English for

Academic
and
Professional
Purposes
Teacher’s Guide

This learning resource was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders
to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
Department of Education at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines

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English for Academic and Professional Purposes
Teacher’s Guide
First Edition 2016

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD

Development Team of English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide
Ma. Milagros C. Laurel, PhD Adelaida F. Lucero, PhD
Rosalina T. Bumatay-Cruz, PhD

Cover Design: Jason O. Villena Fermin M. Fabella, Jr

Sharlyn . Sanclaria

Management Team of English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide
Bureau of Curriculum Development
Bureau of Learning Resources

Printed in the Philippines by

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Office Address: Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
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E-mail Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph; blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph

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 iv

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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016
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 PREFACE

The articles in the Reader vary in subject matter, length, and style of writing
in order to give the students a wide range of reading exposure. Some are light in
tone but informative; others are serious and content-heavy. The reading materials
thus provide exciting opportunities for learning.

The recommended activities contained in this accompanying teacher’s guide

train the students to become effective readers. The activities are grouped into 1) a
motivating introduction that builds up on the learner’s schema, their prior
knowledge and their skills required in their earlier years of schooling, 2) the lesson
proper, where guide questions lead to activities that develop and enhance the
learning competencies of the students, and 3) concluding activities that encourage
the students to apply their new learnings to practical situations independently.

The teacher’s are encouraged to use this guide as a springboard for lively
classroom discussions. For this reason, most of the selections contain only general
instructions to give room for the teachers to innovate and adapt the materials to
their classroom conditions.

Some reactions include more detailed explanations to facilitate discussions

on more specialized topics. The expanded activities found in these actions serve as
lesson exemplars.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – Reading Academic Texts

From Hand to Mouth 4

Brief History of English 5
Understanding Calories 7
Wrigley’s Chewing Gum 9
Golden Age of Comics 10
Competition and Cooperation 11
On Various Kind of Thinking 12
From the Autopsy Surgeon’s Report 13
Legal Indictment 16
Newspaper Account: Local Girl Found Slain by Rejected 18
Lover
The Sob Sister’s Story 19
orphyria’s Lover 20
Quiapo: The Procession of the Black Nazarene 22
Black Nazarene Procession Awes American Tourist 23
CHAPTER II – Writing a Reaction Paper / Review / Critique

Art 30
Four Values in Filipino Drama and Film 34
The Digital Divide: The Challenge of Technology and 37
Equity
Ang Bayan Muna Bago ang Sarili 40
Why JFK’s Inaugural Succeeded 44
Dead Water 49
Four Perspective on Heneral Luna 56

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 CHAPTER 3 – Writing a Concept Paper
Boondocks 70
Months of the Year and Days of the Week 80
Ketchup 86
Mercury Pollution 91
Hormones in the Body 95
Paleolithic Art 100
Words to the Intellectuals 103
Why Sinigang? 106
The Sentiments of Kundiman 109
Our Very Own Arnis 112
Fusion vs. Fission 114
Things: Throw Away Society 121
CHAPTER 4 – Writing a Position Paper

The Case for Short Words 138

Doubts about Doublespeak 140
The Other Side of E-mail 142
Women Talk Too Much 143
r u online? 144
Is Bad Language Unacceptable on TV 147
Good English and Bad 149
With These Words I Can Sell You Anything 152
The Great Global Warming Swindle 154
The Hazards of Industrial Agriculture 158
More Energy 159
Mahatma Gandhi’s Hunger Strike 161
I Have a Dream 163
Detecting Propaganda 165

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 CHAPTER 5 – Writing a Report
Fast Food Addiction 171
Nonverbal Behaviour 176
Philippines 2013 International Religious Freedom Report 185
Executive Summary
Guides for Physics Lab Report 192

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 Chapter I

Reading Academic Texts

13

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 2

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 Reading Academic Texts
Reading is one skill that is put into good use everyday. As soon as we
go to the kitchen and open the cupboard to prepare our first meal for the day,
we start reading the labels on the boxes and cans found on the shelves. We
pick a box of cereals and read the instructions written on the package. With
proper understanding of these directions, we can enjoy a hearty breakfast.
This section aims to enhance the students’ skills in reading academic
texts. In the earlier years the students were taught reading strategies. These
strategies can give them a better grasp of the reading texts.
The first two selections provide an account of the history of language;
one discusses language development from gestures to speech, the other
gives a broad perspective of the periods in the history of the English
Language. The chronological presentation of facts can help explain how
languages change through time.
The four selections that follow are a sharp contrast to the first two in
terms of length. These selections though brief, provide sufficient information
on a variety of topics. The longer selections require skills that enable the
reader to determine text structures as the key to understanding meaning and
gathering information.
This section also contains texts that illustrate the use of the English
language in different disciplines. The language registers as these varieties of
English in the different fields of learning are called, are distinctly shown in the
selections that include the language of medicine, law, journalism, and
literature.

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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016
 “From Hand to Mouth”

Motivating Introduction
࿿࿿࿿n︺⟭࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o緾劬࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p쎮Ä࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿q‫ܦ‬䐸࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿r
㬖氅࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿s䎒伩࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿t뾬剃࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿u눆䉞࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿v漞㍊
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿wኸ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿x희尃࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿y贐暤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿99€‫۔‬伺࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
瞶妣࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿‚끢䢮࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ƒ$࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿„Ꮐ»࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿…჆✒࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
†⋤ⅻ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿‡࿿口࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ˆ庂淄࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿‰䩦ᜰ ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ Š胘࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
‹槬啫࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿Œ憖炃࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿缒原࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿Ž⠗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿╄
煈࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿蘸ៗ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿‘⌂ᐝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿’棘䁱࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿“䗤樛࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
”픊噻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿•ퟸ玻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿–墜ᡶ ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ —걶㉿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿˜攈婠
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿™漸࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿šᮤ࿿䘑࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿›㢖庖࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿œ࿿ 睛࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
훴 ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿žञ皚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿Ÿ꺔䚕࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ 亪睺࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¡릂㽈࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
훴
¢迊䚺࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿£扬砵࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¤쩈晚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¥늮栵࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¦粐䰘
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿§⣌吟࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¨‫ﴖ‬罥࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿©‫ﵨ‬矉࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ª銺⦊࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
«庬濩࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¬籺䭩࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿窦冢࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿®菲愱࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¯ʴ捁
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿°鶨斿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿±࿿↢࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿²䢘䵜࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿³犲㰻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
´쓂ᕞ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿µꄶ旒࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¶Ἢ溻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿·⧊澿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¸蠈唋࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
¹㫎㓌࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿º扠乕࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿»⿈䱧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¼ᇂ劣࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿½殀䓯
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¾ Ask the students to observe people talking to one another. Tell
them to pay attention to the hand movements of these people in
conversation.
 ࿿࿿࿿n︺⟭࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿o緾劬࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿p쎮Ä࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿q‫ܦ‬䐸࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿r㬖氅
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿s䎒伩࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿t뾬剃࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿u눆䉞࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿v漞㍊࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
wኸ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿x희尃࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿y贐暤࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿100€‫۔‬伺࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿瞶妣࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
‚끢䢮࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ƒ$࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿„Ꮐ»࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿…჆✒࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿†⋤ⅻ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
‡࿿口࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ˆ庂淄࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿‰䩦ᜰ ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿Š胘࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿‹槬啫࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
⮱
Œ憖炃࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿缒原࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿Ž⠗࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿╄煈࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿蘸ៗ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
‘⌂ᐝ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿’棘䁱࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿“䗤樛࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿”픊噻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿•ퟸ玻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
–墜ᡶ ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ —걶㉿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿˜攈婠࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿™漸࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿šᮤ࿿䘑
࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿›㢖庖࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿œ⮱睛࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿훴
훴 ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿žञ皚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
Ÿ꺔䚕࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ 亪睺࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¡릂㽈࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¢迊䚺࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿£扬砵࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
¤쩈晚࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¥늮栵࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¦粐䰘࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿§⣌吟࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¨‫ﴖ‬罥࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
©‫ﵨ‬矉࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿ª銺⦊࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿«庬濩࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¬籺䭩࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿窦冢࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
®菲愱࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¯ʴ捁࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿°鶨斿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿±⮱↢࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿²䢘䵜࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
³犲㰻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿´쓂ᕞ࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿µꄶ旒࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¶Ἢ溻࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿·⧊澿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
¸蠈唋࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¹㫎㓌࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿º扠乕࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿»⿈䱧࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¼ᇂ劣࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿
½殀䓯࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿࿿¾ Let the students communicate to one another without
using oral language. Find out how long the students can sustain their “silent
conversation.”

Lesson Proper
5888 Ask the students to prepare an outline of the selection. Let them
identify the main headings of the article.
5889 Make the students list the evidence that vocal language was a
development later than gesture or signed language.
5890 Prepare the following worksheet indicating the advantages and
disadvantages of the speech or vocal language, and of gesture or signed
language.

SPEECH GESTURE

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

Post-Lesson Activity
 23 Assign students to do a research on the origin of language.
24 Ask them to comment on the different theories of language origin.
25 Let the students discuss other developments in communication (e.g., written
language, electronic or computer-mediated communication).

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 “Brief History of English”
Motivating Introduction
23 Assign the students to consult the dictionary for the origin of the following
words:
a. cheese f. chicken
b. camp g. carpenter
c. school h. sky
d. religion i. cat
e. beef j. altar

23 Give them an additional list in class (horse, coliseum, candle, mother, father,
menu, chef, captain, navy, military)

Lesson Proper
1. Introduce the following terms to the students:
a. Old English f. Celts
b. Middle English g. Dialect
c. Modern English h. Case
d. Anglo-Saxons i. Standardization
e. Indo-European language j. Mutually intelligible language

Notes
23 Old English usually refers to the period in the history of the English language
covering the years from 449 (or 450) to 1100 (or 1150). Around the year 450,
England was invaded by the Germanic tribes (the Angels, the Saxons, and
the Jutes). These Germanic tribes are regarded as “the founders of The
English nation” [Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English
Language (London: Routledge, 2002)]. The account of these invasions is
found in the Benedictine monk Bede’s work Ecclesiastical History of the
English People, which was completed in 731 (Baugh and Cable 2002). The
earliest records of the language date back to about 700.
24 Middle English covers the period from 1100 (or 1150) to 1500. William of
Normandy, a French territory, conquered England in 1066. The French rule
brought change to the English language. The Anglo-Saxons chronicle existed
until 1154. By that time, the English language had taken on new futures
different from the ones of Old English.

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 23 Modern English covers the period 1500 to the present in the history of the
English language. The introduction of the movable printing process into
England by William Caxton in 1476 made possible the production of uniform
copies of big numbers of books. The increase in the number of schools, in
literacy production, and in travel and explorations brought change to the
language from the time of the Renaissance in the 1500s.
24 The Anglo-Saxon is the term that came about with reference to the Teutonic
tribes that invaded England. The term is often used to refer to “the earliest
period of English” (Baugh and Cable 2002).
25 Indo-European language is the family of languages to which English belongs.
26 The Celts were “the original inhabitants of the British Isles before the arrival
of the Romans” [Phillip, The Story of English (London: Quercus, 2009)].
27 Dialect is a variation of a language.
28 Case is the choice of form depending on the function of words (nouns,
pronouns, adjectives) in the sentences in an inflected language.
29 Standardization suggests an “ideal” norm or model of usage.

30 Mutually intelligible language indicated that the language are distinct from
each other and are not dialects of the same language.

23 Talk about the use of the English language in the Philippines and other
countries in Asia. Explain to the students the role of English in global
communication.

Post-Lesson Activity
1. Ask the students to look up the origin of the following words used by Filipinos:
a. mesa f. silya
b. lapis g. titser
c. bag h. baso
d. kabayo i. kotse
e. tsunami j. lahar

23 Explain briefly how these words became part of the local language(s) in the
Philippines.

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 “Understanding Calories”

Motivating Introduction
23 Bring to class some pictures of some food items with their nutritional
information from the dried goods section of the grocery (e.g., a small can of
sardines, a can of fruit cocktail).
24 Teach the students how to interpret the nutritional information on the labels of
these food items. Show them samples like the one below.
25 Call the attention of the students to the part which says “calories.”
Occasionally, instead of “calories” the word “energy” appears. Explain this
distinction to the class. Explain to them the other entries listed on the label.

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Lesson Proper
23 Guide the students through a careful reading of the selection.
24 Let them identify the function of each paragraph (e.g., Paragraph 1
introduces the topic by giving a definition of calorie).
25 Ask the students why it is important to understand calories.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Ask the students to interview a school athlete or a team coach about calories
intake. What is a healthy intake of calories?
24 Go to the grocery and compare the nutritional ingredients of products that are
sugar-free with those that contain sugar (e.g., Regular Coca-Cola, Coke Light
and Coke Zero)

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 “Wrigley’s Chewing Gum”

Motivating Introduction
23 Ask the students if they have tasted chewing gum.
24 Do the students think that chewing gum is popular?

Lesson Proper
23 Let the students read the opening paragraph. What does it say about the
subject matter?
24 Make the students prepare a chronology of how Wrigley’s chewing gum came
to be.
25 Do the students think that chewing gum is a good premium that can still be
used to sell other products?

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Assign the students to observe how new products are introduced to the
market. Are there promotional campaigns to launch the new products?
24 Do the manufacturers of new products use give-away items in order to sell
their products?
25 Tell the students that in some countries, chewing gum is banned. A person
caught chewing gum ends up paying a fine. Encourage the students to
discuss why there is a chewing gum ban in some countries. Should chewing
gum be banned in the Philippines? Let students present their stand on this
issue.

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 “The Golden Age of Comics”

Motivating Introduction
23 Ask the students if they read comic books.
24 Ask them about their favourite comic books and characters.
25 Let them tell the class what it is that they find interesting in comic books.

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students to identify the thesis sentence of the selection. The thesis
sentence states the central idea of the selection. This thesis statement may
be expressed or implied.
24 Let the students prepare an outline of the selection. Show them how the
ideas are arranged in the selection.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Find out from the students if they read local comic books. Do they know some
of the local comic book characters?
24 How do the foreign comic books compare with the local comic books? Which
is more appealing to the students?
25 Ask the students to work in groups of five to create their own original comic
books.

10

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 “Competition and Cooperation”

Motivating Introduction
23 Start your class with a spelling contest. Form two teams. Ten words will be
given. For every word to be spelled, each team will choose its representative
who will compete with the other team.
24 Help the students process their learning from this experience with working in
a group and competing with another.

Lesson Proper
23 Discuss the definition of competition and cooperation in class.
24 Ask the students if they noticed similarities and/or contradictions in the
definition and application of these two concepts. Call the attention of the
students to the mechanics of holding contests or competition. The competing
teams act in harmony with each other, agreeing on the terms of competition,
the rules of the contest, the general conduct of the event. Without
cooperation, the competition will not achieve its goals.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Ask the students to gather information from the last election. Tell them to
identify the candidates who ran for the Senate. Indicate the political parties
they belonged to.
24 Ask the students to discuss how competition and cooperation work during the
election campaign period.
25 How do competition and cooperation work within the family?

11

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 “On Various Kind of Thinking”

Motivating Introduction
23 How many times have we heard the expression “Think about it” or “Give me
time to think it?”
24 Do the students think while they are listening to their teacher?
25 Give the students a few minutes of reflection. After three minutes, ask them
what they thought about. Compare the different subjects of their reflection.

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students to state the central idea of the selection.
24 Ask them to name the various kinds of thinking. How were they able to
identify these kinds of thinking? Did they find markers in the essay that
served as clues or indicators? Call their attention to expressions (Par. 2), Like
“This is our... kind of thinking” “... a second kind of thinking ... (Par. 4), “A third
kind of thinking... “(Par. 5), “In the past this type of thinking has been called
Reason” (Par. 18).
25 In order to determine the structure of a text, the readers are advised to look
for markers such as the ones given above and other similar expressions such
as “first..., “ “ next...,” “ as a result...,” “finally...,” “in conclusion...,” “to sum
up...” These markers help situate the succeeding statement or sentence in
the entire text. The last three expressions in the list given above (i.e.,
“finally...,” “in conclusion...,” and “to sum up...,”) clearly end a discourse.
26 Ask the students to outline this selection with the help of the structural
markers.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Ask the students if they have engaged in the various kinds of thinking. Which
type of thinking do they most frequently engage in?
24 What benefits do we get from the different types of thinking?

12

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 “From the Autopsy Surgeon’s Report”

Motivating Introduction
1. Give the students the following information about the medicine called aspirin.

BAYER ASPIRIN Bayer Non-Rx

23 Acetylsalicylic acid
23 Prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders,
MI, transient ischemic attacks & stroke.
23 1 tab daily.
CI: Gastric & duodenal ulcers. Haemorrhagic
diathesis. Children <16 yr.
SP: Renal disorders, G6PD deficiency. Pregnant
women close to delivery, patients w/ flu,
chicken-pox or haemorrhagic fever, GI
ulceration or asthma. Onset of persistent
vomiting may be a sign of Reye’s syndrome
(immediate treatment).
AR: Gastric haemorrhage, hypersensitivity,
thrombocytopenia.
DI: Anticoagulants, corticosteroids,
antirheumatics, sulfonylureas, methotrexate,
spironolactone, furosemide, antigout agents.
Alcohol.
P/P: Tab 100 mg x 300’s (P393.50).
US FDA Preg Cat, : C; if full-dose used in 3rd
trimester.

23 Ask the students if they found the information useful. Did they encounter
difficulties in understanding the information? Who, do they think, is the
intended reader of this write-up about aspirin?
24 Teach the students how to access information by looking at how ideas are
arranged in the text. There are instances when complex information can be
better understood if the ideas are presented in an organized manner.
25 Show the students how every piece of information about this medicine is

conveyed in the above entry taken from MIMS, 107th Edition 2006 Philippine
Index of Medical Specialties. Emphasize to them that clustering of ideas
under specific headings can facilitate understanding of texts.

13

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 23 Explain to the students that there are certain registers of language (types of
language use) peculiar to specific professions such as medical science,
engineering, and business. These types of language use may be
unintelligible to people not belonging to the same profession. Such language
use is also referred to as jargon.
24 In the case of aspirin, its common use as a drug to relieve pain and reduce
fever has gained popular knowledge. The explanation given in the MIMS
entry, however, contains jargon and codes that are not familiar to the lay
reader. It is, therefore, important to grasp the coding system. What do the
initials stand for?
25 MIMS explains that C stands for “Contents.” Therefore, aspirin is acetyl
salicylic acid. D is for “Dosage,” which is 1 tablet daily. "I" stands for
“Indications” or what the medicine is recommended for, that is, it prevents
certain health threatening conditions. The list that follows again consists of
jargon in the medical sciences. CI stands for “contra indications.” When these
conditions are present in the patient, the medicine should not be
administered. SP stands for “Special Precautions,” when extra care should be
taken when the medicine is prescribed. AR stands for “Adverse Reactions” or
bad or unfavorable effects or reactions to the medicine. DI stands for “Drug
Interactions.” This means aspirin interacts with any of the items included in
the list. P/P, or Presentation and Packing, shows how the medicine is sold or
its available packaging.

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students to read the autopsy surgeon’s report.
24 Guide them in their reading by explaining how the report is structured. Ask
them what they learn from each sentence in the report. They can begin with a
simple grid like the one below:

14

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 Sentence Number Topic
1 Cause of death
2 Manner
3 Evidence
4 Evidence
5 Evidence
6 Manner
7 Evidence

23 The ideas that relate with one another can now be grouped together for a
better appreciation of the text.

24 Ask them to state briefly the content of the autopsy surgeon’s report.

15

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 “Legal Indictment”

Motivating Introduction
1. Ask the students to read the Philippine Constitution.
LANGUAGE
Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is
Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and
enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other
languages. Subject to provisions of law and as the
Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall
take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a
medium of official communication and as language of
instruction in the educational system.

Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction,

the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and,
until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional
languages are the auxiliary official languages in the
regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction
therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a
voluntary and optional basis.

Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in

Filipino and English and shall be translated into major
regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.

Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national

language commission composed of representatives of
various regions and disciplines which shall undertake,
coordinate, and promote researches for the development,
propagation, and preservation of Filipino and other
languages.

23 Ask them to write down their observations about the language used in the
Constitution. Are the words of the Constitution commonly used in everyday
conversation? Are the sentences simple in structure?
24 Help the students understand the structure of the Constitution. Explain the
division of this entire document into articles and sections. Let the students
state briefly the main idea in the article.
25 Let the students paraphrase the article.

16

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 Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students to read the ‘Legal Indictment.” Ask them to discuss the text
in groups of five, focusing on the type of language that is used in the
selection. Is this language commonly used in ordinary communication?
24 In plain language that can be understood by an ordinary reader, let the
students share the findings of the Great Jurors.
25 Express the last paragraph of the District Attorney’s statement in simple
language.

Post-Lesson Activities
23 Ask the students to watch any of the hearings on any of the recent issues
being investigated by the Senate.
24 Ask the students these questions:
23 How are the arguments presented?
24 What kind of language is used in the hearings?
25 How do people address one another in the hearings?

17

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 “Newspaper Account: Local Girl
Found Slain by Rejected Lover”

Motivating Introduction
23 Assign the students to bring a copy of any broadsheet/newspaper.
24 Ask them to read articles from the paper in groups of five.
25 Make them identify the information contained in the news articles.
26 Let them pay attention to the words and sentences used in the news articles.
Ask them if the words are difficult to understand.
27 Who is narrating the event?

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students to read the news report on “Local Girl Found Slain by
Rejected Lover.”
24 Ask them to compare this text with the article that they read from the
newspaper that they had brought. What kind of information did they get from
the text?
25 Did they notice any similarity/difference between the two?
26 Are the words and sentences difficult to understand?
27 Who is narrating the event? How was the event narrated?

Post-Lesson Proper
23 At the end of this activity, summarize the students’ observations.
24 What did they learn about writing a news article? Discuss with them the
characteristics of a news report.
25 For the final activity, ask the students to write a news report about a recent
school activity.

18

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 “The Sob Sister’s Story”

Motivating Introduction
23 Ask the students if they have heard of people committing crimes because of
love.
24 Ask them to explain if such acts are justifiable. Listen to the students’ point of
view. Help them to process their answers, emphasizing the need to rise
above human weaknesses and uphold moral values.

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the class to read “The Sob Sister’s Story.”
24 Make the students aware of the difference between the language used in the
text and that found in the preceding texts – “From the Autopsy Surgeon’s
Report,” “Legal indictment” and “Newspaper Account: Local Girl Found Slain
by Rejected Lover.”
25 Ask the students how they got to know what happened in “The Sob Sister’s
Story.”
26 Who is narrating the story? How does the narrator feel about what happened
in the story?
27 Discuss with the students the structure and features of the story; pay
particular attention to the elements of fiction.
28 Let the students re-tell the story in their own words.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Engage the students in the discussion of moral and ethical issues in society.
24 How can the youth participate in the movement against crime in our society?
25 What role does the family play in the prevention of crime or other forms of
misconduct?

19

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 “Porphyria’s Lover”

Motivating Introduction
23 Review the characteristics/elements of a typical poem. How can one tell if a
text is a poem or not? Is each feature characteristic of a poem? Are words
arranged into lines and stanzas? Do the words rhyme at the end of the lines?
Is there rhythm in the lines? To facilitate the discussion, give examples of
these elements.
24 You can choose a poem that the students are familiar with.
Trees
by Joyce Kilmer

I think that I shall never see

A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest

Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day,

And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer wear

A nest of robins in her hair

Upon whose bosom snow has lain;

Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,

But only God can make a tree.

23 Talk about the form of this poem.

23 How many stanzas are there in the poem? (6)
24 How many lines make up each stanza? (2)
25 What is the rhyme scheme/pattern of each stanza? (aa)
26 Is there a dominant rhythm in the entire poem? (yes, iambic
tetrameter)
24 Explain the use of figurative language in the poem. Cite examples of
personification and simile.

20

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 e.g., A tree whose hungry mouth is prest.
Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast.
c. Ask the students to paraphrase the poem.

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students to read aloud “Porphyria’s Lover.”
24 Discuss the different elements of poetry found in this literary text.
25 The poem contains a narrative. From whose point of view is the story being
told? How does this point of view affect the telling of the story?
26 Compare “Porphyria’s Lover” with the form of other renditions of the same
story that have been discussed. How does this poem differ from the earlier
texts?
27 Help the students to re-tell the story of Porphyria and her lover.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Organize the students into two or three groups, depending on the size of the
class.
24 Ask the students to dramatize the story, using the autopsy surgeon’s report,
the district attorney’s statement, and the sob sister’s narrative as sources for
the script for their presentation.
25 Help the students create a script for their stage presentation. The students
can make use of their knowledge of variations in language use in various
professions. The characters in the play will use different registers of
language.

21

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 “Quiapo: The Procession of the Black Nazarene”

Motivating Introduction
23 Ask the students what they know about the annual celebration of the Feast of
the Black Nazarene in the district of Quiapo.
24 If they have not heard of this event, ask them to gather information from
newspaper and from books.
25 Ask them if there is a difference in the style of presentation of information
between these two sources. How do the newspaper accounts differ from the
book sources?

Lesson Proper
23 Together with the students, read the poem aloud.
24 Ask the students to paraphrase the poem.
23 In the first stanza, explain to them the reference to “The sober days
that follow the intoxicated sea son.” How does the poem describe the
atmosphere on the feast day of the black Nazarene?
24 Who are being described in the second stanza?
25 Notice the shift in the object of description in the third stanza.
26 As the procession moves, more description is given in the fourth
stanza.
27 The fifth stanza, through a series of parallel phrases, mentions the
manifestations of the devotion to the Black Nazarene.
28 The sixth stanza, through another series of parallel phrases,
emphasizes what the devotees’ experience.

Post-Lesson Activity
23 Ask the students to prepare a list of new words they learned from the poem.
24 Make them use these words in sentences.

22

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 “Black Nazarene Procession Awes American Tourist”

Motivating Introduction
23 Do a review of the elements of reporting.
24 What information should be included in a news report? How is news
conveyed to the audience?

Lesson Proper
23 Ask the students if the article “Black Nazarene Procession Awes American
Tourist” follows a conventional format of a news report.
24 Call the attention of the students to the opening paragraphs of the news
article. What is the function of these paragraphs?
25 What is contained in the last two paragraphs of the article?

Post-Lesson Activity
5888 The American tourist Gerry Blevins said that “the Philippines is [a]
much nicer [place] than the United States.” Ask the students to comment on
this remark.
5889 Ask them to give examples of why they think (or do not think) the
Philippines is a better place than other parts of the world.
5890 The students can also form two teams and conduct a debate on the
topic
“Why the Philippines is a good/not a good place for tourists to visit.”

23
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 Assessment
0 Ask the students to gather information on interesting places, folk traditions,
cultural practices, and beliefs found in their hometown.
1 They can do this through observations and cultural exposure, interviews with
the elders in the community, and research in the internet and in school and
public libraries.
2 Require them to submit an outline of their findings.
3 Let them prepare an essay summarizing their findings.

Examples of Topics:
0 The students of Arts and Design can choose an interesting work(s) of art that
their place is known for (e.g., the paintings by folk artists of Angono, Rizal; the
old churches in Ilocos, in Metro Manila or in the Visayas; handwoven textiles
of the T’boli and Yakan communities; the wooden furniture of Betis).
1 The students of Sports can choose to focus on Filipino games or any sports
activity that is popular in the community.
2 The students taking the academic track, particularly those in the Social
Sciences and the Humanities may opt to investigate our religious beliefs and
cultural practices.
3 The students who are going to specialize in creative writing may choose to
write a poem or a story to talk about their discoveries; the arts students may
want to paint a scenery depicting a cultural tradition.
4 Those going into the health sciences can look at the relevance of folk healing
practices and examine their contribution to the contemporary medical
practices.
5 Students interested in science and technology can attempt to connect folk
technology with scientific gadgets. The use of simple technology such as the
pulley mechanism used in outdoor performances of religious plays like the
sinakulo or the salubong can be enhanced with the introduction of more
sophisticated machines.

24

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 Chapter 2

Writing a
Reaction Paper / Review / Critique

25

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 26

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 Writing a Reaction Paper, Review, and Critique

A very important expository discourse that students must know how to write is
the reaction paper or review, or critique. It is mainly written to communicate a fair
assessment of situations, people, events, and literary and artistic works and
performances. Whether a social commentary, or a critical judgment, it conveys
incisive insights into its analysis of events, its interpretation of the meaning or
importance of a work or artifact, or its appreciation of the moral or aesthetic values
reflected in the work or performance. It may include the main purpose of the event;
the devices and strategies employed; an evaluation of its success or failure; and an

assessment of its significance and relevance, timeliness or timelessness.1

The teacher should explain to the students these general guidelines for
writing the reaction paper:

Guidelines for Writing the Reaction Paper/Review/Critique2

0 Value Communicated
0 Sound critical judgment
1 A fair and balanced assessment of situations or events, people and
things
1 Basic Content
0 Ranges from an off-hand gut reaction, favorable or unfavorable,
merely expressive of emotion to a more rational impersonal critical
analysis that seriously communicates some value, ethical or moral,
some hidden or forgotten truth, and some aesthetic delight
1 May take the form of a reflection, an appeal, a protest, a tribute or
denunciation, a speculation
2 In general, the content would include the following topics:

0Borrowed from Concepcion Dadufalza, “The Reaction Paper,” Reading into Writing 2: a Handbook-
Workbook-Rreader for Critical Reading and Writing for Expository discourse (Makati City: Bookmark,
Inc., c1996), pp.257-258.
1Ibid.

27

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Edition, 2016
 1.) For human situations:
a.) A brief description of the event
b.) People involved, their roles and contributions
c.) Other driving forces, in the open or hidden and
unsuspected

d.) Implications and consequences

e.) Assessment and prognostication
f.) Some offered solutions
2.) For cultural affairs, people, works, performances:
a.) The central purposes of the event or product
b.) The means, devices, strategies employed to achieve
the purposes
c.) An evaluation of the achievement: success or failure
d.) The significance (if any) beyond mere entertainment of
the event or product in ethical and/or aesthetic terms,
its timeliness and/or timelessness
0 Modes of Ordering (Any of the following):
0 From the event/performance/artifact/work presented and
described/narrated in themselves to the writer’s critical evaluation of
the entire event, show or work in a sequence of its elements
1 Discussion that intersperses critical comments between mention or
description of the details of the event, show or work
2 From a cover statement giving an over-all judgment of the event,
show or piece to a discussion of each angle, aspect or element of the
event, show or work illustrating or providing evidence for the
evaluative cover statement
1 Basic qualities of a Good Reaction Paper
0 Gives a fair and balance social commentary
1 Provides relevant and accurate factual information on the situation
2 Exhibits by means of thorough and in-depth analysis an appreciation
of context (including time, place, people, involvement, their motivation,
and actuations)

28

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 0 Makes a clear distinction, through language, between what is actual
and what is probable or possible
1 Exhibits a deep sense of humanity and an understanding of the
human situation even while expressing disapproval or disagreement
most intensely
0 Basic Qualities of an Adequate Critical Judgment
0 Provides accurate and relevant information on the event, show, or
work
1 Exhibits full appreciation of the purpose behind the event, show, or
work
2 Shows a clear understanding of the means (strategies, techniques,
devices, etc.) and their appropriateness and power in achieving the
purpose
3 Exhibits fairness and balance in the judgment made
4 Projects incisive and profound insights into its (1) analysis of the event
on artifact, (2) interpretation of the underlying meaning or significance
of the event or artifact, and (3) appreciation of the values “(moral
and/or aesthetic) unfolded in every detail of the event or artifact”

29

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 “Art”
Critique of a Visual Statement

Motivating Introduction
0 Regale the students with the socio-political roles of famous art works, especially
the painting, Guernica.
1 Interest the students in the role that these art works played in reacting to socio-
political events and advancing the artists’ views and positions. Mention the
powerful Victor Hugo novel turned stage play and movie, Les Miserables;
silversmith Paul Revere’s engraving, the Boston Massacre, which mainly
galvanized the anti-British Revolution; Francisco Goya’s The Third of May
1808, the most famous and extreme depiction of Napoleon’s execution of
Spanish rebels; even Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere which inspired our own
anti-Spanish revolution.
2 Fascinate the students with this little anecdote:

One of the most iconic images of the 20th century,

Guernica depicts the carnage from the bombing raid on a
Spanish village by the Nazi air force. During WWII, when
Nazi officers visited Picasso's studio and saw a print of the
famous image, they asked, "Did you do that?" Picasso
answered, "No, you did."

Lesson Proper
Reading the Critique and Reacting to It
0 Unlocking Verbal Difficulties: Have the students look up the meanings of
these expressions in order for them to read the text with greater facility.
0 Cubist style
1 Filtered through the artist’s eyes
2 Visual argument
3 Multiple perspectives
4 Stronghold
5 Outrage
6 Mural
7 Devastation of war

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 0 Commissioned
1 Atrocity
2 Imminent
3 Critically acclaimed
4 Depicts images simultaneously
5 Assumptions
6 Emotional cacophony of war
7 Carnage of war
0 Comprehending the Text: Use these questions to guide the students in
understanding the essay.
0 Explain how and why “art is an interpretation,” not a faithful depiction
of reality.
1 What is meant by art as a visual argument?
2 What are achieved by the cubist style of painting?
3 On which shared historical experience does Picasso base his
painting, Guernica?
4 Why would Picasso think that “people viewing the painting would be
upset by it?”
5 In what way does cubism allow Picasso to paint “truth rather than
reality?”
6 Which symbols in the painting would the viewers have readily
recognized?
1 Reading the text more critically, let the students reflect on the painting more
deeply and discuss their answers to these questions:
0 Which images catch your attention, and why?
1 What, do you think, is the main image? Which images are found in the
foreground? Why do you think Picasso arranged the images in the
way he did? How do these images relate to one another?
2 How would you describe the images? Which of these images are
underscored? Which are exaggerated or idealized?
3 What are gained by his use of black and white?

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 0 Why did Picasso title his painting, Guernica? Would it have made a
different impact if it had been given a different title, like “The Carnage
of War?”
1 Aside from being a recognizable image for Spain, what else would the
bull stand for? How about the horse?
2 Explain how the painting could simultaneously protest the violence of
war and appeal for peace.
0 Structural Analysis. Explain these elements to the students:
0 Main idea. Using the possibilities afforded by cubism in representing
reality through multiple perspectives, Picasso created a mural
depicting his outrage against the devastating bombing of Guernica.
1 Supporting details. Using “wailing figures, panicked faces, darkness
contrasted by jumbled images of light all project the horrors of war.”
The painting depicting the horrors of war entitled Guernica would
strongly resonate among the people familiar with the bombings, and
everyone condemning the atrocities of war. Insinuating that such
carnage should not happen again, the painting also becomes an
appeal for peace.

Concluding Activities
Inspire student appreciation for significant visual reactions (art works) to
socio-political phenomena by immersing the learners in these projects:

23 Art and Design: Savor Juan Luna’s Spoliarium, at the National Museum;
research on the background of this world- acclaimed Filipino painting. Then
write a three-paragraph critique of the mural focusing on the subject, the
images and the manner of their depiction, the use of color, light and other
devices, and the overall message of the artwork.
24 Academic Track: List at least ten famous politically committed art works of the
world, the occasion or event that each work reacts to/against, and the
message and impact of the work on the people for which it was created. Then
write a three-paragraph essay explaining how and why visual art works make
for effective visual socio-political statements/arguments.

32

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 23 Tech Voc: After listing the ten major tourist-hotel destinations, museums, or
theme parks in various parts of the country, select major Philippine art works
(paintings, engravings, sculpture, installation art, etc.) that should be mainly
featured in each destination. In a three-paragraph essay, explain why you
chose the art work, and the appropriateness of the political message for the
hotel/tourist destination, and its geographical and historical
importance/relevance. Example: The huge mural, the Battle of Mactan, hangs
in a covered structure in the Mactan Shrine.
24 Sports: After selecting your top choices of art works depicting sports, write a
three-paragraph essay of their favorite subjects, the artistic devices
employed, and their messages.

Summary
23 Picasso’s Guernica embodies his visual statement or expression of outrage
against the violent effects of war especially on civilians.
24 By presenting the “carnage of war”, he and his art work were making a visual
argument for peace.
25 To present the horrifying effects of war, he uses the multiple perspectives and
images afforded by the cubist style.

33

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 “Four Values in Filipino Drama and Film”

Motivating Introduction
23 Ask the students what their favorite Tagalog movies are. Why would they
consider them their favorites?
24 Make them choose their top ten favorite actresses from among the following:
a. Carla Abellana b. Angel Aquino c. Nora Aunor

d. Julia Barretto e. Ann Curtis f. Eugene Domingo

g. Bianca Gonzalez h. Kristine Hermosa i. Heart Evangelista
j. Marian Rivera k. Pops Fernandez l. Maja Salvador
m. Pokwang n. Liza Soberano o. Dawn Zulueta

Do Caucasian looks figure in the choices?

Lesson Proper
Reading the Text and Reacting to It
23 Getting to Know the Author
0 Inform the students that before they read more about the Filipino
audience’s preferences for the fair-haired girls, and other colonial
choices, they should first meet the Philippine studies scholar-author:
1 Dr. Nicanor Tiongson is a leading critic, playwright, and academic
professor emeritus from the Film Institute of U.P. Diliman. His
important works include The Women of Malolos, Noli at Fili sa
Dekadang Dos Mil, and Manuel Conde,
2 This founding member of Manunuri ng Wikang Filipino has specialized
in Philippine cinema, Philippine theater, Philippine arts, and popular
culture.
24 Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Ask the students to look up these expressions in
order to make their reading comprehension smooth:
0 Insidious manner
1 Prevalence
2 Perniciousness

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 0 Encapsulated
1 Perpetuated
2 Invariably
3 Caucasian
4 Relegated
5 Slapstick comedies
6 Authenticity
7 Colonial aesthetics
8 Commendable
9 Adulation for the white
10 Subjugated
11 Most abject
12 Wreak havoc
13 Catharsis
14 Maudlin
15 Raison d’etre
16 Run-of-the-mill
23 Comprehending the Text. To help the students do a critical reading of the text,
ask them these guide questions:
0 What are the four negative values that have dominated our stage and
film?
1 What are the roots of these “disvalues.” How did these advance the
cause of the colonial rulers?
2 How has the adulation for the white affected our dignity and our
national pride?
3 Which two factors have created box office hits?
4 If religion “was the opiate of the masses in the past,” what have
become “that opiate today?”
5 What is wrong with suffering and submissiveness?
6 What does Tiongson mean by, “Filipino aesthetics will blossom only if
the Filipino can depict his experience with utmost authenticity?”
7 How can the concept of entertainment be deepened and enriched?

35

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 23 Analysis of the Structure of the Text: As the first part of the critical
review discusses the “disvalues” that plague our film and stage, what
does the second part discuss?
24 Identify the four counterpart values that could help Filipinos find their
identity.

Concluding Activities
23 Academic Track: Does our use of English help promote colonial mentality?
Explain your views in two to three paragraphs.
24 Art and Design: Research on how our Western-oriented perspectives in
music have marginalized, if not denigrated our indigenous music. (Search the
Internet for studies of Dr. Ramon P. Santos.)
25 Tech Voc: Discuss how our clothes/fashion, hairdos, dance crazes, holiday
practices (Christmas, Thanksgiving, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day, etc.) reflect
our colonial mentality. Use specific illustrations to support your points.
26 Sports: Discuss how Manny Pacquiao, as a boxer, exemplifies the four
counter values more than the “disvalues.”

Summary
23 Major ideas
0 The four “disvalues” that have perniciously prevailed in our film and
stage include: “White is Beautiful,” “Shows are the Best,” “Hurrah for
the Underdog,” and “All Is Right with the World.”
1 The four counter values that could undermine the pernicious effects of
the colonial values include: “Brown is Beautiful,” “Shows with
Substance are the Best,” ”It’s Good to think and Decide for Oneself,”
and “The World Could Indeed Be More Beautiful.”
24 Supporting Ideas
0 The causes and effects of the colonial values show their denigration
of the Filipino.
1 The counter values form a critical, scientific, and realistic frame of
mind that can help develop the Filipinos’ cultural economic and
political independence.

36

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 “The Digital Divide: The Challenge of Technology and Equity”

Motivating Introduction
23 Ask the students how many of them have computers/laptops/tablets. How
many have internet connections? How many have smart phones? How many
have cell phones?
24 Ask further: How many homes and schools have computers? Do you think
that majority of our students, all over the country, have computers? Do they
have internet connections? Do they have cell phones?

Lesson Proper
Reading and Reacting to the Text
23 Unlocking verbal difficulties. To understand the text better, ask the students to
look up the meanings of these difficult expressions and use them in
sentences:
0 Equity
1 Grow exponentially
2 Instantaneously
3 Similar disparities
4 Exacerbates disparities
5 Authentic settings
24 Understanding the Text. Ask these guide questions to help the students
understand the essay:
0 What comprise “information technology” and its far-reaching effects?
1 What are the implications of having “only 6 percent of the population
in developing countries [are] connected to telephones?”
2 What is meant by “digital divide?”
3 Explain how income, race, education, household type, and
geographical location, affect digital equity.
4 Why are women and minority groups not eligible for the jobs with the
highest salaries?
5 Why do schools with rich students have greater access to Internet?

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 0 How can the computer and the internet be the great equalizer among
people?
1 How does the use of figures and percentages bolster the observations
that certain factors have created the “digital divide?”
23 Reacting to the Text. Ask the students:
0 How can the internet be used in “culturally relevant ways?”
1 In the Philippines, have students benefitted much from information
technology?
2 Can computers and internets bridge the gaps in educational
achievements between the rural and urban schools in the Philippines?
3 Can we say that information technology has become an end in itself in
the Philippines? Why or why not?
4 Considering that internet speed in the Philippines is much slower than
that of its ASEAN neighbors, does this speed create another reason
for disparity?
24 Analyzing the Text Structure. Explain these notes to the students.
0 Introduction – Information Technology is “influencing the way many
people live and work today; computers are common in homes and
work areas.”
1 Thesis - Access to information technology affects our work and way of
life.
2 Supporting details
(1.) Despite the growing number of computers, the world’s
population have little access to computers and the internet.
(2.) Only 6 percent of the third world countries have
telephones, much fewer have computers.
(3.) In the USA, except for the Native Americans with few
telephones, 94% have telephones, but only 56 percent
have computers.
(4.) Income, race, education, household type, and
geographical location create “digital divides.”

38

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Edition, 2016
 (5.) Ethnic minorities (African-Americans, Latinos and Native
Americans) and women (gender) benefit less from
information technology jobs.
(6.) The schools of the rich children have greater access to the
internet.

23 Conclusion – Equal or greater access to computers and the internet

plus their interacting with the technology as an end to itself, will
reduce disparities in schools, and among peoples.

Concluding Activities
Engage the students in these learning activities:
23 Academic Track. Research on the number of students in your school who
have laptops and tablets, and have internet access. Find out how they use
the internet – as resources for assignments, for social media sites such as
Facebook and blogs, or some other reason. Write a two-paragraph reaction
on how beneficial to their educational needs the internet could be.
24 Art and Design. The different arts may now be executed using computer
technology. Prepare a computer - aided design or visual representation of the
digital divide discussed in the essay.
25 Tech Voc. Write a two-paragraph commentary on how diverse industrial arts
can benefit from the computer and internet access.
26 Sports. Write a two- to three-paragraph commentary on online sports games
– how popular are these games? How effective are these in developing
sportsmanship, and physical health?

Summary
23 Thesis: Computers and the internet may have affected various facets of our
life; however, most of the world’s population have little access to computer
technology and the internet.
24 Strategy for development – The essay uses figures and percentages to
represent the groups that do not have as much access to the internet as the
rich, the white, and the educated Americans.

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 “Ang Bayan Muna Bago ang Sarili”

Motivating Introduction
23 Make the students relive the tragic homecoming of Ninoy Aquino in August
1983. Recall how his strong desire to serve the Filipinos made him come
home despite warnings against the concomitant dangers. Unfortunately, he
was gunned down at the International airport.
24 Make the students realize how his death became a rallying cry for unity and
survival for many Filipinos, but after five years, Cardinal Sin reminds the
Filipinos how they seem to have forgotten his “dream.”

Lesson Proper
Reading and Reacting to the Homily
23 Getting to Know the Author. Inform the students of the significant role played
by the author, Catholic Archbishop of Manila, Jaime Cardinal Sin, as he used
his influence to rally for the rights of the poor. In this excerpt from his homily,
he notes how the people have forgotten their important role of helping build
the nation.
24 Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Ask the students what these expressions mean:
0 Transcending our petty selves
1 Authentic name
2 Cynics
3 Predominant strain
4 Demoralizing
5 Destabilizing
6 Anarchic
7 “Basket of crabs”
8 Addressed vigorously
9 Unrelentingly
10 Chronic illness
11 Operative guideline
12 Too calloused

40

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 23 Comprehending the Essay. To guide the students in comprehending the
essay, ask them these questions:
0 What is Ninoy’s gift? How should the Filipinos show “gratitude” for this
gift?
1 What does the “truest motto of our people” mean?
2 How have we transformed the ideal?
3 What is the significance of the allusion to the three monkeys to our
“national pastime?”
4 In what way “must we criticize in order to be free?”
5 When does our criticizing degenerate into self-destruction?
6 What does Cardinal sin mean by “our national game, an anarchic
free-for-all- in a ‘basket of crabs’?”
7 How does the other meaning of K.K.K. negate the moral order that
must be addressed vigorously?
8 What does he mean by our need as citizens “to go into an action
mode ourselves?”
9 Where should change start?
10 What qualities are reflected by the motto, “Bayan muna, bago and
sarili?”
24 Reacting Critically to the Essay. Make the students think more critically of the
homily message by asking these questions:
0 Of the four versions of K.K.K., which, do you think, is most applicable
to our people and government today? Why?
1 In what ways is the motto, “Bayan muna, bago ang sarili” a non-
operative ideal even today?
2 Would you agree with the Cardinal that the saying, “Every man for
himself” is a “formula for disaster”?
3 Who is Chino Roces? Is his call for a moral order in 1988 still
applicable today?
4 Why must we begin change with ourselves?
5 Given our socio-political problems today, do you think “Bayan muna,
bago ang sarili” would be the best motto that we can adopt to make us
transcend our selfish ways, our social and political problems?

41

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 5888 Analyzing the Essay Strategies. Call attention to the devices used by
Cardinal Sin to emphasize his points. What specific effects are achieved by
these:
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ0 Why does
the homily start with an allusion to the gift of Ninoy to the Filipinos?
What does he achieve by this reference?
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ1 Why does
he bring up the four parodies of the true meaning of KKK if these were
a far cry from the ideal?
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ2 What is
the importance of his allusion to the three monkeys who see, hear,
and speak no evil?
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ3 In the next
paragraph, he quotes Ninoy, “We must criticize in order to be free…”
What is the effect of this exhortation- quotation on the idea of the
preceding paragraph?
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ4 Again, what is the
significance of the pun on what KKK stands for in Par.7? Why is it
juxtaposed with the allusion to Chino Roces and his call for a renewed
moral order?
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ5 Do you agree that
“our President [ at that time, Cory Aquino] is bent on pursuing the
battle against corruption forcefully?”
ЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀĀԀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ6 To make the
guideline, “Bayan muna, bago ang sarili” operative, we must start with
ourselves… and implement it for a year; otherwise, we would be
dreaming an “impossible dream” and not “follow the star.”
What is gained from borrowing from the popular song?

Concluding Activities
Make the students realize that the message from Cardinal Sin becomes more
significant if the students implement a facet of it in their contextualized activities.
0 Academic. Choose a government official, youth leader, or any popular
personality who has practiced “Bayan muna, bago ang sarili.” Explain how
he/she made the motto her/his guiding principle.
 1 Art and Design. Prepare simple but striking posters of the motto in various
major languages to be placed in the various offices of government service in
the country.

42

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 0 Tech Voc. Request a slot from the public service program of [government]
television channel to feature a weekly 30-minute presentation of a school or
government office featuring a “Bayan muna, bago ang sarili” experience.
1 Sports. In the spirit of bayanihan, and “Bayan muna, bago ang sarili,” create
weekly sports tournaments in your barangay. After linking up with the
barangay officials and civic-spirited citizens, make the championship game
fall on the barangay fiesta or Christmas celebration to drum up
support/donations for uniforms, sports equipment, uniforms, and prizes.

Summary
0 Main Points - Instead of showing love of country first before our own self
interests, we have made “Kanya-Kanyang Katwiran/ Kabig/Kurakot our way
of life. The challenge is to use our freedom of speech to criticize and be free,
instead of endless, destabilizing criticism of others; and to work together
against corruption. Specifically, the challenge is to start practicing “Bayan
muna, bago ang sarili” among ourselves and make it govern our deeds for
one year.
2.
0 Strategies - The allusions to Ninoy’s “gift,” to the laudable KKK motto, to
Ninoy’s quotable views on constructive criticism, and to Chino Roces’ call for
a moral order emphasize Cardinal Sin’s message. The contrasts between the
unifying KKK motto vs. the parodies of this; between the three monkeys and
the freedom of speech and criticism advanced by Ninoy; between the
propensity to corruption and the call for a renewed moral order, between the
self-interests and the need for unity against corruption all underscore
Cardinal Sin’s call for making “Bayan muna, bago ang sarili” an operative
principle and to start now and do it for a year.

43

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 “Why JFK’s Inaugural Succeeded”

Motivating Introduction
Inspire the students to meet a very promising youngest American president
by introducing John F. Kennedy.

ЀĀȀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ‫؀‬ĀȀ⸀ĀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀Ā
ᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀ0 Inform the
audience that: Kennedy remains the iconic figure of America's Camelot–an
era people remember for the energy and idealism emanating from the White
House. He was the youthful, earnest visionary who might have changed the
world, if not for his cruel fate. In A Thousand Days, Arthur Schlesinger
captured the sense of loss that many felt after Kennedy's death: "It was all
gone now–the life-affirming, the life-enhancing zest, the brilliance, the wit, the
cool commitment, the steady purpose.”

ЀĀȀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ‫؀‬ĀȀ⸀ĀЀĀȀĀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ
ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀĀȀ⸀ĀЀĀȀĀ⸀Āᜀ
ĀᜀĀᜀĀ1 Impress on the students that the JFK inaugural address is considered
one of the best; hence, they must read it before reading the reaction to it:
The Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy is
considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-
century American public address. Communication scholars
have ranked the speech second in a list of the hundred
"top speeches" of the twentieth century based on its
impact and artistry. It is famous for its eloquence and for its
call to duty: "Ask not what your country can do for you--ask
what you can do for your country.”
 44

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 Lesson Proper
Reading the Text and Reacting to It
0 Getting to Know the Author. Before reading the text, the students would do
well to know the author of the reaction paper. Provide them this mini
background:
A noted historian, the Yale- and Columbia-
educated Thurston Clarke has written eleven widely
acclaimed works of fiction and nonfiction, including three
New York Times Notable Books and two books about JFK:
Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the
Speech That Changed America (2004), and JFK's Last
Hundred Days: The Transformation of a Man and the
Emergence of a Great President in which he asserts that
“JFK's legacy lies as much in the promise he didn't live to
fulfill as in what he actually accomplished.”

1 Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Advise the students to address the difficult

expressions first in order for them to read the text smoothly and critically.
0 Currier & Ives
1 Exhilarating air
2 Much animosity
3 Smoldering bomb
4 Droned on
5 Alterations
6 Political spectrum
7 Astounding
8 Paraphrased lines
9 Impossible to replicate
10 Most memorable
11 Off-the-cuff remarks
12 De rigueur
13 Engage his emotions
14 Distillation of the spiritual and philosophical principles

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 0 Comprehending the Text. Use these guide questions as study helps for the
students:
0.512 What does Clarke mean by a scene worthy of Currier & Ives? (Par. 1)
0.513 Which among the “No one knew that…” details makes Kennedy most
endearing”? (Par. 2)
0.514 Which is the best proof that the inaugural address was greatly
received by all sectors? (Par. 3)
0.515 Why was George W. Bush the “most recent offender?” (Par. 4)
0.516 Which constituted the magic of his inaugural address? (Par.5)
0.517 Which “magical element” of the address would be nearly impossible to
replicate? (Par. 6)
0.518 Which JF Kennedy trait is reflected in his continuing alterations on his
reading copy?
0.519 What is the significance of his speech revisions without help from the
“speechwriting teams that have become de rigueur?” Why did he not
need much help revising his dictation? (Par. 9)
0.520 Which five important moments in his life influenced his eloquent
delivery? (Par 10)
0.521 Which two sentences proved to be an emotional tuning point of his
delivery? Why were these emotionally-powered? (Par. 11)
0.522 What elements really evoked the deep emotional response to his
inaugural speech from the Americans? (Par. 12)
0.523 Unlike other critical reviews of the speech, which emphasize JFK’s
ideas, especially his championing freedom and democracy as well as
defending these all over the world, and probe his very effective
rhetorical devices and memorable lines, Clarke focuses on other
points. According to him, why did JFK’s inaugural address succeed?

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 Analyzing the Text Structure
0 Introductory observations
0.0 Par. 1 lays the overall view of the well stage-managed setting (worthy
of Currier & Ives).
0.1 Par. 2 zeroes in on the unnoticed, unsuspected, even humanizing
“goings-on” among those on stage.
1 Body: focus on the success of the address.
1.0 Par. 3 focuses on details proving the success of the address, from
comments, to soaring Gallup polls to later Presidents’ paraphrasing of
his quotable quotes.
1.1 Par. 4- provides the magical factors for the success, not just in the
message/words.
1.2 Par. 5 – asserts the crucial factors for success that cannot be
replicated – his life, and his close call with death that imbued the
address “with power and urgency.”

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Concluding Activities
Ask the students to do the following:
0 Academic. Secure a text copy and a video recording of the inaugural address
of Pres. Rodrigo Duterte and explain why the address succeeded/failed.
1 Art and Design. Design a website featuring the different programs
foregrounded in the Philippine President’s inaugural address.
2 Tech Voc. Write a three-paragraph reaction to the election promise of
eradicating drugs and criminality in three to six months. Would the tough -
talking President be able to keep the promise without violating human rights?
How would this implementation affect our tourism promotion?
3 Sports. What kind of sports program should the Duterte administration
emphasize? Write a two-paragraph proposal to revitalize the national sports
program to be incorporated in the President’s State of the Nation Address
SONA).

Summary
0 Although the reaction paper-editorial maintains that the address is one of the
best in America, it focuses more on the factors for its success than on the
contents.
1 Although it notes various memorable quotes from the speech, even imitated by
later Presidents, the editorial stresses that not the ideas and words alone
have evoked the magic of the inaugural speech, but several factors in JFK’s
life that cannot be replicated contributed to the eloquence of his message and
its delivery.
2 Most important, his war experiences and close calls with death together with
the loss of a brother and friends in battle, added the authentic passion and
emotion that so touched the listeners.

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 “Dead Water”

Motivating Introduction
Instill in the students an appreciation for a different kind of a reaction paper.
Instead of an essay, Wen-Ito wrote this poem as a reaction to the stagnant water
around.
3 Ask the students to think of all the garbage- and plastic bag-filled ditches,
“esteros” around, and even areas in Manila Bay. Think of the fly- and rodent-
infested piles of uncollected garbage especially in various parts of Metro
Manila.
4 Ask the learners what the implications of these polluted bodies of water have
on the residents, on the bathers and swimmers. Remind them too of the flash
floods during the rainy season and what constitute the aftermath of the rain-
drenched and flooded areas where the infested garbage piles had remained.

Lesson Proper
Reading the Poem and Reacting to it
Make the student’s realize that after a first reading of the poem, it is
imperative to know the poet behind the creative and environmental perceptive.
ᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀЀĀĀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀȀ768 Appreciate the Poet’s Role.
Share a brief background about the colorful life of
Wen-i-to/Wen Yi-duo:2
“On June 6, 1946, at 5pm, after stepping out of the office
of the Democratic Weekly, Wen Yiduo died in a hail of bullets.
Mao blamed the Nationalists and transformed Wen into a paragon
of the revolution.
Wen had received a classical education. But he came of
age as old imperial China and its institutions were being swept
away, and the Chinese people were looking ahead to a new
China. It was fertile ground for a young poet.
In 1922, Wen studied art and literature at the Art Institute
of Chicago. There he published his first collection of poetry,
Hongzu or Red Candle. Returning to China in 1925, he became a
university professor, active in the political and aesthetic debates of

0This is borrowed from Robert Hammond Dorsett (Translator), “Stagnant Water & Other Poems by
Wen Yiduo”, in https://chinafile.com/library.books/Stagnant-Water-Other-Poems-Wen-Yiduo,
March26, 2014

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 the time. His published his second collection of poems, Sishui, or
Dead Water, in 1928.
As political trends shifted from an intellectual, elitist base
toward a populist one, Wen was one of the leaders of a movement
to reform Chinese poetry, from a classical style and diction far
removed from everyday usage, to adapting common speech and
direct observation, while maintaining a strict, albeit new,
formalism.
However, Wen never resolved the conflicts that existed
within him: The elitist and the proletarian, the scholar and the
activist, the traditionalist and the innovator, the personal man and
the public man, fought for ascendancy. Yet it was these
contradictions that proved so fruitful and give his poetry its
singular power.”

0 Unlocking Verbal difficulties. Make the students realize that before they can
understand the poem and interpret its meaning well, they have to know the
meanings of these expressions used:
0.0 Raise a single ripple
0.1 Silky gauze
0.2 Colorful spume
0.3 Ferment into jade wine
0.4 White scum
1 Comprehending the Text. Use these questions to guide the students in
understanding the literal meaning of the poem:
1.0 Stanza 1- When is water “hopelessly dead?”
1.1 Stanza 1- Why cannot a breeze “raise a single ripple on it?”
1.2 Stanza 2- Can the green on rubbish copper become emeralds? Can
peach blossoms sprout from thrown away tin cans? Can grease cover
the surface with “silky gauze?” Can germs produce colorful foam on
this water? In what ways can these “emeralds, “peach blossoms,”
“silky gauze,” and “colorful spume” come out of the stagnant water?
1.3 Stanza 3 – Again, can dead water be fermented into wine? When can
white scum be viewed as floating pearls? When do pearls chuckle and
become big pearls, then turn into gnats? In what ways would these
gnats steal the rum?

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 Stanza 4- In what way can one see that the “hopelessly dead water” may
have a bright touch? Why would the frogs croak in delight “when they
cannot bear the silence?”
Stanza 5 – In a seeming contradiction of early assertions that pearls,
peach blossoms, colorful spume, etc. all beautiful images, can spring
from the dead water, why does the last stanza say that nothing
beautiful can live in the dead water? What frame of mind is revealed
when one leaves it to the devil to cultivate the dead water? What may
come out of the dead water if the devil “cultivates” it?
Interpreting the text. To make the students move beyond the literal reading of the
text, ask them these guide questions:
What does a hopelessly dead water stand for?
If the breeze cannot even move the water to produce a ripple, why would
one add to the pollution by throwing in rusty scraps and left over food
and soup? What does such an action signify?
From your science, you learn that the green on copper is more of blue-
green layer of corrosion that develops on the surface of copper when
exposed to sulfur and oxide compounds; that the oily film floating on
water may be caused by decomposition of grease; that the colorful
foam or water may be caused by cyanobacteria with harmful
cyanotoxins. Why does the poet “romanticize” versions of these
effects of corrosion, decomposition, and toxicity as “emeralds, silky
gauze, or colorful spume?”
What tone does the poet use, especially in Stanza 3, when he gives in to
fermenting the water into jade wine, etc.? Can water be fermented?
Why would that fermented water be “jade wine?”
What do the small pearls stand for? What does their chuckling mean?
And how can their chuckling turn them into big pearls? Moreover, how
do they burst as gnats that steal the drink?
As though the persona relents a little about the hopelessly dead water,
he/she allows it a “touch of something bright.” To what would this
bright touch refer? In what way would the frogs no longer able “to

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 bear the silence?’” Why would the dead water (not the frogs)
sing/croak its “song of delight?”
In the last stanza, what do the last two lines signify, considering that the
water is hopelessly dead and unable to contain any form of beauty?
On what note does the poem end then?

Reminders:
The persona in a poem is the role or character adopted by the author to
speak or act in the text.
Tone in poetry or prose refers to the writer's attitude toward the subject or
audience. It may be admiring, afraid, aggravated, aggressive, agitated, angry,
apathetic, apologetic, sarcastic, and sardonic.
It is the emotional coloring of the poem.

5. Critical Reading of the Text

Remind the students of the brief background on the writer. That he
was killed for his writings means that his socio-political background calls for a
reading beyond an environmentalist’s concern. Ask them to examine the two
interpretations below and explain which they would agree with, or which parts
they would disagree with, and why:

In “Dead Water” Wen Yiduo made claims to the past. With the passage of
time the consolidation of the Qing rule and censorship determined
how the fall of the Ming dynasty was remembered, imagined and
represented, Yiduo represented the poets of this era as they tried to
base their poetry on past models and make them meaningful for the
present generation. The dead water was symbolic of the state of
China. The people were desperate and hopeless.

Realizing the lack of new ideas, the narrator stated “Here is a ditch of
hopelessly dead water / No breeze can raise a single ripple on it /
Might as well throw in rusty metal scraps / or even pour left-over food

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 and soup in it” (ll. 1-4).This stanza makes a powerful statement on the
times of China. A ray of hope had sparked the era, the narrator
explains to the reader “this ditch of hopelessly dead water / may still
claim a touch of something bright / [and] the dead water will croak its
song of delight” (ll. 13-14, 15).

Poetically, the poem displayed a duality of what was potentially dead

could have life and could potentially live again. The poem appeals to
the use of nature and natural elements to symbolically stimulate the
reader. Despite the narrator’s losing hope in the last stanza, the
reader is stimulated to believe that a new era is approaching and a
new social state is on the verge of beginning.

“Stagnant water”. The "dead water" symbols, irony , and other artistic
techniques refer to The Northern Warlords, the dark rule, the
performance of the author, and the government's determination
opposed to darkness.

The poem of five sections can be divided into three parts. the first part
(Section 1) the "dead" water, refers to the old China and the emotions
of the reality of corruption. A “Hopeless dead" has a profound
meaning: it symbolizes that in the semi feudal warlords’ corruption in
the dark, semi colonial old China, is "a ditch of despair and the poet’s
disappointment. In the second sentence of the poem, "the wind
blowing up a ripple," "cool" and "dead" can refer to all the fresh ideas
and strength that cannot create the slightest reaction in the stagnant
water." In the poem’s third, fourth sentences "If you are to throw some
junk-heap, you might as well throw leftover," express that the
"stagnant water", following the disappointment, caused the mood of
extreme hate. If the reality is so dark, desperate, rather than let it rot
completely, the hopelessly bad will grow more thoroughly bad, and the
new things may grow stronger. This poem expresses here how the
poet is full of anger, yet has ardent hope for good things.

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 In the second part (second, third or fourth), the poet makes a detailed
depiction of the "dead water,” specifically vividly reveals the social
status of the old China -- decadent, and this expression of the old
Chinese hatred, anger, sarcasm.

In the third part (the last section), the poet expresses the curse of
reality, the eager desire to change reality. In the first two sentences,
the poet, in a very flat tone, asserts that the dark China Society is
completely negating, denying that “this is a stagnant ditch of
desperation, definitely not beautiful. The ugly reclaiming the world –
actually, the ugly to the extreme, attempts a ray of hope. Therefore,
the last two sentences include not only the despair of the poet for the
old China, but also the new China’s expectation and longing, with a
strong desire to change the reality.

The poem then comprises a strong attack and curse of the reign of
the dark old Chinese, and expresses the poet’s deep patriotism.
(From “Stagnant Water” in http://www.et97.com/view/37664.htm)

Concluding Activities
Ask the students to perform these contextualized activities to make the poem
more relevant to their concerns.
Academic: Write a two-paragraph description of the most polluted Philippine river,
the Marilao River. Focus on the details of its pollution and the hazards these
bring. Make the third paragraph a crucial step to revive it and make it
“alive” and fresh again.
Art and Design: Prepare a visual graphic of the highly polluted Marilao River.
Focus on the images that contribute to its hopelessly dead state. Accompany
the visual with a two-paragraph description of the stagnant water and its
implications on public health.
Sports: Explain how swimming in a polluted river or lake can be very dangerous
for athletes.

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 Tech Voc: Pretend that you are the secretary of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources. Write an urgent program of action to clean up the
Marilao River and transform it into a clean, toxic-free river that can “support
and protect the livelihoods of the people and wildlife that depend on these
waterways and the life-sustaining resources that they provide.”

Summary
This creative reaction to a hopelessly dead ditch water emphasizes how
useless and polluted it has become.
It satirizes the fermentation, corrosion, and toxification that happen through
seemingly beautiful images of emeralds (patina of corrosion), silky gauze
(grease decomposition), and colorful spume (toxic cyanobacteria).
Greater irony is created through images of graver spoilage presented as pretty
objects, like jade wine (green liquid of corrosion), pearls (of scum), etc.
In ultimate frustration, the persona leaves the cultivation of this dead water to a
devil even, and sees what kind of world can ensue.
While these images, as well as the sarcastic and ironic tone deplore the
hopelessness of the polluted water, this decayed water may be seen as a
criticism of China and its political, even moral decay. And if the dead water
cannot be rehabilitated, even by the symbolic devil, China cannot be
revitalized by the Kuomintang and political rivalries (at the time).

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 “Four Perspectives on Heneral Luna
“Epic Movie Shows How the Revolution Assassinated Heneral Luna”
(Inquirer.net)
“Heneral Luna” (Film Police Review)
“Heneral Luna Shows the Human Side of the Hero” (Rose Carmelle Lacuata,
ABS-CBN.Com)”
“Heneral Luna” (Clarence Tsui, PDT)”

Motivating Introduction
Draw out the students’ reactions to the movie Heneral Luna. Then ask them
these questions:
Why did many school authorities “require” students from different parts of the
country to watch Heneral Luna?
Did the movie open your eyes to several views about Antonio Luna, Gen.
Aguinaldo, and other leaders of the revolution? Which details and facets of
the movie did you find most interesting, most striking, or most unforgettable?

Lesson Proper
Reading the Reviews and Reacting to Them
1. Brief Background on the Film Subject
Find out how much the students know about Antonio Luna.
Do they know that he was much more than what most people
consider him -- the great military strategist and the greatest
general of the Revolution? Do they know that he excelled in
chemistry, had a Licentiate and later a doctorate in pharmacy
(Madrid)? Do they know that after his highly acclaimed
dissertation on malaria, he studied bacteriology and histology
(Paris), and medical chemistry in Belgium and Germany? Do they
know that as a chemistry expert in Manila, he was the first to study
environmental science, and forensic science? Do they realize that
when he was associated with the Katipunan, he was jailed, and
then exiled to Madrid, where he studied military science when he
was released from prison? When he returned to the country, he
founded a military academy where trained soldiers but earned
their ire for his having been a strict disciplinarian. But do they
realize that for all his ideals and efforts, he was assassinated,
stabbed allegedly by his own people?

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 2. Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Make the students eliminate stumbling blocks to
smooth reading and comprehension by their looking up the meanings
of these expressions:
Group 1 from “Epic Movie Shows How the Revolution Assassinated
Heneral Luna:”
(1.) revitalizes dormant genres
(2.) well-choreographed
(3.) production design
(4.) nascent
(5.) expatriates
(6.) stark fashion
(7.) fossilized
(8.) desiccated
(9.) contemplative character
(10.) cliché heroics
(11.) pantheon of heroes
(12.) hubris
(13.) damaged culture
(14.) parochial interests
(15.) opportunism

b. Group 2 from “Heneral Luna: ”

(1.) compelling story
(2.) allegorical
(3.) run-of-the-mill historical bio pic
(4.) dastardly
(5.) periphery
(6.) inner turmoil
(7.) volatile
(8.) rile up their morale
(9.) banter
(10.) nuanced
(11.) cohorts
(12.) political foil
(13.) snippets
(14.) rowdy meeting
(15.) glossed over
(16.) grit
(17.) trifecta

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 Group 3 from “Heneral Luna Shows Human Side of Hero:”
(1.) artistic license
(2.) spewing curse words
(3.) superb portrayal
(4.) comfort zone

Group 4 from ““Heneral Luna” (Tsui):

(1.) spearheading
(2.) treachery
(3.) high octane turn
(4.) swash-buckling drama
(5.) futility of ideals
(6.) global diaspora
(7.) mainstream production values
(8.) reconstructing the historical narrative
(9.) broached
(10.) pedagogical objective
(11.) lingua franca
(12.) inconvenient truth
(13.) delved headlong into the revolution
(14.) reconciliatory voices
(15.) dissenting comrades
(16.) j’accuse
(17.) double-dealing
(18.) clandestine affair
(19.) impunity
(20.) anachronism
(21.) unflinchingly
(22.) subtlety
(23.) raucous
(24.) still chaotic political landscape

Understanding the Texts. Make the students note that the four movie reviews
critique the same movie, Heneral Luna. Ask them if they find that the four
reviews are all extolling the movie, foregrounding similar/different strengths
and flaws, and/or asserting unique observations.

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 Ask these guide questions:
Review 1 – “Epic Movie Shows How the Revolution Assassinated
Heneral Luna”
(1.) How does Director Jerrold Tarog revive the historical action
movie in Heneral Luna?
(2.) In what ways may the movie be considered “superbly
made?”
(3.) How significant is the reference to Juan Luna’s Spoliarium to
the ending of the movie?
(4.) How different “an action man” is Gen. Luna from other
Filipino heroes depicted in movies?
(5.) What makes the subject matter of the movie most
intriguing?
(6.) Explain why A. Luna was a tragic character, a “victim of the
damaged culture of the Filipinos,” and of the “ultra-
nationalism that has bedeviled Philippine history.”
(7.) Do you agree that Gen. A. Luna “was assassinated by the
Revolution?” Why or why not?

Review 2- Heneral Luna

(1.) What makes Heneral Luna different from the run-of-the-mill
historical biopic?
(2.) What tone do you detect in Par. 3 when the review asserts
that the “real focus here is the tension, the inner turmoil,
that brewed in the ranks of our so-called founding fathers?”
(3.) Which is the most praiseworthy feature of the movie?
(4.) Which is the problematic element?
(5.) What are the positive and negative effects of the use of the
frame narrative?

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 Review 3 – Heneral Luna
(1.) How does the movie "pay tribute to the heroic military
commander spearheading the Philippine struggle for
nationhood at the end of the 19th century?”
(2.) What important qualities of the blockbuster movie “have
generated immense buzz in the Philippines?
(3.) Outside of the country, however, what limitations would
prevent the movie from winning in international
competitions?
(4.) What special role does Joven play in reconstructing our
history in the movie?
(5.) Contrast Gen. Luna with Aguinaldo, especially in their traits
and their manner of operation.
(6.) Explain what is meant by the bold observation here that
the movie, in effect, “plays out a whirlwind J’accuse?”
(7.) In what way is Luna depicted as “a selfless patriot in a
dangerous age?”
(8.) Clarify how the movie is a “wake-up call” against our worst
enemies.
(9.) How relevant is the movie message to our contemporary
political landscape?

(10.) Among its artistic components, which is the heavy weight?

d. Review 4- “Heneral Luna shows human side of hero”

(1.) In what way was Luna’s personality “beautifully captured in
Heneral Luna?”
(2.) What is the effect of showing Luna’s merciless killing by
fellow Filipinos in the big screen?
(3.) How did the film “combine history and art, without
sacrificing anything?”
(4.) How does the movie show to Filipinos that “heroes are
humans, too?”

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 General Comparative Analysis
In asserting what a success the historical action movie has been, each of the
reviews point out these artistic merits: a compelling allegorical and relevant
story, an impassioned score, an impassioned sound design/score, masterful
cinematography, a “fantastic script,” and John Arcilla’s stellar performance.
The reviewers are one in praising the acting prowess of Arcilla, especially in
portraying the whole spectrum of emotions of the larger-than-life general
including the “passionate, sympathetic, battle-weary softer side of the
character.” However, the film police review finds that the rest of the cast,
while not weak, had difficulty keeping up “with the gravitas of John Arcilla’s
Luna.”
It is Clarence Tsui’s review that provides convincing supporting details for his
discussion of the merits of the movie.
The “technically marvelous” sound design is illustrated by Luna’s table
banging “overpowering the raucous Cabinet meeting,” the guitar mini
concert in the middle and the overall “masterful score.”
Illustrating the well-crafted cinematography is the innovative flashback
sequence moving to the general’s young days, seamlessly moving to
different settings as a masterfully executed visual spectacle.
The most notable artistic element, the “poetic yet conversational” script,
features dialogues seemingly taken from a sonata, and lines so
elegant that “curse words sound so cultured, so tasteful.”
Even the film police review, which finds some “erratic pacing problems” in the first
act, asserts that Heneral Luna tells “a compelling story – allegorical and
timely to the present day.”
The story of political intrigue and conspiracy unveils an intellectual and action
hero; hence, it becomes a “tribute to the heroic military commander
spearheading the struggle for nationhood.”
His “brilliance, hubris, and tragic flaw make Luna a tragic hero, victimized
by the Filipinos’ damaged culture (inability to transcend parochial and
self interests).”
Luna was also depicted close to his real life traits, including his cursing
and losing his temper.

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 Finally, the common message shows the bravery and treachery in war that has
relevance in contemporary politics.
El Heneral was assassinated by the Revolution. (Inquirer.net)
Heroes are human, too. (Carmelle Lacuata)
Hen. Luna is a story of “how a dissenting voice can get swept away and
perish under a wave of egos and personal interest.” (film police
review)
As Luna “battles foreign forces and then adversaries in his own ranks,”
his story “mirrors the chaos of contemporary politics.”
Luna lives the principle: put country before family and everything else.

Concluding Activities
Ask the students to do these projects:
Academic: One motif of the movie focuses on “Artikulo Uno.” Research on this
Constitutional provision and write on how Luna uses it to enforce military
discipline among the soldiers.
Art and Design: The movie gained popularity based on word-of-mouth and a
grassroots campaign. Conceptualize how you would promote the movie
through posters and other forms of media.
Tech-Voc: Create either a meal or drink inspired by the characters in the movie
and/or the period it is set in.
Sports: Create a 15-minute workout or game based on the movie.

Summary
The movie reviews reflect how a great general of the revolution fighting for
nationhood becomes a victim of shallow interests of people in politics and
government.
The blockbuster movie has great artistic merits: laudable script, choreography,
sound/score, great acting especially by Arcilla.
It is both a tribute to the great military leader and a projection of the human side
of the hero.

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 Assessment
Answer these questions concisely.

On the reaction paper/review/critique

Is a report on an event a reaction paper?
Can a summary of a novel or literary work pass for a critique?
What are the qualities of a good review or reaction paper?
Would a favorable or unfavorable gut-reaction expressing an emotion be
considered a reaction paper? Why or Why not?
The speaker in a poem need not refer to the poet; who is this created
speaker?
On the sample reaction papers
Do you think that Gen. Luna exemplified the operative principle that
Cardinal Sin had preached almost a century later -- “Bayan muna,
bago ang sarili?”
Critics emphasize the memorable lines from Kennedy’s inaugural
address; even important writers praised him for his effective rhetorical
devices; and still others were inspired by the legacy of democracy and
the promise to defend liberty throughout the world. But why does
Clarke choose to write about other factors behind the success of the
inaugural address?
Why may a poem, like “Dead Water” be an effective social commentary?
Without the use of words, how can a work of art like Guernica eloquently
protest a horrific event like the Guernica bombing?
Of the many forms of social divides – economic classes, color bars,
religious conflicts, political ideological divisions, and digital divide –
which is the most harmful? Which is the easiest to bridge? Why?

Research on our claims to the West Philippine Sea vis-a-vis the Chinese
incursions into these contested waters – especially its huge military buildup, and the
destruction of the Coral Triangle. Then, write a 400-word reaction paper on the
following contextualized topics:

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 Academic:
Social Sciences and Law - Make a fair and balanced commentary on the
claims of the Philippines on the West Philippine Sea versus those of
China.
Science and Humanities students- Discuss the implications of China’s
building artificial islands and military installations on marine life in the
South China Sea.
Art and Design:
Craft a web design, or graphic design illustrating the military installations
endangering South China Sea marine life or the destruction of the
Coral Triangle; then, write an essay, a commentary, on these
destructive effects.
Sports:
Discuss the possibilities of sports-friendly relations among naval forces of
Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines through sports competitions
on the Spratly's, and underwater sports packages (diving and
snorkeling) around the atolls.
Tech-Voc:
With the ivory ban, the Chinese fishers now rake in endangered giant
clams not only for the meat but also for the handicraft carved from
giant clams. [According to Dr. Edgardo Gomez, Prof. Emeritus of
Marine Science, U.P, their pillage of the South China Sea for their
booming handicraft (especially in Tanmen, Hainan Island, China) is
destroying the reef ecosystem.] Write about the income possibilities of
our own fisherfolk in they engage in shellfish carving too.

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 Chapter 3

Writing a Concept Paper

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 Writing a Concept Paper
An important academic paper that the student must learn to read and write
critically is the concept paper. Presenting samples of brief as well as full-blown
concept papers from different areas of knowledge, this module not only clarifies what
a concept paper is and its contents, but also foregrounds the values it
communicates, the strategies that may be employed in reading and writing one, and
the characteristics of a well-written concept paper.
As each article presents a concept and builds on the others, you may employ
a sequential approach: motivating learners, informing the students of the objectives,
presenting either well-explained and illustrated information, or guide questions for the
lesson proper, providing learning/practice activities and interesting modes of
assessment together with appreciative feedback, and clinching summaries and
reminders.
A motivating introduction arouses curiosity, entices the students to stop, look,
listen, and try relevant “gimmicks,” and/or hints the relevance and
significance of the concept to their lives, or their future.
Specifying the objectives of the lesson as short-term learning outcomes gives
clear directions to the student about what he/she expects to learn. These also
provide the foundation for course planning, including organizing course
content, designing instructional materials, and methods.
For the lesson proper to be well understood, unlocking verbal difficulties,
leading questions, clear explanations, apt illustrations, and examples may be
used.
Interesting and relevant Learning activities and practice exercises
would enhance learning and may lead to a writing assignment.
Assessment questions and projects may be either tried and tested
types, or daring and do-able ones.
Positive and encouraging feedback for the activities or the
assessment results should be devised.
The Reminder is a boxed aide-mémoire or prompt for both the teacher and the
student.
The Summary winds up the lesson with a reiteration of important points.

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 To challenge the student to prepare a well-written concept paper on “walls,”
the module closes with a power point presentation focusing on various kinds of walls,
their diverse uses, and their structural materials. Ranging from the house wall, to the
mural, the prison walls, the virtual economic walls, the color bars, the socio-political
divides, the religious walls, the psychological walls, the cordon sanitaire; the famous
walls of the world – the Wailing Wall, the Berlin Wall, the Great Wall of China, the
Walls of Babylon, the walled complex of Sacsayhuaman of Peru, the Intramuros, and
the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall in the United States – ---the rich variety of
digital graphics provokes student imagination and thinking into creating a
remarkable, even exceptional concept paper either on building walls, or breaking
walls in his/her discipline.

Content Standard
In this module, the learner comprehends the values, the principles, and the
uses of the concept paper.

Performance Standard
At the end of this module, the learner prepares a well-organized concept
paper in a specific discipline.
Matrix of Essentials
Text Title Critical Reading Focus Activities

1. “Boondocks” The core definition at the Naming and defining at least thirty-
heart of a concept paper five new English words borrowed
from Filipino; Writing brief
etymological narratives of new
English words derived from Filipino

2. “Months of the Strategy for concept Guessing meanings of words after

Year” and clarification: Greek and identifying their Roots, prefixes and
“Days of the Latin, and other suffixes; narrating etymological
Week” etymological narratives stories

3. “Ketchup” Semantic History Writing an outline.

4. “Fusion vs. Strategy for writing a Writing the body of a simple
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 Fission” concept Paper: concept paper using an initial
Expanding Initial definition, and expanding this thru
Definition with the contrast of various aspects of
Comparison and given terms along the lines of the
Contrast contrasts between fusion and
fission in the reading text.

5. “Things: Par. pattern: illustrations Writing a rudimentary outline for a

Throw Away and examples, contrast concept paper; writing an
Society” order: inductive introductory paragraph(s) using a
paragraph pattern

6. “Mercury Concept paper : one Listing effects of oil spills in

Pollution” structure: definition with certain areas of El Nino in the
effects provinces, of flash floods in Metro
Manila

7. “Hormones in Categories and Their Contextualized activities

the body” Functions

8. “Paleolithic Theories to explain Contextualized activities

Art” Paleolithic Art

9. “Words to the Definition with Contextualized activities

Intellectuals” expansions

10. “The Definition, classification Contextualized activities

Sentiments of comparison
Kundiman”

11 “Our Very Own Chronological Contextualized activities

Arnis” development

12 “Why Influences, effects, Contextualized activities

Sinigang?” examples)

13. Culminating Core definition plus Writing a 500-word concept Paper

work: Writing a classification and other on Walls
Concept Paper choice (s) of patterns of
on Walls development

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 “Boondocks”
A Mini-Concept paper

Motivating Introduction
Find out how familiar the students are about the dynamic growth of the
English language as it continually borrows words from other languages. Do they
realize how our Philippine languages have been enriched by borrowings from other
languages?
Think of these Questions:
Did you know that asa, salita, balita, karma, mukha, guro, dalita, hari, are
borrowed from the Sanskrit/Indian language?
Can you enumerate words that have enriched our Philippine languages
by foreign language borrowings?
From Spanish – ventana, sinturon, kutsilyo, mesa, primero,
segundo, tercero, singko, derecho, canta, obra, premio, etc.
Indonesian/Malay – gunting, payong, anak, halo halo, lima,’ and
salamat.
American – kontraktwal, empleyado, burger, barbecue, keyk,
klase, riserts, etc. (We simply tagalized the spelling!)
Ask These Questions:
Did you know that on June 26, 2015, forty-one Filipino words and
expressions were added to the Oxford English Dictionary?
Examples: barong, bahala na, barkada, barangay, KKB, kikay, suki,
pulutan, etc.
How about Filipino words that have been Americanized?
cooties (from kuto or head lice), carabao (from kalabaw), machin
(matsing), calamondin (kalamunding, a citrus tree), and boondocks
(bundok)

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 Objectives
This lesson introduces the students to the main purpose of a concept paper –
to clarify the meaning of a concept, here, “boondocks.” Through this lesson too, they
learn that:
a definition usually forms the core of a concept paper;
this definition may consist of the original meaning of the term/concept, especially
one of foreign borrowing, and the modifications on its original meaning and
the later and present-day uses of the word clarify the concept further.

Reminders: To inform the students of the other techniques and uses of definition,
this lesson provides a supplement:

Definitions3
Purposes:
To clarify meaning of words, or to correct misinterpretations, or misuse of a
term.
To stipulate the meaning of a term by limiting, extending, or redirecting the
sense in which a term is usually understood; to use a term, borrowed
from another field of knowledge, in a special way.
Ex: “Window dressing” – used to make a shop window more attractive
to buyers.
stipulatively used in a false banking report to deceptively project an
impression of economic stability or financial growth
Techniques
Formal – follows a pattern or equation:
term + genus + differentia (differentiating characteristics)
Ex. A robot is a machine that looks like a human being and performs
complex acts of a human being (Webster)
By synonym- using a word or phrase that shares a meaning with the term
being defined. Ex: Hashish – marijuana.
By origin or semantic history – Ex. Yoga comes from the Sanskrit “to join”
By Illustration – Ex: Known for their shedding their leaves in the fall,
deciduous trees include oaks, maples, and beeches.

Based on Concepcion Dadufalza, “Supplement on Definition,” in Reading into Writing 2: A

Handbook-Workbook-Reader for Critical Reading and Writing in Expository Discourse (Makati:
Bookmark, 1996), 184-186.

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 By function – Ex: A thermometer measures temperature change.
By analysis (Breaking down wholes into parts, aspects into levels, and a
process into steps) Ex: The republican form of government has three
branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.
By likeness or similarity – Ex: Brighter than 100million suns, quasars stand
like beacons on the shore of the universe…
By analogy or metaphor –Ex: The germs and bacteria or antigens are like a
gang of villains invading our body, attacking our unseen defenders, the
layers of macrophages, cytokines, and lymphocytes,
By contrast- use of opposites
Ex: Unlike those of gas, the particles of plasma are electrically charged.
By negation – stating what a term is not.
Ex: Wild rice, an American delicacy, is not rice at all but the seed of a
tall aquatic grass.

[Since these purposes and techniques of definition will be helpful in

understanding concept papers and writing them, you would do well to discuss
these in class.]

Lesson Proper
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. After asking the students to identifying their
meanings, ask them to use these expressions in sentences.
Back country - sparsely inhabited rural areas; wilderness.
Infamous- extremely bad reputation

Main idea and supporting ideas

Point out that the concept, a Tagalog-borrowed word has been modified,
and made part of the English language. What is the main idea (thesis) of the
text? What are the supporting details?

Thesis - Boondocks refers to a remote rural isolated or even wild area.

Supporting detail 1- Borrowed from the Tagalog word, bundok, meaning
mountain, the word now refers to any rough country, with the letter-s
added to make it refer to locations.

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 Supporting detail 2 -Earlier used by the U.S servicemen during the world war
to refer to the remote swampy areas used for training, it later referred to
distant, rural areas.
Supporting detail 3 - Boondockers, a derivative, are shoes suitable for rough
terrain.
Supporting detail 4- Boonies became the slang equivalent of boondocks.

Structure
The short text is a mini concept paper that consists of a core
definition clarifying the meaning of the term, boondocks, and the expansion
of this core definition. Study the chart below.

The expansions of the core definition consists of the origin of the term
from the Tagalog word; the Americanized version which adds –s to the word,
in keeping with the American way of referring to locations (as in the woods,
the damps.); the popular use of the term by American soldiers for remote
training areas; the unpleasant linkage of the term to an investigation into the
death of a recruit; and the later day use of the term without that infamous

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 history. Boondockers, shoes for rough areas, and bonnies, the slang
version of boondocks, are derived from the term. (also “expansions” on the
defined term)
This tracing of the origin of a word and the development of its
meaning is called etymology.4 Providing the origin of a term and its semantic
(or meaning) history is one technique of definition.

Learning Activities. How Well do You Know Our Own Language?

Engage the students in these two activities.
Dyad Activity: Filipino words borrowed from Foreign Languages.
Provides student - partners a copy of the following grid listing several
Philippine borrowed words, and their meanings, but leaving the last column
blank. (The teacher’s copy has all the columns for his/her reference). Make
each dyad (or partnership) guesses the foreign language from which the
word or expression was borrowed: they should write I for Indian (Sanskrit),
IM for Indonesian-Malaysian, C f or Chinese (Mandarin), J for Japanese,
and S for Spanish.

[This activity may be done orally too, with you asking after each answer
why the students think it is an Indian or Chinese borrowing.]

After filling out the last column of the grid, they write their observation
about Philippine/Filipino words in one sentence. Then each one comments
on what this activity reflects about language in general, and on
Filipino/Philippine language in particular

In linguistics, etymology refers to “the history of the forms and meanings of words,” and how
their form and meaning have changed over time. Glossary of grammar and Rhetorical terms
http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/etymologyterm.htm.

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 Language Language
Filipino Word Origin Meaning Borrowed
Origin From
1. Bibíg Bibir Mouth I
2. Daán Jalan Street, Road, Way I
3. Bathalà Bathara Supreme Being IM
4. Hikaw hī–kau (H) Earrings C
5. Dahan–dahan dandan Slowly, carefully J
6. Abante Avante Ahead, forward S
7. Palayók Periuk Cooking pot I
8. Budhî Bodhi Conscience IM
9. Lawin lǎoyīng (M) Hawk
10. Habà Haba Length, breadth J
11. Ambisyoso Ambicioso Ambitious S
12. Sintá Cinta Love I
13. Kathâ Gatha Fabrication, Tall Story IM
14. Susì só–sî (H) Key
15. Kabán Kaban Sack of rice J
16. Abiso Aviso Warning S
17. Dukhâ Dukkha Poverty IM
18. Sukì chu–khe (H) Regular customer C
19. Katól katori-senkō Mosquito coil J
20. Saráp Sedap Delicious I
21. Giyera Guerra War S
22. Tawad Tawar To bargain, To forgive I
23. Tausi tāu-si (H) Fermented beans C
24. Mahárlika Mahardikka Nobility IM
25. Mukhâ Mukha Face IM
26. Tamang-tamà tama-tama Just right J
27. Kalye Calle Street S
28. Teka te-yuka Wait J
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 Brief Etymological Narratives.
Ask these questions: Did you know that these words have been
included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED)? Where and how have we
used kikay? Do you know the little stories behind our own use of these
words?
Ask each student to examine two of the Tagalog loan words below,
now included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Make the students
write a brief paragraph narrating their mini- stories, starting from their
original use in Tagalog/Filipino, their new coined forms, if any, the probable
reason for their having been included in the OED (when other words have
not), and end the paragraphs with their new meanings found in the OED.
(There may also be a semantic change, when new meanings are assigned
to existing words. For instance, how did the word salvage, acquire its new
meaning, “to execute summarily,” a far cry from the usual meaning, “to
rescue”? )
kikay
gimmick
barangay
kuya
suki
salvage

Example: Balikbayan literally means “return (balik) to one’s country

(bayan). The compound word was coined from the earlier practice of
Filipinos immigrating to Hawaii for work, then returning to the Philippines to
retire with ample savings. Anyone who had gone to work abroad and
returns to the country, whether temporarily or permanently, is now a
balikbayan. Although generally connoting an elderly but moneyed returning
immigrant, today, it also means a richer returning OFW. Also, it can be
used with “box” as a modifier (i.e., balikbayan box) to refer to a box of
presents either as arrival gifts for relatives and friends, or as a special
package of clothes, small appliances, and goodies sent by an overseas
worker to the family on Christmas, or other occasion.

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 Give this Learning Activity on Etymological Narratives as part of an
assignment: Asking relatives/older person about the stories behind the
words vis-à-vis their present meanings given in the Oxford English
Dictionary, ask the students to narrate more interesting background stories
of the words. Then request the students to share their word narratives to
the class. Ask their views regarding the continuing growth of the English.
Also ask them what factors could have contributed to the adoption of these
words by the English language.

Make the students realize that their brief paragraphs explaining the original
meanings and changed meanings of the Filipino words comprise mini concept
papers. How?
Make them analyze their paragraphs for their “core definitions” and for their
“expansions.” They could make their own visuals for these.

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 Assessment
(The students’ answers to these questions reflect how well they have understood
certain basic principles of the concept paper, including the mini version.)

Complete the statements with the best phrases. Write the letters only.
A concept paper is written mainly to :
distinguish between the old and new meaning of a word/concept.
trace the development of a word from its old form to its new one.
clarify the meaning of a concept.
At the heart of a concept paper is usually:
the definition of the term.
the semantic history of the concept.
a distinction between its standard and slang versions.
The etymology of a concept or word clarifies:
the changes in the meaning of the word.
the original form of the concept.
the origin and development of the word/concept.
In the paragraph on the boondocks, boondockers is:
the etymology of the word.
the plural form of the term.
a derivative from the term.
a slang version of the term.

Answers:
c- Whatever the technique(s) used, the paper is meant to clarify the meaning
of a concept. Distinguishing old and new meanings, and tracing its
semantic history helps in accomplishing this purpose.
a- Again, the technique of tracing the origin and development of a term and
its meanings helps clarify the term/concept, but the core strategy usually
used is definition.
c- Etymology traces, not just the origin, nor the change in meaning, but the
origin and development of the term.
c- Boondockers is an acceptable word derived from the word boondocks.

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 Feedback:
Provide these positive comments as feedback:
Scoring 4 points: You show a very laudable understanding of the lesson.
Scoring 3: One mistake is a good indication that you have generally learned
the basics of writing a concept paper.
Scoring 2: You may need to reread the lesson and re-do the exercises in
order to prepare you better for the more complex versions of the concept
paper.

Summary

Boondocks, from the Tagalog word, bundok (mountain), refers to a remote,

even wild area. Its ending in –s, and changed spelling reflect how borrowed
words may be modified to suit the new meaning and use given it by the American
borrowers.

The mini concept paper may consist of the definition of the word; in this
case, its origin and changed meaning. The addition of the new uses of the word
clarifies the concept further.

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 “Months of the Year” and “Days of the Week”
Clarifying Concepts Through Etymological Narratives

Motivating Introduction
Motivate the students with these instructions.
Think of the origins of place names – Manila (Maynilad), Ilocos, Sultan Kudarat
Think of the origins of terms named after people- Watt, pasteurize, shrapnel,
galvanize, mesmerize

Lesson Proper
Read and React
Unlocking verbal Difficulties. Ask the students to look up the meanings of
these terms and use them in sentences.
forage for food
thongs
full of whimsy
flatfootedly
vernal equinox
prosy and downright english
potency of medicine
shrivel
vault of the sky
wheedled

Comprehension guide
Ask the students to complete the following table summarizing the origins
of months of the year and the days of the week. Include both the
Latin/Italian and English origins.

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 Month/ Roman/ Meaning/Des English Meaning/
Day Italian Origin cription origin Description
January Janus Two-faced Wulf-monath The bitter cold
god looking to or wolf month made wolves
the past and forage for food
the future in the villages
February Februaria– Thong Sprote- Cabbage-
goddess of (februa) Kalemonath sprouting
beating of month
barren women
by two young
men
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Inform the students that other origins of words include the Greek or Latin
root words, modified by the prefix and suffixes. Examples given are
words for time, place, size, and shape: Anachronism, Antediluvian,
Antipode, Primeval, and Archipelago. Geographical names include
mesa, Delta, Estuary, Longitude, Latitude, and Cloud.
Provide them this “Lesson Supplement: On Etymologies:”
Etymology of a word as the origin of that Word: The word
etymology is derived from the Greek word ἐτυμολογία,
etymologia, itself from ἔτυμον, etymon, meaning "true sense,"
and the suffix -logia, denoting "the study of."
Around seventy-five per cent of English words come from Greek
and Latin roots. Hence, you can multiply your word bank a
hundredfold if you are familiar with these roots. Below are
thirty common root words from Greek and Latin.

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 Thirty Useful Greek and Latin Roots
Greek and Latin Roots Meaning Examples
Bios Life Biography, biology
Capt Take, hold, seize Capture, Captive
Cede, Cess Yield, give away Concede, recede
Chron Time Chronology, chronic
Cred Believe Credit, credible
Culpare Blame Culpable
Cosm World, universe Cosmic, cosmos
Dem People Democracy, endemic,
pandemic

Dic, dict Speak, say Dictator dictate

Duc, duct Lead Induct, conduct
Fac, fec Do, make Factory
Gamos Marriage Bigamy
Geo Earth Geographic, geocentric
Graph Write Graphic, graphology
Metron Measure Metronome, geometry
Mit, miss Send Remit, dismiss
Logos Study of, science of Biology, astrology
Pon, pos, posit Place Postpone, position
Ped Foot Pedestrian, biped
Phobia Fear Hydrophobia
Por Carry Portable, transport
Psyche Mind, life, soul Psyche, psychology
Pyr, pyros Fire Pyrotechnic, anti-pyretic
Scrip, script Write Scripture, inscribe
Spec Look Spectator, inspect
Stat Stand, put in place Statue, stature
Vers, vert Turn Versatile, convert
Vid, vis See Video, visualize
Voc, vok Call Invoke, vocation
Vol Wish Voluntary, benevolent
Terra Earth Terrain, terrestrial

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 Prefixes change the meaning of the root word. Hence, recognizing prefixes and their
meanings would help the learners build bigger word stores.
Prefixes Meanings Examples
Ab Away from Absent, abdicate
Bene Good Benefactor
Circum Around Circumference
Equi Equal Equidistant
Extra Outside Extra-curricular
Intra Within Intramural
Inter Among Intercontinental
Intro Into Introduce
Mal Bad Maltreat
Multi Many Multimillionaire
Mis Wrong Mistake
Non Not Non-existent
Syn Together with synagogue
Pre Before Premarital
Poly Many Polygon
Post After Postgraduate
Dis Opposite of Disrespectful
Dis Depriving of, away Disappear, disrobe
In (ie/il/im) Not, in, towards Insignificant, inbreed, infer
Pro Before, in favor, moving Prophet, propel, pro-labor
forward
Sub Under, below, lower in rank Submarine, subordinate,
subhuman
Super Over and above, beyond Superman, supersonic
Hyper Over, above, excessive Hyperbolic, hyperacidic
Hypo Under, beneath, below Hypodermal, hypoglycemic
Trans Across, beyond Transcontinental, transcendental
Un Not, the opposite of Unclear
Com, con With, together Compartment, committee
Ex Out of, former Export, ex-mayor
De Down, away Descend, deport
Re Back, again, anew Repay, restore, re-elect
Anti Against, reverse, prevents, Anti-labor, antiperistalsis,
cures, neutralizes antitoxin, antacid
A, an Of, off, not, without Akin, amentia, agnostic
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 Another affix, the suffix, changes the meaning and use of the word. It is usually placed after
the root of the word. This chart could help the learners master how suffixes indicate the uses of the
words.
Suffix Meanings Part of Speech Examples
formed by Suffix
-ate To become, Verb Vaccinate, salivate
to produce
-ment Act of, state of Noun Enjoyment
-ness firmness
-ity Act of, state of noun Propensity
-sion, -cion Diversion
-ian One skilled in Noun Pediatrician
-ly In the manner of Adverb Politely
-able Worthy of, capable Adjective Adorable
-ible of Sensible
-ful Deceitful,
Characterized by, tremendous,
-ous Adjective
full of atrocious,
-ic, -ty, --y
Toxic, handy
-less Without Adjective Senseless
Ize, ise Apologize
To do, to perform Verb Chastise
Yze
paralyze
-or Actor
-ess A person who Noun Preacher, actress
-ee Honoree,
-ist Pharmacist
-ian Custodian
-ant A person who noun Assistant
-ore Commodore
-yer lawyer

Again, suggest that there are myriad possibilities of combining roots, prefixes,
and suffixes.
Concluding Learning Activities
Breaking Down Words. Break down the following words into their prefixes,
suffixes, and roots. Then guess their meanings. An example is provided for
you.

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 Words Roots Prefixes Suffixes Meaning
Cosm -Ic Being or like a
Microcosmic Micro (small) (characterized
(world) miniature world
by, being)

For the Students in these Tracts:

Academic Track – Subterranean, predictability, biogenetical, pandemic,
inscription, blitzkrieg
Art and design- chiaroscuro, iconography, kinetic art, mural, simulacra
zoomorphic
Tech-Voc – apprenticeship, flexicurity, benchmarking, pan frying, infertility
Sports – aquabatics, decathlon, eggbeater, flamme rouge, haute école
IA and IT – intranet, metadata, wire framing, software, website,
Etymology Discovery. After consulting a dictionary or the internet for the history
of each word, write a two-sentence description of the origin of each.
Academic- chauvinism, malapropism, forum, gerrymander, gargantuan,
namby-pamby, cabal,
Art and design- tragedy, nasty, muse (noun), paparazzi, graffiti
Sports- marathon, nutmegged, soccer, basketball, hat trick, pomme
Voc Tech- sandwich, French fries, chickpea, hackneyed, boycott, ,devilling,
IA and IT- Omnigraffle, Axure, bug, Apache, spam, virus, Google

Summary
The etymological stories behind words, like those of the months of the year and
days of the week, can be both entertaining and thought-provoking. These
origin stories though may be very different from the present meanings and
uses of the words.
As a strategy for clarifying terms, etymological narratives could form the
introduction of a concept paper.
The study of words, their roots, prefixes, and suffixes, could help the learners
understand polysyllabic words, or form new words from these building blocks
of words.

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 “Ketchup”
Semantic History

Motivational Introduction
Give these reflection questions for the students.
Think of Sauces for Foods
Enumerate the sauces used for Filipino dishes and describe each.
Enumerate the sauces for fast food favorites and describe each.
Compare and contrast our native sauces and their uses with those of
contemporary foreign dishes.
Think further
Have you heard of “KBL” (mix of kamatis, bagoong, and lasona or onion)
and its uses as dip for barbecued meats and fishes?
Have you tried the popular biting sauce of pickled pepper (vinegar, salt,
and cayenne) used for meat dishes, especially kilawin?

Lesson Proper
Read the Essay and React to It
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Ask the students to look up the meanings of
these terms and use them in sentences.
distinct
exotic
ingredients
mass-produced
staples of the kitchen

Comprehension Guide Questions

Ask them these guide questions:
What makes the “ketchup” (or catsup) we know different from its Asian
ancestors?
How do the Chinese “ke-tiap” and the Indonesian “ketjab” differ?
How did the English modify the Singapore-Malaysian-borrowed “kechap”?

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 To whom may be attributed the American version of the ketchup?
How did Heinz make the tomato-based ketchup more popular and marketable?

Structural Analysis
Let the students know that the text uses a basically chronological
organization.
Introduction: States the thesis - Today’s tomato-based ketchup is different from
its Eastern ancestors.
Body: Traces the development of the sauce from its Chinese origins.
Chinese: The 17th century ke-tiap sauce was made of pickled fish,
shellfish, and spices.
Indonesian: The dark ketjap consisted of fermented black soy beans,
cooked and sweetened.
English recreations of the Malaysia- and Singapore-borrowed sauce in
18th century: included mushrooms and walnuts.
American version in mid 19th century – Thomas Jefferson’s addition of
tomatoes to the ketchup.
Popular version since 1876 - Henry Heinz’s mass-production of the
tomato-based sauce
Conclusion: Heinz’s improving the marketability of the sauce in 1880 through a
slogan and the creation of sixty-five other various products.

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Concluding Activities
Contextualized Activities. Make the students do these activities.
Academic track – Research and report on the different sauces/dips or
dressing used by the Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Indian, and
Malaysian/Singaporean for:
Dipping and Mixing
Braising or Glazing
Tossing and Coating
Stir Frying
Marinades for Grilling

Tech Voc – Triad Project:

Concoct at least three distinct sauces/dips made of a combination
of local products (vinegar, patis, gata, tomatoes, calamansi,
garlic, onion, pepper, cucumber, sesame seeds, honey, and
the like); record the ingredients/recipe; and conduct a taste
test among your classmates for the most preferred sauce/dip.
Create a grid reflecting their preferences.
Interview Charlie’s Prichon or other lechon stories about the
seven sauces for their pita wedges of fried suckling pig: hoisin,
honey mustard, white garlic, chili tagalog, sate, honey lemon,
and liver (traditional lechon sauce)
Sports- Create a taste test competition involving different food sauces.
Arts and Design- Prepare an artistic visual page (web page or cartolina)
on the “Five Mother Sauces Every Cook Should Know.”
Considering color weights, font sizes, and other design principles,
project an appealing but informative visual.

Practice Exercise: Chronological Development

Ask the students to read the essay below and construct a two-level topic
outline tracing the development of the salad dressing.

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 History of Salad Dressings

Salad dressings have a long and colorful history, dating back to

ancient times. The Babylonians used oil and vinegar for dressing greens
nearly 2,000 years ago. Egyptians favored a salad dressed with oil,
vinegar and Asian spices. Mayonnaise is said to have made its debut at a
French Nobleman’s table over 200 years ago.
Salads were favorites in the great courts of European Monarchs.
Royal chefs often combined as many as 35 ingredients in one enormous
salad bowl, and included exotic green ingredients such as flower petals.
England’s King Henry IV's favorite salad was a tossed mixture of new
potatoes (boiled and diced), sardines and herb dressing. Mary, Queen of
Scots, preferred boiled celery root diced and tossed with lettuce, creamy
mustard dressing, truffles, chervil and hard-cooked egg slices.
In the twentieth century, Americans began using basic dressing
ingredients (oil, vinegar or lemon juice, and spices) to create an infinite
variety of dressings to complement salads.
Prepared dressings were largely unavailable until the turn of the
century. Until then, home chefs had to start from scratch. Due to
variations in ingredients, partly because of lacking storage conditions and
year-round supply sources), results varied significantly. Gradually,
restaurants began packaging and selling their consistent dressings
product to customers, and the salad dressing industry began.
Many of the major brands of salad dressings available today were
on the market as early as the 1920’s.
In 1896, Joe Marzetti opened a restaurant in Columbus, OH and
began to serve his customers a variety of dressings developed from old
country recipes. He began packaging his dressings to sell to restaurant
customers in 1919.
In 1912 Richard Hellmann, a deli owner in New York, began to sell
his blue ribbon mayonnaise in wooden containers. One year later, in
response to a very strong consumer demand, Mr. Hellmann began to
market the mayonnaise in glass jars.
In 1925, the Kraft Cheese Company entered the salad products
business with the purchase of several regional mayonnaise
manufacturers and the Milani Company (which led to Kraft’s initial entry
into the pourable dressing business with French dressing as its first
flavor).

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Summary
Thesis – The tomato-based ketchup used today is different from its Asian
ancestors.
Body – From the Chinese ke-tiap of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices, to the
Indonesian ketjap of sweetened and cooked fermented lack soy beans, the
sauce was modified by the English with their addition of mushrooms and
walnuts, until it was further enriched by tomatoes by Thomas Jefferson. Heinz
mass-produced the tomato-based sauce.
Conclusion – A marketable slogan plus various varieties made the Heinz ketchup
popular.
Order of development – A chronological presentation of development stages was
used.

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 “Mercury Pollution”
Causes and Effects for Clarification

Motivational Introduction
Provide the students with this background Information:

Minamata disease (M. d.) is methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning that occurred

in humans who ingested fish and shellfish contaminated by MeHg discharged in
waste water from a chemical plant (Chisso Co. Ltd.). It was in May 1956, that M. d.
was first officially “discovered” in Minamata City, south-west region of Japan’s
Kyushu Island. The marine products in Minamata Bay displayed high levels of Hg
contamination (5.61 to 35.7 ppm). The Hg content in hair of patients, their family and
inhabitants of the Shiranui Sea coastline were also detected at high levels of Hg
(max. 705 ppm). Typical symptoms of M. d. are as follows: sensory disturbances
(glove and stocking type), ataxia, dysarthria, constriction of the visual field, auditory
disturbances and tremor. Further, the fetus was poisoned by MeHg when their
mothers ingested contaminated marine life (named congenital M. d.). The symptoms
of patients were serious, and extensive lesions of the brain were observed. While the
number of grave cases with acute M. d. in the initial stage was decreasing, the
number of chronic M. d. patients who manifested symptoms gradually over an
extended period of time was on the increase.
For the past 36 years, over 17,000 people from Kumamoto and Kagoshima
prefectures have claimed to have been Minamata disease victims. Of these, 1,408
have passed away, but even before the official discovery of Minamata disease,
caused by Chisso Company, many had died from it.
In 1964 Minamata disease also broke out along the Agano River in Niigata
prefecture, where the Showa Denko Corporation used the same production process.
Elsewhere in the world, damage to health due to mercury pollution from factories has
also been reported along the Songhua (Sungari) River in China, and in Canada. And
in recent years rivers and lakes polluted by mercury in the Amazon and Tanzania
have created serious health problems.

Make the students reflect on these questions:

How certain are we that the fish and shellfish we eat are free of mercury
poisoning?
Are the people near mining areas and coal plants aware of the dangers of
mercury pollution?

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Ask the students to read the text on “Mercury Pollution.”
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Make the students look up the meanings of these
words:
Acid rain
Vaporizes
Plant emissions
Aquatic food chains
Phytoplankton
Interconnectivity
Miniscule
Ecosystem
Vulnerable
Ameliorate
Extensively
Cataclysmic events

Comprehension Questions. Ask these questions as guide for comprehension:

Based on Par. 1, what may be a definition of environmental pollution?
How grave is the mercury pollution arising from coal-fired plants?(Par. 2)
Explain how mercury can poison our food chain. (Par 3)
Can we say that with the Clean Air Act, mercury levels are now safe in the USA?
Why? (Par 4). Would our own waterways be free of mercury pollution?
Why is the natural process of methylation dangerous to humans and wildlife?
(Par 5)
Explain why humans may be easy victims of toxic methyl mercury. (Par 6)
Compare the short term and long term impacts of mercury pollution. (Par 7)
Clarify how our interconnectivity has made us strong in the face of
“cataclysmic events,” and yet, ironically, it is “this interconnectivity that has
made our ecosystem vulnerable.”

Structural Analysis. Explain how the text is organized:

Introduction: Paragraph 1 presents the view that environmental problems are
usually discussed in general terms; hence, there is a need to focus on the
specific threats to the environment, particularly, mercury pollution.

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 Body of the Text
Causes: The largest sources of mercury pollution are far-flung coal-fired
plants
Process: The process by which mercury pollution goes up the food chain
is explained.
Effects
(1.) In the USA, long-term effects of mercury pollution on the
environment have remained.
(2.) Methylation affects aquatic life, humans, and wildlife.
(3.) More troubling than the short-term effects of digesting toxic
mercury are the long-term effects of mercury pollution on the
food chain and on the next generation of fowls.
Conclusion: Understanding the process and the effects of mercury pollution
would help address its impact.

Concluding Activities
Make the students do these activities.
Contextualized Activities
B.A. and Econ: Comparison of the Cost of Damage Caused by Minamata
Disease in the Area Around Minamata Bay to the Cost of Pollution
Control and Preventive Measures (Unit: million Japanese yen per
year); Cost for Pollution Control and Prevention Measures; Yearly
average paid by Chisso Co., Ltd., in the form of investments to control
polluted areas.
Science and Acad: The negative effects of mercury pollution led to the
promulgation of the Minamata Convention in October 2013. Research
on the provisions of this treaty, the signatories, and its objectives.
Tech-Voc: Research on the levels of mercury pollution in sea foods in
coastal areas. Is red tide less dangerous than mercury pollution?
Arts and Design: Prepare posters reflecting the gross damage on the
victims of the Minamata disease.
Sports: Research on the levels of safety of the beaches, bays, and lakes
used for swimming by athletes, tourists, and citizens of areas

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 near coal plants and gold and nickel mining. Prepare a grid detailing
the levels of safety and pollution of these various areas.
IA and IT – Create a mixed graphic design emphasizing the dangers of air
pollution/mercury pollution

Practice Exercise
Ask the students to research on a specific environmental hazard
which Filipinos should address.
Make them follow the organization of the essay, “Mercury Pollution,”
as they write a topic outline of an imaginary essay on that specific
environmental hazard based on the results of their research. Include the
cause(s)/source(s) of the hazard as well as its short-term and long-term
effects.
Reminder
A topic outline provides a quick overview of major and minor ideas to
be included in an essay. Each division or member of the subdivision employs
words and phrases in parallel structures. Generally speaking, the following
outlines represent possible frameworks for organizing their essay:
Comparison – contrast
Chronological arrangement
Sequential ordering
Advantages - disadvantages / Pros vs. Cons
Cause - effect
Problem - solution

Summary
Concept clarified: Mercury pollution
Strategies used: Causes of mercury pollution; process analysis of mercury
pollution affecting the food chain and ecosystems; short-term and long term
effects of mercury pollution with examples.
Order of development: Inductive method leading to a clearer understanding of
the process of mercury pollution and its effects

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 “Hormones in the Body”
Classification and Functions

Motivating Introduction
Cite instances in which old scientific views had been challenged and
replaced:
All matter was once thought to be composed of various combinations of classical
elements (most famously: air, earth, fire, and water). This was finally refuted
by Antoine Lavoisier's publication of Elements of Chemistry, which contained
the first modern list of chemical elements, in 1789.
Aristotelian physics was challenged and replaced by Newtonian physics, then
later superseded by relativistic physics and quantum physics.
The continental drift theory was incorporated into and improved upon by plate
tectonics.

Show that continuing scientific investigations and experiments have been

crucial in directing our way of life. Predicting typhoons and rainfall have helped us
prepare for possible disasters. Campaigns to eat natural and organic foods rich in
vitamins and minerals have made us re - examine our diets. Ask the students to cite
some more examples.

Lesson Proper
Reading the Essay and Reacting to It
1. Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. (May be given as an assignment)
Considering the context of the word or phrase, ask what these
expressions from the text would mean:
Challenged the view (Par. 1)
Regulate the production (Par. 1)
Coordination of processes (Par. 2)
Spurred (Par. 2)
Categorized (Par. 3)
Exocrine system (Par. 3)
Intricate (Par. 4)
Alleviate ailments (Par. 4)
Hormone therapy (Par. 5)
Estrogen (Par. 5)
Progesterone (Par. 5)

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 Tempered their enthusiasm (Par. 5)
Pathologically small (Par. 6)
Foolhardy (Par. 6)
Dispense it (Par. 6)
Comprehension questions. Ask these questions.
What was the old view regarding the communication system and
behavioral processes in the body?
How was this view challenged? How was it proven that chemicals, not
nerve impulses, spurred body processes?
What kinds of definition are used for “hormone” to replace secretin? Why
would “hormone” be preferred to “secretin’?
Which glands make up the endocrine system? What about the exocrine
system?
Which hormonal functions would you consider “less obvious but difficult to
track?”
What are the functions of the hormone replacement therapy (or HRT)?
What are some risks of HRT?
When are human growth hormone (HGH) treatments given? Why should
physicians and researchers be very careful about prescribing human
growth hormones?
Structural Analysis. Explain the following:
The main idea or thesis of the essay: Hormones, not nerve impulses,
regulate body processes.
Introduction: Background information on the regulators of body
processes. By the twentieth century the old view that the nervous
system controlled communication system in the body and resulting
behavior was challenged by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling. Their
experiments showed that secretin produced by intestinal cells
“regulate the production of chemicals in a different organ, the
pancreas.”
Body: Definition, Classification, and Functions of Hormones.
1.) Explain the definition. Coordination of processes could be done
by chemicals alone. The term applied to the chemical is
“hormone,” derived from the Greek word “hormone,” to excite.
Hence, the formal definition of “hormone” as “the chemical
produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.”
2.) Classification or Categories of Hormones
a.) Those produced by the endocrine system secrete
hormones directly into the blood stream.
b.) Those produced by the exocrine system are used outside
the bloodstream, mainly for digestion.

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 3.) Functions of Hormones
a.) Key roles – regulate body processes that without them
could cause death.
b.) Less obvious but far-reaching roles - Modify moods, affect
human behavior, personality, etc.
c.) Hormone Therapies
1.) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
a.) Used for women’s middle age problems of mood
swings, sudden changes in temperature, and
other discomforts. also, for bone weakening
b.) Problems associated with HRT include risk of
heart disease, cancer, and blood clots in
bloodstream
2.) Human growth hormone (HGH)
a.) Mainly for children with growth problems
b.) Caution practiced by researchers and physicians
because of risks associated with HGH

Concluding Activities
Make the students do these assessment activities:
Comprehension Questions . Select the best phrase/clause to complete the
sentence.
“Hormone” is derived from:
the Greek word “hormon” which means “to excite”
the chemical secretin produced by body organs
the label for the chemicals given by William Bayliss and Ernest
Starling
Glands of the endocrine system:
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
control the voluntary body movements
include the pancreas and the mammary glands
Exocrine glands secrete substances:
that they pour into the bloodstream
that they release into an external environment
that they exchange for the hormones from the endocrine glands

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 The pancreas performs:
exclusively digestive functions
both endocrine and exocrine functions
produces only enzymes for digestion
Suppressing appetite, or calming aggression, or even changing one’s
attitude to others
may need simple hormone therapy.
may involve only tiny amounts of the right hormones.
tap intricate hormonal systems.
Hormone Replacement therapy (HRT), which has been used for decades,
prescribes a combination of estrogen and progesterone for middle
aged women.
addresses mood swings and discomforts in old age.
may cure some types of cancer.
Some proponents of HRT “have tempered their enthusiasm” because
they may not have sufficient background on the therapy.
new methods have doused their interest in the therapy.
this therapy could have serious side effects.
“Foolhardy” in “It is foolhardy to dispense it” means
hard-headed.
dangerous and risky.
recklessly bold.
Human growth hormone (HGH) may be given
to speed up growth of youngsters.
to improve digestion and to delay aging.
to children who would be pathologically short without it.
Before the twentieth century, scientists believed
those nerve impulses were the engine for thought, body movements,
and processes.
that the chemical secretin controlled body processes.
that body relied only on chemicals for its processes.

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 (Answers: 1. a, 2. a, 3. b, 4. b 5.b, 6. a, 7. c 8. b, 9.b 10. a)

B. Performance Assessment
All Tracks - Dyads: Research on the various endocrine and exocrine glands,
and their functions. Prepare a table of these glands and functions.

Summary
Sum up the lessons learned from the text
Content – The concept paper focuses on how the study of hormones by
William Bayliss and Ernest Starling replaced the old view that the
nervous system controlled body processes. It defines the hormone,
using both the origin of the term, and a formal definition. The paper
also introduces the categories of hormones and their functions. While
the endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the
bloodstream, the exocrine system secretes hormones used outside
the blood stream. Some key roles of hormones include regulating
body processes and those crucial to life. Others are less obvious
functions, but still important, for they affect moods, personality
development, and growth. Hormone therapies include HRT for middle
aged women problems and HGH for growth problems. Because of the
after effects, however, physicians and researchers have to be
cautious about prescribing them.
Structure – Share this brief analysis of the text structure
a.) Core Definition – After the background on the challenged old
view that the nervous system controls body processes, the
core definition of the hormone is given.
b.) Body: Expansions of the definition come in the form of:
(1.) Categories of hormones and their functions.
(2.) Contrasts between these types and functions
(3.) Special uses of the hormones – the hormone
therapies a.) The uses and risks of the HRT
b.) The uses and risks of the HGH.

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 “Paleolithic Art”
Clarification through Theories

Motivating Introduction
Think cave paintings
Ask the students how familiar they are with the Altamira caves and
their polychrome paintings and engravings of animals and hands that extend
to 270 meters in the cave. Do they realize that these arts on cave walls date
back to the Stone Age?
Think further
Do they know that critics found that “all the essential features of art
converge at Altamira par excellence?” Those artistic techniques (drawing,
painting, and engraving), the treatment of shape and use of the medium,
large formats and three dimensionality, naturalism and abstraction,
symbolism: were all in Altamira? That in 1934 Henri Moore found the works
so stunning that he called the ancient art “the Royal Academy of Rock Art?”

Lesson Proper
Reading and Reacting to It.
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties
Tell the students that before discovering what made the cave art so
impressive, they must look up the meanings of these difficult words:
paleolithic
inaccessibility
remoteness
hypothesized
reconstruct
discredited
enigma
contemporaneous
concave
convex
polychrome
occasionally

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 Reading the text and reacting to it
Ask these questions to facilitate comprehension of the text:
Why could these art works discovered in 1879 not have been mere
decorations?
Why did some believe that the ancient hunter-artists might have attributed
magical properties to the images?
Why would the “hunting-magic” and “food-creation” theories not hold?
What other suggested theories have been discredited? Why?
Why can we not be certain of any explanation for the prehistoric art?
Distinguish between a “positive” and a “negative” hand imprint which
abounds also in the cave art in Pech-Merle.
What insight about cave painting might the Pech-Merle animal carvings
suggest?
Why do you think were cattle and bison painted on convex surfaces;
horses and hands on concave surfaces?

Analyzing the broad structure of the text. Share these views with the
students:
Main point – Because no contemporaneous explanations could be recorded
during these prehistoric times, the cave arts will remain an enigma.
Supporting view 1- Various theories suggesting why the dark wall caves
served as murals for animal and hand paintings have been discredited.
Supporting view 2 – Even the probable reason why concave and convex
surfaces were used for certain subjects especially in Pech-Merle cannot
be determined.

Concluding Activities
Require the students to comply with the tasks specified.
Assessment Questions
Make the students write their concise answers to these
comprehension and critical thinking questions on a sheet of paper.
What striking qualities and circumstances must have amazed art critics
on their discovery of the Altamira cave art? What does Henri
Moore mean by labeling it the “Royal Academy of Rock Art?”

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 b. Why could the representations of human hands be considered
“signatures” of cult or community members,” more than of individual
artists?
What is your theory behind the use of bulging rock surfaces for the bison
and cattle paintings, and the horse and hand paintings on concave
surfaces?

Contextualized Activities
Academic Track: Research on enigmatic ancient art forms, and suggest
possible theories for their creation. Write these possible explanations
in a two-paragraph essay.
Art and Design: Research on the "The Angono Petroglyphs" (Filipino: Mga
Petroglipo ng Angono) as the oldest known ancient cave arts in the
Philippines, and write a two-paragraph essay on its distinctive
features and significance.
Tech-Voc: While nutrition science and the media are bombarding us with
novelty diet plans and healthy eating secrets, would the answers lie in
the Stone Age ancestors’ or Caveman Diet? Explain what the
Paleolithic Diet (or Paleo), Stone Age, or Warrior diet is, and why we
should adopt the eating habits of cavemen of around 10,000 years
ago. What could be the benefits and risks from this diet? Write your
explanation in a two-paragraph essay.
Sports: What is/are the first ever sport(s) invented? Explain how and why
the Paleolithic and Neolithic men could have engaged in
this/these sport(s).
Summary
Various theories attempt to explain why prehistoric hunter-artists covered
cave walls with animal and hand paintings and engravings, and why some surfaces
and techniques were used; however, these theories have been discredited. Since
there are no contemporaneous recorded explanations during the Paleolithic era,
these amazing art works remain an enigma.

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 “Words to the Intellectuals”
Fidel Castro
Definition with Expansions

Motivating Introduction
Think.
Ask the students what comes to mind when they hear the term
“revolutionary.”
Think Further.
Do they think that an artist can also be a revolutionary?

Lesson Proper
Reading the Essay and Reacting to It.
Before the students read Fidel Castro’s famous speech to the intellectuals in
1961, introduce the author to them.

Getting to Know the Author

Share these important data about the revolutionary author:
Cuban leader Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruiz (1926- ) established the
first communist state in that continent after leading an overthrow of the
Fulgencio Batista’s military dictatorship in 1959. He governed the
Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976, and then as
President from 1976 to 2008, or until he handed off power to his
younger brother Raúl in 2008. “Although Castro’s rule successfully
reduced illiteracy, stamped out racism and improved public health care,
it was widely criticized for stifling economic and political freedoms.”

Unlocking Verbal Difficulties

Ask the students to familiarize themselves with the meanings of these
terms as they are used in the essay:
exploited
ideology
vanguard of the people
renounce

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 stifle art
material sense
posterity
self-hypnosis
incorrigible

Comprehending the Text

Ask the students these guide questions to help them understand the text:
To whom does Fidel Castro address his message?
Which goals and objectives constitute the revolutionary’s concerns?
What should be the basis or perspective for the revolutionary’s actions,
and goals, for fighting for the good, the useful, and the beautiful?
What then constitutes a truly revolutionary attitude?
What is the duty of the Revolution to artists who do not oppose the
Revolution but do not have a revolutionary attitude?
Which facets of a better life for the people should the revolutionary work
for?
What should be the twin goals of the artist?
Why should the artists create for their contemporaries, not for posterity?

Concluding Activities
Make the students comply with these requirements:
Assessment
Ask the students to write their answers to these critical reading
questions on a sheet of paper.
"Within the revolution, everything; against the revolution, nothing." This
was the catchphrase of the historic 1961 meeting of Cuban artists and
intellectuals when Fidel Castro made his famous address, "Words to
Intellectuals." Explain what this framework of cultural freedom of
expression in the early years of the revolution meant.

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 b. Would all intellectuals and artists be happy working within this
framework?
Contextualized Activities
Academic. Read about the Cultural Revolution in Cuba and try to deduce
its social and educational implications.
Art and Design. Research on how art played a key role in the Cuban
revolution and how Cuban art remained dynamic despite the
repressive government.
Tech-Voc. Considering the renewed ties between the USA and Cuba,
what are the places of artistic and cultural importance that a tourist
may now visit more freely?
Sports. How have the athletes been affected by the cultural revolution in
Cuba? Explain in a two-paragraph essay.

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 “Why Sinigang?” Doreen G. Fernandez Influences, Effects,
and Examples

Motivating Introduction
Think Food. Ask the students what their favorite dish is. What would be the most
preferred dish among the various regions?
Think Further. Ask them: If they realize that among the Cordillerans, where
coconut milk is rare, would not sinigang be also rare? Which recipe would the
mountain folk choose for the meat from the hunt? In the Ilocos Region where
“vinegar Iloco” and fish sauce (or bagoong) seem to be the preferred
condiments, which would be the favorite dishes?

Lesson Proper
Reading the Text and Reacting to It
Getting To Know the Author. Introduce our food expert to the students before
reading what she has to say about sinigang: Doreen G. Fernandez was first
an outstanding teacher (with a Metrobank Award to her name), writer, cultural
historian, and scholar of Philippine theater. Second, she was an iconic food
critic who wrote several columns and books on Filipino cuisine.
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties: Make the students look up the meanings of these
words to ensure a more productive reading:
adaptable
ubiquitous
teeming seas
pristine quality
proliferation
simmered
succulence of roots
cuisine
legacy
instinctive

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 nuances
improvisation
abysmal poverty of imagination

Understanding the Text

Ask the students these questions to help them comprehend the essay:
Which factor has primarily shaped the Filipino taste?
Enumerate the varied uses and preparations for rice.
What products do the “dietary constant,” the coconut yield?
Which factors have given birth to the rich variety of “native cuisine?”
How has the native cuisine been influenced by the Chinese?
How have our dishes been enriched by the Spaniards?

Analyzing the Text Structure. Explain to the students that the essay may be
divided into two parts: how the topographical and geographical features of the
country shaped the native cuisine, and how the foreign influences have
enriched our dishes.
Ask the students to explain how the island landscape has provided
various foods from land and water, and shaped the manner of
preparing them.
Make the students explain the distinctive influences that the Chinese and
the Spaniards had on our cuisine.

Concluding Activities
Assessment Questions. Make the students answer the following questions on
ruled paper:
In what way would sinigang be a metaphor for our taste for food and our
cuisine-shaping experience?
Are the vast variety of our foods and the wide range of food preparations
a testament to our versatility and creativity as a people? Explain your
answer.

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Contextualized Activities:
Academic. Conduct a survey among the students in your school as to which
would be their choice of our national dish and why – adobo, chicken
barbecue, nilaga, paksiw, sinigang, pinakbet, and laing? Present the results
of the survey in a two-paragraph essay.
Art and Design. Compile and present to class a visual design of the five most
exotic dishes in the country. Accompany this with a page containing brief
descriptions of the dishes and what have influenced their recipe creation.
Tech – Voc. Prepare a table of Philippine regional dishes specifying the top
product of the region, the corollary favorite dish and food preparation.
Sports. Prepare a game focused on “How Well do you Know Our Native
Dishes?”

Summary
Share this lesson summary with the students.
Main Idea. The Filipino cuisine is a product of our island landscape and the
influence of the Chinese and the Spaniards.
Supporting Details.
Influences on our “native cuisine” come from the “island landscape,” its
bountiful surrounding waters and the land (from which we have
gathered and produced various animal and plant food products), the
weather and seasons (which spawned various foods at various times
of the year), and the means and lifestyle of the people (which
determined the simplicity or complexity of their recipes and
preparations).
The foreign influences that enriched our cuisine came from the Chinese
(with the “noodles explosion) and the Spaniards (with their “rich
recipes”).
Conclusion
The Filipino cuisine identity seems reflected by sinigang.

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 “The Sentiments of Kundiman”
Definition, Comparison, and Illustration

Motivating Introduction
Make the students listen to a tape of “Nasaan Ka, Irog?” Then ask them to
react to the melody and to the music.
Think. Ask the students what they thought and felt about the melody and the
lyrics. Do they realize that that song is considered the best example of the
kundiman during the revolutionary period? And that Francisco Santiago and
Nicanor Abelardo, the composers, are two of the greatest composers of the
kundiman?
Think further. Ask the students how their favorite contemporary songs compare
with the kundiman. Do they feel that the kundiman is more Filipino yet old?

Lesson Proper
Reading the Essay and Reacting to It
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Ask the students to look up the meanings of
these words associated with the earlier song types:
madrigal
erotic
sentimental
jocose
rhythmic pattern
melodic Inflection
forerunner
predominating
invocation
chanson

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 Comprehending the Essay. Clarify that the essay mainly explains the meaning
of the concept, kundiman. Ask them these questions to guide them in
understanding the essay and its methods of clarification:
How does the essay define kundiman? What kind of definition is used?
What are the characteristics of the kundiman?
Which was allegedly the favorite song of the Filipino soldiers during the
revolution?
What are the other early types of Philippine music?
What are the similarities among the kumintang, the awit, the balitaw, the
danza, and the kundiman? What are their differences?
What is distinctive about the awit?
How do a folk song and an art song differ?

Analyzing the Devices Used. Make the students analyze the way the main
point is developed:
Ask the students what elements are compared to show the kinship among
the kundiman and other early song types.
Ask them what other devices of clarification, and patterns of development
are used, in addition to definition and comparison. How effective are
these in clarifying the nature of the kundiman?

Concluding Activities
Academic. Research further on the kundiman, particularly the famous
composers, their contributions to the creation/modification of the kundiman,
and their major pieces. Write these data in grid form.
Art and Design. Ask a musical group to tape a rap version of Jocelynang
Baliwag. Let the class listen to this version, later, to the kundiman version.
Then write a paragraph comparing the class reactions to the two versions.
Sports. Create zumba moves to the tune of the folk songs, “Salidom-ay,” and
“Tsit-si-rit-sit.”
Tech Voc. Make a table of the famous singers of each region: the folk singers of
the kundiman, balitaw, and kumintang, and their songs.

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 Summary
To conclude discussion on the essay, share this summary with the students.
Main Idea – The kundiman is an erotic and gloomy love song with a serious
melody, and sung on various occasions, including serenading the beloved.
Supporting Details – The kundiman is related to the kumintang, the awit, and
the Bisayan balitaw in terms of accentuation/ rhythmic pattern and time
signature.
Contrast – Unlike the folk song, the song of the common people, the kundiman
is an art song composed with its music and lyrics perfectly combined.

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 “Our Very Own Arnis”
Pepper Marcelo
Etymological Definition and Chronological Development

Motivating Introduction
Think Self-Defense. Ask the students, males and females, what their mode of
self-defense is. Which style of martial arts do they practice? Do the females
realize that they can be good at arnis?
Think Further. Ask them if they know that arnis has been made the national
sport. Do they also know that arnis is now a required physical education
course?
Reading the Essay and Reacting to it
Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Ask the students to know the meanings of these
arnis-related terms:
Martial Arts
Eskrima/Kali
Baston
Sipa or sepak takraw
appropriating Filipino martial arts
ARPI
bickering groups
Comprehending the Text. Pose these questions as guides for the students’
understanding the text:
What are the different fighting styles covered by the term “arnis?”
What is the significance of former President Gloria M. Arroyo’s signing RA
9850 into law?
What is the significance of making arnis a national sport?
What are the implications of the use of Filipino martial arts by big time
international action stars?
What problems are posed by the number and variety of arnis fighting
styles?
How may arnis be promoted and maximized as a national sport?

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 Analyzing the Structure of the Text. Inform the students that a topic like
revitalizing arnis as a national sport effectively uses a definition and
discussion of developments chronologically.
Starting point: Defining and describing arnis, and its various names,
strategies, and use of weapons or no weapons.
Chronological development:
1.) Signing into law RA9850l declaring arnis a national sport and
making arnis a required P.E. course
2.) Renewed interest in arnis and its cultural importance with the
rise of foreign martial arts
3.) Inspiration for arnis from international actions stars;
especially Bruce Lee’s using Filipino martial arts
4.) ARPI’s efforts to unite and consolidate various bickering
schools of arnis
5.) Promoting arnis by making it an event in the Palarong
Pambansa and featuring it in national and international events
Performing Learning Activities
Academic. Make a comparative study of the various Asian martial arts in terms
of fighting styles, nationwide participation, and possible success rate for self-
defense.
Art and Design. Watch Jay Ignacio’s “Bladed hand.” Then write a mini concept
paper on the Filipino martial arts as a “testament not only to the great
masters of FMA, but also to the inherent struggle to keep the Philippine
indigenous fighting arts alive and swinging.”
Tech Voc. Discuss modern arnis as a blended system initiated by Remy Presas,
and compare it with the traditional arnis fighting and its/their strategies. In
effect, this is your mini concept paper clarifying what modern arnis is.
Sports. Demonstrate to the class the different arnis styles of fighting/self-
defense, in the process, distinguishing the different types of arnis -- kali,
escrima, tjakalele, and arnis de mano. Submit a mini concept paper
discussing these different types, with sketches or illustrations of the
moves/strategies.

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 “Fusion vs. Fission”
Isaac Asimov
Definition with Comparison and Contrast

Motivational Introduction
Think. Make students reflect on the current problems besetting the world and the
country. The teacher may ask these questions.
Next to the carnage and destruction inflicted by the ISIS, which are the
gravest global problems beleaguering the world?
What are the top problems that our country faces?
Can you rank these problems according to the most important for global
and national concerns?
Think further. Ask the students these questions to make them think more deeply
for answers.
What will the world’s major source of energy when and if oil supplies will
run out?
What are the country’s alternative sources of energy? Can these
alternative sources of energy replace oil when and if the country can
no longer import nor produce sufficient oil?
Can we rely on solar energy as substitute for oil as energy source?
Would atomic or nuclear energy and its wastes be made safe enough for
daily use?
Do you think there is an ongoing energy race among the super powers,
the way there were some arms race and space race in the past?

Lesson Proper
Read and React. Before reading the excerpt from “Tomorrow’s Energy,” make
the students know who the author, Isaac Asimov is.5

“Famous People: Isaac Asimov” in http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/isaac-asimov-

158.php

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 a. Would they know that this immigrant to America was a great professor
of biochemistry (with a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Columbia
University), who taught science, wrote science books for children and
adults, wrote hundreds of fiction (including novels), first used the term
robotics, and developed the Three Laws of Robotics? The National
Robotics Week in the USA is held annually in his honor.
Moreover, he introduced the world to various literary genres, but
especially to “science fiction.” He founded the Committee for the
Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), and
won these prestigious awards: Thomas Alva Edison Foundation
Award, Howard W. Blakeslee Award, Boston University's Publication
Merit Award, and the Special Hugo Award.
Trivia- Aside from “robotics,” he also coined the term “spome.” What does
this mean?

Unlocking Verbal Difficulties. Can the students guess the meanings of these
words as they are used in the paragraphs of the text? The dictionary can
always be the referee for the right meanings:
fusion – merging of two different elements
fission- splitting into parts
coalesce- combine to form a whole
subtly - cleverly
prime- first in quality
virtually- essentially; for all means and purposes
“haves” and “have-nots” – rich; poor

Read the Essay Critically by answering these guide questions.

(The teacher may refer to the italicized answers and the grid for reference.)
What is the main idea of the essay?
The twenty-first century’s major source of clean
and cheap energy may be from fusion power, in which
“very small atoms are combined into somewhat larger
ones”6

Ibid. 152.

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 b. Would you agree with this view? Why?
Yes. The renewable alternative sources of energy
(solar, hydroelectric, wind, biomass, etc.) cannot provide
the needed energy for the world. Solar energy, for
instance, is very dilute; not properly or equally distributed
geographically. Nuclear energy from nuclear power plants
has been feared because of the grave dangers from leaks
and accidents, like those of the Three Mile Island accident
in the USA, the Chernobyl and the Kyshtym disasters in
the Soviet Union, and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in
Japan.
But if energy can be harnessed from nuclear fusion
soon, its promise of cheap and clean energy would be
preferred by everyone.

What are the differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? [First, a
science student could be requested to explain the processes of fission and
fusion as illustrated by the two pictures below. Then a grid drawn on the
board and filled up during class discussion or as a report of two science
students, could draw more interest.]

Nuclear Fission- when a nucleus splices in two or more

smaller nuclei. This means 7 that fission is a form of elemental
transmutation. Nuclear fission releases energy

These illustrations and explanatory notes on nuclear fusion and nuclear fission are borrowed from
http://www.joeruff.com/artruff/physics/Student_Pages/The_Atom/Nuclear%20Decay.htm.

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 Nuclear Fusion- when multiple nuclei join to form a nucleus
that's heavier. It releases or absorbs energy depending on
the mass of the nuclei

Fission vs. Fusion

Bases for Fission Fusion
comparison:
entails breaking down large very small atoms are combined
Process atoms into dangerous to form larger ones
radioactive materials
Energy source uses uranium, a rare metal uses deuterium, found
everywhere there is water.
By- Product produces dangerous produces helium, a very safe
radioactive materials substance
Safety large quantities of uranium small quantities of deuterium are
are used; if anything goes used; if something goes wrong,
wrong, radioactive the process simply stops.
substances escape into the
environment
Energy produces considerable produces four times energy more
produced energy per pound of fuel per pound of fuel.
Advantage As long as the radioactive cheap and clean energy;
substances do not leak into accessible fuel sources
the environment, nuclear everywhere there is water
fission is a good source of
energy.

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 Nuclear fusion seems a lot better than fission, but what then would be the
drawbacks to its use?
Safety - Some quantities of mildly radioactive substances
could also be produced; hence, these have to be kept out
of the environment.
Starting Fusion process - More problematic is the difficulty of
setting up and holding in place the needed 100 million
degrees centigrade to make fusion going.
American, British, and Soviet scientists have “steadily
come closer” to producing the needed magnetic fields, or
laser beams, but are not yet there. Even when the
magnetic fields or laser beams are ready, there will be the
need to set up gigantic power stations to keep the source
of fuel constant, and to keep the environment safe from
pollution.

If the device and technology for fusion energy would happen, in what way
would it be “an energy without geography?”
Since every country has access to water, including seas and oceans,
every country would have access to fusion energy.

Understanding the Structure of the ssay

You may ask how the body of the essay is developed.
Why is fusion continually discussed in relation to fission?
The two energy sources are opposites; hence, they are continually
contrasted. Since fission is better known with the current use of nuclear
energy, well-known aspects are discussed.

Hence, the core definition of fusion is simultaneously introduced with the

definition of its opposite, fission.

Expansions of the initial definition come in the form of contrasts between

the more familiar fission in terms of the process of production, the
energy source, the by-product, the safety, especially of the by-
product, the amount of energy produced, and their overall favorable
or unfavorable impact on the world.
Again, the structure follows the core definition with expansions
pattern. However, since the term and its expanded characteristics are
clarified better by the use of contrast (between a virtually unfamiliar
concept and a relatively familiar one), both the core definition and the
expansions employ contrast too:

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 Structure Initial Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion Expansion
Or Device Definition: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5:
Used in the Contrast in Difference Contrast in Difference Difference Contrast in
Essay process in energy By-Product in level of in Amount overall
source Safety of Energy Advantage
produced
Combination Deuterium, Helium, Small Four times Cheap,
Fusion of small everywhere safe amounts that of clean
atoms into in water used; if it fission per energy;
large ones goes pound of ubiquitous
wrong, fuel sources of
process fuel
stops
Fission Process: Uranium, Radioactive If w/ Considerable Safe as
Breakdown rare materials, problem, energy long as no
of large dangerous if dangerous leaks and
atoms into leaks to radioactive accidents
radioactive environment substances happen
materials harm
people and
environmen
t

Conclusion- To end the essay with a certain impact, not only the thesis,
that fusion provides a cheap and safe alternative source of energy is
reiterated, but also a memorable point is added– the possibility of
obliterating the economic gap between the haves and the have-nots
through nuclear fusion.

Concluding Learning Activities

Ask pairs of students to think together to do the following:
Dyad Descriptions of Binary Opposites. Specifying some criteria/bases for
contrasting description, pairs of students could inform the rest of the class
about the opposite terms/words. A grid may be used.
Tech-Voc :masculine vs. feminine livelihoods
Art and Design: modern art vs. traditional art
Sports: sports vs. e-sports/ athletes vs. video game players
Art and Design: Art vs. craft; Artist vs. craftsman/artisan
Academic Track: democracy vs. dictatorship
patriarchal vs. matriarchal
IT and IA- security vs. privacy

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 Example: First World vs. Third World Countries
Bases for Contrast First World Countries Third World Countries
Economic Status Rich and developed Poor and underdeveloped
Education High level of literacy and Low levels of literacy and
education education
Political status Technologically advanced Independent, but
dependent on developed
countries; often unstable
governments
Ideology Capitalist, democratic May be capitalist or
quasi-socialist, even
communist

Writing A Paragraph Using Contrast. Instruct the students write a two-

paragraph body of a concept paper/ expository essay explaining one of the
terms above by means of the paragraph pattern of contrast. Using the
concept paper, “Fusion vs. Fission” as your model, contrast the two concepts
in terms of the bases you have enumerated.

Summary
If the meaning of a concept can be better explained by relating it to its opposite,
contrasting the two concepts or ideas, in terms of various bases or criteria
could be a very effective mode of paragraph development.
The essay structure could consist of an initial definition of the antithetical
concepts, and expanded by asserting other contrasting characteristics or
various points of differences between the two (such as in terms of the fuel
used, the by-products, the degree of safety, etc.).

REMINDER:
Contrast is a paragraph pattern showing the differences
between two objects, two activities, two processes, or two terms.
Comparison, on the other hand, shows similarities between/among
two or more objects, processes, or terms.

Concluding the essay: The focal point of concern, that fusion provides a cheap
and safe alternative source of energy, is reiterated, with an additional
comment on the possibility of obliterating the economic gap between the
haves and the have-nots.

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 “Things: Throw Away Society”
Alvin Toffler
Cumulative Clarification of the Concept

Motivating Introduction
Think. Pose these thought-provoking questions about material values, about
how they view their possessions, such as toys, clothes, cell phones, drawing
sets, and other personal property:
Have you ever considered wearing a paper wedding gown (females) and
paper tuxedo? Would you keep these after the wedding ceremony or
recycle the set into a curtain or table runner/ placemat?
Do you still keep toys that you played with when you were in grade
school? Why?
What is your dream gadget – the one you want to buy if you had the
means? How long would you keep it?
If you had to leave your home because of a disaster, like fire, or flood
waters, which three possessions would you bring with you? Why?
Can you list some items that you used only once or twice, and then threw
away?
Think Further. Lead the class in reflecting further on the idea of materialism. Ask
these questions:
Are you a materialist? In what ways?
In what ways are you not a materialist?
What do you think of paper napkins, non-returnable bottles, and other
disposable products?

Objectives
The teacher-guided reading of the essay, a sample concept paper, should not
only clarify the meaning and implications of a “throw-away society,” but also afford
the learners a model for planning an essay. As they deduce the thesis sentence and
the supporting details, identify the strategy used for the introduction, then identify the
patterns of paragraph development used in the essay, the students can later prepare

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a rudimentary plan for an essay, through a properly limited thesis sentence with at
least three supporting details; then write an introductory paragraph modeled after the
strategy used in the reading text.

Lesson Proper
Read Alvin Toffler’s “Things: the Throw-Away Society.”
The Teacher could spark up interest in the Author
Ever heard of the best-seller Alvin Toffler? He “burst into the
limelight in 1970 with the publication of Future Shock, a book that caught
the spirit of the age with its challenging vision of a society being torn apart
by the ‘premature arrival of the future.’ It became a worldwide best seller.
Since then, he and his wife Heidi (who recently owned up to her half of
the creative effort and put her name on their books too) have published a
string of influential books. The Third Wave (1980) and Power Shift (1990)
form a trilogy with Future Shock. Each one and the Tofflers' most recent
book, War and Anti-War, takes a different lens to explore the
technological and culture forces shaping the future.
Although the Tofflers are often thought of as the world's most
famous futurologists, two words that are definitely not in their vocabulary
are predict and trend. "We believe nobody can predict the future," says
Alvin. "We'll read the stuff that comes out of mathematical models, but
we'll read it with a degree of skepticism. What we have constructed is a
model of historical and social change."
The transforming power of technology always plays a central role
in the Tofflers’ books, but their first love was not science. Both studied
English at New York University and then plunged into the Bohemian world
of postwar Greenwich Village, writing poetry and planning novels. ``I was
your typical liberal arts student. Math and science were absolutely the
subjects that gave me the most difficulty. But for some reason, I knew at a
very young age that technology was important, that science was
important, and so I took a course in the history of technology and then
read, read and read.''

Some difficult words may slow down the learners’ comprehension of the essay.
The teacher could ask the students to guess their meanings from context,
before looking up their meanings in a reliable dictionary and trying to use
them in sentences:
eminently – outstandingly, prominently.
humanoid - a synthetic human being.
iridescent- producing a rainbow of colors.
transience – fleeting; moving from place to place.
inextricably – too tangled to get free; inescapably.
sumptuous- lavish; suggesting great expense or size.

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 radically altered – changed greatly or drastically.
supplant – replace.

Make the students React to the essay by answering these leading

comprehension questions, and in the process, guide the students in
unraveling the meaning of the text. (The italicized answers guide the teacher.)
What is the thesis of the essay?
We are increasingly becoming a “throw-away
society.”/ “We develop a throw-away mentality to match
our throw-away products.”

Do you agree or disagree with this thesis? Why?

Yes, everyday we use “disposable” objects.

How does Toffler’s use of the Barbie doll aid in developing his main
point?
It shows how objects before, like the old Barbie
doll, are being traded or replaced by newer and
technologically improved ones. These new material
objects have short, temporary relations with people, unlike
the older generations’ possessions with which they have
longer relations, like the old dolls which our grandmothers
clung to until they disintegrated from sheer age.”

Rereading Par. 4, “What human-made things enter into and color”

your life? (What values toward material objects have become a part of
your life?)
Each day we use disposable paper products (like
napkins, tissue paper), box containers, plastic bottles,
plastic bags, etc. which are so handy, so accessible, so
replaceable that we do not need to wash or clean them.

What does Toffler mean by “Our attitudes toward things reflect basic value
judgments (Par. 6)?
If we love to acquire and use these disposables,
these less durable, these short-lived objects for our
everyday use, then we have foregrounded consumerist
and materialist values. Also, since almost everybody is
using these disposables, we have also been swayed by
the fad or generation’s practices.

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 Do you think that Toffler opposes the use of disposable products (such as
Kleenex, paper towels, toothbrushes, lighters, etc.)? Explain.
Yes, for these have become more numerous and
crucial to our way of life. These “creations” have dictated
our ways of life and changed our values.

Do you consider yourself a part of the “throw away” society? Why?

Yes, we have been born into a world that uses
disposables each day. In effect, we have gone with the
flow. For instance, instead of using handkerchiefs that
have to be washed after each use, a small box of tissue
paper would be very handy.

Which is the best course of action to address the growing tendency to

discard/throw away possessions?
Perhaps the three R’s – reduce, reuse, and recycle,
if we can.
To help the students answer the questions and to perform the tasks
better, share with them these reminders/reviews:

Reminder: A thesis sentence is the statement of the main idea of a text.

Quick Review

SUMMARY OF METHODS USED FOR INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS

Ask a question.
Use an anecdote.
Use a quotation.
Stress the significance of topic.
Give a brief overview.
Use a combination of methods.

SUMMARY OF PARAGRAPH PATTERNS FOR SUPPORTING DETAILS

Use examples or illustrations
Use comparison and/or contrast
Use a definition
Use analysis
Use an anecdote or brief story
Use classification and division
Use a combination of methods

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 Learning Activity
This activity enriches the students’ views on materialism as it relates to their
lives. Moreover, as the planning activity forces them to prepare a main idea
expressed in one sentence, and specify several supporting details under it, they
learn the rudiments of preparing an outline for an essay.
Ask the students to choose one of these topics, write an apt thesis sentence
for it, then provide at least three specific details to support his/her main point/thesis.

Example: Topic: Why Metro Deals /Ensogo/ Groupon Discount Sales / CPA
promos succeed
Thesis: Filipinos love CPA promos.
Support:
Because the CPA “piso” fare affords almost 90% airfare discount for local
and international destinations, many Filipinos take advantage of the
opportunity to travel to places they may have wanted to see but never
could afford.
As CPA provides a year or several months of travel period, many Filipinos
can map out what holidays/dates are most appropriate to book their
schedules.
Since CPA has widened its local and international destinations, Filipinos
have wider choices of vacation or pleasure trips.
Because CPA has upgraded its services and time schedules, Filipino
travelers are generally satisfied with the improved services and wider
choices of flight schedules.

Art and Design- Why do car manufacturers change body styles every year?
Tech-Voc - What effects do advertising gimmicks have on buying unnecessary
home products?
IA and IT - Why I won’t trade my ----- (Apple Ipad Pro/ my Samsung Galaxy S6
Edge+/ IPhone 6S+/ Yoga Tab 3 Pro/Lily Camera)
Academic - What do you think of garage sales? Of “ukay-ukay” bargains?
Academic - How does advertising support a materialistic society?
Sports - Life without disposable products

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Practice Exercise
Point out that the essay opens with an illustration, the practice of trading in an
old Barbie doll for a new one, and that this illustration is also used to develop a point.
Asking the students to go back to their thesis sentence, you make them think of an
interesting opening paragraph, using one of the methods given in the “quick review.”
This introductory paragraph(s) should employ an apt paragraph pattern that develops
the first given supporting detail.

Example:
Opening Paragraph for the topic: “Why CPA Promos Succeed”

lot of Filipinos eagerly await CPA’s once-a-year “piso fare.”

To them, this promotion makes a dream come true for it offers
highly affordable airfare to both local and foreign destinations.
Making one peso as the base fare and adding only the needed
taxes for the choice vacation places, CPA offers traveler-friendly
fares, ranging from P499 to P6, 999 during a given booking period
for a whole year of travel period. Instead of paying P10, 000 for
local travel, and P30, 000 or more for going abroad, many middle
class Filipinos shell out only 10-50% of the usual airfare in order
to visit places they may have long wanted to see but could not
afford. Hence, this promotional fare is greatly loved and awaited
by many not-so-rich travelers.

The teacher may need to emphasize the functions of the introductory paragraph(s):

An introductory paragraph puts AIDA on a pedestal: attracts the readers’

attention, arouses interest and desire to read, and goads the reader to
act accordingly, i.e., goads him/her to read the paper.

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 ASSESSMENT
Part One: Comprehension
Select the best answer. Write the letters only.

This statement expresses the thesis of the essay:

Humans’ relationships with things are increasingly temporary.
Human-made things enter into and color one’s consciousness.
The old society was based on permanence; the new one, on transience.
Our attitudes towards things reflect basic value judgments.
We have developed a throw-away mentality to match our throw-away
products.

“This will be even more true in a super-industrial society than it is today”

(Par. 4) refers to:
the contrast between human-made objects and natural objects
the increasing appeal of technologically produced objects
the intimate realities of human beings’ existence
the difference between a natural environment and an industrial one

The dramatic difference between past and future societies(Par 6):

lies in the young girl’s attitude towards her new barbie vis-à-vis her
grandmother’s clinging to her old one
reflects diametrically opposed attitudes to life
distinguishes between old permanent societies and new transient ones
contrasts past and future values

In the last line of Par. 7, “… she is inextricably embedded in a throw-away

culture,” the phrase “inextricably embedded” means:
hopelessly intertwined
deeply related
difficult to untangle
inevitable to happen

Strong resistance to a throw-away culture is usually found (Pars. 8-9):

among French housewives
in poor societies
in Sweden
among pre-1960’s societies

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 Synonymous with the term “throw-away culture” may be:
a way of life characterized by products for short-term or one-time use.
the American pattern of consumerism
the crass materialism among the developed societies
a decreasing interest in accumulating new products

Aside from lower prices, what else would be significantly responsible for the
paper explosion (Pars. 11-13)?
cheaper cleaning costs
opportunities for maximizing creativity and resourcefulness
versatility in uses after the original purpose
a new mentality together with altered values

A very significant implication of the paper apparel explosion has been (Pars.
10-11):
a change of attitudes towards fashion
the affordability of fashionable wear
the opportunities to sport the latest fashion
an altered set of values

How has the advent of disposable products affected people’s mentality

(Par. 13)?
increasing patronage of disposables
greater variety and choices among products
shorter relations with such products
increased attachment to the products

List at least three examples/ illustrations that reflect that your home is
“inextricably embedded in a throw-away culture.” (Par. 7)

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 Part Two: Concept Paper

Structural Analysis
The paragraphs about the old Barbie doll (Par 1) and about the new improved
version (Par. 2) reflect this paragraph pattern:
contrast between old and new practices regarding Barbie dolls
anecdotes about the Barbie doll
details regarding the enticing features of the Barbie doll
classification and division of Barbie doll owners
The texture of plastic, the glisten of a car, and the vision of a cityscape from a jet
window (Par. 4):
prove that human-made things are exponentially increasing
show the difference between artificial and natural objects
enumerate objects that color one’s consciousness
provide examples of human-made things that are close to human beings
The most commonly used pattern(s) of paragraph development used by Toffler in
this essay is/are:
comparison and contrast
illustrations and examples
definition
analysis
Illustrations and contrast
The overall order of development is:
climactic
chronological
inductive
deductive
Several details and data given in Pars. 8-11 are corroborated by the use of:
reliable examples from research
contrast between past and later practices
quotations/testimonies from researchers and observers
evaluations from surveys

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Answers
Part One:
E
B
A
D
B
A
C
D
C
Give three points to any illustrations of disposables (Answers may vary):
The use of disposables like paper napkins, bathroom tissue,
toothpicks, paper towels, etc.
The containers of food- delivered products, like nuggets in cartons,
fried chicken in cardboard buckets, pizza in boxes
Plastic and glass containers of drinks, condiments, soda, soy, vinegar,
oil, chocolate, milk, etc.

Part Two
A
C

C
C

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 Feedback
Here are samples of feedback that you may use:
If the student could answer all the questions correctly: Excellent! Keep up the
good work!
If the student incurred one or two mistakes: You did well, especially in
understanding Tofflers’ views and his modes of developing his ideas.
If the student had three or four mistakes: You are generally on the right
comprehension track. Perhaps re-analyzing the paragraphs and their
patterns of development more closely would help you appreciate Toffler’s
concerns regarding our materialism, as well as the paragraph patterns he
uses to clarify these.
If the student had five or more mistakes: You can improve this score with more
practice. Since Toffler often uses examples and illustrations, think of what he
is trying to clarify with the examples; and note what points he contrasts – old
and new /Barbie dolls, young girl or older generation, natural things or
technologically produced objects, etc.

Summing Up
Concept clarified. throw-away culture/throw-away society
Strategies used. Illustrations and examples of human-made objects preferred,
but easily replaced; contrast between past practices and present preferences,
between past values, and present ones.
Order of development. Inductive method leading to a clearer view of a throw-
away society: Starts with examples of technologically-produced objects
coloring people’s worlds and changing their values, and ends with the view
that we develop a”throw away mentality to match our throw-away products.

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 Assessment
Integrative Project: Writing a 500-word Concept Paper on Walls

Ask the students: What do we think of when we hear the term “walls”?
Have you seen the longest human-made barrier and one of the
wonders of the world, the Great Wall of China? Have you heard of the
Sacsayhuaman Wall of Cusco Peru whose boulders are so tight that paper
cannot slip through? That the walls and gate of Babylon, one of the great
wonders of the world, was made of blue glazed tiles, and had alternating
rows of bas-relief aurochs and dragons? That Hadrian Wall, the longest wall
of Europe was built by the Romans to prevent the tribes of Scotland from
entering Brittania, their colony at the time?
That the Walls of Troy are a monument to the ten-year Trojan War in
the epic, Iliad? That the remaining part of the Temple Wall in East Jerusalem
where people pray is called the Wailing Wall? That the Germans today are
ashamed of the cruel experiences connoted by the Berlin Wall? That the old
capital of the Philippines was a city within Walls?

Of Famous Artistic Walls

Do the students also realize that there have been a number of walls
known thru the centuries for the great murals they display: paintings and
sculptures of renowned artists, artistic renditions of literary texts? Palace
walls, church and temple walls, street walls, home walls, museum walls,
murals of literary texts comprise great showcases of artistic talents as the
power point shows.

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 The Famous and Infamous Walls of the World, the Tangible and
Intangible Divides (A Power Point Presentation)
As the students watch the presentation, you give the background of each slide,
from the domestic walls to the famous walls (given as Notes to each slide)–
why they were built, what distinctive qualities these had, what they reveal of
the builders then, the significance of these in our world history:
well-known walls reflective of world’s events
artistic walls showcasing various forms of art and human values and
concerns
intangible walls reflecting human and inhumane relations, as well as
socio-economic, political, religious, psychological, and other concerns.
At the end of the presentation, the students should be able to note what walls
are; what their different types and uses have been; their building materials,
and architectural qualities for the tangible walls, the causes and effects of
various intangible walls.

Prewriting Stage
Physical Walls. In preparation for a paper on “walls,” the students working on
physical or tangible walls should create a grid detailing the location of each of
the famous walls, its builders, the reason for the construction, the materials
and design, and its current status. All the walls with similar functions are
placed together for easier classification.

Famous Walls
Name Location Construction Distinctive Materials
Date Characteristics

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 Art Walls are also physical and tangible, but they have different functions,
structural patterns, materials, modes of presentation, and the like( Ex: murals,
museum and gallery walls, exhibit walls, temple and church walls, renditions
of literary texts on walls, house walls and fences.)
Intangible and Symbolic Walls. These walls show various facets of human
relationships, concerns, or values. Choose one group of intangible walls and
provide different types, the characteristics of each, and the ways by which the
walls may be broken down or built.
Socio-economic classes – poor, lower middle class, upper middle class,
high class, super rich
Religious divides – Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Taoist, Shinto,
Sikhism, Jainism, Judaism, etc.
Racial – white, black, brown, yellow, red
Political divides/ parties – Democrats, Republicans; Labor Party,
Conservative, etc.
Ideologies –capitalism, socialism, communism, etc.
Sexual politics – sexist, feminist, masculinist, LGBT,
Confessionals- Church private confessions
Prison walls
Psychological walls
Cordon sanitaire
Mental health institution walls
After preparing your grid or outline of your choice of wall group, write a 500-word
theme on walls – building walls, or breaking walls. You may use a core
definition which you expand by any combination of methods – examples,
classification, comparison and contrast, functions, causes and effects, and
the like.

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 Chapter 4

Writing a Position Paper

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 A Position Paper

Every now and then, we find the need to take a stand on an issue. How do
we defend this stand? How do we convince others about the soundness of our
position?
This section trains the students to write an effective position paper.

Guidelines for Writing the Position Paper

Values Communicated
Logical Thinking
Objective expression of ideas
Balanced assignments of conflicting opinions
Modes of Reasoning
Inductive
Inductive reasoning derives a generalization from specific examples
and situations. Through an organized presentation of factual evidence
and proofs, the reader is convinced of the soundness of the
arguments that lead to a well- founded general conclusion.
Deductive
Deductive reasoning proceeds from a general statement that leads to
particular or specific inferences.
Qualities of a Convincing Position Paper
Contains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended
Assesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue.
Takes a firm stand on the issue.
Lists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand.
Presents factual evidence or proofs to support each argument.

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 “The Case for Short Words”

Introduction
Inform the students that language is arbitrary and writers choose words freely.
Many students think that their writing becomes more impressive when they
use highfalutin, ornate, polysyllabic words, and complicated syntax. Simple
language and have greater impact on the audience, according to some
scholars.
Ask the students how they choose words when they write their compositions. Do
they use a dictionary or a thesaurus? What kind of words do they prefer?
Ask their bases for their reference.
Ask the students to comment on the following ending lines from the famous
poem “Ulysses” by Alfred Lord Tennyson.

“Made weak by time and fate

But strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find,
and not to yield. ”

The same idea can be expressed through similar expressions:

Alternative Expression Original Text
weakened made weak
strong-willed strong in will
struggle strive
discover find
unyielding not to yield

Call their attention to the influence of rhythm (i.e., the succession of stressed
and unstressed syllables), brevity, and syntactic structures, specifically parallelism,
or the poet’s choice.
Give the class these last two lines of William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet XVIII”:
Ask them to react to these verses.

So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

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 Lesson Proper
What is the proposition of this selection?
Ask the students to prepare a list of the reasons given in the selection for using
short words.
Encourage the students to express their stand on the issue of using short words
whenever possible.

Concluding Activity
Let the students express their initial position on one of the following issues:
School uniforms should no longer be required.
The Mother-Tongue-Based-Multilingual Education (MTBMLE) policy
should be implemented up to Grade 6.
Assign the students to look for evidence to support their position.
Ask the students to write a position paper. Tell them to mention the evidences
they found to support their reasons. Show them how to cite their sources
properly.

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 “Doubts about Doublespeak”
Motivating Introduction
Ask the students if they have heard of people who work as “sanitation
engineers” or as “governesses.” Or they have probably encountered expressions
such as “persons who are chronologically advanced in age” or those who are
“vertically or horizontally challenged.” Do they know what these expressions mean?
Sanitation engineers may not have a college degree or formal training in
engineering. These people were once (or still are) referred to as “custodial workers”
or “janitors” or even “street cleaners.” Governess is a dignified term for a nanny.
Senior citizens, the elderly, are indeed advanced in age. People who are too short or
too tall face a “challenge” in height. “Informal settlers” squat on land that do not own.
“Unconventional beauty” refers to the exact opposite of beauty.

Tell the students to make a list of ten expressions similar to the ones given
above.
Ask the students what they think of these expressions.
Ask the students if they have used doublespeak at home or in school. Let
them cite examples.

Lesson Proper
Let the students read the selection. Tell them to outline it.
Ask the students:
What is doublespeak?
What are the uses of doublespeak?
What are the different kinds of doublespeak? Give some examples of
each.
Does the author favor the use of doublespeak? Present the author’s
arguments for his position.

Concluding Activity
Let the students take a stand on the use of doublespeak and defend their
position.
Make the students write an essay on the advantages/disadvantages of the
use of doublespeak
Ask the students to search for speeches delivered by politicians on their
accomplishments while in office.
Tell the students to observe how people in government argue about different
issues. Advise the students to respond critically to the way people present
arguments and evidence to defend their position.

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 “The Other Side of E-mail”

Motivating Introduction
Find out from the students if they have an email or a Facebook account.
Ask them these questions:
What is the purpose of your e-mail? Why did you open an e-mail
account?
How many messages do you usually receive/send in one day?
Do these messages usually need immediate attention or action?
Let the students reflect on their need for the e-mail. Ask them how they took care
of their communication needs before the e-mail was invented.

Lesson Proper
Call the students’ attention to P ar. 2, Sentence 2 which says: “Like all new
media, e-mail has a dark side.” What purpose does this sentence serve?
Make the class prepare an outline that will list down both the advantages and
disadvantages of the e-mail based on the arguments presented in the
selection.
Ask the students if the author of this article totally rejects the e-mail.

Concluding Activity
Let the students assess their need for their e-mail or Facebook account.
Ask them to comment on the good and bad effects of e-mail and Facebook on
their own lives.
Share with your students your own experiences and some news accounts you
have read about some good and bad effects of e-mail and Facebook
postings.

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 “Women Talk Too Much”

Motivating Introduction
Bring to class a sample manifesto on an issue concerning women and children
(e.g., birth control or human reproduction, children’s welfare, women’s rights.)
Show your class how arguments are presented in the manifesto. Begin with the
statement of the stand on the issue. Enumerate the arguments to defend this
stand. Assess the effectiveness of each argument.

Use the following guide in assessing the document:

Is the proposition clearly stated? The proposition is the statement to be explained
or proved.
How are the arguments presented?
Do the arguments support the proposition effectively?
Are the arguments logical and convincing?
Do they contain emotional words?
Are these enough proofs to support each argument? Are the pieces of evidence
based on reliable data?
Are the arguments sufficient to prove the proposition?

Lesson Proper
Let the students read the selection. Call their attention to its structure. Do the
subheadings help in identifying the important ideas of this selection?
According to this article, what factors should be taken into consideration in
determining whether women or men talk too much?
Ask the students to comment on the following statement: “Talk is very highly
valued in western culture.”

Concluding Activity
The class can be encouraged to continue the discussion on “Who Talks More:
Women or Men?”
Make the students can observe what happens in their own homes, in school, in
the community.
Let them summarize factors that affect talk in Philippine context.

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 “r u online?”

Motivating Introduction

Ask the following questions:

Is the title appropriate? How does it catch attention? Does it attract one to read
on?
Compare how the writer begins and ends the article. How do they relate to each
other?
Are these effective ways to introduce and conclude essays? Why?
How are young people who use the language of the Net referred to?
(keyboard generation, Generation IM (instant messenger), wired teens)
How is the language of the Net referred to?
teen slang
evolving lexicon
Net Lingo
language of the keyboard generation
lingo online
writing to create speech
typed communication in a new era of speed
speed talking
Does the writer agree with those who think that Net lingo is language that meets
the young people’s “needs for self –expression,” as a “creative twist on
dialogue,” and as “a new harmless version of teen slang”? +Or does the
writer side with those who regard Net lingo as the “linguistic ruin of
Generation IM”? Or does the essay sound neutral?
Early on, does the writer describe Net lingo as the re-creation of language in
one’s own image, as teenagers have always done? How is this lingo being
re-created? (through the use of new acronyms, abbreviations, and
emoticons)

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 How else does the writer describe Net lingo? In what way is it a combination of
writing and speaking? (It is using writing to create speech; “typed
communication in a new era of speed.”)
Does the writer show the good and bad effects, the “double-edged consequence”
of Net lingo?
Shy boys become comfortable talking online with girls, but in school their
grammar suffers from abbreviated words and run-on sentences without
periods.
Boys and girls can multitask, but they are easily distracted and have shorter
attention spans.
Net lingo, as the written slang of the young generation, assures them of
“inness” or of belonging to that group, but strangers within could bring
trouble, although the young are wary of them, and protect themselves by
blocking subsequent messages of undesirable online friends.
How does the essay become convincing and credible?
(through the use of interesting examples, statistics, and authorities)

Concluding Activities
Contextualized Activities and Practice Exercises
Assign the activity below which is appropriate for the student’s track:
Academic: Using Net lingo, write a short poem, paragraph, or lyrics to either a
folk or a modern song.
Art and Design: Draw a cartoon showing a younger person using Net lingo while
talking or writing to someone in the older generation.
Tech Voc: Invent new emoticons for Net lingo. Beside each, write the meaning of
the invented symbol.
Sports: Pretend you are a sports announcer and use Net lingo to describe a
basketball or volleyball game.
IT and IA: Think of or search for other abbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons
not mentioned in the article. Then, list these down and share them with the
class.

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 Assessment Questions/Projects
Let the students rewrite paragraph 3 using the formal style.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Review some ways of writing formally:
Spelling out words, instead of contracting and abbreviating them (e.g., it
is – not it’s; television – not TV)
Using objective, not colloquial words (e.g., wonderful – not awesome;
many – not lots of; children – not kids; men or boys -- not guys)
Speaking preferably in the third person, instead of first or second person
(except in business letters)

Reminder (Boxed Aide-Mémoire)

The writer assumes the position of neutrality by presenting both sides, but the
pervasiveness of an optimistic tone hints at a positive attitude to Net lingo.

Summary (Winding up with Reiteration of Points)

Net lingo has advantages and disadvantages.

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 “Is Bad Language Unacceptable on TV?”

Motivating Introduction
Show video clips of swearing in campaign speeches, movies, YouTube, rap
songs, etc.

Objectives
To list down the arguments for and against swearing on TV

Lesson Proper (word meanings/verbal matters, questions, explanations, illustrations

examples, etc.)

Vocabulary
Watershed – the time (usually 9 .M.-5:30 A.M.) when adult content or
material unsuitable for children (e.g., violence, foul language) may be aired
on radio and TV

Organizing Survey Data

Let the students classify the different positions in the article regarding
the acceptability of bad language on TV. To do this, tell them to draw two or
more columns with the headings “positive,” “negative,” “neutral,” etc. stands.
Next, tell them to enter under the proper column, the specific
argument and proponent.
Then, make them count how many total arguments there are in each
column, and enter the sum at the bottom.
Call on some students to announce the specific arguments and total figures.
Finally, make them reduce the number of items under each column by
putting together similar arguments and labeling them as to the kind of
argument (e.g., religious, mental, social or peer pressure, literary, etc.) Allow
for further subcategorizations or even supercategorizations.
Conclude the exercise by informing them that they have just done a
systematic classification of results, and have begun to do a scientific study
involving the process of taxonomy

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 Concluding Activities
Learning Activities and Practice Exercises
For all tracks, tell the students to enumerate two or more arguments in
preparation for a debate on one of the following:
whether bad language should be allowed on social media
whether text spelling should be allowed in academic writing on any
current political issue, such as federalism for the Philippines, the need
for Bangsamoro, etc.
Next, tell them to develop each argument in at least five sentences supporting
the argument with details, facts, figures, logical reasoning, etc.

Assessment Questions/Projects.
Call on some students to discuss some details, facts, figures, logical
reasoning, etc. that they used in writing their arguments.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Emphasize that each argument should be supported by facts, details,
examples, figures, reports, experiments, surveys, interviews, and other
reliable data.

Reminder (boxed aide-mémoire)

Positions or arguments should be supported with facts, figures, logical
reasoning, data, reports, testimonials, etc.

Summary (winding up with reiteration of points)

Most adults do not accept bad language on TV, and would want an expletive-
free TV and environment for their children.

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 “Good English and Bad”

Motivating Introduction
Ask the students what part of English grammar or what English lesson they
find difficult. [Note their answers for a review of these specific grammar points at the
end of the lesson.]

Objectives
To illustrate good English and bad English as subjective or relative labels

Lesson Proper
(word meanings/verbal matters, questions, explanations, illustrations
examples, etc.)

Ask the following questions:

How does the title address the issue?
How does the writer introduce the essay? In what way are the verb, the
sentence, and the parts of speech in English grammar complex? Explain in
what way the parts of speech in English are notional.
Give one historical reason why English grammar has become complex. Also,
consider Smith, Wallis, Dryden, Defoe, Swift, and others, like U.S. President
John Adams, Cardinal Richelieu, and Johnson.
Does English, like French, have an Academy to resolve language matters? What
role is played by language authorities (e.g., the Fowler brothers, Sir Gowers,
Bernstein, Safire, and Lowth) and dictionaries (e.g., Webster’s Third
New International, American Heritage, and Random House) in the
preservation of good English?
Is the writer for or against bad English? Consider his attitude towards change in
English rules on grammar and spelling.

Concluding Activities and Practice Exercises

Observing good grammar, make the students write any of the following that is
relevant to their respective tracks

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 Academic: an essay arguing for the inclusion of certain words and grammatical
constructions as acceptable Philippine English
Art and Design: a justification for naming a certain work of art as the winner in
an art contest
Tech-Voc: a paragraph explaining the reasons for voting for sinigang, adobo, or
some other as the national dish, or for a certain delicacy as the national
dessert; a paragraph persuading people to work as a tour guide, hotel
receptionist, bellhop, etc. since it can be rewarding, financially and otherwise
Sports: a paragraph for a flier to persuade people about the effectiveness of
some gym equipment
IT and IA: a leaflet convincing the reader of the unique features of some
hardware

Assessment Questions/Projects
Ask the students to explain each correction given after each of the eight
sentences listed in paragraph 4.

Recall grammar difficulties brought up by the students in the Motivating

Introduction, and discuss the relevant grammar rules.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Review rules on agreement in singular and plural number for the subject and
the predicate, the subjunctive mood, and grammar lessons needed to
reinforce or clarify their answers.

Reminder (boxed aide-mémoire)

It is difficult to label some words and sentences as good English or bad
English, since people -- be they language experts or ordinary everyday
speakers -- do not always agree on which is good or bad grammar.

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Summary
Although one can resist change in language usage so as maintain
understanding and clarity (e.g., retaining the conventional spelling and
meanings of certain words like cat, elephant, etc.), it is arrogant and futile
to halt language change, since common usage is a stronger force than
linguistic or academic authority in dictating the fate of new words,
spellings, and meanings in language, whose nature it is to be fluid and
democratic.

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 “With These Words I Can Sell You Anything”

Motivating Introduction
Tell the class to take out their newspaper or magazine advertisements which
they were assigned earlier to bring along with the article. Then, let some students
show their advertisement and say why they like it.

Objectives
To identify weasel words in advertising so as to become more critical readers
of misleading advertisements

Lesson Proper
Vocabulary
Read to the class the following definition:
A “parity claim” asserts that the advertiser's product or service is
at least equal in some or all respects to the product(s) or service(s) that
are directly or indirectly described or named in the ad. (Feb 6, 2005
Defending and Challenging Advertising - Keller Heckman. )
https://www.khlaw.com/Files/3002 _ Leighton DefendingAdvertising.pdf

Class Activity
Call a student to the board to write down the weasel words
enumerated in the article. Then, divide the class into two groups, so that each
student in the first group will show her/his advertisement to the entire class,
while each student in the second group will identify the weasel word(s). Next,
let the two groups exchange roles.

Concluding Activities
Learning Activities and Practice Exercises
(Enhancement/ Writing Assignment)
Let the students work in pairs to discuss what they will write: one will be a
candidate for class president describing a planned volunteer project for
the class, once elected; the other will deliver a campaign speech
endorsing the candidate to the class.

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 The project should be relevant to the speaker’s academic track; the
endorsement should be on what the endorser learns to be the
qualifications and qualities of her/his candidate.

Assessment Questions/Projects
Is the use of weasel words moral? Defend your position.

The Reminder
Let the students remember all the weasel words listed earlier on the board.
Summary
An awareness of weasel words makes one think more critically about
products being advertised.

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 “The Great Global Warming Swindle”

Motivating Introduction
Ask them about the weather. Let them: compare past summers, observe
whether it is getting hotter every year, and think of causes for such a change.

Objectives
To illustrate how to argue or support a stand or position by shooting down the
arguments of the opposite side and presenting alternatives such as causes or effects
other than those claimed by the other

Lesson Proper
Vocabulary
Swindle – from German Schwindler, giddy person; akin to Old English
swindan, to vanish
scam, fraud; defraud, gaff, gyp, to take money
to obtain money or property by fraud or deceit
first use: 1955
spurious[is Pyur i yus] – not genuine, sincere or authentic; based on false
ideas or bad reasoning
bogus, fake, false, forged, counterfeit, inauthentic or unauthentic,
phony, sham
of illegitimate birth: bastard
proxy –representative; authority or power to act for another
hype – deception, put-on publicity; especially: promotional publicity of an
extravagant or contrived kind
pandemic – from Geek pandemos, pan all + demos people
occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally
high proportion of the population
(meanings, etc. above adapted from Merriam-Webster Dictionary online)
Hockey – stick temperature (or hockey stick controversy) – “a plot of the past
millennium’s temperature that shows the drastic influence of humans in
the 20th century. Specifically, temperature remains essentially flat until

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 about 1900, then shoots up, like the upturned blade of a hockey stick”
[similar to a golf club, but used for playing ice hockey]
(from David Appell, “Sustainability: Behind the Hockey Stick,” March 1,
2005. www.scientificamerican.com)

Questions
Ask the following questions:
Describe the great global warming swindle.
Is S. Fred Singer’s position on the great global warming swindle positive (yes-it-
is-a-swindle) or negative (no-it-is-not-a-swindle)?
How do you ascertain (make known, learn, find out with certainty, make certain,
exact, or precise) his stand?
Consider, for example, the following:
the title
the introductory first paragraph, which mentions Singer’s inclusion, as a
climate scientist, in interviews for the documentary film The Great
Global Warming Swindle vs. “an emotion presentation” from a single
politician of an earlier documentary film, An Inconvenient Truth
the concluding last paragraph, with his prediction about the attitude of
future generations
Who are swindled? Who is the swindler? And what is the swindle itself?
Explain the hypothetical case in paragraph 5.
Explain the irony in paragraph 6 by reviewing the solutions to greenhouse gas
reduction in the light of cutting fuel consumption.
According to the writer, is global warming beneficial or harmful? Has sea level
risen due to human-caused global warming or to natural causes?
Are the rhetorical questions in paragraph 8 effective? Why?

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 Concluding Activities
Contextualized Activities and Practice Exercises (enhancement/ writing
assignment)
Academic: Write a position paper for or against mining/ golf parks/ rapid
urbanization/other environmental concerns
Art and Design: Write a position paper arguing for the importance of
using recycled materials in construction (e.g., plastic bottles)/ fashion
(e.g., paper mache belts and wallets)/ etc.
Tech Voc: Write an essay arguing for environmental activism in
planting trees, flowers, and vegetables everywhere: along streets,
rivers, railways; in backyards and flowerpots; on school campuses,
etc.
Sports: Write an essay arguing for the conscientization of certain sports
(e.g., scuba diving, mountain climbing, surfing) so as to preserve and
clean up nature.
IT and IA: Google the hockey-stick temperature chart and write a
paragraph explaining the lines, colors, and trends.

Assessment Questions/Projects
State the argument against the claim that global warming is caused by
greenhouse gases from human activity. Consider whether the claimed
cause is the true cause or the only cause, and if not, what is the true
cause of greenhouse gases?
Explain this true cause by writing a paraphrase of paragraph 3.
Is there proof that nature, and not human nature, causes global warming? To
answer this, consider writing a précis of paragraph 4.
Google one of the following:
1.) Al Gore, An Inconvenient Truth
2.) David Appell, “Sustainability: Behind the Hockey Stick,” March 1,
2005.www.scientificamerican.com

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Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results
Tell them that in their paraphrase of paragraph 3, they should have rephrased,
reworded, used their own words (synonyms, simpler words), retained the
order of thought, and broken down long sentences into shorter ones.
Tell them that in their précis of paragraph 4, they should have summarized it by
reducing it to one-fourth or one-fifth (25% or 20%) of the original length,
retained the point of view (third person), used their own words, and retained
the order of thought.

Reminder
In arguing, if the opponent –
resents: a purported sole or false cause (e.g., greenhouse gases)
counter with: another or real cause (e.g., water vapor)
purports: an increase or rise (e.g., in temperature) counter with: cycle
(increase to decrease to increase in temperature, e.g., warming to
cooling to warming …)
sees: a negative impact (e.g., rising sea level) counter with: a positive
impact (e.g., rising standards of living)

Summary
The great global warming is not caused solely and largely by greenhouse gases
from human activity, but more often and largely by natural water vapor and
cloudiness corresponding to solar activity.
Moreover, warming does not so much cause a rise in sea level, as seas have
been wont to rise steadily since the ice age (10,000 years back). In fact,
warming raises standards of living.
Warming is relatively no problem, compared to the real problems of hunger,
disease, denial of human rights, threats of terrorism and nuclear war, natural
disasters, pandemics, and asteroid impact.

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 “The Hazards of Industrial Agriculture”

Motivating Introduction

Ask the students to look at the products being sold in supermarkets. Ask them to
take note of the health benefits of these products.

Ask the students if agricultural products can create health risks. How?

Lesson Proper
Ask the students the following questions:

What is the central idea of the selection?

What hazards are posed by industrial agriculture?

How can these hazards be prevented?

Discuss with the students if the recommendations are doable.

Concluding Activity
The students can be encouraged to work in groups to launch a campaign to
minimize and eventually eliminate the hazards of industrial agriculture.

The campaign can include the production of posters and brochures. Creative
writers can create poems, short stories, and essays that talk about the
hazards of industrial agriculture.

The students can try growing plants that can be eaten. Advise them not to use
pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. Find out from the students if the plants are
thriving even without pesticides and these fertilizers.

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 “More Energy”
Motivating Introduction
When assigning this article, tell the students to search via the internet the
author, Bill Gates. Introduce the lesson by letting them discuss what they read about
the Bill Gates.

Objectives
To restate or summarize the essay

Lesson Proper
Ask the following questions:
What does Bill Gates want? Locate the sentence that states this. Discuss the
grammatical mood of the sentence. Is it stating or indicating some fact? Or is
it merely expressing a personal, subjective desire?
In beginning the essay, does the writer describe a real world? A virtual, imaginary
world? Or both worlds? Explain your answer.
Is the pace and rhythm of the essay fast or slow? Reread, for example,
paragraphs 1 and 5. Are the words, phrases, and sentences long or short?
Do they come in quick succession, as in a series? Or are they presented in a
slow, tedious manner? Does the effect make you feel like running, or like
walking, instead? Is this effect in keeping with the idea behind the title?
Explain how.
Discuss the problem-solution format in the organization of this essay. Does the
structure present a problem first? Does it offer a solution next? Or does it do
the reverse?
Explain Bill Gates’ formula for zero carbon dioxide emission. Include examples
given.
Describe Bill Gates’ “energy miracle” (paragraph 38 and up).
Is his solution to the problem mathematical-formulaic, miraculous-religious, or
critical-creative? In what way is it so?
Reread paragraphs 42 and 43, and then explain Bill Gates’ idea of failure and
success. Can there be success in failure? How?
Does Bill Gates include you as a solution to his problem? Are there ways in
which you can help solve it? Does he exhort you, command, request, or beg?
Does the essay end in an exhortation, a prediction, or both?

Concluding Activities
Learning Activities and Practice Exercises (enhancement/writing assignment)

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 Make the students write a well-argued essay proving any of the following
passages from “More Energy”:
“Life gets better – not for everyone all the time, but for most people most
of the time.” (paragraph 12)
“I have not failed 10,000 times. I’ve successfully found 10,000 ways that
will not work.” (paragraph 42)
“Math cuts out the noise and helps me distill a problem down to its basic
elements.” (paragraph 20)
“There are those who deny it is a problem at all. Others exaggerate the
immediate risks.” (paragraph 21)
Assessment Questions/Projects
Divide the class into four groups that will prepare charts, graphs,
diagrams, etc. of facts and figures presented in the essay. Let them select one
set of data or facts to chart or diagram, but be sure that each group selects a
different set.
List on the board the following for selection:
data on populations in the world that live in the dark (paragraphs 5 and 7)
fact tracing the cycle that starts with those least responsible for CO 2 emission,
ends with those most affected, and includes intervening events and
phenomena (paragraph 15)
data on tons of carbon dioxide (paragraph 18)
data on the world’s population (paragraph 27)
data on the year this essay was written and the time frame for the discovery of
clean and cheap energy

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Check that their graphs are properly captioned or titled, and all axes, lines,
and numbers are labeled.

Reminder
The path from a problem to a solution is as follows: (problem> different ideas
to solve it > ideas that won't work > ideas that work > solution!)
Summary
People are persuaded to find ways of creating not only clean but also cheap
sources of energy.

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 “Mahatma Gandhi’s Hunger Strikes”

Motivating Introduction
After giving the reading assignment, tell the students to search via the internet
quotations from Gandhi on any of the following: animals, change, Christianity,
diversity, education, eye for an eye, guns, Jesus, loneliness, losing, love and
life, loving your enemy, loyalty, peace, truth, service, violence
Let them print out at least five of their favorites and read them, with expression,
to the class.

Objectives
To evaluate Gandhi’s actions

Lesson Proper
Explain the irony in Gandhi’s assassination by a fellow Hindu. Remember that
he advocated Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, etc. equality and tolerance.

Concluding Activities
Learning Activities and Practice Exercises (enhancement/ writing assignment)
Academic: Deliver an enlightened but practical criticism of passive resistance.
Show how it has been successfully applied or modified in other countries.
Or write a poem or short play with Gandhi fasting and advocating
religious tolerance.
Art and Design: Draw a unique iconic portrait of Gandhi in a Philippine
setting. Or dress up in Indian garb for men and for women.
Tech-Voc: Bring an Indian dish or dessert to class; demonstrate how to
prepare it, and/or describe the recipe. Or perform an Indian ritual.
Sports: Demonstrate different violent and nonviolent sports. Or play a native
Indian sport or game.
IT and IA: Draw, create, or gather from the Internet portraits of Gandhi
showing him at different times, ages, occasions, or fasting protests.

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 Assessment Questions/Projects
Choose a quotation from Gandhi, think of an issue it defends or attacks, and
write an argumentative essay defending your position on the matter.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Let the students check that their own argumentative essay includes the
following:
a clear statement of the issue in the introduction
one’s position or stand on an issue
support or evidence for one’s position
a convincing reiteration of one’s position in the conclusion

Reminder
Assign a student to report on Gandhi’s philosophy of non-resistance.

Summary
Let the students form two groups that will plot the fasts in Gandhi’s life and
indicate the year, purpose, and outcome of each fast: one group prepares a column
list, while the other group draws a diagram. This may be written on the board or on a
big poster.

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 “I Have a Dream”

Motivating Introduction
Along with this reading assignment, tell the class to search via the internet
the biography of Martin Luther King and bring his picture.
Call on some to report on interesting biographical details, and others to show
Luther King’s picture.

Objective
To identify the rhetorical qualities of the speech that make it an effective
argument.

Lesson Proper
Ask the following questions:
What is Luther King’s dream? Do you know songs with dreams in their lyrics?
Compare those dreams with that of Luther King’s.
Explain the historical allusion in the second line. Who is associated with it, and is
there a similar dream too? A hundred years later, has that dream been
fulfilled?
Look for figures of speech and other devices that characterize Luther King’s
rhetoric. Explain how they are effective.
For example, study the following images:
a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds"
refuse to believe the bank of justice is bankrupt
have come to cash this check
satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and
hatred
until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream
valley of despair
oasis of freedom and justice

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 Also, study the sentence construction of the following:
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content
of their character.
Finally, the following is the repeated beginning of every paragraph from
11-18: “I have a dream ...”
And the following is the repeated beginning of almost every line in
paragraph 21 “Let freedom ring ...”

Do the images bring vividness to the speech? Does the parallelism

emphasize differing points of contention in a clear and balanced manner? Does
repetition add to the memorability, assertiveness, and emphatic force of the
argument?

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 “Detecting Propaganda”

Motivating Introduction
With the reading assignment, tell them to bring advertisements from newspapers
and magazines, or in the form of brochures, fliers, and others. See the
Lesson Proper below.
Discuss with the students any of their exposures to Facebook and Twitter
propaganda in the last election.
Point out the issues and bones of contention.

Objectives
To identify propaganda devices
To judge and criticize product advertisements and promotional campaigns so as
not to be used, fooled, or duped in arriving at decisions.

Lesson Proper.
Let them show and read the advertisements they brought, for their classmates to
identify the propaganda device(s) used.
Check that all devices in the article are illustrated; if not, let them check out the
examples in the article, or make them give their own examples.

Concluding Activities
Write a coherent essay discussing the following points:
Is it wrong to use the propaganda devices described and exemplified in the
article?
Are these intended to fool people? Why?
How does one avoid falling into the pitfall of buying a product based solely on the
advertisement?
How should one regard propaganda devices used in advertisements?
Can there be an interplay of reason and emotion in responding to
advertisements?

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 Assessment Questions/Projects
Work in groups of five and choose an advertisement for a product salient to one
of your track e.g., a review class for a board exam, a watercolor, a juicer, a
sports bra, a portable printer, respectively.
Identify the propaganda device(s) used and criticize each. Improve the
advertisement or create one instead.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Check the thoroughness of the essay in terms of answering the questions for
consideration. Check the grammar and organization.

Reminder
There are seven common propaganda devices: name calling, glittering
generalities, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card stacking, and bandwagon.

Summary
The different propaganda devices are intended to fool people into buying
products they may not really need, so one should be wary of general words. These
words do not really inform much about the product, and are used only to make the
reader respond emotionally and mindlessly into buying the product.

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 ASSESSMENT
All of the selections included in this chapter talk about current issues that are
of general interest in our present society.
The use of English in presenting various stands on these issues is given
emphasis in this chapter. The activities suggested for each lesson corresponding to
each of the selections cover various disciplines. The goal is to train the students to
take a stand on any and all issues, both local and global. The students are thus
prepared for life-long learning and academic and professional challenges.
Following are activities that can be used to assess the students’
competencies.
Ask the students to write a position paper on one of the following topics:
(Choose a topic that best suits your stand.)
The best way to solve the most urgent problem of the country (e.g. crime,
corruption, poverty)
The best solution to Metro Manila’s (or any city’s/district’s) traffic problem
The best place to live in the Philippines
The best home/livelihood industry to engage in
The best way to support the Philippine athletes
The most important reform to introduce to ________________
(Philippine politics, sports, etc.)
Encourage the students to launch a campaign supporting a civic/school/youth
program (e.g. an environmental advocacy). The students can come up
with posters, brochures, flyers, digital materials, projects that will
represent their support for the program.

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 Chapter 5

Writing a Report

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 168

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 Writing a Report

People have always been narrating what they did for the day: children tell
their parents who picked a fight with them, husbands and wives, tell each other what
happened at home and at the office, old folks tell the young about the time when they
themselves were growing up, lovers tell each other where they have been before
they met, students tell their teachers why they were late, end we all want to know the
why's and the how's of celebrity successes, failures, break-ups, reconciliations and
so on.
In other words, every human being has done some informal reporting some
time, but once this verbal ability is used to tell about surveys conducted; work done
out there in the field; experiments performed inside the laboratory; observations
noted systematically; and inventions, inquiries, and others resulting from
technological advances and research – a structured presentation is in order.
Explain to the students these guidelines for writing the report:

Guidelines for Writing the Survey/ Field/ Laboratory/ Scientific/ Technical Report
Value Communicated
Objective, accurate, and honest presentation of facts and results
Basic Content
May consist of eyewitness accounts or first – hand information
May contain facts, data, figures, or statistics on or from people, events,
phenomena, structures, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, and
library research.
May include materials and procedures or methods.
Modes of Ordering
Chronological or time order.
Geographical or space / spatial order.
Logical – Inductive and Deductive
Problem – Solution
Cause and Effect
Formal, e.g.:

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 Abstract – Introduction – Background – Statement of the Problem –
Materials – Method or Procedure – Results – Discussion – Summary,
Conclusion, and Recommendations
Basic Qualities of a Good Report
Objective, not subjective point of view
Accurate, not sloppy presentation of facts, numbers, statistics and data
Honest, not false or incomplete details and results
Brief and direct sentences.

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 “Fast-food Addiction”

Motivating Introduction
Ask the students what fast-food they eat for meals.
Ask what junk food they eat for snacks.

Objectives
To make the students aware of addiction as the effect of eating fast-food.
To make them interested in counting the calories in the fast-food and junk food
they eat.

Lesson Proper

Vocabulary
Discuss (or assign for research) the following words:

obesity [ow-BIY-si-tiy], noun

obese [ow-BIYS], adjective From
online Merriam-Webster:
Synonyms: adiposity, chubbiness, corpulence, embonpoint, fat,
fatness, fattiness, fleshiness, grossness, corpulence, plumpness,
portliness, pudginess, pursiness, rotundity, weight
Antonyms: leanness, reediness, slenderness, slimness, svelteness,
thinness

calorie
A unit of heat energy
Comes from Latin calor, meaning “heat”
First used in 1824 by Nicolas Clement

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Compare:
small or gram calorie (cal) -- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature
of
1 gram of water by
1 degree Celsius at a pressure of
1 atmosphere

Vs

large or kilogram calorie (Cal) -- known as the food calorie or the unit of food
energy 1 Cal = 1,000 cal

calorie = metric system of units

joule = international system of units

1 cal = 4.2 joules

1 kcal = 4.2 kilojoules
Modified from online Merriam-Webster:

4. opiate [OW-piy-et/ –eyt]

A drug, e.g., morphine or codeine, made from the opium poppy, used to
reduce pain, cause sleep, or ignore problems and relax instead of doing
things needed to be done
From Greek opion, diminutive of opos, “sap” (first used 14th century)
Synonyms: drowsy, narcotic, hypnotic, sleepy, slumberous (or
slumbrous), somniferous, somnolent, soporific; anesthetic, anodyne,
narcotic
Antonym: stimulant vs. opioids [OW-piy-oyds]

endogenous (inside the organism) neural polypeptides that bind to

receptors and mimic opiates; also called opioid peptide
A synthetic drug possessing narcotic properties similar to opiates but not
derived from opium

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 Comprehension Questions
Ask them the main issue in the introductory paragraph. (Hamburgers, fries,
and cola/soda/soft drinks are so addicting that they keep customers
coming back.)
In the next paragraph, ask what the culprits are.(sugar and fat as the caloric
content)
Ask how many calories there are in a serving of burger and also how many
calories a day is required of the average woman. (2,000 calories for each
question)
Call a student to come to the board and draw a diagram, based on paragraph
3 and helped by the entire class, showing the path, from sugar and fats in
the body to addiction. (Sugar and fat --->Endogenous (internal) opioids
(e.g., natural painkilling beta-endorphins) in the hypothalamus the brain
stem --->Release of dopamine (a neurotransmitter) into cells in the
midbrain (nucleus acumens) --->Dopamine eliciting feelings of pleasure
(euphoria) --->Repetition of the action because the body craves the
release of dopamine inherent in the consumption of sugar and fat)
Ask the students two scientific proofs, based on paragraph 4, that sugar and
fat behave like drugs causing addiction. When sugar and fat were
withdrawn from the former sweet diet of rats, the rats exhibited anxiety
similar to withdrawal symptoms from heroin and nicotine. Chocolate drink
with increasing sugar and fat were given to rats. When a high dose of the
same drink was given, the rats showed tolerance to the effects of sugar
and fat, as seen in the diminished release of opioids/ opiates.
Subsequently, they would require a higher dose to achieve the earlier
effect of euphoria.)
Ask how the author concludes the report.(Applied to humans, brain scans
show that the more obese one is, the fewer the dopamine receptors,
suggesting that more sugar and fat are needed to experience euphoria.)
Ask if there is any caution suggested in the conclusion. (The researchers
caution against concluding whether dopamine receptors are the cause/
“basis,” or rather the effect/ “outcome,” of obesity.)

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Concluding Activities
Contextualized Activities and Practice
Academic: Tell the students to convert calories into joules. Refer to the
definition of calorie in the Vocabulary above. Let them write an article on
how to reduce sugar and fat intake.
Art and Design: Draw a comic strip showing the effects of an excessive fast-
food diet.
Tech Voc: Prepare a substitute meal and snack for the usual fast-food items.
Sports: Interview school athletes on their diet when preparing for a game.
IT and IA: Identify the calories in a serving of meat, chicken, fish, vegetables,
fruits, street foods, and snacks. Then, prepare a Facebook account that
shows the calories in a serving of each food above. Present the various
foods visually and in ascending order of their caloric content.

Assessment Questions/Projects
Tell each student to interview or observe at least two people – one who has
gained pounds, and another who has lost some. Then, let each one write two
separate reports on the noted respective regimens. Let them include diets,
exercises, and other practices.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Discuss the good and bad points of the students’ output. Show them some of
the more interesting works submitted.

Reminder
Parts of the report on fast-food addiction
Statement of the Problem: Fast-food addiction leading to obesity
Cause of the Problem: Sugar and fat in fast-food causing addiction
Analysis of the Cause: Step by step description of how sugar and fat affect the
brain and lead to addiction

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 Proof (of the cause-effect relationship): Laboratory experiments on rats given a
sugar and fat diet of chocolate drink
Application of the research: Sugar and fat addiction in rats being similar to fast-
food addiction in humans, leading to weight gain

Summary
Obesity is caused by fast-food addiction.
A sugar and fat diet in fast-food leads to fast-food addiction.
Endogenous opioids in the hypothalamus (above the brain stem) activate the
release of dopamine into the midbrain.
Dopamine elicits feelings of pleasure (euphoria).
Furthermore, dopamine motivates a repetition of the addictive behavior to sugar
and fat.

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 “Nonverbal Behaviour”: Culture, Gender, and the Media”

Motivating Introduction
Let the class, or some members, work in pairs to do short role plays, for
example:
as friends greeting each other
as children visiting their grandparents
as young men and women having just been introduced to each other
as Filipino and as Chinese/ American/ etc., in which the former entertains the
latter, a tourist in the Philippines
as an English tutor to an elementary or high school student/ a Korean/ a
Japanese
as a TV host talking to a dance or singing contestant
as a reporter interviewing a typhoon victim
as a call center agent appeasing an angry client on the phone

For each role-play, you may assign varying gender combinations: two
women, two men, one woman, and one man. Each member of the pair should have
two or three turns speaking. Before the presentations, tell the class to pay attention
both to the role players’ speech content, actions, gestures, body movements, facial
expressions, and tone of voice. After the presentations, discuss observed nonverbal
behavior.

Objectives
To identify nonverbal language in different cultures
To observe that different forms or styles of nonverbal communication are not
necessarily better than others
To lead students to an awareness of nonverbal communication that results in
“more successful multicultural exchanges”

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 Lesson Proper
Distinguishing Between American English vs. British English Spelling
behavior (American English spelling)
behaviour (British English spelling; also Canadian and Australian
spelling)

Inform them that in the Philippines, the pattern or model is American English.

Most of the words on the list below are adapted from “Comprehensive* list of
American and British spelling differences,”www.tysto.com>-uk-us-spelling-list. Some
are adapted from “British and American spelling,” www.oxforddictionaries.com.

First listed is American English, then British English spelling:

American British
airplane aeroplane
Aluminum aluminium
annex annexe
ax axe
bougainvillea bougainvillaea
canceled cancelled
center Centre
check cheque (only as a variant
spelling)
criticize criticise
cruelest cruellest
curb Kerb
dialog dialogue
draft draught (a portion of liquid;
BUT draft if a written plan)
enroll enrol
estrogen Oestrogen
fetus foetus
flier flyer

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 fulfill, fulfill (fulfillment, fulfillment)
install, install (installment, instalment)

[The two pairs above are inconsistent with the expected spelling correspondence
based on canceled, cancelled above, in which Americans use single L while British
use double L. Single L American and double L British are also applied to generally
more words, respectively:

American British
bejeweled bejewelled
chiseled chiselled
counseling counselling
groveling grovelling
labeled labelled
leveled levelled
marveled marvelled
modeled modelled
quarreled quarrelled
snorkeling snorkelling
spiraling spiralling
tranquility tranquillity
traveler traveller

American British
inflection inflexion
jail gaol
gray grey
jewelry jewellry
judgment judgement
licorice liquorice
likable likeable

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 American British
maneuver manoeuvre
mold mould
omelet omelette
phony phoney
plow plough
practice practice
pretense pretence
program programme
pajamas pyjamas
pizzazz pzazz
skepticism scepticism
sheik sheikh
story storey
summarize summarise
siphon siphon
theater theatre
tire tyre
wagon wagon
worshiped worshipped
yogurt yoghurt

Vocabulary (adapted from Merriam-Webster online]

plethora [PLE tho ra], noun
plethoric [PLE tho ric/ ple THO ric], adjective
From Greek plethora, “fullness,” plethein “to be full” [plena “plenty”]
Meaning:
excess, superfluity, profusion, abundance
a bodily condition characterized by an excess of blood and marked by
turgescence and a florid complexion
turgescence [ter JE sens] -- distended, inflated, turgid, florid -- 1. red, reddish,
ruddy

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 ornate, flowery (e.g., ornate prose, style, or writer)
marked by emotional or sexual fervor (e.g., a florid secret life, a florid
sensibility)

Synonyms: abundance, cornucopia, feast, plenitude, plentitude, plenty [note: plena],

superabundance, wealth

Antonyms: deficiency, inadequacy, insufficiency, undersupply, undress – disrobe,

strip, unclothe; divest, expose, reveal

Organization
Ask the students how the article is generally organized. Give them a clue by
telling them to consider the title as a reading strategy for determining the structure or
order of ideas.
(The three parts are: nonverbal behavior as seen in various
cultures -- paragraphs 1-4
genders -- paragraphs 5-8
media -- paragraphs 9-14)

Let the students give examples of nonverbal behavior for each of the three
organizing elements above.

Nonverbal behavior in various cultures

In contact/ high contact cultures, people stand close together when talking,
show very sensory experiences, and touch frequently. In noncontact/ low
contact cultures, people maintain physical distance and privacy.
In contact/ high contact cultures, people respond with uninhibited,
exaggerated emotions through facial expressions, gestures, and voice. In
noncontact/ low contact cultures, people respond with less emotion, with self
control of feelings which are to be kept within, and with expressionlessness.
Moreover, the same nonverbal cue or movement may mean differently in
different cultures, e.g., a nod, in American culture, means yes; but in

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 Japanese culture, means only that the message is received (but does not
mean agreement or consent to it).

b. Description of nonverbal behavior in the two genders. (Men are

assertive/ authoritarian; women, responsive/reactive. This means that
compared to women
vocally, men talk and interrupt more
visually, men look at the audience while speaking (visual dominance)
more than they look at the speaker while listening, whereas women
do the opposite
spatially and tactilely, men claim more space and more frequently walk in
front of, rather than behind, women; they are more likely to touch or
initiate touching)
Description of nonverbal behavior in media. Media and technology “help
legitimize stereotypical nonverbal displays” or reinforce image of men as
physically dominant; women, subservient to and obsessed with men. In turn,
these stereotypes become the model and set the standard or reference point.
Repeated messages to women are “Thin is in,” look beautiful, young, and
caring; to men, look tough, aggressive, and in charge:
In advertisements, women expose a lot of skin and are vulnerable; men
are in control. Vocally, more voice-overs are male, even for products
targeting women.
In computer virtual reality games, including those that allow for gender
changes, erotic as well as violent scenes depict women as threatened
or killed; men as physically in control.)

Concluding Activities
Contextualized Activities and Practice Exercises (enhancement/writing
assignment)
Academic: Write a two-level outline of the article. Include a title, thesis
statement, and proper coding of the divisions and subdivisions. Then, refer to
this outline to write a report outline of the same article. Your report outline

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 should contain the parts listed in the Reminder box below. Omit the last part,
References.
Art and Design: Draw the evolution of women/men in fashion (clothes, shoes,
hats, swimwear, or any combination), career, house chores. Show the
contrast
Tech-Voc: Work in threes to demonstrate various gestures that accompany
greetings by Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, and other nationalities.
Two students should demonstrate the gestures while one student describes
what is going on.
Sports: Work as a group and select a sport (e.g., basketball or boxing) or dance
(e.g., Hawaiian or native Filipino). Discuss the nonverbal signs and cues used
by referees, players, dancers, audience, etc. Assign some members to
demonstrate the nonverbal behavior as others describe these and tell the
meanings to the class.
IT and IA: Prepare your own video or collect short video clips, showing nonverbal
Filipino behavior. Include a voice - over describing what is going on and what
the corresponding verbal message is. You may focus on a particular situation
such as a boy and a girl eating at a fast-food chain, people quarrelling, a
political candidate, or public figure gesturing, a family spending
time together, etc.
Assessment Questions/Projects
Divide the class into groups of 5-7 members to discuss the questions below and
come up with an oral group presentation of their findings.
Tell them that in the discussion, each member should say something, and in the
oral group presentation, each member says at least 5 sentences.
Remind all groups to agree on which parts of the findings each member will
discuss for the presentation.
Discuss whether the article presents the concept of nonverbal communication or
rather reports on it:
Which aspects are conceptual?
Which aspects are reportorial?
Overall, is the article a concept paper or a report?
Justify your answer.

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 Feedback (for Activities)/ Assessment Results
Parts that present ideas about nonverbal behavior, explain them, clarify, propose,
or embody a thought or value that is conceptual.
Parts that relay information or recount events, observed behavior, experiments,
interviews, field work, surveys, are reportorial. They cite numbers, statistics,
percentages, frequency, or general measurements (“more,” “less,” “often,”
etc.), time, place, people, cultures, and countries.
In short, a report answers the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how
in order to give factual information on past actions or events.

Reminder
Parts of a report:
Title Page
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
Recommendations
References

Summary
Nonverbal behavior in different cultures, genders, and media is seen in
communication through the use of gestures, touch, space, dress, and means
other than speaking. Among nations, differences show that all cultures,
though different, are equal; that is, one is neither superior nor inferior, better
nor worse, higher nor lower.

Among individuals, gender differences, however, reveal male tendencies to

dominate and female tendencies to be subservient.

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 This power-lack of power (empowered vs. disempowered) relationship is a
stereotype projected in media, which, in turn, all the more reinforces, through
repeated messages, the same myth of dominance, thus legitimizing the myth
or making the unreal look real.

And so the cycle goes on: from the social myth of male dominance, to the
perpetuation of that myth in media (through constant repetitive
reinforcement), thus leading to the seeming legitimization or apparent reality
of such a dominance in the individual minds of the viewing public.

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 “Philippines 2013 International Religious Freedom Report
Executive Summary”

Motivating Introduction
Ask the students to narrate their first encounter with someone coming from a
different province or country, or having a different religion or language. Tell them to
give the following details: who the person is (or name the cultural identity) what the
student and the other did or talked about, where they met, when they met, and how
they met (by introduction, chance, as stranger, in public, etc.)
Next, ask them to describe their feelings, thoughts, and reactions after
meeting the person.

Objectives
To describe the parts of a sample report
To write a short report with similar parts
To describe the practice of religious freedom

Lesson Proper
Terms
a. Vocabulary
a.) madrassah/ madrasah/ madrasa/ medrese [mah DRA
sa/-sey] -- school or college, especially one attached to a
mosque where young men study theology. (adapted from
www.dictionary.com/browse/madrasah)
b.) iftar -- the meal served at sunset during Ramadan, as
Muslims break the daily fast. Muslims traditionally first
break the fast with dates and either water or a yogurt
drink. After maghrib prayer, they then have a full-course
meal, consisting of soup, salad, appetizers and main
dishes.
(islam.about.com/od/ramadan/g/Iftar.htm)

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 c.) maghrib prayer -- the sunset prayer which begins when
the sun has completely set
(http://www.iccuk.org/page.php?section=religious&page=timetableguide)

Abbreviations
Ask the students to look up all the abbreviations used in the report
and read aloud the complete name.
MILF – Moro Islamic Liberation Front
NGOs – nongovernmental organizations
NCMF – National Commission on Muslim
Filipinos DepEd – Department of Education
RBEC -- Revised Basic Education Curriculum
CHR -- Commission on Human Rights

Outline
Call one student to the board to write a two-level topic outline of the report
by listening to the suggestions of the students for each division and subdivision
entry.
Remind the student writing on the board that capitalization style should be
the sentence case, in which only the first word has the initial letter capitalized, as
in writing a sentence, but without a period after the last word.
Compare the sentence case with the title case, in which all main words
have their initial letters capitalized, as in writing a title.
Tell the class to omit the introduction and conclusion. Give clues by telling
them to notice the numbered sections of the report, and to base the outline on
these. Check that the format of the report they read has these section headings
written on a separate line within the text, as these will comprise the resulting
topic outline below:
Religious demography
Status of government respect for religious freedom
Legal/ policy framework
Government practices

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 Muslim students in selected public elementary schools and private
madrassahs
Abuses by rebel or foreign forces or terrorist organizations II.
Status of societal respect for religious freedom)

Statistical, numerical, and other data

Divide the class into 4 groups. Assign the first group to paragraphs 1,
3, and 4; the three other groups, to paragraphs 2, 5, and the last,
respectively. [Check that paragraph 6 is not a duplicate of paragraph 5.]
Tell each group to list down or enumerate all numbers, dates, and
percentages found in the paragraph assigned, and then identify what each
represents.
Par. 1: two out of four – annexes (of the peace framework agreement
on the Bangsamoro) that were signed by the government and the MILF
Par. 2:
105.7 million – total population of the Philippines
July 2013 – date of the population estimate
2000 – year when the survey was conducted by the National Statistics Office
approximately 93% -- percentage of Christian population in the Philippines
80-85 percent – percentage of Roman Catholics in the Philippine population
5 percent – percentage of Islam, as the largest minority religion, in the Philippine
population
2012 – year when the NCMF estimated the number of Muslims in the Philippines
10.7 million – number of Muslims estimated by the NCMF to be in the Philippines
approximately 11 percent – percentage of Muslims estimated by the NCMF to
be in the Philippines
60 percent – percentage of Muslims residing in Mindanao and nearby islands
Par. 3: less than 5 percent – percentage of other religious groups
including international denominations, domestically established churches,
and Lumad or indigenous people with animistic and syncretic (amalgamated
or fused) religions

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 Par. 4:
five – number of sharia district court judgeships that are vacant or unfilled
43 – number of circuit court judgeships that are vacant or unfilled
588 – number of madrassahs registered with the NCMF
79 – number of madrassahs registered with the DepEd

Par 5:
58 million pesos ($1.3 million) – amount provided by DepEd to private
madrassahs or Muslim theology schools
69 – number of madrassahs that received funding from DepEd
2012-2013 – school year when DepEd provided funds for madrassahs
31 percent – increase in the funding for madrassahs, compared to the previous
year
17 – number of additional madrassahs that received DepEd funding
August 8 (2012) – date when DepEd issued an advisory affirming the right of
Muslim women to wear the hijab in schools
July (2012) – date when DepEd issued Department Order No. 32
Department Order No. 32 – DepEd order reiterating its policy on protecting the
religious rights of students
2001 – year when the DepEd issued its policy on the religious rights of students
February 1-7 (2013) – Interfaith Harmony Week
August 4 (2012) – date when three Moro Islamic missionaries were shot and
killed in Libungan, North Cotabato by unidentified suspects
Last par.:
50 – number of Muslim, Christian, and Lumad youth representatives who
attended a Youth Council Summit two-day Summit – duration of the youth
summit on leadership and governance training across religious boundaries
two iftars – number of iftars held by the U.S. Embassy
80 – number of religious leaders and Muslim youth for whom the U.S.
ambassador held an iftar (Ramadan meal after sunset)
70 – number of youth leaders, civil society organizations, and local officials for
whom the U.S. ambassador held a second iftar

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 first-ever – the first visit in history made by a U.S. ambassador to a Manila
mosque during Ramadan, during which a dialogue on religious tolerance was
held with religious and community leaders
October – month when the U.S. Embassy worked with a local NGO in a peace
advocacy program in Mindanao
40 – number of Muslim, Christian, and Lumad youth leaders in Mindanao for
whom a peace advocacy program was prepared)

Quantifying expressions
Ask the class to identify quantity terms used in the report
Estimates
Survey conducted
Most belong
A small number
An increasing number
Approximately
Large
Some human rights NGOs
All five sharia...
Both, or neither
First-ever visit

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Writing a Report
Let the students write a report relevant to their track –
Academic: on a movie, tv show, talk show, interview of a public official
Art and Design: on an exhibit or (song/ dance) performance in school/ a mall/ etc.
Tech-Voc: on a food fest, cook fest, restaurant
Sports: on a boxing match/ basketball game/ volleyball game
IT and IA: on hacking government and bank websites/ Internet connectivity in
rural areas/

Assessment Questions/Projects
Tell the class to do a survey of their own class on their use of social media.
Let them consider the following questions: kind of social media often used, time and
place of use, length and frequency of use, reasons for using, effects of social media
interaction on family, etc.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Let the students review their reports for grammar, brevity, clarity, and
directness. Also, let them check that the different parts of their report have proper
section headings.

Reminder
Report – relays information or recounts events in a presentable form
Executive summary – summarizes the main points of a report. May be read in
lieu of the report itself, unlike the shorter abstract which is read to help the
reader decide whether to read the longer report itself. May be 5-10% of the
length of the original report
Parts of a report –
Overview – briefly states the main points of the report, its purpose, and
the conclusion, with recommendations, if any
Background – introduces the subject and explains the reason for the
report

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 Discussion – presents findings including evidence (facts, arguments,
details, data, and results)
Conclusion – reviews main points; may include recommendations.

Summary
The Philippine Constitution, laws, and policies protect religious freedom, which
the government respects, although there were reports on abuse religious
discrimination. Economic, social, and religious issues contribute to armed
conflict in certain provinces in the south.
However, the Philippine government has signed two of four annexes of the peace
framework agreement with the MILF on the Bangsamoro.
U.S. Embassy officials have encouraged the peace process, discussed religious
freedom issues with officials, and maintained outreach with religious leaders
and NGOs for interfaith activities.

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 “Guidelines for Physics Lab Reports”

Motivating Introduction
Ask the students what kinds of reports they have done in their
classes. (Current events, laboratory report, author’s biography, etc.)
Next, ask other reports they have done at home, on the telephone, or at an
office (as a child, running to one’s mother to complain about a sibling’s or playmate’s
misbehavior; making an emergency call to the fire department or to a hospital;
recounting to a police officer on a snatching incident or on a road accident)
Tell them that what all these have in common are the following essentials in a
report: who did what, when and where this happened, how and why they happened.
Ask them if they learned any lesson from these reported events.

Objectives
To identify the qualities of good laboratory reports

Lesson Proper (word meanings/verbal matters, questions, explanations, illustrations

examples, etc.)
Emphasize the following:
Guidelines for physics lab reports apply, with variations, to all reports in general.
Guidelines are the mechanical aspect of report writing; human traits or qualities
arising from – or required of – report writing, the moral aspect, which is the
more important, overriding, and implied lesson in this text.

Concluding Activities
Learning Activities and Practice Exercises (> enhancement/ writing
assignment)
Ask the students to bring a report in their respective tracks listed below and
read aloud its different parts or section headings.
Academic
Art and Design
Voc Tech
Sports

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 Assessment Questions/Projects
Tell the students to compare their reports and write a checklist on the board
of all report parts identified.

Feedback (for activities)/ Assessment Results

Point out obligatory/ compulsory and optional parts that a report may have, as
seen in the students’ differing sample reports.
(Obligatory/ compulsory: the experiment, or what was done data, or the results
gathered, conclusions and implications, or what the data tell.

Reminder
Watch out for: relationships between measurements, trends, and interactions
between independent and dependent variables (e.g., inverse relationships, or
increases in one variable on account of decreases in the other; direct relationships,
or parallel or corresponding increases or decreases in both variables) deviations
(due to error, uncertainties in the experiment, idealizations in the theory resulting in
the neglect of other factors).

Summary
Good report writing is: honest in data (no tampering of data, no copying from
others who are not lab partners), accurate in grammar and information, precise in
calculation, thorough in graph labeling (of slope and intercept), transparent about
deviations and uncertainties, orderly or well-organized in structure brief in
presentation
Thus, it follows that a good report writer should demonstrate the personal
traits of honesty, accuracy, precision, thoroughness or comprehensiveness,
transparency, orderliness, and brevity.

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 Assessment
Performance

Academic: Form groups of five to seven and share your recollections of

laboratory experiments you have done.
Art and Design: Work in groups of five to check out business or residential areas
where street parking creates problems such as obstruction of traffic flow and
of driveways; occupation of lanes and sidewalks; inaccessibility by fire trucks,
ambulances, and police cars, etc. Next, suggest solutions to such problems,
e.g., enforcement of parking rules, provision of parking areas or multilevel
parking every so many blocks, etc.
Tech-Voc: Form groups according to the kind of community or communities you
come from (rural, urban, indigenous, “fringes of society,” agricultural, mining,
etc.) For each community, discuss the native crafts, artwork, cuisine,
livelihood, tourist attraction, or underground economy that the members
resort to. Also, discuss the problems and needs in such livelihoods that have
to be addressed, e.g., dangers to society, destruction of the environment,
dying traditions, etc.
Sports: Working in twos, do a survey of the problems encountered by at least ten
college athletes. Gather data by conducting interviews or by distributing
questionnaires to them. Then, classify the results into kinds of problems, e.g.,
housing, transportation, medical, financial, academic, etc.
BA: Discuss with the class a business venture you have engaged in. Explain why
you chose such a business (e.g., passion and love for the product, family
ownership, community tradition, etc.) and how your venture fared (if a
success, what the secret ingredients were; if a failure, what factors
contributed to it or aggravated it). Also, discuss what lessons were learned,
and what related or other business ventures you might recommend.

Writing

Academic: Using the appropriate format, write a report on one experiment that
you or your group mate did, as shared earlier in your group discussion.

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 Art and Design: Write a brief paragraph reporting on parking problems observed
earlier. Next, draw a map of the vicinity showing nearby areas or streets
where vehicles might park without causing traffic disturbance or road
obstruction. Finally, design alternative or supplementary multilevel parking
areas in conveniently located areas nearby. If there are none, choose specific
lots which the government might buy to be used solely for paid public parking.
In general, eminent domain is defined as the power of the nation or a
sovereign state to take, or to authorize the taking of, private property for a
public use without the owner’s consent, conditioned upon payment of just
compensation. It is acknowledged as an inherent political right, founded on a
common necessity and interest of appropriating the property of individual
members of the community to the great necessities of the whole community.
The exercise of the power of eminent domain is constrained by two
constitutional provisions: (1) that private property shall not be taken for public
use without just compensation under Article III (Bill of Rights), Section 9 and
that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property
without due process of law under Art. III, Sec. 1.8

Tech-Voc: Write a report on one of the livelihoods discussed earlier in your group.
Remember to be objective and accurate in reporting the facts, details, and
realities of such a community livelihood.
Sports: Keeping in mind the parts of a report, write a survey report on problems
encountered by college athletes. Use the data from the interviews or
questionnaires you conducted earlier.
BA: Write a report on one of the business ventures of you or your classmates
discussed earlier. Follow the format for a good report.

from G.R. No. 150640 Barangay Sindalan, San Fernando, Pampanga, Republic of
the Philippines, Supreme Court, Manila, Second Division, Certified by Reynato S. Puno,
Chief Justice, 2001 http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2007/march2007/150640.html

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