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrone (ABS)
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Cast Iron Pipe
–This is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing needs in building
–This is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing needs in building
which are less than 25 storeys high because water usually leaks at joints due to
vibrations.
Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe p
–Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is commonly installed in chemical
Made of an allo of cast iron and silicon It is commonl installed in chemical
laboratories where acid waste are being discharged
Asbestos Pipe
–Made of asbestos fibers and portland cement. The thickness is twice that of standard
cast iron. Most suited for embedment on concrete structures.
Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
–Cheapest, light in weight, recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation. It
could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joint
could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joint.
Vitrified Clay Pipe
–Made from clay and with a length of 0.75m treated with glazed compound. This is
g y es sta t to ost ac ds a d s e su ted u de g ou d sta at o s o g
highly resistant to most acids and is well suited in underground installations working
either as public or house sewer, or storm drain
Lead Pipe
p
–One of the oldest plumbing materials. Lead is highly resistant and is very suitable to
underground installation. But because it is poisonous and injurious to human health, it is
never recommended to convey water human consumption.
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes
Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes
–This is better than steel pipes for plumbing installation, because it is more resistant to
acid waste than the steel pipe
Brass Pipe
p
–The most expensive of all types of pipe. Made of an alloy of zinc and copper mixed at a
proportion of 15% and 85% respectively. The brass pipe is superior material for waste
and water installation because of its smooth surface aside from its high resistance to
acids.
acids
Copper Pipes
–A durable material which is extremely corrosive resistant‐easiest to install.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Drainage System
Basic Principle Governing the National Plumbing Code
• All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure and
wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back‐
siphonage.
• Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and
pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise
• Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with
proper performance and cleaning.
• Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
• Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing
fixtures to the sewer system.
• Each family dwelling unit shall have
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet,
at least one water closet one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and
one kitchen type sink a lavatory and a
a
bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
• Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non‐absorbent material, free from concealed fouling
surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
• The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling,
deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily
cleaned.
Drainage System
Drainage System
• All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP‐approved materials, free from defective workmanship,
designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
• Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water‐sealed trap
• The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from
siphonage aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
• Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return of foul
air to the building.
• Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
• Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or
interfere unduly with the sewage‐disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building
drainage system
drainage system.
• Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture,
device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
• No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
Drainage System
Drainage System
• If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of building
sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
• Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall
be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
• Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers
• All plumbing fixture s shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
• Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural
members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
• Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or sub‐surface
waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered
innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Subsystems of the Sanitary System
• Soil Drainage System
Soil Drainage System
• Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System
• Storm Drainage System
• Vent System
Vent System
Drainage System
Drainage System
• Soil Drainage System
‐The piping that conveys the
discharge of water closets or
discharge of water closets or
fixtures having similar functions
(containing fecal matter), with or
without the discharges from other
without the discharges from other
fixtures
Drainage System
Drainage System
• Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Drainage System or Sanitary Drainage System
‐ The piping that receives the liquid discharge, from plumbing fixtures
other than those fixtures (water closets) receiving fecal matter. This
piping is free of fecal flow.
Drainage System
Drainage System
• Storm Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
The piping system that receives clear water drainage from leaders,
downspouts, surface run‐off, ground water, subsurface water,
condensate water, cooling water or other similar discharges and conveys
them to the point of disposal. All sanitary wastes must be excluded.
Drainage System
Drainage System
• Vent System
Vent System
‐ the piping system that receives a
flow or air to or from a drainage
system or to provide a circulation
of air within such system to
protect trap seals from siphonage
or back pressure.
Vent System
Drainage System
Drainage System
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. The
1 The piping must be air tight, gas tight and water tight.
piping must be air tight gas tight and water tight
2. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped by an
approved type water seal trap. This is to prevent odor‐laden and germ‐laden to rise out of
g y g
the drainage system and contaminate the surrounding air in the room.
3. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. This is to protect the
drainage system against siphonage and back pressure and to assure air
circulation throughout the drainage system.
4 A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run.
4. A cleanout easily accessible shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe run
The location of the cleanout shall be:
• At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.
• At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5 degrees
• Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer connection
• At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe.
5. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a uniform grade of not less
than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal
than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of disposal.
Drainage System
Drainage System
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM
6. All
6 All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3 meters.
horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at intervals not to exceed 3 meters
7. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipe in
alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.
Drainage System
Drainage System
DEFINITION FROM NPC 1999 EDITION
HOUSE / BUILDING DRAIN‐
HOUSE / BUILDING DRAIN part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system,
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system
which receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of a
building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building
HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER‐extends
HOUSE / BUILDING SEWER e tends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters
from the ho se drain at a point 0 60 meters
from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with the
street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building
g
site. No house/building sewer shall be smaller than 150mm in diameter, nor less in
size than the house/building drain
WASTE PIPE ‐ conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter
SOIL PIPE‐
SOIL PIPE‐ any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures
any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closet urinal or fixtures
having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the
building drain or building sewer
SOIL STACK PIPE
SOIL STACK PIPE‐ a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water.
a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and waste water
VENT PIPE ‐ used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and for
relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals
Drainage System
Drainage System
DEFINITION FROM NPC 1999 EDITION
VENT STACK‐ the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air to and
from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system
SEPTIC TANK‐A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive
the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, digest
organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final
organic matter and store digested solids the clarified liquids to discharge for final
disposal.
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM‐ a septic tank with the effluent discharging
p , p g p y
into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other facilities or may be
permitted by the plumbing code.
ROOF GUTTER‐ the water collector at the eaves of the building
DOWN SPOUT‐ A vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also known as
conductor or rain water
conductor or rain water
STORM DRAIN‐ Receives storm water , clear, rain or surface‐water waste (SD)
CATCH BASIN‐ A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period of
time to allow materials to settle to deposit.
TRAP‐ A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it
Drainage System
Drainage System
MATERIALS USED FOR THE PLUMBING DRAINAGE SYSTEM
*Approved
Approved by National Plumbing Code
by National Plumbing Code
Excreta Drainage Piping
1. Cast iron
2
2. Ductile iron
Ductile iron
3. Galvanized steel (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm above ground)
4. Galvanized wrought iron (shall not be used underground. Kept at least 152mm
5. above ground)
6. Lead
7. Copper
8. Brass
9
9. Series 1000 PVC DMV
Series 1000, PVC, DMV
10. Extra strength vitrified clay pipe (shall not be used above ground. At least 300mm below
finish ground level.)
11. Approved material having smooth and uniform bore
NOTE:ABS and PVC DWV can be used in high rise buildings at the discretion of the RMP and with
the full consent of the owner.
Drainage System
Drainage System
*Approved
Drainage Fitting Vent Pipes
1. Cast Iron 1. Cast iron
2
2. Malleable 2
2. Ductile cast iron
Ductile cast iron
3. Lead 3. Galvanized steel
4. Brass 4. Galvanized wrought iron
5. Copper 5. Lead
6. ABS (Acrylonitrile‐Butadiene‐Styrene) 6. Copper
7. PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) 7. Brass
8. Vitrified clay 8. Schedule 40, ABS, DWV
9
9. Series 1000 PVC DWV
Series 1000, PVC, DWV
Drainage System
Drainage System
*Approved
Vent Stack Downspout (Interior)
1. Copper 1. Cast iron
2
2. Cast iron
Cast iron 2
2. Galvanized steel
Galvanized steel
3. Galvanized wrought iron 3. Iron
4. PVC 4. Brass
5. Copper
Vent Fittings
Vent Fittings 6. Lead
1. Cast Iron 7. Sched 40, ABS, DMV
2. Galvanized malleable iron 8. Series 1000, PVC, DWV
3
3. Galvanized steel
Galvanized steel Downspout (Medium Height Bldg)
Downspout (Medium Height Bldg)
4. Lead 1. G.I. pipe, sch. 30
5. Copper 2. CISP, S.W.
6. Brass 3. Copper tube, type DWV
Copper tube, type DWV
7. ABS 4. Sch. 40, ABS, DWV
8. PVC 5. Series 1000, PVC, DWV
Drainage System
Drainage System
GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical
alignment and at a uniform grade of not less
than two (2%) percent or 20mm rise per
meter length, and shall be supported or
anchored at intervals not exceeding 3.0m
(10feet). All stacks shall be properly
supported at their bases and all pipes shall
be rigidly secured Two inches (2”)) rise per
be rigidly secured. Two inches (2 rise per
every one hundred (100”) length.
A soil branch having a pitch of more than 2%
has the tendency of waste separation. The
water flow faster and heavy suspended
materials are left and deposited at the
bottom of the pipe.
Drainage System
Drainage System
CHANGES IN DIRECTION
All changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate forty‐five degree (45⁰)
All changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate forty five degree (45⁰)
wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends, except that single sanitary tees may be
used on vertical stacks, and short quarter bends may be used in soil and waste lines
where the change in direction of flow is from the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and
crosses may be used in vent pipes.
X
Drainage System
Drainage System
PROHIBITED FITTINGS
No double hub, double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line. The
No double hub double T branch shall be used on horizontal soil or waste line The
drilling and tapping of house drains, soil waste or vent pipes and the use of saddle
hubs and bends are prohibited.
X X X
Drainage System
Drainage System
TRAPS WHERE REQUIRED:
• EEach plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be
h l bi fi t t th ith i t lt h ll b
separately trapped with an approved‐type water seal trap:
• Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture
drain between a trap and the vent)
• One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment,
sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in
the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75m
the same room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75m
apart.
Drainage System
Drainage System
SIZE OF TRAPS
• Th
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
t h ll b th i th t t hi h it i
connected.
• Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than 51
mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is
found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special
conditions.
Drainage System
Drainage System
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS
• Th
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of
d l d l th f th t ( df th t f
closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar fixture
shall not exceed 1.8 m.
• For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
Drainage System
Drainage System
TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS
The Common P‐Trap
• Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals
• Materials commonly used for the P‐trap: nickel, chrome
Materials commonly used for the P trap: nickel chrome
plated brass, Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
Drainage System
Drainage System
The Deep Seal P‐Trap
• Water seal is about twice the size of The common P‐trap
• Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is
Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is
greater
Drainage System
Drainage System
The Stand Trap
• Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built low in the
ground leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap
ground, leaving very little space for a foundation & a trap
• Serves as a water seal & structural support for the fixture
Drainage System
Drainage System
The Running Trap
•Used within the line of the house drain
Drainage System
Drainage System
The Drum Trap
• Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
• Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs
Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water (bathtubs,
shower or floor drains)
Drainage System
Drainage System
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS
• Th
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the trap
ti l di t b t fi t tl t t il i d th t
weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
• Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms
Trap Arm Distance to
Diameter Vent
32mm 0.76m
38mm 1.07m
51
51mm 1 52
1.52m
Note: In no case shall the trap
76mm 1.83m distance be less than 2 times the
102mm > 3 05m
3.05m diameter of the trap arm.
Drainage System
Drainage System
CLEAN‐OUTS REQUIRED
• At the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
pp y
• At each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a
fraction thereof
fraction thereof
• Additional clean‐out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an
aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
• Inside the building near the connection between the building drain
Inside the building near the connection between the building drain
and the building sewer or installed outside the building at the lower
end of the building drain and extended to grade.
CLEAN‐OUTS NOT REQUIRED
• On a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is
serving sinks or urinals
serving sinks or urinals.
• On short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or
less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
Drainage System
Drainage System
VENTILATION
Vent Pipe ‐ A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a
plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted
on trap seals.
p
Main Types
1. Main Soil and Waste Vent
Main Soil and Waste Vent 8. Looped Vent
Looped Vent
2. Main Vent 9. Wet Vent
3. Individual Vent or Back Vent 10. Local Vent
4. Unit, Common, or Dual Vent 11. Dry Vent
5. Relief Vent 12. Stack Vent
6
6. Yoke or By Pass Vent
Yoke or By‐Pass Vent 13 Vent Stack
13. Vent Stack
7. Circuit Vent
Drainage System
Drainage System
Main Soil and Waste Vent
• the ‘backbone’ of the entire
sanitary system
• Connected to the Main Soil &
Connected to the Main Soil &
Waste Stack
• The portion where waste does
The portion where waste does
not travel through
• Continues to the roof; the
portion penetrating the roof is
called the Vent Stack Through
Roof (VSTR)
Roof (VSTR)
Drainage System
Drainage System
Main Vent
• the principal artery of the
venting system to which vent
branches are connected
branches are connected.
• A.K.A. “Collecting Vent Line”
• serves as support to the Main
serves as support to the Main
Soil & Waste Vent
Drainage System
Drainage System
Individual Vent or Back Vent
• a pipe installed to vent a fixture
trap, that connects with the
vent system above the fixture
vent system above the fixture
served or terminates in the
open air.
open air.
• Sizes:
Lavatories, drinking fountain
Lavatories drinking fountain :: 1‐1/2
1‐1/2”
Sink : 1‐1/2”
Shower, Laundry, Slop, Sink : 1”
Water Closet
Water Closet : 3”
: 3
Drainage System
Drainage System
Unit, Common or Dual Vent
• An arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps
serve two (2) traps
Drainage System
Drainage System
Relief Vent
• a vertical vent line that provides
additional circulation of air
between the drainage and vent
between the drainage and vent
systems or to act as an auxiliary
vent on a specially designed
vent on a specially designed
system such as a “yoke vent”
connection between the soil
and vent stacks.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Yoke or By‐pass Vent
• A pipe connecting upward from
a soil or waste stack below the
floor and below horizontal
floor and below horizontal
connection to an adjacent vent
stack at a point above the floor
stack at a point above the floor
and higher than the highest spill
level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Circuit Vent
• a group vent pipe which starts in
front of the extreme (highest)
fixture connection on a
hori ontal branch and connects
horizontal branch and connects
to the vent stack.
• a.k.a.
a.k.a. ‘Loop
Loop Vent
Vent’
• Serves a battery of fixtures
Number of water closet Diameter of circuit
installed in a series vent
2 50mm (2”)
3 to 6
3 to 6 75mm (3”))
75mm (3
7 or more 100mm (4”)
Drainage System
Drainage System
Looped Vent
• a vertical vent connection on a
horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream of
branch at a point downstream of
the last fixture connection and
turning to a horizontal line
turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow level
of the highest fixture connected
there
•Used in spaces without partitions
Drainage System
Drainage System
Wet Vent
• That portion of a vent pipe
through which wastewater also
flows through
flows through.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Local Vent
• aa pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing
pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing
fixture or a room to the outer air.
D V t
Dry Vent
• a vent that does not carry liquid or water‐borne
wastes.
Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation
of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage
f i t df t f th il t f th d i
system. The uppermost end above the roof has traditionally
been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
been referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Drainage System
Drainage System
VENTS REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back‐
pressure through venting.
VENTS NOT REQUIRED
• On
On a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly
trapped and vented.
• Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a
floor sink or other approved type receptor.
Drainage System
Drainage System
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
1. Direct Siphonage or Self Siphonage ‐ occurs in unvented traps that
serve oval bottom fixtures such as lavatories. Such fixtures discharge
their contents rapidly and do not have the final small trickle of water
needed to reseal the trap. When the plug is withdrawn, the water flows
out fast and completely fills the waste pipe. The water displaces the air
that normally fills the waste pipe, lowering the atmospheric pressure
on the discharge side of the trap. Atmospheric pressure on the fixture
side forces the water through the trap, and the seal is lost.
g p,
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
2. Indirect or Momentum Siphonage ‐ caused by a large discharge of
water from a fixture installed one or more floors above the affected
fixture. This large discharge tends to form a slug in the stack; and as
this slug passes the takeoff of the fixture below it, air is pulled out of
the waste line on the lower fixture. This reduces the pressure on the
discharge side of the trap. There is no reseal until there is a discharge
from the lower fixture.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
3. Back Pressure. Back pressure within a sanitary drainage system is
caused by simultaneous fixture use that overtaxes the plumbing
system, causing a positive pressure that affects the water seal of a
trap. A large flow may completely fill the pipe, causing the
compressed atmospheric gases to offer resistance because they
cannot slip past the flow of the water and exhaust at a roof terminal.
As the water falls, the pressure increases and compresses the air, and
the trap seal blows out of the fixture .
p
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
4. Capillary Action ‐ Loss of trap seal by capillary action is caused by a
foreign object lodged in the trap. The object acts as a wick and carries
the water from the trap over the outlet side into the waste pipe until
the seal is ineffective. Rags, string, lint, and hair commonly cause this
problem.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
Drainage System
Drainage System
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss
5. Evaporation. Loss of trap seal from evaporation only occurs when a
fixture is not used for a long time. The rate of evaporation in a trap
depends on the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. A trap
in a warm, dry place will lose water seal by evaporation more rapidly
than one in a cool, damp place. Ventilation does not solve the
problem. The use of a deep‐seal trap is the best solution. One
disadvantage is that solid wastes collect in the bottom of the trap and
clog the pipe
g pp
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to receive
the discharge of sewage from a building sewer, separate solids from
the liquid, digest organic matter and store digested solids through a
period of detention, and allow the clarified liquids to discharge for
p , q g
final disposal
Sludge
g
solid organic matter that are denser than water and settle at the
bottom of the septic tank
Scum
lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the water
Effluent
liquid content of sewage
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Minimum Dimensions:
Minimum Dimensions:
Length (L) : 1500mm
Width (W)
Width (W) : 900mm
900
Depth (D) : 1200mm
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Compartment
‐First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be
at least 0 9 m width and 1 5 m long Liquid depth not less
at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
‐Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
‐ In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
‐ maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion
chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible
from the manhole
from the manhole
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Manholes
‐ with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension;
one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first
compartment exceeds 3 7 m in length an additional
compartment exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional
manhole required over the baffle wall.
Sizes of pipe inlet & outlet & their vertical legs
pp g
‐ Inlet and Outlet pipes –diameter size not less than the
sewer pipe
‐ Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes –diameter size not
–diameter size not
less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Length and location of inlet & outlet
Length and location of inlet & outlet
‐ Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the
water surface
‐ Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50 8 mm
above the invert of the outlet pipe.
Air space
‐ Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
‐ Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back vent
openings
Partition (between compartments)
An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no case less
than 104 6 mm in diameter shall be installed in the inlet compartment
than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet compartment
side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the
depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are prohibited.
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Structure
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4 kPa
Capacity
‐The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of bedrooms
or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the estimated
waste/sewage design flow rate for various building occupancies; or by
/ g g g p ; y
the number of fixture units of all plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
‐The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall also be
limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field
limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage field.
Location
‐ Should not be located underneath the house
‐ At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
l f h d b
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Suggested Size
Number of Person Served Depth Width Length
10 1.20 0.90 1.80
15 1.20 1.10 2.20
20 1.20 1.25 2.50
25 1.20 1.40 2.80
30 1.30 1.50 3.00
35 1 30
1.30 1 60
1.60 3 20
3.20
40 1.40 1.65 3.30
45 1.40 1.75 3.50
50 1.50 1.80 3.60
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Suggested Size
Number of Person Served Depth Width Length
60 1.50 1.95 3.90
70 1.50 2.00 4.00
80 1.60 2.20 4.40
90 1.80 2.30 4.60
100 1.80 2.50 5.00
Drainage System
Drainage System
Septic Tank
Technical Data in Determining Volume of Tank
1. Min. Width: 0.90m
2. Min Length: 1.50m
3
3. Min Depth: 1 20m
Min Depth: 1.20m
4. For Residential: allocate 0.14 to 0.17 cum of liquid per person
5. For School and industrial establishment: Volume should not be
l
less than 0.057cum nor more than 0.086 cum per person
h h
Plumbing Fixtures
Plumbing Fixtures
Fixtures
‐ receptacles attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which
water or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into
the plumbing system.
Common types of plumbing fixtures used in residences
f l b f d d
1. Water closet
2. Lavatory
3. Kitchen sink
4 Ui l
4. Urinal
5. Bidet
6. Bath tub
6. Bath tub
Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to
discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium.
Water closets are classified according to design, make, flushing
mechanism, shape and installation.
, p
Types of Water Closet as to Design
1. Siphon washdown
p
2.Siphon jet
3. Siphon Vortex
4. Reverse trap
Plumbing Fixtures
Water Closet
Fixture DFU Vent Soil pipe
Private Use 4 76mm (3”) 100mm (4”)
Public Use 6 76mm (3”) 100mm (4”)
Fixture WSFU Water Supply Pipe

Flush Tank ‐ Private 3 12mm (1/2”)
Flush
l h Tank –
k Public
bl 5 12mm (1/2”)
( / ”)
Flush Valve – Private 6 25mm (1”)
Flush Valve – Public
Flush Valve 10 25mm (1
(1”))
Plumbing Fixtures
Siphon washdown
The least expensive but the noisiest; only small amount of standing
water‐susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is
mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence, it is widely used
and entirely acceptable where price is the main consideration.
y p p
Plumbing Fixtures
Siphon Jet
The jet being submerged introduces its water underwater so that its
operation is entirely muffled. It has a large amount of standing water to
prevent fouling. It is mechanically efficient but expensive.
Plumbing Fixtures
Siphon Vortex
this type of bowl develops its flushing action through the water
entering through diagonal holes around the rim which creates a
swirling action which forms a vortex in the center. It is considered to be
the most quiet, most efficient and most sanitary water closet.
q , y
Plumbing Fixtures
Reverse Trap
the trap way located at the rear of the water closet eliminated the
bulge at the front. The design and appearance of the bowl plus its large
water area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than siphon
wash down.
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Water Closet as to Make
1.
1 One Piece
One Piece
2. Close Coupled
3. Pail flush
Pail flush
4. Squat Bowl
Plumbing Fixtures
One Piece
The water closet fixture is manufactured with the
bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in
tandem with the bidet.
Plumbing Fixtures
Pail Flush
a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing
action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket.
This is used in areas where running water systems are not available.
Plumbing Fixtures
Squat Bowl
A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern
type” since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting
position
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Water Closet as to Flushing Mechanism
Flush Tank
Flush Tank
holds a supply of water for flushing a
fixture such as the water closet. It has a
capacity of 5 to 6 gallons
i f ll
Flush Valve (Flushometer)
holds a supply of water for flushing a
fixture such as the water closet It has a
fixture such as the water closet. It has a
capacity of 5 to 6 gallons
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Water Closet as to Shape
Round Front
Round Front
intended for installation on a limited
space
Elongated Front
is more comfortable but occupies a
larger space
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Water Closet as to Installation
Free Standing (Floor Mounted)
Free Standing (Floor Mounted)
Wall Hung (Wall Mounted)
Plumbing Fixtures
Minimum Water Closet Clearances
Plumbing Fixtures
Lavatory
a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known
as wash basin.
Types of Lavatory
1. Wall hung
2. Pedestal
3
3. C
Counter Type Lavatory –
t T L t O
Over Counter or Under Counter
C t U d C t
4. Surface Mounted Lavatory
5
5. One Piece Lavatory
One Piece Lavatory
Plumbing Fixtures
Lavatory
Sets 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”)
Single 1 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”)

Private 1 12mm (1/2”)
Public
bl 2 12mm (1/2”)
( / ”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Lavatory
Wall Hung Lavatory
Wall Hung Lavatory
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Lavatory
Pedestal Lavatory
Pedestal Lavatory
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Lavatory
Counter Type Lavatory
Counter Type Lavatory
Undercounter Overcounter
Plumbing Fixtures
Types of Lavatory
Surface Mounted Lavatory
Surface Mounted Lavatory
Plumbing Fixtures
Minimum Lavatory Clearance
Plumbing Fixtures
Bidet
a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body,
especially the genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath
Plumbing Fixtures
Bidet
Bidet 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)

Public 4 12mm (1/2”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Bathtub
a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for
one person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet
Requirements for whirlpool
bathtubs
1. Provide removable access panel to
the pump.
p p
2. Locate the circulation pump above
the crown weir of the trap.
3. The pump and the circulation
piping shall be self‐draining to
minimize water retention.
4. Suction fittings on whirlpool
bathtubs shall comply with the
listed standards
Plumbing Fixtures
Bathtub
Bathtub 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”)

Public
bl 4 12mm (1/2”)
( / ”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Urinal
A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing
away urine
Types of Urinal
1. Wall hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3
3. St ll U i l
Stall Urinal
4. Through Urinal
Plumbing Fixtures
Urinal
Wall Mounted 6 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Stall 6 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Trap Arm 3 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)

Wall Mounted 5 19mm (3/4”)
Stall 5 19mm (3/4”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Wall Hung Urinal
Plumbing Fixtures
Pedestal Urinal
Plumbing Fixtures
Stall Urinal
Plumbing Fixtures
Through Urinal
Plumbing Fixtures
Minimum Urinal Clearance
Plumbing Fixtures
Other Fixture Units
Sinks
Kitchen Sink (residential) 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Bar Sink (commercial) 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Sinkk (Commercial,
Si (C i l 3 38
38mm (1‐1/2”)
(1 1/2”) 51
51mm (2”)
(2”)
industrial, Institutional)
Sink (clinic) Flushing Rim 6 38mm (1‐1/2”) 76mm (3”)
Slop Sink 3 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Laundry Tub 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 38mm (1‐1/2”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Other Fixture Units
Sinks
Kit h Si k
Kitchen Sink 4 12
12mm (1/2”)
Scullery Sink 4 19mm (3/4”)
Slop Sink
Slop Sink 10 12mm (1/2
(1/2”))
Laundry Tub 4 12mm (1/2”)
Bar Sink 2 12mm (1/2”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Other Fixture Units
Drinking Fountain
Drinking Fountain
Private 1 32mm (1‐1/4”) 32mm (1‐1/4”)
Public 1 32mm (1‐1/4”) 32mm (1‐1/4”)

Pi t
Private 1( hf
1 (each faucet)
t) 12
12mm (1/2”)
Public 2 (each faucet) 12mm (1/2”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Other Fixture Units
Shower Bath
Shower Bath
Private 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Public 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)

Pi t
Private 2 ( h h d)
2 (each head) 12
12mm (1/2”)
Public 4 (each head) 12mm (1/2”)
Plumbing Fixtures
Other Fixture Units
Floor Drain
Floor Drain
Private 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Public 2 38mm (1‐1/2”) 51mm (2”)
Hose Bibb
Public 5 12mm (1/2”)
Storm Water System
Storm Water System
Storm Water System
Storm Drain
This is the portion of the plumbing system which conveys rain or storm
water to a suitable terminal. This is usually discharged into a street
gutter conveyed by a public drain system and carried to some natural
drainage terminal such as lakes or rivers.
g
Size of Storm Drain
The following factors should be considered when determining the size
of the storm drain:
of the storm drain:
1. Gauging the rainfall, constant, short duration or heavy shower
2. The varying roof area and its slope including the distance of water
travel before it reaches the conductors or downspouts of the roof
lb f i h h d d f h f
3. Water drain is faster on higher pitched roofs hence, requires a larger
drainage pipe than that of a flat roof
4 Th h i h f h b ildi
4. The height of the building contributes to the high velocity of water in
ib h hi h l i f i
the vertical conductor and accelerate the flow of water entering the
storm drain.
Storm Water System
Storm Water System
Size of Storm Drain
The following factors should be considered when determining the size
g g
of the storm drain:
5. Short offsets and indiscriminate use of fittings affect the flow of
water
water.
Storm Water System
Storm Water System
Size of Storm Drain
Pipe Diameter Maximum obtained roof area (sqm)
obtained roof area (sqm)
(mm) (in) 2% slope 3% Slope 4% Slope
75 3” 114 142 170
100 4” 242 315 388
125 5” 438 566 694
150 6” 700 903 1105
1888 2313
200 8”
8 1463 3309 4055
250 10” 2563 5290 6480
300 12” 4100
350 14” 5576 7203 8830
Storm Water System
Storm Water System
Size of Roof Leader
Area of Roof
A fR f Gutter Top
G tt T Downspoutt or Roof
D R f
(sqm) Dimension Leader Diameter
(mm) (mm)
1 to 10 75 38
11 to 25 100 50
26 to 75
26 to 75 100 75
76 to 165 125 90
166 to 335 150 100
336 to 510 200 125
511 to 900 250 150

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