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ProfessionalEthics - 2 Mark & 16 Mark Question Bank PDF
ProfessionalEthics - 2 Mark & 16 Mark Question Bank PDF
4. What is integrity?
Integrity is the unity of character based on moral values. Consistency in attitudes, emotions
and conduct in relations to morally justified actions and values are also the part of integrity of
individual. It implies honesty, trustworthiness.
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
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12. Give the importance of Lawrence Kohlberg’s and Carol Gilligan’s theory?
Kohlberg gives greater emphasis to recognizing rights and abstract universal rules.
Gilligan stresses the importance of maintaining personal relationships based on mutual
caring.
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26. Give the various tests required to evaluate the Ethical Theories?
o Theory must be clear, and formulated with concepts that are coherent and
applicable.
o It must be internally consistent in that none of its tenets contradicts any other.
o Neither the theory nor its defense can rely upon false information.
o It must be sufficiently comprehensive to provide guidance in specific situations
of interests to us.
o It must be compatible with our most carefully considered moral convictions
about concrete situations.
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Moral autonomy can be viewed as the skill and habit of thinking rationally about
ethical issues on the basis of moral concern.
Sociopath lack a sense of moral concern and guilt, and can never be morally autonomous
no matter how independent their intellectual reasoning about ethics maybe.
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2. What are the two main elements which are included to understand informed consent?
Informed Consent is understood as including two main elements:
i. Knowledge [Subjects should be given not only the information they request, but all
the information needed to make a reasonable decision].
ii. Voluntariness [Subjects must enter into the experiment without being subjected to
force, fraud, or deception].
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5. Define Code?
Code is a set of standards and laws.
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13. Comment on the importance of learning from the past, using the nuclear reactor accident at
Three Mile Island, as an example?
Values are notorious for being among the least reliable components of hydraulic
systems.It was a pressure relief valve, and lack of definitive information regarding its open or
shut state. Similar Malfunctions had occurred with the identical values on nuclear reactors
because of the same reasons at other locations, but no attention had been given to them
14. Give any two prominent features of contemporary engineering practice that differentiate
casual influence and moral accountability in engineering?
# Large-scale engineering projects involve fragmentation of work.
# Due to the fragmentation of the work, the accountability will spread widely within an
organization.
# There is frequently pressure to move on to a new project before the current one has been
operating long enough to be observed carefully.
# The contagion of malpractice suits currently afflicting the medical profession is carrying
over into engineering.
15. Are SRBs inherently too dangerous to use on manned spacecraft? If so, why are they part of
the design?
Yes, since they have the disadvantage that once the fuel is lit, there is no way to turn the
booster off or even to control the amount of thrust produced.
SRBs were used instead of safer liquid fueled boosters because they required a much smaller
research-and-development effort. Numerous other design changes were made to reduce the level of
research and development required.
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16. Under what conditions would you say it is safe to launch a shuttle without an escape
mechanism for the crew?
Design specifications ≥ 310F
Have given valid consent
Instead of rubber, steel billets for O-rings
Liquid fueled boosters instead of Solid rocket boosters
17. In your opinion, was the ‘Right for informed consent’ of the astronauts of Space Shuttle
Challenger respected?
No.
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UNIT - IV
1. Define Risk?
A risk is the potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur.
Risk = Probability X Consequences.
2. Define a Disaster?
A DISASTER = A seriously disruptive event + A state of unprepared ness.
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12. Are the engineers responsible to educate the public for safe operation of the equipment?
How?
Yes, as per the engineers are concerned with they should have their duty as to protect
for the safety and well being of the general public. Analyzing the risk and safety aspects of
their designs can do this.
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R=P*C
16. What are the safety measures an engineer must know before assessing a risk of any
product?
The factors are:
a. Does the engineer have the right data?
b. Is he satisfied with the present design?
c. How does he test the safety of a product?
d. How does he measure and weigh the risks with benefits for a product.
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or commercial activity. It involves identifying the causes of unwanted hazardous events and
estimating the consequences and likelihood of these events. Three factors involved in this are:
a. Hazard Identification
b. Consequences analysis
c. Probability estimation.
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24. Give the reasons for the Three Mile Island disaster?
i. Inadequate training to the operators.
ii. Use of B & W reactors.
primary costs that must also be taken into account costs associated with warranty expenses,
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5. What is the relationship between the Loyalty to the company and Professional
responsibility to the public?
i. Acting on professional commitments to the public can be a more effective way to
serve a company than a mere willingness to follow company orders.
ii. Loyalty to companies or their current owners should not be equated with merely
obeying one’s immediate supervisor.
iii. An engineer might have professional obligations to both an employer and to the
public that reinforce rather than contradict each other.
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11. What are the criteria for identifying that information is “labeled” confidential at the
workplace?
* Engineers shall treat information coming to them in the course of their as
confidential.
* Identify any information which if it became known would cause harm to the
corporation or client.
* Confidential information is any information that the employer or client would like to
have kept secret in order to compete effectively against business rivals.
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2. What are the questions that arise while considering the voluntary service in the field
of Engineering?
The following questions arise:
should engineering profession encourage rendering voluntary services with out
fees or at moderate fees?
Do the engineering professional societies really need this?
4. What are the common features involved in the code of ethics for Engineers?
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties.
Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful
agents or trustees.
Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts in the solicitation of professional employment.
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9. Define Loyalty?
Loyalty refers to serving the interests of the clients. It includes avoiding conflicts of
interests maintaining confidentiality and expressing concern for the interest of the clients.
Ethical responsibility:
The basic ethical responsibilities of managers are to produce a good product or
valuable service, only after taking into consideration maintaining respect for human
beings, which includes customers, employees and the general public.
Moral responsibility:
As managers, engineer’s moral responsibility is to produce safe and useful products
that are also profitable.
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12. What are the important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project
manager?
The important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project manager
are,
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
Consulting engineers are those involved in private practice. For the services rendered
by them, they will be paid some fees. They won’t be compensated by salaries from
employers. They are the sole employer of their practice. So they have greater freedom to
take decisions on the tasks undertaken by them.
15. What are the rules framed by NSPE in case of professional advertisements?
Bacteria’s that are essential for life systems to be active are killed.
High acidity results in reduced growth and killing of fishes.
Vanishing of greenery and destruction of forests.
Germination of seeds is affected affecting the growth of trees.
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
19. What are the ethical issues or questions that arise in environmental protection?
Often the questions that arise in the ethical issues are,
Who is affecting?
Who are affected?
Does the environment gets disturbed?
When do the disturbances takes place and how does it happen?
Some examples of pollution that affected the environment are Bhopal gas tragedy,
Chernobyl nuclear plant explosion, Artificial rains, Meuse valley disaster at Belgium,
Oleum gas leak in Delhi, HPCL disaster in Vizag, Donova (USA)steel and chemical plant
disaster, Tehri Dam in U. P. state, etc.
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
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36. What are the characteristics of an engineer as expert advisers in public planning and policy
making?
⇔ Honesty
⇔ Competence
⇔ Diligence
⇔ Loyalty
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49. What are the two general ways to apply ethical theories to justify the basic right of
professional conscience?
i. Proceed piecemeal by reiterating the justifications given for the specific professional
duties.
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ii. Justify the right of professional conscience, which involves grounding it more
directly in the ethical theories.
53. What are the general procedures for implementing the right to due process?
i. Written explanations should be established that is available to all employees who
believe their rights have been violated.
ii. An appeals procedure should be established that is available to all employees who
believe their rights have been violated.
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Co-operation means extending help to others, for a good cause. Co-operation may
and to decrease the harmful effects. Any service should increase the desirable result. Good
citizen demand civic virtue. It is the principle of not harming the surroundings .It also
includes living peacefully, respect for others, protecting the environment and being
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remain the some for every one. E.g. truth, honesty, empathy, self respect.
individuals; the group may be religious or professional. Ethics is mostly based on some
code or law and judgment of any action is based on code of conduct or law. Ethics change
S.Senthil kumar
Page number-H.16
Morals are how we judge others. Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to
have a very broad acceptance. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values. We thus
judge others more strongly on morals than values. A person can be described as immoral, yet there is
no word for them not following values. Morality can be described as a core set of values and beliefs
that act as a guide when formulating courses of action
Ethics are professional standards. Ethics are thus internally defined and adopted, whilst
morals tend to be externally imposed on other people. Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned
with human values and conduct, moral duty, and obligation. Basically, ethics is concerned with what
people might describe as right and wrong human conduct.
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MORAL:
Moral dilemmas are kind of situations where a difficult choice has to be made. The
sorts of complexity and murkiness that may be involved in moral situations are,
♣ Vagueness
♣ Conflicting reasons
♣ Disagreement
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3. Briefly explain the three main levels of moral development, developed by Laurence
Kohlberg.
Reference-Professional ethics and human values by Dr.K.R. Govindan
S.Senthil kumar
Page number-1.14
Answer:
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Kohlberg gives greater emphasis to recognizing rights and abstract universal rules.
Gilligan stresses the importance of maintaining personal relationships based on mutual
caring.
Reference-Professional ethics and human values by Dr.K.R. Govindan
S.Senthil kumar
Page number-1.16
Stage Goal
Pre-conventional Goal is individual survival
5. Explain with examples the various ethical theory available for “right of action”
Reference: Professional ethics and human values by Dr.K.R. Govindan
S.Senthil kumar
Page number-1.33- 1.46
Answer:
Theories about right action:
Drawbacks of Utilitarianism:
☺ Sometimes what is best for the community as a whole is bad for certain individuals in
the community.
☺ It is often impossible to know in advance which decision will lead to the most good.
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Self-interest:
Ethical egoism— it says that the sole duty of an individual is to maximize his/her own
Good.
Customs:
Ethical relativism— Ethical relativism says that actions are morally right when law or custom
approves them; they are wrong when they violate laws or customs.
Ethical pluralism— Ethical pluralism says that there may be alternative moral perspectives
that are reasonable, but no one of which must be accepted completely by all rational and
morally concerned persons.
Descriptive relativism — the statement that beliefs about values differ from culture to culture.
Moral relationalism — the view that moral judgments should be made in relation to factors
that may vary from case to case.
Religion:
Divine command ethics-it says that an act is right means it is commanded by God, and to say
it is wrong means it is forbidden by God.
Christianity--virtues of hope, faith and love.
Judaism --virtue of righteousness
Buddhism --virtue of compassion
God centered religion (theistic)—Judaism, Christianity, Islam.
Not emphasizing belief in God (non-theistic)—Buddhism-call for faith in Right path.
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Unit III
2.i. Describe the roles of “Codes of Ethics” of various professional engineering societies?
Indicate the relative importance of the various categories of these roles.
ii. What are the limitations of these codes?
iii. List in brief the codes of ethics of the “Institution of Engineers (India)”?
P.No. 106 to 109- Engineering Ethics – Mike W. Martin & Roland Schinzinger
P.No. 109 to 111- Engineering Ethics – Mike W. Martin & Roland Schinzinger
P.No. 408 to 414- Engineering Ethics – Mike W. Martin & Roland Schinzinger
3. Explain Babylon’s Building Code & The United States Steamboat Code?
P.No. 114 to 115- Engineering Ethics – Mike W. Martin & Roland Schinzinger
6. How do the functions of standards, regulations and laws differ from one another in their
effects on engineering products and practice?
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7. Explain Challenger case and then examine about the disaster if and how the principal actors
in this tragedy behaved as responsible experimenters within the framework of the
engineering-as-experimentation model? Under what conditions would you say it is safe to
launch a shuttle without an escape mechanism for the crew? Discuss the role of the astronauts
in shuttle safety. To what extent should they have involved themselves more actively in
looking for safety design or operations?
P.No. 96 to 104- Engineering Ethics – Mike W. Martin & Roland Schinzinger
8.. Should owners of passenger cars be protected against extensive front-end damage to their
cars when they or other authorized drivers back-end trucks or high-riding off-road vehicles
that have incompatible (or no) bumpers? Are these standards governing bumper location?
What do they say, and are they enforced?
9. A common excuse for carrying out a morally questionable project is “If I don’t do it
somebody else will.” This rationale may be tempting for engineers who typically work in
situations where someone else might be ready to replace them in on a project. Do you view it
as a legitimate excuse for engaging in projects that might be unethical? Comment on the
concept of responsible conduct developed?
10. Engineering and medical practice are intimately linked in medical engineering. Its
products range from artificial limbs and organs to heart pacers and x-ray machines. Its
engineers and medical experts are experimenters with excellent track records, but failures do
occur. For example, the State University of New York at Albany admitted that its psychology
department had conducted electroshock experiments on patients who were not given fair
explanation of risks and whose consent had not been obtained. The machine itself was unsafe.
Discuss the ethical implications of this case.
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Engineer must attempt to foresee potential misuses of the product by the consumer and must
design to avoid these problems.
Once the product is designed, both the prototypes and finished devices must be rigorously
tested.
5.How will an engineer assess the safety?
The risks connected to a project or product must be identified.
The purposes of the project or product must be identified and ranked in importance.
Costs of reducing risks must be estimated.
The costs must be weighed against both organizational goals and degrees of
acceptability of risks to clients and the public.
The project or product must be tested and then either carried out or manufactured.
Unit-V
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26. What are the questions that arise while considering the voluntary service in the field of
Engineering?
The following questions arise:
should engineering profession encourage rendering voluntary services with out
fees or at moderate fees?
Do the engineering professional societies really need this?
28. What are the common features involved in the code of ethics for Engineers?
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties.
Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful
agents or trustees.
Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts in the solicitation of professional employment.
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
Ethical responsibility:
The basic ethical responsibilities of managers are to produce a good product or
valuable service, only after taking into consideration maintaining respect for human
beings, which includes customers, employees and the general public.
Moral responsibility:
As managers, engineer’s moral responsibility is to produce safe and useful products
that are also profitable.
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DEPARTMENT OF EEE, NICE
GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
36. What are the important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project
manager?
The important forms of conflicts that may arise for an engineering project manager
are,
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DEPARTMENT OF EEE, NICE
GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
Consulting engineers are those involved in private practice. For the services rendered
by them, they will be paid some fees. They won’t be compensated by salaries from
employers. They are the sole employer of their practice. So they have greater freedom to
take decisions on the tasks undertaken by them.
39. What are the rules framed by NSPE in case of professional advertisements?
Bacteria’s that are essential for life systems to be active are killed.
High acidity results in reduced growth and killing of fishes.
Vanishing of greenery and destruction of forests.
Germination of seeds is affected affecting the growth of trees.
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DEPARTMENT OF EEE, NICE
GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
43. What are the ethical issues or questions that arise in environmental protection?
Often the questions that arise in the ethical issues are,
Who is affecting?
Who are affected?
Does the environment gets disturbed?
When do the disturbances takes place and how does it happen?
Some examples of pollution that affected the environment are Bhopal gas tragedy,
Chernobyl nuclear plant explosion, Artificial rains, Meuse valley disaster at Belgium,
Oleum gas leak in Delhi, HPCL disaster in Vizag, Donova (USA)steel and chemical plant
disaster, Tehri Dam in U. P. state, etc.
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
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GE 1301- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS & HUMAN VALUES
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Or
9.b.i. Define ‘Whistle-Blowing’ and name its different types? (4)
ii. Which are the conditions that must be met for Whistle-Blowing to be morally acceptable? Also,
what are the ways by which management can ethically prevent Whistle-Blowing’? (8)
iii. Examine the following and see if it is a right situation for Whistle-Blowing? (4)
A young engineer felt that the level of pollutants her company is pouring into a stream is
dangerously high, considering the fact that children are using the river downstream for swimming. She
expresses her view to her immediate supervisor. He said that her fears are baseless because the
pollution caused no complaints in the past. Is she required to do more?
10.a.i. What do you understand by Moral Autonomy? Explain how it can be compatible (not in conflict)
with consensus and authority, in the workplace, while on an engineering project? (6)
ii. State the six steps necessary in approaching (confronting) a moral dilemma? (6)
iii. Describe the three levels of moral development as suggested by Lawrence Kohlberg. To which
level does a morally autonomous engineer belong? (4)
Or
10.b.i. How are safety and risk defined? (4)
ii. Write a note on how public assess risk, using their-own perception. The factors, which influence
the risk perception by the public, should be part of the answer. (4)
iii. To achieve an optimal design, the engineer should have knowledge about the uncertainties
associated with his design. Briefly describe all the methods by which an engineer can deal with these
ncertainties towards minimizing risk. (8)
11.i) Briefly explain, some of the most commonly discussed cases of computer abuse (6)
ii) What is technology transfer and appropriate technology? (6)
iii) What are the areas, which illustrate some of the special responsibilities of consulting engineers?
(4)
12.a) What are the important problems in Moral dilemmas? What are the main levels of moral
development in the theories proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan? Explain each one
with an example?
OR
12.b) i) What are the functions and limitations of “Codes of Ethics”? (8)
ii) Is code of Ethics different from code of conduct? Explain. (8)
13.a) In the late 1960s. Ford designed a small car Pinto and brought it into market at a rapid pace. The
gas tank was between the rear axle and the bumper. The prescribed rear impact tests have been
conducted and the design was found to be alright. The gas tank caught fire at an impact very
marginally higher that the value stipulated in the impact test.
Ford engineers calculated that paying the insurance claims of the accident victims would be much
cheaper than changing the design at that stage. What responsibilities do engineers have in situations
like this? Is it appropriate to undertake safety improvement at any cost?
OR
13.b) i) Explain in detail the effect of information on risk assessment? (8)
ii) Describe the concept of risk benefit analysis? (8)
14.a) Many accidents are caused by using cellular phones white driving. The risk of accident is four
times greater when the driver is using the cell phone. This is the same as driving the car drunk. 23
countries have banned the use of cell phone while driving. Cell phones and the means of mounting
them in automobiles are designed by engineers. What responsibility do engineers have regarding this
problem?
OR
14.b) i What is an Intellectual Property Right? (2)
ii) Discuss briefly the various forms of Intellectual Property Rights? (14)
15.a) i) Write briefly on the sequence of events that occurred during the launch of the Challenger
space ship? (8)
ii) Write briefly how the challenger disaster can be observed as a poor ethical episode with respect to
the acts of
(8)
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1) deliberate deception
2) failure to seek out the truth
3) allowing one’s judgment to be corrupted
4) engineers with no right to free speech
OR
15.b) A country engineer in Virginia demanded a 25% kickback in secret payments for highway works
contract he issued. Allan Kammerer, a young Vice-President of a struggling consulting firm agreed to
this condition. Allan cited that bringing work to his concern and retaining his employees is the main
reason for the decision. Discuss the Normative or moral issues involved in this case.
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