ETHICAL By :

THEORIES/APPROACHE Nada Naurarita Bustami (D41180681)

Rica Ayumi Jaimatu Nazah

S (D41182263)
DEFINITION
Theoritical Ethics or Ethical Theories is the systematic effort to understand moral
concepts and justify moral principles and theories.
Ethical theories provide part of the decision-making foundation for Decision Making
When Ethics Are In Play because these theories represent the viewpoints from which
individuals seek guidance as they make decisions.
UTILITARIANISM
According to the theory of utilitarianism, an action or deed is good if it brings
benefits but the benefits must pay attention to not only 1 or 2 people, but society as a
whole.
There are two types of utilitarianism :
a. Act utilitarianism subscribes precisely to the definition of utilitarianism—a person
performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the
societal constraints such as laws.
b. Rule utilitarianism takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness. A rule
utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest and most just means
available. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and
includes beneficence at the same time.
DEONTOLOGICAL OR DUTY
THEORIES
Deontology theory is derived from Greek, "Deon" means task and "Logos" means
knowledge. So that Deontology Ethics emphasizes the human obligation to act
properly.
According to Immanuel Kant’s, deontological is the belief that people’s actions are
to be guide by moral flaws, and that these moral flaws are universal cited as a basis
for the most laws.
An action is good not judged and justified based on the result or the good purpose
of the action taken, but based on the action itself as good in itself. In other words,
that action has moral value because it is performed regardless of the purpose or
result of the action.
RIGHT THEORY
The theory of rights is an aspect of deontological theory, because it deals with
obligations. Rights are based on human dignity and the dignity of all human beings
is the same. Therefore rights fit very well into the atmosphere of democratic thought.
This right theory is the approach most widely used to evaluate the merits of an act or
behavior.
Example : a household assistant who has the right to get his monthly salary after he
has done his duties to take care of the house and so on.
CASE A
Chemical plant near a small town is discharging hazardous wastes into the fields
nearby. The ground water gets contaminated and significant health problems surface
in the community. Since harm is caused to the residents, the action is unethical as per
rights ethics. The agriculturists who have the agrarian right of water supply have been
over looked. The pollutants may endanger their profession and welfare. Hence, rights
ethics also concludes that the action is unethical. The effects of polluted water and the
cost to purify the water by the municipality may out weigh the economic benefits of
the plant. Hence, the utilitarian analysis leads to the same conclusion. The
groundwater harms the people and caused health problems. Hence, discharging the
pollutants is unethical as per duty ethics.
KASUS A
Pabrik kimia di dekat kota kecil membuang limbah berbahaya ke ladang di dekatnya. Air
tanah tercemar dan masalah kesehatan yang signifikan muncul di masyarakat. Karena
merugikan warga, tindakan itu tidak etis sesuai etika hak. Para petani yang memiliki hak
agraria atas pasokan air telah dilewatkan. Polutan dapat membahayakan profesi dan
kesejahteraan mereka. Karenanya, etika hak juga menyimpulkan bahwa tindakan tersebut
tidak etis. Efek air yang tercemar dan biaya untuk memurnikan air oleh pemerintah kota
mungkin lebih besar daripada manfaat ekonomi dari pabrik. Oleh karena itu, analisis
utilitarian mengarah pada kesimpulan yang sama. Air tanah merugikan masyarakat dan
menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan. Karenanya, membuang polutan tidak etis sesuai etika
tugas.
UTILITARIANISM
According to the utilitarian theory, actions carried out by chemical factories in small
towns cannot be justified because in this theory it is said that an action is good if it
brings benefits but that benefits must pay attention to not only 1 or 2 people except
for society as a whole. So that chemical factories violate the rules because they cause
health problems and harm the community, especially farmers who have agrarian
rights and are affected by dumping B3 waste into the surrounding fields. In addition,
the impact of water pollution also increases government spending to purify water
again, greater than the economic benefits of chemical factories for the surrounding
area. However, if the chemical factory treats the waste before it is disposed of in
accordance with existing regulations, it will provide benefits to the surrounding area
and will not increase the burden on government spending for water purification.
UTILITARIANISME
Menurut teori utilitarianisme, tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pabrik kimia di kota-
kota kecil tidak dapat dibenarkan karena dalam teori ini dikatakan bahwa suatu
tindakan itu baik jika membawa manfaat tapi manfaat itu harus memperhatikan tidak
hanya 1 atau 2 orang melainkan masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Sehingga pabrik
kimia melanggar aturan karena menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan dan merugikan
masyarakat terutama petani yang memiliki hak agraria dan terdampak akibat
membuang limbah B3 ke ladang sekitarnya. Selain itu, dampak pencemaran air juga
menambah pengeluaran pemerintah untuk menjernihkan air kembali, lebih besar dari
manfaat ekonomi pabrik kimia bagi kawasan sekitarnya. Namun jika pabrik kimia
tersebut mengolah limbah sebelum dibuang sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ada, maka
akan memberikan manfaat bagi kawasan sekitarnya dan tidak akan menambah beban
pengeluaran pemerintah untuk penjernihan air.
DEONTOLOGICAL
A chemical factory near a small town dumps hazardous waste into a nearby field and
the water becomes polluted. So that health problems arise and harm the community,
especially farmers whose irrigation or irrigation systems for fields are contaminated
with hazardous waste. So that they cannot get clean and waste-free water to irrigate
their fields. Because this causes considerable losses for both the community and
local government. In this case, the chemical plant does not function properly because
it dumps hazardous waste in the surrounding fields. Chemical factories should have
taken proper and correct actions by first managing their waste before disposal in
accordance with government regulations so as not to cause pollution and water loss.
So according to the ethical theory of deontology, chemical factories are unethical in
their business activities.
DEONTOLOGI
Sebuah pabrik kimia di dekat kota kecil membuang limbah berbahaya ke ladang
terdekat dan air menjadi tercemar. Sehingga timbul masalah Kesehatan dan
merugikan masyarakat terutama petani yang sistem pengairannya atau irigasi untuk
ladang tercemar limbah berbahaya. Sehingga tidak bisa mendapatkan air yang bersih
dan bebas limbah untuk mengairi ladangnya. Karena hal ini menimbulkan kerugian
yang cukup besar baik bagi masyarakat maupun pemerintah daerah. Dalam hal ini,
pabrik kimia tidak berfungsi dengan baik karena membuang limbah berbahaya di
ladang sekitarnya. Pabrik kimia seharusnya sudah melakukan tindakan yang baik
dan benar dengan terlebih dahulu mengelola limbahnya sebelum dibuang sesuai
dengan peraturan pemerintah agar tidak menimbulkan dampak pencemaran dan
kerugian air. Jadi menurut teori etika deontologi, pabrik kimia tidak etis dalam
kegiatan usahanya.
RIGHTS THEORY
1. Right for the society
The societies has the right to get clean water
2. Rights for the farmer
Farmers have the right to clean and waste-free water to irrigate their fields
3. Rights for the chemical factory
Chemical plants have the right to dispose of waste after the factory produces a product
that is valuable and has economic benefits
4. Rights for the government
The government has the right to make regulations on waste disposal and the right to
impose sanctions on companies that violate them
CONCLUSION
So the conclusion is that actions taken by chemical factories by disposing of
hazardous waste in the surrounding fields have resulted in many impacts, including
causing problems or public health problems, harming local farmers because they
cannot irrigate fields with water that is already polluted with waste, and increase
government costs areas to purify water that has been polluted. therefore, the actions
of chemical factories are unethical in their business activities.