Common English Grammar Mistakes

Contents
Sr. # Description Page #

1 Some Common Mistakes in Pronunciation 2
2 Pronunciation of ‘ed’ 5
3 Pronunciation of ‘S’ 6
4 Alphabet 7
5 International Phonetic Alphabet 9
6 Rules for Fluency in English 11
7 Word Classes 17
8 Noun and Its Types 18
9 Pronoun and Its Types 20
10 Adjective and Its Types 22
11 Determiner and Its Types 23
12 Verb and Its Types 24
13 Adverb and Its Types 27
14 Preposition and Its Types 28
15 Conjunction and Its Types 29
16 Tenses 30
17 Use of Different Words 45
18 Active and Passive Voice 50
19 Direct and Indirect Narration 56
20 Moods of Verb 60
21 Sentence and Its Types 61
22 Sentences of Daily Use 63
23 Phrase and Its Types 82
24 Clause and Its Types 83
25 Figurative language 85
26 Vocabulary 87
27 English Grammar Terms 94
By Sharjeel Malik Page 1

﷽
In the Name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful
Some Common Mistakes inPronunciation )‫(ظفلتیکھچکاعؾایطلغں‬
British Accent
Vowel Vaaol ‫واؤؽ‬ ‫رحػتلع‬
Consonant Kon-s-nent ‫ی ین‬
‫س ٹ‬
‫ن‬ َ ‫وکؿ‬ ‫رحػحیحص‬
Envelop In-ve-lup ‫اِؿوےپل‬ ‫افلہفدنبرکان‬
Envelope En-v-lup َ َ ‫انی َٹو‬
‫لٹ‬ ‫افلہف‬
Park Paak ‫اپک‬ ‫ریھگان‬،‫زبسہزار‬
Sentence Sen-tuns ‫نیسسنٹ‬ ‫ہلمج‬/‫رقفہ‬
Suggestion S-jes-chan ‫سسیجنچ‬
َ ‫وجتزی‬
Indigestion In-di-jes-chan ‫اِؿڈیسیجنچ‬ ‫دبیمضہ‬
Necessary Nay-c-Se-ri ‫ےنیسریسی‬ ‫رضوری‬
‫ن‬
Interrogative In-t-r-g-tiv ‫گ ِِٹٹ‬ َ ‫اِؿ َٹ َر‬ ‫وساہیل‬
‫ن‬
Affirmative A-fimma-tiv ِِ‫اَٹف ِٹمَّٹ ٹو‬ ‫تبثم‬
‫ن‬
Figurative Fig-y-r-tiv ‫ے َٹرٹٹ ِِٹٹ‬ َ ‫فِگ‬ ‫یلیثمت‬
‫ن‬
Alternative Aal-te-n-tiv ‫ٹ َؿ ِِٹٹ‬ ‫آؽ َ ٹ‬ ‫ابتمدؽ‬
Private Pri-vut ‫رُپایئوٹ‬ ‫ذایت‬
Patriot Pet-ri-at ‫ٹیپریاَٹ‬ ‫بحمونط‬
Patriotism Pet-ri-a-ti-zem ‫ٹیپریاَیٹزؾ‬ ‫بحموینط‬
Equation Eque-yen ‫ایوُکاےژؿ‬ ‫اسموات‬
Measure May-ye(r) ‫ےم َژٹ‬ ‫امانپ‬
Pleasure Play-ye(r) ‫ےلپ َژٹ‬ ‫وخیش‬

Treasure Tray-ye(r) ‫رٹے َژٹ‬ ‫زخاہن‬
Chocolate Chok-lut ‫لٹ‬‫وچک َ ن‬ ‫اچکٹل‬
Vegetable Vejt-bl ‫ویلَب‬‫ج ن‬ ‫زبسی‬
Breakfast Break-fst ‫ربکیٹسف‬ ‫انہتش‬
January Je-niu-ari ‫ےجویناری‬ ‫ونجری‬
Wednesday Wenz-day ‫وزنیڈے‬ ‫دبھ‬
Thumb Thum ‫َتھ‬
‫م‬ ‫اوگناھٹ‬
Climb Klaaim ‫الکمئ‬ ‫ڑچانھ‬
Tomb Tom ‫وٹؾ‬ ‫ربقمہ‬
Geography Jiog-r-fi ‫ویجگ َریف‬ ‫رغجاہیف‬
Photography F-tog-rafi ‫ػوٹگ َریف‬
َ ‫وصترییشک‬
Photographer F-tog-ra-fer ‫ػوٹگ َررف‬
َ ‫وصتریانبےنواال‬
Academic Ek-de-mik ‫اکیڈے ِمٹ‬ ‫یمیلعت‬
Particular P-ti-kiu-le(r) ‫پیٹویکرل‬ ‫وصخمص‬
َ
Restaurant Rest-ront ‫رٹسیراٹن‬ ‫روتسیراؿ‬
Catholic Kath-lik ‫کیتھکِل‬ ‫وعیس‬/‫اشکدہ‬
Basically Basik-li ‫کسیبیل‬ ‫اینبدیوطررپ‬
Critically kritik-li ‫ن‬
‫رکِ ِٹیل‬ ‫دیجنسیگےس‬
Physically Fizik-li ‫یف ِزکیل‬ ‫امسجینوطررپ‬
Temperature Temp-ri-cher ‫ےٹپمریرچ‬ ‫درہجرحارت‬
Literature Lit-ri-cher ‫ِ ن‬
‫لریرچ‬ ‫ادب‬
Extraordinary Extrod-nri ‫اسکیرٹوڈرنی‬ ‫ریغومعمیل‬
Comfortable Comf-t-bl ‫کمٹفٹَ لب‬ ‫آراؾدہ‬

Miserable Miz-r-bl ‫زِم َرلب‬ ‫اقلبرمح‬
Do you Ju ‫وُج‬ -
Did you Dija ‫ڈیاج‬ -
‫ُک‬
Could you Kuj you ‫ججوی‬ -
Would you Wuj you ‫ُوجوی‬ -
‫ُش‬
Should you Shuj you ‫ججوی‬ -
American Accent
‫ن‬
Meeting Meedin ‫ِ ڈ‬
‫ماِؿ‬ ‫الماقت‬
Waiting Waidin ‫وڈیاِؿ‬ ‫ااظتنر‬
Bottle Baadl ‫ابڈؽ‬ ‫وبلت‬
Little Lidl ‫ن‬
‫ِلڈؽ‬ ‫وھچاٹ‬
Internet Inernet ‫اِرنٹین‬ ‫ارٹنٹین‬
Interview Inerview ‫اِرنوِوی‬ ‫آےنماسےنموگتفگ‬
International Inernational ‫اِرنےنشلن‬ ‫نیباالوقایم‬
Meet you Meech you َِ
‫م ُ ِٹ‬ -
Comfortable Com-ft-rbl ‫مکٹف َرلب‬ ‫آراؾدہ‬
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Pronunciation of ‘ed’
If a verb ends at a soft (unvoiced/ voiceless) ‫یکآوازداتیےہ۔‬/t/ ‘ed’ ‫ہپمتخوہوت‬Soft Consonant ‫ارگوکیئلعف‬
consonant, ‘ed’ is pronounced as /t/
Soft Consonants C, F (gh) H, K, P, Q, S, Sh, Ch, T, X, TH
‫ن‬
Miss => missed /mist/ ‫مِسٹٹ‬ Wash=> washed /washt/ ‫واٹش‬
Watch => watched /watcht/ ‫واٹچ‬ Work => worked /workt/ ‫َوٹک‬
Stop => stopped /stopt/ ‫اٹسٹپ‬ Laugh => laughed /laught/ ‫الٹف‬
If a verb ends at a vowel sound or a hard ‫ہپمتخوہوت‬Vowel sound‫ای‬Hard consonant‫ارگوکیئلعف‬

(voiced) consonant,‘ed’ is pronounced as /d/
‫یکآوازداتیےہ۔‬/d/ ‘ed’
Hard Consonants B, G, J, L, M, N, R, V, W, Y, Z
Offer => offered /offerd/ ‫آرفڈ‬ Answer => answered /answerd/ ‫آرسنڈ‬
sue => sued /sood/ ‫وُسڈ‬ Study => studied /studyd/ ‫ٹسَڈِڈی‬
lie => lied /lied/ ‫الڈیئ‬ show => showed /showd/ ‫وشڈ‬
‫ن‬
Quiz => quizzed /quizd/ ‫وکزیئڈ‬ beg => begged /begd/ ‫بجی ڈٹ‬
‫گڈ‬
rob => robbed /robd/ ‫راڈب‬ Live => lived /livd/ ‫ِ ِلڈ‬
‫ین‬
call => called /cald/ ‫اکڈل‬ clean => cleaned /cleand/ ‫ک ِلیی ڈٹڈ‬
If a verb ends at ‘t’ or ‘d’, ‘ed’ is pronounced ‫یکآوازداتیےہ۔‬/id/ ‘ed’ ‫’ہپمتخوہوت‬t’ ‫‘ای‬d’‫ارگوکیئلعف‬
as /id/
Rent => rented /rentid/ ‫رٹنیِڈ‬ want=> wanted /wantid/ ‫واٹنِڈ‬

‫ش ن‬
suggest => /suggestid/ ‫َ ججیس ِٹڈ‬ end =>ended /endid/ ‫اڈنیِڈ‬
suggested
Exception: Send => Sent /sent/
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Pronunciation of ‘S’ at the end of word (Plural Nouns)
If a noun ends at a soft (unvoiced/ voiceless) ‫یکآوازداتیےہ‬/s/ ‘s’‫ہپمتخوہوت‬Soft consonant‫ارگوکیئامس‬
consonant, ‘s’ is pronounced as /s/
‫سل‬
Books => /books/ ‫سکُب‬ Sleeps => /Sleeps/ ‫ِییَس‬
‫ہ ن‬
Hats => /Hats/ ‫ییس‬ Graphs => /Graphs/ ‫رگاسف‬
If a noun ends at a vowel sound or a hard ‫ہپمتخوہوت‬Vowel sound‫ای‬Hard consonant‫ارگوکیئامس‬

(voiced) consonant,‘s’ is pronounced as /z/
‫یکآوازداتیےہ۔‬/z/ ‘s’
Toys /toyz/ ‫وٹےئز‬ Boys /boyz/ ‫وبےئز‬

Shoes /shooz/ ‫ُشِز‬ Bags /bagz/ ‫زگیب‬
Dreams /dreamz/ ‫ڈرِزمی‬ Phones /phonz/ ‫وفزن‬
When a noun ends at ‘s’ ‘ss’ ‘ch’ ‘sh’ ‘z’ ‘x’, ‫یکآوازداتیےہ۔‬/iz/ ‘es’‫‘ہپمتخوہوت‬s’ ‘ss’ ‘ch’ ‘sh’ ‘z’ ‘x’ ‫ارگوکیئامس‬
‘es’ is pronounced as /iz/
‫ی‬
Buses /busiz/ ‫سباِز‬ Washes /washiz/ ‫ِٹ‬
ِ‫واش‬
Prizes /priziz/ ‫رپازئِز‬ changes /chanjiz/ ‫جنیچاِز‬
Some words are used both as verbs and ‫ضعباافلظامساورلعفدوونںیکہگجہپاامعتسؽوہےتںیہ۔ارگوہلعفےکوطر‬

nouns, when they are used as verbs, ‘s’ is
pronounced as /z/ and when used as nouns, ‫یک آوازداتیےہ۔اورارگامسےکوطررپاامعتسؽوہوت‬/z/ ‘s’ ‫رپاامعتسؽوہ‬
‘s’ is pronounced as /s/
‫یکآوازداتیےہ۔‬/s/ ‘s’
Verb Noun
Use /yooz/ ‫ُٹِز‬ ‫اامعتسؽرکان‬ /yoos/ ‫ُٹِس‬ ‫اامعتسؽ‬
Abuse /ab’yooz/ ‫اب ُٹِز‬ ‫اگیلدانی‬ /ab’yoos/ ‫اب ُٹِس‬ ‫اگیل‬
Refuse /rif’yooz/ ‫رِػ ُٹِز‬ ‫ااکنررکان‬ /rif’yoos/ ‫رِػ ُٹِس‬ ‫ااکنر‬
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Alphabet)‫(رحوػیجہت‬
It is a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order to represent the speech sounds of a
language. There are 26 letters in an English language.
‫رحوػوہےتںیہ۔‬22‫ہیاافلظایالعامتاکاکیاخصرتبیتاکٹیسےہوج یسزابؿیکآوازوںوکہاررکاتےہ۔اشلگنزابؿںیم‬
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Letter)‫(رحػ‬: A symbol that represents one or more of the sounds used in speech.
‫ایسیالعتموجاکیایذایدہآوازوںوکہاررکےاےسرحػےتہکںیہ۔‬
Word)‫(ظفل‬: A word is a meaningful combination of different letters, as in letters A, R and M
forms a word => ARM‫فلتخماافلظےکابینعماامتجعوکظفلےتہکںیہ۔‬
Types of Letters
There are three types of Letters 1. Vowel 2. Consonant 3. Semi Vowel
 Vowel)‫(رحػتلع‬: A speech sound that is produced by relatively free passage of breath
through the larynx and oral cavity. A, E, I, O
‫ایسیآوازوجرنرخےاوروجػدنہےساسسنےکآزادزگرےنےسدیپاوہاےسرحػتلعےتہکںیہ۔‬
 Consonant)‫(رحػحیحص‬: A speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed
and which needs a vowel to form a syllable. B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T,
V, X, Z‫ایسیآوازسجےساسسنےکاہبؤںیمھچکراکوٹدیپاوہاورےسجظفلانبےنےک ےئرحػتلعیکرضورتوہ۔‬
 Semi vowel)‫(مینرحػتلع‬: A speech sound that performs the functions of both vowel
and consonant. U, W, Y ‫ایسیآوازوجرحػتلعاوررحػحیحصدوونںاکاکؾرکے۔‬
Voiced and Unvoiced Letters
Voiced Letter)‫(رہجیرحػ‬: It is a letter that creates a vibration in vocal cords while speaking.
‫ااسیرحػےسجوبےتلوتقےلگںیمآوازدیپارکےنوایلیلھجںیمرھترھتاٹہدیپاوہاےسرحػرہجیےتہکںیہ۔‬
Unvoiced Letter)‫(یفخرحػ‬: It is a letter that doesn’t create any vibration in vocal cords while speaking.
‫ااسیرحػےسجوبےتلوتقےلگںیمآوازدیپارکےنوایلیلھجںیمرھترھتاٹہدیپاہنوہاےسرحػیفخےتہکںیہ۔‬
Voiced Letters Unvoiced/ Voiceless Letters
All the vowels C
B F
D H
G K
J (Yes, Yellow) P
L Q
M S
N T

R X (ks)
U Ꮎ (Thank)
V ʃ (She, Fish)
W tʃ (Chair, Teacher)
Y
Z
(There)
(Vision)
d (Jam, Lounge)
(Sing, Ink)
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA))‫(نیباالوقایماوصایتادجبہی‬
IPA: It is a system for representing phonetic sounds with symbols. It helps us to pronounce a
word correctly. ‫ہیاکیااسیمٹسسےہوجفلتخمآوازوںوکالعامتےکذرےعیہاررکاتےہ۔ہیاافلظوکدرتسرطےقیےسڑپےنھںیمدمدداتیےہ۔‬
Monophthong)‫اکیآوازواال‬/‫(کیوصیت‬
A sound formed by one vowel sound in a single syllable.
‫ےتہکںیہ۔‬monophthong‫ےسدیپاوہےنوایلآوازوک‬vowel sound‫ںیماکی‬syllable‫اکیوادح‬
Vowels (Short)Vowels (Long)
IPA As in IPA As in
I Sit, Fish, Lip i: Tree, Green, Sheep, Cheap
Ʊ Pull, Good, Foot u: Shoe, Food
^ Mug, Duck a: Arm, Car
Hot, Shop, Stop ɔ: Door, Four
Ə amount, Cinema ɜ:(r)* Girl, Prefer
℮ or Ɛ Red, Dead
‘æ Cat, Fat
Mother
Girl
Note: (r) means the final “r” sounds only if the next word starts with a vowel. (British) As in
I prefer apples. (Pronounce final “r” sound of prefer)
I prefer pears. (Don’t pronounce final “r” sound of prefer)
Diphthong)‫دوآوازوںواال‬/‫(دووصیت‬
A sound formed by the combination of two vowel sounds in a single syllable.
‫ےتہکںیہ۔‬diphthong‫ےسدیپاوہےنوایلآوازوک‬vowel sounds‫ںیمدو‬syllable‫اکیوادح‬
IPA As in
IƏr ear, beer
ƱƏr pure, tourist
aI My, five
ɔI boy, choice
ƏƱ go, joke
℮Ər / ƐƏ there, chair
aƱ now, lounge
℮I they, say
OƱ Nose
Triphthong)‫نیتآوازوںواال‬/‫(نیتوصیت‬
A sound formed by the combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable.

‫ےتہکںیہ۔‬triphthong‫ےسدیپاوہےنوایلآوازوک‬vowel sounds‫ںیمنیت‬syllable‫اکیوادح‬
IPA As in
ƏƱƏ Mower
a: ƱƏ Flower
a:IƏ Fire, Lion
ƐIƏ Player
IƏ Loyal
Consonants (Unvoiced and Voiced Pair)

Unvoiced/ VoicelessVoiced
IPA As in IPA As in
P apple, stop B bad, beer
T tree, want D door, food
tʃ chair, teacher d joke, lounge
K cat, walk G green, dog
F fish, if V vote, five
Ꮎ think, both they, mother
S stop, fast Z zoo, noise
ʃ she, fish pleasure, vision
Other Consonants
IPA As in
M man, money
N never, ten
king, ring
L love, pull
R red, tree
W want, window
J yes, yellow
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Rules for Fluency in English)‫ٹ(اشلگنرواینےسوبےنلےکاوصؽ‬
Rule 1
Linking Consonant to Vowel
When a word ends at a consonant and the next word begins with a vowel, we connect them
while reading. ‫ےسرشوعوہوتمہاؿوکالمرکڑپےتھںیہ۔‬Vowel‫ہپمتخوہاوراالگظفل یس‬Consonant‫بجاکیظفل یس‬
I’m an actor Just a moment In an instant
Hold on a minute John is a friend of mine Give me a cup of coffee
Build up Come over Call up
For a while Where is your bag? What if = Wha dif*
*
American Rule: When ‘T’ comes between two vowels, it becomes fast ‘D’.
Long Sentences
 It’s all I’ll need for a while.
 Where is his uncle?
 Does everybody here work out?
 Can I think it over?
 Why did Adam bring it up again?
Rule 2
Linking Consonant to Consonant
When a word ends at a consonant and the newt word begins with the same consonant
sound, we connect them while reading. We pronounce just one consonant letter.
‫ےسرشوعوہوتمہاؿوکالمرکڑپےتھںیہ۔مہرصػاکیرحػوکڑپےتھںیہ‬Consonant Sound‫ہپمتخوہاوراالگظفلایس‬Consonant‫بجاکیظفل یس‬
‫دورسےرحػوکوھچڑدےتیںیہ۔‬
Stop practicing Next time Going great
Bad day Nine knots (K = silent) Bob Barker
I wish she likes Bill likes swimming I love vegetables
Same Point of Articulation)‫(ےجہلاکاکیاساقمؾ‬

We link consonants that have same point of articulation. Same point of articulation
means the point of contact that is made for you to produce sound, for example B and P (ba
sound and pa sound) have same point of articulation because both of them require lips to
be closed.
‫اساکبلطمےہہکھچکایسیآوازںیوجوہیتوتفلتخمںیہنکیلامہرےےلگےکاکییہےصحےسیتلکنںیہ۔ًالثماباوراپدوفلتخمآوازںیںیہنکیلہیامہرےےلگےکاکی‬
‫یہےصحےسیتلکنںیہ۔دوونںآوازوںوکاکنےتلوتقامہرےوہٹنآسپںیملماجےتںیہ۔بجدواافلظایسیآوازوںےسرشوعاورمتخوہرےہوہںوتمہوبےتلوتق‬
‫یلہپآوازوکرظنادنازرکدےتیںیہاوررصػدورسیآوازوکدیپارکےتںیہ۔‬

Pairs of Letters that have Same Point of Articulation
P = B, T = D, F = V, G = K, S = Z, Ꮎ (TH) = (th), tʃ (ch) = d (j),ʃ (sh) = (Vision)
Used to Supposed to Need to
Five friends Big kitchen I watch John’s program
Long Sentences
 I wish she would talk to me.
 Did that man know about the situation?
 I could drive you there right now.
 He alwaysseems so happy.
 I used to work crazy hours but these days I’ve slowed down.
Rule 3
Linking Vowel to Vowel
When a word ends at a vowel and the next word also begins with a vowel, we
connect them while reading. ‫ےسیہرشوعوہوتمہاؿوکالمرکڑپےتھںیہ۔‬Vowel‫ہپمتخوہاوراالگظفل یس‬Vowel‫بجاکیظفل یس‬
See it now It’s very interesting Carry on please

We all were there May I come in Enjoy it dear
Boy is making a noise Who is there No one else
Two hours Blue ocean Do all
Long Sentences
 I don’t do it very often.
 Why is she so afraid of it?
 I can see inside the open window.
 This is the only one I know about.
 Did you see any other else?
Rule 4
Reducing Words (Part-1)
It’s important for speaking smooth English not to stress each and every word. We stress
on the content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and we reduce the functions
words as pronouns, prepositions, articles and auxiliary verbs.
،‫امستفصاورقلعتمہپزوردانیاچےئہنکیلامسریمض‬،‫لعف‬،‫اصػاوررواینےساشلگنوبےنلےک ےئرضوریےہہکررظفلرپذورںیہندانیاچےئہ۔مہوکامس‬
‫رحوػاجراورادمادیااعفؽوریغہوکرصتخمادنازںیمڑپانھاچےئہ۔‬
as = /Əs/, on = /Ən/, at = /Ət/, to = /tƏ/, for = /fƏr/, or = /Ər/, our = /Ər/, and = /n/

as soon as possible We are going to Lahore on Monday
I’d like to see you for a while Sooner or later you’ll meet our parents
I went to work at 9 o’clock I had bacon and eggs for breakfast
Rule 5
Reducing Words (Part-2)
Did he Should he Could he
Would he play cricket I told him about you Call him please
Ask him where he is going I saw him in restaurant I like her
Rule 6
Contractions
A contraction is combination of two words. In a contraction an apostrophe (’) is used
in place of missing letters. There are affirmative, negative and informal contractions.
‫وکےتہکںیہ۔‬Contraction‫(رکدےنیےسےننبواےلاافلظوک‬Skip)‫دواافلظوکھچکرحوػذحػ‬
Affirmative Contractions
Pronoun To be (is/ am/ Has/ have Had Will Would
are)
I I am = I’m I have = I’ve I’d I’ll I’d
We We are = We’re We have = We’ve We’d We’ll We’d
You You are = You’re You have = you’ve You’d You’ll You’d
He He is = He’s He has = He’s He’d He’ll He’d
She She is = She’s She has = She’s She’d She’ll She’d
It It is = It’s It has = It’s It’d It’ll It’d
They They are = They have = They’d They’ll They’d
They’re They’ve
There There is = There’s There has = There’d There’ll There’d
There’s
That That is = That’s That has = That’s This’d This’ll This’d
Negative Contractions
Do not Don’t Was not Wasn’t Will not Won’t
Does not Doesn’t Were not Weren’t Would not Wouldn’t
Did not Didn’t Has not Hasn’t Cannot Can’t
Is not Isn’t Have not Haven’t Could not Couldn’t
Are not Aren’t Had not Hadn’t Should not Shouldn’t

Do not do that. Don’t do that.
I have been there. I’ve been there.
He will go there. He’ll go there.
I would like to eat it. I’d like to eat it.
It will rain all day. It’ll rain all day.
He has gone. He’s gone.
Rule 7
Difficult Contractions
I could have told you. I could’ve told you.
You should have known. You should’ve known.
He could not have done it. He couldn’t have done it.
What would you have said to her? What would you’ve said to her?
Rule 8
Dropped Syllables with Silent Vowel Letters
Basic => Basically Actual => Actually Practical => Practically
Physical => Physically Accident => Accidentally General => Generally
Vegetable Interesting Different
Chocolate Comfortable Aspirin
Family Naturally Catholic
Miserable Extraordinary Temperature
Literature Laboratory Restaurant
Rule 9
Difficult Words with Silent Consonant Letters
The letter ‘B’ is usually silent when used after the letter ‘M’ at the end of a word or before
letter ‘T’.
Jamb(‫)دروازےیکوچٹھک‬ Lamb Climb
Bomb Comb Tomb
Subtle (‫دیچیپہ‬،‫اچالک‬،‫انزک‬،‫)ابرکی‬ Debt Doubt
The letter ‘C’ is silent when used before the letter ‘Z’ and ‘S’ and sometimes when used
before the letter ‘K’, ‘L’ and ‘Q’.
Czar (‫)اشنہشہروس‬ Czarina (‫)ہکلمروس‬ Czechoslovakia
Muscle Black Cock
Acquire
The letter ‘D’ is silent when it appears before ‘N’ and ‘G’ and ‘J’ and sometimes after ‘N’.
Wednesday Edge Cadge (‫)کیھبامانگن‬

Adjust Adjective Sandwich, Handsome
The letter ‘G’ is silent when it is used before the letters M, N and L.
Deign (‫)انعتئرکان‬ Reign
Diaphragm (‫)رپدہمکش‬ Intaglio (‫)دنکہایکوہاڈزینئ‬

The letter ‘H’ is silent in the following cases.
.1. When it comes after the end of the word and follows a vowel and sometimes when it
comes after ‘W’.
Sarah Cheetah Messiah
Heir What Why
.2. When it comes after the letter R.
Rhyme Rhubarb Rhythm
.3. When it comes after the letters ‘ex’.
Exhort (‫)اقلئایرایضرکان‬ Exhibition Exhaust (‫رصػرکان‬،‫اخیلرکان‬،‫)اکھتدانی‬
.4. When it comes between two vowels.
Annihilate (‫)انفرکدانی‬ Vehement (‫تخس‬،‫)دشدی‬ Vehicle (‫)وساری‬
.5. Some miscellaneous words.
Honest Hour Honour, Honor
The letter ‘K’ is often silent when it appears before the word N.
Knee Know Knock
Knife Knight Knot
The letter ‘L’ is often doesn’t when it comes before the word K.
Talk Talkie
Bulk (‫)ڑبیدعتاد‬ Bulky (‫)دقآور‬
The letter ‘N’ is silent in the combination of ‘mn’ at the end of the word.
Autumn Damn
Column Hymn(‫)دمح‬
The letter ‘P’ is silent in the combination of ‘ps’ at the start of a word, or in the combination
of ‘pt’ at the end of the word.
Psalm (‫رتاہن‬،‫)انماجت‬ Psychology
Psychiatry (‫)دامیغارماضاکالعج‬ Psyche

Receipt Corps
The letter ‘R’ is usually not pronounced when it comes after a consonant.
Park Pearl
Arc (‫)وقس‬ Arcade (‫)رحمابدارراہتس‬
The letter ‘R’ is also not pronounced if it is in a form of a phonetic sound ɜ:(r)
Teacher Mother
Father Doctor
The letter ‘T’ is silent in a few French words where it comes at the end of the word.
Ballet Bouquet Gourmet
Buffet Valet Chevrolet

The letter ‘W’ is silent when it comes before ‘R’ in the beginning of the word, some other
words are given without any special rule.
Write Wreck Wrist
Wrong Sword Answer
Who Whose Two
Whole Awry Playwright
Some Special words
Month => Months Clothe = Clothes Cupboard
Rule 10
Relaxed Speech with Informal Contractions
Have = a
I coulda (could’ve) helped you
I woulda (would’ve) said to her
You shoulda (should’ve) told me dear
Of => a
I’m kinda (kind of) tired
Gimme (Give me) a Cupa (cup of) coffee
Lemme (Let me) have bottla (bottle of) coke
To => a
I wanna (want to) go outside
He’s gonna (going to) make a lotta (lot of) money
We gotta (have got to) go shoppin (Shopping) because we’re outta (out of) food
Lemme introduce you to a frienda mine
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Word Classes
(Parts of Speech)
A group of words of same kind and function is called word classes. There are two types of
word classes.
Lexical Word Classes Functional/ Grammatical Word Classes
Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs Pronouns, Determiners, Preposition,
Conjunction, Exclamation
.1. They are easy to define and tell their .1. They are hard to define clearly but it is
function. easy to tell their function.
.2. We can add new words in them. .2. We cannot add any new word in them.
.3. They have proper synonyms and .3. They do not have proper synonyms and
antonyms. antonyms but rare.
Word Class Definition Examples

The name of a person, place, thing or an Boy, man, city, street,
Noun
abstract idea is called noun. chair, bravery etc
A word that is used in place of a noun to avoid I, we, you, he, she, me,
Pronoun repetition is called pronoun. us, mine, ours, yours,
someone, nobody etc.
A word that describes/ qualifies a noun or Beautiful, sweet, good,
Adjective
pronoun is called adjective. tall, bad, cheap etc.
A word that specifies, identifies and quantifies A, an, the, my, his, her,
a noun or noun phrase is called determiner. this, that, first, second,
Determiner
It is always placed before the noun or noun one, two, three etc.
phrase.
A word that shows an action, state or Play, go, sleep, eat, live,
Verb
occurrence and tense is called verb. have, be, do etc.
A word that describes a verb, adjective or Fast, very, slowly, quickly,
Adverb
another adverb is called adverb. hurriedly etc.
A word that joins a noun or pronoun to other On, in, over, at, by, of,
words is called preposition. with etc.
Preposition
It is generally (but not always) placed before a
noun or pronoun.
A word that joins other words, phrases or And, but, because, for,
Conjunction clauses in a sentence is called conjunction. either, or, neither, nor, if
etc,
There is an other small word class known as exclamation.

Exclamation/ Interjection: A word or phrase that expresses sudden feeling or emotion is
called exclamation. It is not related grammatically to other words in the sentence and
always has an exclamation sign (!) after it.
Hurrah! Wow! Yahoo! Alas! Bravo! What! Well Done!
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Noun and Its Types
Noun: The name of a person, place, thing or an abstract idea is called Noun, as in boy, chair,
street, happiness, John.
Types of Noun
1. Common noun: The name of a common person, place or thing is called common
noun as in boy, chair, street, city etc. It has two types.
(i) Countable Noun: A noun that we can count is called countable noun as in,
chairs, fans, houses etc.
(ii) Uncountable Noun: A noun that we cannot is called uncountable noun as in air,
fire, water, sand etc.
2. Proper Noun: The name of a specific/ particular person, place or thing is called
proper noun as in John, Julia, London etc. The first letter of a proper noun must be
capital.
3. Collective Noun: A collection of things or group of persons is called collective noun
as in army, furniture, herd, flock etc.
People Animals and Insects Things
A class of students A catch/haul of fish A group of islands
An army of soldiers An army/colony/swarm of A galaxy/ cluster of stars
ants
A choir of singers A flock/flight of birds A wad of notes
A crew of sailors A flock of sheep A forest of trees
A band of musicians A herd of cattle A fleet of ships/ vessels
A crowd of people/ A hive of bees A pile of books
Spectators
A gang/pack of thieves A litter of cubs A bunch of keys
A group of dancers A host of sparrows A bundle of sticks
A team of players A team of horses A string of pearls
A staff of employees A troop of lions An album of photographs
A tribe of natives A zoo of wild animals A hedge of bushes
An audience of listeners A pack of hounds/ wolves A library of books
A panel of experts A litter of puppies/ kitten A clump of trees
A gang of labourers A team of horses/ oxen/ A bowl of rice
ducks
A flock of tourists A kennel of dogs A range of mountains
A board of directors A murder of crows A bouquet of flowers
4. Material Noun: A name of a substance, from with other things are made is called
material noun as in wheat, milk, iron, gold etc.
5. Concrete Noun: A noun that can be observed with the senses is called concrete
noun. Both countable and uncountable noun is part of a concrete noun. As in
Sugar, bread, boy, ball, bag, car, cheese, water, flour, furniture etc.
Note: There are five senses see, taste, smell, touch and hear.

6. Abstract Noun: The name of a quality, action, state or feeling is called abstract noun,
as in honesty, bravery, love, hate, youth etc. Abstract nouns are formed from verbs
and adjectives.
7. Compound Noun: A single noun made from joining two or more words is called
compound noun. As in
Ice cream, cat food, swimming pool, post office, upper class {open form}
Bedroom, playgroup, blackboard, whiteboard, makeup, keyboard {closed form}
Father-in-law, Commander-in-chief {hyphenated form}
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Pronoun and Its Types
Pronoun: A word that is used in place of a noun to avoid repetition is called pronoun, as in I,
we, you, they, he, she, it.
Antecedent: The noun in whose place pronoun is used is called antecedent. As in
The boy said that he was tired.
In this sentence the noun ‘boy’ is antecedent and ‘he’ is pronoun.
Types of Pronouns
.1. Personal Pronouns: The pronouns which refer to a specific person or thing are called
Personal Pronouns. They can be divided into two classes.
.A. Subjective/ Nominative Personal Pronouns: These pronouns act as the subjects of a
sentence. (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) as in
.1. I went to market on bicycle. .2. He likes apples.
.B. Objective Personal Pronouns: These pronouns act as the objects of the sentence. (me,
us, you, him, her, it, them) as in
.1. My mother gave me ten dollars. .2. I wrote him a letter.
The person speaking is called first person. The first person pronouns are I and We.
The person spoken to is called second person. The second person pronoun is You.
The person spoken of is called third person. The third person pronouns are He, She, It and
They.
.2. Possessive Pronouns: These pronouns are used to show the ownership or possession of
things. (mine, ours, yours, hers, his, theirs) as in
.1. This pen is mine. .2. This book is yours. .3. John is a friend of hers.
.3. Reflexive Pronouns: These pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence.
(myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves) as in
.1. He hurt himself. .2. She likes herself. .3. John killed himself.
.4. Emphatic/ Emphasizing/ Intensive Pronouns: These pronouns are used to place
emphasis on the subject. As in .1. I opened the door myself. .2. He himself should go to
the doctor.
PRONOUN TABLE
Nominative/ Accusative/ Reflexive/
Possessive Possessive
Person Subjective Objective Emphatic
Determiners Pronouns
Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns
1st (Single) I Me My Mine Myself
1st (Plural) We Us Our Ours Ourselves
2nd (Single) You You Your Yours Yourself
2nd (Plural) You You Your Yours Yourselves
3rd (Single) He Him His His Himself
3rd (Single) She Her Her Hers Herself
3rd (Single) It It Its (Not used) Itself
3rd (Plural) They Them Their Theirs Themselves

.5. Demonstrative Pronouns: These pronouns are used to demonstrate or point the nouns.
(this, that, these those) as in
.1. This is my book. .2. Those are the shirts that John is talking about.
.6. Interrogative Pronouns: These pronouns are used only in reference to a question. There
are 5 interrogative pronouns (Who, what, which, whom, whose). as in
.1. What is your name? .2. Which would you like, tea or coffee? .3. Who broke this glass? .4.
Whose is this pen? .5. Whom did you see? ( whom = formal less common) Who did you see?
( who = more common)
.7. Relative Pronouns: These pronouns are used to connect information to nouns or other
pronouns. (Who, that, which, whose, where, whom, whoever, whichever, whatever) as in
.1. This is the boy who saved me. .2. This is the house where John lives.
.8. Indefinite Pronouns: These pronouns are used for unknown persons or things. (One,
One’s, all, none, some, somebody, everybody, nobody, few, every, many, any, several,
either, neither etc.) as in
.1. Everybody liked his joke. .2. Nobody stood up when Michael came there.
.3. Either of you will do it. .4. Julia is liked by all.
.9. Reciprocal/ Distributive Pronouns: These pronouns refer to a mutual set of people.
(each other, each other’s, one another, one another’s etc.) as in
.1. We need one another to complete this venture. .2. Peter and Jack like each other’s
mobile.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Adjective and Its Types
Adjective: A word that describes/ qualifies a noun or pronoun is called an adjective, as in
pretty doll, tall boy, young girl.
Types of Adjectives
.1. Attributive Adjectives/ Qualitative Adjectives: These adjectives describe the quality of
the noun or pronoun, as in Brown dog, big kitchen, pretty girl
.2. Proper Adjectives: These adjectives are derived from proper nouns, as in
Russian salad, French leave, European car
.3. Coordinate Adjectives: these adjectives consist of two or more adjectives, as in
.1. That was a cold, rainy night. .2. I have a cute, white cat. .3. The president arrived in a
bright, shiny car.
Degrees of Qualitative Adjectives
Qualitative Adjectives have three degrees
.1. Simple/ Positive Degree: This degree is used to just tell the quality of a noun or pronoun,
as in .1. Albert Einstein was a great mathematician. .2. Anna is a tall girl.
.2. Comparative Degree: This degree is used to compare two nouns or pronouns, as in
.1. Mike is taller than I. .2. He is superior to me. .3. David is cleverer than Franklin.
.3. Superlative Degree: This degree is used to compare more than two nouns or pronouns
to tell the superiority of a noun, as in
.1. Robert is the fattest boy in the class. .2. She is the brilliant student in her university.
Simple Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Tall Taller Tallest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Order of Adjectives: The order of the adjectives depends mainly on the meaning. Adjectives
usually come in the following order.
.1. Determiner: a, an, the, my, his, this, those, one, two, few, firs, last etc.
.2. Quality/ Opinion: nice, wonderful, ugly, beautiful, horrible, awful etc.
.3. Size: Large, small, long, tall, short etc. .4. Age: old, new etc.
.5. Shape: round, square, flat, wide etc. .6. Colour: red, white, black, blue etc.
.7. Participle form: running, missing, increasing, boiled, covered etc.
.8. Origin: British, American, Pakistani, Indian etc. (Always start with calptal letter)
.9. Material: brick, paper, plastic, wooden etc.
.10. Type: human, chemical, electric, etc.
.11. Purpose: alarm clock, tennis court, soccer ball, walking boots etc.
Note: This order is not absolute. Sometime we can use the short adjective before a long
one, as in
A big horrible building
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Determiner and Its Types
Determiner: A word that specifies, identifies and quantifies a noun or noun phrase is called
determiner. It is always placed before the noun or noun phrase.
Types of Determiners
.1. Articles: Articles describes a noun or noun phrase. They indicate definiteness or
indefiniteness of a noun. ‘A, an, and The’ are articles. ‘A and an’ are called indefinite articles
while ‘The’ is called definite article.
.1. The baby drank a bottle of milk. .2. An apron is often worn by bakers.
.3. The shih tzu is a popular dog breed.
.2. Possessive Determiners: Possessive determiners indicate possession of or some other
relationship to the noun. My, our, your, his, her, its, there are possessive determiners.
.1. I like my bike. .2. She removed her wig. .3. His father is a doctor.
.3. Demonstrative Determiners: These determiners restrict the meaning of the word they
modify, as in
.1. Do not drive that car .2. Clean this room .3. Divide these apples in the kids. .4. I hate such
an attitude.
.4. Interrogative Determiners: These determiners are used with nouns to ask questions.
There are three interrogative determiners, whose, what, which. as in
.1. Whose book is this? .2. What type of poet is Allama Iqbal? .3. Which fruit do you like
most?
Note: ‘Whose’ is called possessive interrogative determiner.
.5. Quantifiers: These determiners are used to tell about the quantity or magnitude of a
thing. (Most, little, some, any, sufficient, enough, all, whole etc.) as in
.1. There is some milk in this glass. .2. He has lost the whole wealth. .3. There is enough food
for us. .4. Each pen costs five rupees. .5. Every person was quiet in the meeting.
.6. Numerals: These determiners are used to tell about number or order of things or
persons. (one, two, first, second, all, some, many etc.)
.1. She has two pens. .2. I got first division in the exams. .3. Here are some ripe mangoes on
the table.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Verb and Its Types
Verb: a word that describes an action, state or occurrence and tense is called verb as in be,
have, play, eat, sleep etc.
Types of Verb
On the Basis of limitation
A) Finite Verb: A verb that is limited in its number and person by its subject is called
Finite Verb, as in
I like apples. She likes apple.
We live in Pakistan. Ali lives in Pakistan
B) Non-finite Verb: A verb that is not limited in its number and person by its subject is
called Non-finite Verb. It works as a noun or adjective in the sentence, as in
I like to eat apple. She likes to eat apple.
We love to sing song. Ali likes to sing song.
She ate a boiled egg. Teaching is good profession.
There are three types of non-finite verbs.
1. Participle: a participle is a form of verb used as an adjective to modify nouns and
pronouns. It has two types.
i) Present Participle: All present participles end in –ing: as in
.1. The laughing child .2. The boiling water .3. The falling temperature
ii) Past Participle: All past participle are third form of the verbs: as in
.1. Boiled egg .2. Tired man .3. Hidden charges
2. Gerund: Gerund is a verb ends in –ing and has a function of a noun, as in
.1. Swimming is a good exercise. .2. I like painting. .3. Her hobby is teaching.
3. Infinitive: Infinitive is the first form of a verb that usually follows ‘to’, as in
.1. She likes to drink milk at night. .2.I don’t want to go outside in the sun.
Note: After a model verb ‘to’ of infinitive is omitted, as in
.1. I will go to London next week. .2. You should work hard day and night.
On the Basis of Transitivity

A) Transitive Verb: A verb that needs an object to complete the sense is called
Transitive Verb, as in
.1. We play cricket. (cricket = object) .2. She writes a letter. (letter = object)
B) Intransitive Verb: A verb that does not need an object to complete the sense is
called Intransitive Verb, as in
.1. She laughs. .2. John is crying.
C) Ergative/ Ambi-Transitive Verb: A verb that is used both as transitive and
intransitive verb is called Ergative Verb, as in
.1. Water is boiling. (Intransitive) .2. She is boiling an egg. (Transitive)It has two types.
i. Agentive Ambi-transitive Verb:
 He speaks loudly. (And) He speaks the truth.

ii. Patientive Ambi-transitive Verb:
 The birds fly in the air. (And) I fly kite at afternoon.
 The sun shines. (And) I shone my shoes.
 The egg is boiling. (And) She is boiling an egg.
On the Basis of Forms

A) Regular Verb: A verb that has ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in its past and past participle form is called
Regular Verb, as in
Present Past Past Present Past Past
Participle Participle
Abuse Abused Abused Advise Advised Advised
Discover Discovered Discovered Earn Earned Earned
B) Irregular Verb: A verb that does not have ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in its past and past participle
form is called Irregular Verb, as in
Present Past Past Present Past Past
Participle Participle
Run Ran Run Cast Cast Cast
Dig Dug Dug Sing Sang Sung
On the Basis of Activity

A) Action Verb: A verb that describes an action that we can really start and stop
whenever we want is called Action Verb. As in
.1. She is singing a song. .2. Ali is playing cricket.
B) State Verb: A verb that describes a state or mental thought that we cannot really
start and stop whenever we want is called State Verb.
.1. This bottle contains milk. .2. I love apples. .3. I do not like to drink tea at night. .4. I
understand what you said.
Note: These verbs are not used in continuous tenses.
C) Linking Verb/ Copular Verb/ Copula: A verb that indicates, describes or classifies the
subject is called Linking Verb
.1. I am a boy. .2. She is ill. .3. Butterflies become caterpillars.
D) Causative Verb: A verb that causes people or other things to do something or help
someone to do something is called Causative Verb, as in
Get, Make, Have, Let, Help
I got my hair cut. I made him polish my shoes. (Forced)
He had me open the door. (Request/ asked) He helped me (to) write the essay. (aided)
My dad let me go outside at night. (Gave
permission
On the Basis of Function

A) Lexical/ Base Verb: The actual and main verb of the sentence is called Lexical Verb,
as in

Subject Auxiliary Verb Lexical Verb Object
She Is Writing A letter.
B) Delexical/ Light /Empty Verb: When we make action verb as a noun (object) and use
additional verb as an action verb, the additional verb is called Delexical/ Empty Verb,
as in have, take, give, make, go, do etc.
Lexical Verb Delexical/ Empty Verb
We often swim in the pool. We often have a swim in the pool.
They bath daily in the morning. They take bath daily in the evening.
She walks in the park. She goes for a walk in the park.
He decided to go to London. He made a decision to go to London.
She is noising. She is making a noise.
I am ironing. I am doing ironing.
She smiled at my joke. She gave a smile at my joke.
C) Auxiliary/ Helping Verb: a verb that helps main or principal verb to form a tense or
mood is called Auxiliary Verb. IT has four types.
.1. Primary Auxiliaries: Be (is, am ,are, was, were, been)
.2. Dummy auxiliary: Do, did
.3. Modal Auxiliaries: An auxiliary verb that describes necessity, ability or possibility is
called Modal Verb, as in Will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to,
has to, have to, had to
Note =>We always use an infinitive without ‘to’ after a modal verb and two modal verbs can
never come together in any sentence. They also don’t need any auxiliary verb except ‘has’
have’.
.4. Semi-modals: Dare and need, has, have, had
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Adverb and Its Types
Adverb: A word that describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb is called Adverb, as in
.1. John runs fast. (describing verb) .2. John runs very fast. (describing adverb)
.2. John has got a very beautiful car. (describing adjective)
Types of Adverbs
.1. Simple Adverbs: There are seven types of simple adverbs.
.i. Adverbs of Place: These adverbs are used to tell about the place where an action is being
done. These adverbs answer the question ‘Where’. (Here, there, upstairs, downstairs,
outside, inside, near, far etc.) as in
.1. it is raining heavily outside. .2. I am going upstairs.
.ii. Adverbs of Time: These adverbs are used to tell about the time of an action. These
adverbs answer the question ‘When’. (Ago, before, now, then, already, since, for, daily,
today, yesterday etc.) as in
.1. I never come late in the school. .2. She gets up early in the morning.
.iii. Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs are used to tell about the way or manner in which
an action is done. These adverbs answer the question ‘How’, as in
.1. He runs fast. .2. The batsman performed well. .3. I speak English fluently.
.iv. Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs tell us how much, to what extent, or in what degree
an action is done. These adverbs answer the question ‘How much’. (very, too, much, quite,
hardly, enough, so, partly, fully, scarcely etc.) as in
.1. He runs very fast. .2. It is cold enough today. .3. He hardly won the match.
.v. Adverbs of Number/ Frequency: These adverbs tell how often or how many times or
how frequently an action is done. (Never, often, seldom, always, once, twice, again,
frequently etc.) as in
.1. I have read this book thrice. .2. He never comes late. .3. He always speaks the truth.
.vi. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: These adverbs tell that some action is done or
not done. (no, not, yes, indeed, perhaps, certainly, little, hardly, never, ever, etc.) as in
.1. He did not come. .2. I will certainly help you. .3. Perhaps you are right.
.vii. Adverbs of Reason/ Purpose/ consequence: These adverbs tell why some action was
done or not done. (so, therefore, likewise, consequently, accordingly, etc.) as in
.1. He was ill, so he could not come to college. .2. He did not work hard, therefore he failed.
.2. Interrogative Adverbs: These adverbs are used to ask questions about time, place,
number, manner, quality or state, quantity, degree, cause, reason etc. as in
.1. Why are you laughing? (Reason) .2. Where do you live? (Place)
.3. When do you arrive? (Time) .4. How are you? (State) .5. How much water is there in the
pool? (Quantity)
.3. Relative Adverbs: These adverbs are used two join two clauses, as in when, why, where,
.1. This is the place where I born. .2. I do not know why he came late. .3. I can’t forget that
day when I met John.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Preposition and Its Types
A word that joins a noun or pronoun to other words is called preposition.
It is generally (but not always) placed before the noun or pronoun. As in
.1. There is a cow in the street. (Joining noun to noun)
.2. John is fond of music. (Joining adjective to noun)
.3. The car ran over him. (Joining verb to pronoun)
Types of Preposition
.1. Preposition of Time: These prepositions are used for time of different natures.
The morning, the afternoon, the evening (Parts of the day)
February, January (Months)
In The spring, autumn, summer, winter, (Seasons)
1990, 2013, 2017 (Years)
The 90’s (Decades)
Sunday, Monday morning, Thursday evening (Day, Day + part of the day)
My birthday, Eid, Christmas (Event)
On
July 6th, 21st April (Date, Date + Month)
The weekend (U.S)
Night, midnight, noon, midday (Parts of the day)
10:30 (Time)
At
Sunset, sunrise
The weekend (U.K)
Other prepositions of time are within, since, for, during etc.
.2. Preposition of Place: These prepositions are used for different places. As in
In, inside, into, out, outside, on, onto, over, above, over, under, underneath, beneath,
below, near, next to, by, in front of, opposite etc.
.3. Preposition of Direction: These prepositions are used to describe directions. As in
to, into, toward, through
.1. She went to the library. .2. He fell into the water. .3. The lion was coming toward him.
.4. The camel waded through the canal.
.4. Preposition of Agent: These prepositions are used for a thing or person which is cause of
another thing. As in
by, with
.1. This book was written by Shakespeare. .2. The tube was filled with water.
.5. Preposition of Instrument: These prepositions are used for different devices, machines
or instruments, as in
by, with, from
.1. He went to school by bus. .2. He opened the lock with key. .3. Give me water from the
bottle.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Conjunction and Its Types
Conjunction: A word that links other words, clauses or phrases in a sentence is called
conjunction, as in but, or, and, yet, so because etc. For example
.1. John and Harry are good friends. .2. He is poor but honest. .3. He tried but failed.
.4. Kashmir is famous for the beauty of nature and hospitality of the people.
.5. He asked for help but nobody helped him.
Types of conjunctions: There are three types of conjunctions.
.1. Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join words of same kind, phrases or
clauses of equal rank. There are seven coordinate conjunctions. A short key is used to
memorize them. FANBOYS
F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so
As in
.1. I got up early in the morning, got ready and went to college.
.2. He asked for help but nobody helped him.
.2. Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join a principal clause to subordinate
clause. (after, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, where, while etc.)
as in
.1. He could not go to school because he was ill. .2. He joined me after leaving the hall.
.3. Correlative Conjunctions: These conjunctions are used in pairs like either…..or,
neither….nor, both….and, not only….but also, scarcely…..when, as soon….as etc. as in
.1. Either you or Bob broke the vase. .2. He is not only bad but also mean.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Tenses )‫(زامےن‬
The word tense is derived from the Latin word “Tempus” means time. The tense of a
verb shows the time and the degree of continuance or completeness of an action or an
event. There are three tenses, 1. Present 2. Past 3. Future
‫’ےسالکنےہسجاکبلطمےہوتق۔ہیاکؾےکلمکموہےنایاجریوہےناوراسےکوتقےکابرےںیماتباتےہ۔‬Tempus’‫ظفلسنیٹالینیطزابؿےکظفل‬
‫۔امیض۔لبقتسم‬2‫۔احؽ‬1‫زامےننیتوہےتںیہ۔‬
Present Simple Tense
This tense is used to tell aboutrepeated actions, permanent states, habits, universal
truths and dramatic narratives.
 We go to school by bus. (Repeated action)
 We live in Faisalabad. (Permanent state)
 We play cricket in the evening. (Hobby)
 The sun rises in the east. (Universal truth)
 The door opens, and the emperor Jahangir enters the court. (Dramatic narrative)
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےتںیہوریغہ‬،‫اتوہں‬،‫یتےہ‬،‫اتےہ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + V1 + Obj.
If subject => he, she, it or single noun => V1 + (s/es/ies)
In most verbs add ‘-s’ as in read => reads, play => plays, run => runs etc.
If verb ends at ‘s, ss, sh, ch, o, x, z’, add ‘-es’ as in toss => tosses, teach => teaches,
go => goes, wash => washes etc.
If verb ends at consonant + y, drop ‘y’ and add ‘-ies’ as in fry => fries, try = tries etc.
I play cricket daily. ‫ںیمروزاہنرکٹکاتلیھکوہں۔‬

We go to Lahore every Sunday. ‫مہراوتارالوہراجےتںیہ۔‬
You write a legible hand. ‫متوخطخشےتھکلوہ۔‬
They singsong well. ‫وہاگانااھچاگےتںیہ۔‬
The cattle grazein the fields. ‫ومیشیدیماؿںیمرچےتںیہ۔‬
He takes exercise daily. ‫وہروزاہنورزشرکاتےہ۔‬
She sucks her thumb. ‫وہاوگناھٹوچیتسےہ۔‬
The sun rises from the East. ‫وسرجرشمؼےساتلکنےہ۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + do/does + not + V1 + Obj.

Use ‘does’ with he, she, it or single noun
I do not make a noise. ‫ںیموشرںیہنرکات۔‬

We do not watch movie in the cinema. ‫مہامنیسںیمملفںیہندےتھکی۔‬

You do not laugh at poor. ‫مترغوبیںاکذماؼںیہناڑاےت۔‬
They do not go in the club. ‫وہبلکںیمںیہناجےت۔‬
The children do not listen to her. ‫ےچباسیکابتںیہنےتنس۔‬
He does not blow his nose. ‫وہاانپانکاصػںیہنرکات۔‬
She does not punish the children. ‫وہوچبںوکزساںیہندیتی۔‬
‫ت‬
Your watch does not give correct time. ‫مھاریڑھگیدرتسوتقںیہناتبیت۔‬
Short Interrogative: Do/does + Sub + V1 + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + do/does + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Interrogative with ‘who’: Who + V1(s/es/ies) + Obj?
Do you know how to drive a car? ‫ایکمتوکاکرالچینآیتےہ؟‬

Do they drink strong tea? ‫ایکوہزیتاچےئےتیپںیہ؟‬
Do the naughty boys pluck the flowers? ‫ایکرشایتڑلےکوھپؽوتڑےتںیہ؟‬
Does he deal in cloth? ‫ایکوہڑپکےاکاکروابررکاتےہ؟‬
Does she take exercise daily? ‫ایکوہروزاہنورزشرکیتےہ؟‬
‫ت‬
Does it rain heavily in your city? ‫ایک مھارےرہشںیمزیتابرشوہیتےہ؟‬
Does Lisa sew the dress in one hour? ‫ایکاسیلاکیےٹنھگںیموسٹیسیتیلےہ؟‬
Does this shopkeeper give short measures? ‫ایکہیداکدنارمکوتاتلےہ؟‬
Why do you cry at night? ‫متراتوکویکںروےتوہ؟‬
When do they wash the clothes? ‫وہڑپکےبکدوھےتںیہ؟‬
Where does he go to play cricket? ‫وہرکٹکےنلیھکاہکںاجاتےہ؟‬
Where does this road lead to? ‫ہیڑسکاہکںاجیتےہ؟‬
In which class does she study? ‫وہسکالکسںیمڑپیتھےہ؟‬
‫ت‬
What does your father do? ‫مھارےوادلایکاکؾرکےتںیہ؟‬
Who knocks at the door? ‫دروازہوکؿاٹھکٹھکاتےہ؟‬
Past Simple Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that has done at a definite time. As in
 We went to Paris last week.
 She ate apple an hour ago.
 I saw a lion when I was six.
 We watched a movie yesterday.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےوریغہ‬،‫ی‬،‫ا‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + V2 + Obj.

I helped the poor. ‫ںیمےنرغوبیںیکدمدیک۔‬
We raised slogans. ‫مہےنرعنےاگلےئ۔‬
You rang me last night. ‫لکراتمتےنےھجموفؿایک۔‬
They struck against small pay. ‫اوہنںےنمکوخنتاہےکالخػڑہاتؽیک۔‬
PTI gave dharna / protested against PML(N). ‫یپیٹآیئےنؿگیلےکالخػدرھاندای۔‬
He looked down upon the poor. ‫اسےنرغوبیںوکاقحرتیکرظنےسداھکی۔‬
She played the flute. ‫اسےنابرسنیاجبیئ۔‬
John combed his hair. ‫اجؿےناےنپابؽیھگنکے۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + did + not + V1 + Obj.
I did not play any trick. ‫ںیمےنوکیئاچالیکںیہنیک۔‬

We did not make any mistake. ‫مہےنوکیئیطلغںیہنیک۔‬
You did not think any plan. ‫متےنوکیئوصنمہبںیہنوساچ۔‬
They did not violate the law. ‫اوہنںےناقونؿیکالخػورزیںیہنیک۔‬
He did not reach home safe and sound. ‫وہریخبواعتیفرھگںیہناچنہپ۔‬
She did not fell headlong. ‫وہرسےکلبںیہنرگی۔‬
The labourers did not take out procession. ‫زمدوروںےنولجسںیہناکنال۔‬
The doctor did not feel your pulse. ‫ڈارٹکےنرمضییکضبنںیہندیھکی۔‬
Short Interrogative: Did + Sub + V1 + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + did + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Interrogative with ‘who’: Who + V2 + Obj?
Did you auctionyour things? ‫ایکمتےناینپزیچںیالینؾرکدںی؟‬

Did they bring up the orphan child? ‫ایکاوہنںےنمیتیےچبیکرپورشیک؟‬
Did Quaid-e-Azam face the hardships bravely? ‫ایکاقدئامظعےنالکشمتاکاہبدریےساقمہلبایک؟‬
Did he call off the strike? ‫ایکاسےنڑہاتؽمتخرکدی؟‬
‫ت‬
Did she act upon your advice? ‫ایکاسےن مھاریتحیصنرپلمعایک؟‬
‫ی‬
Did it hail last night? ‫ایکلکرات ج‬
‫ربفریوہیئ؟‬
Did Jack take part in public meeting? ‫ایککیجےنوعایمہسلجںیمہصحایل؟‬
Did the horse-rider gallop the horse? ‫ایکڑھگوسارےنوھگڑارسٹپ(زیت)دوڑاای؟‬
When did you reach here? ‫متبکاہیںےچنہپ؟‬
Why did they miss me? ‫اوہنںےنےھجمایدویکںایک؟اوہنںےنریمییمکویکںوسحمسیک؟‬

Where did she slip from? ‫وہاہکںےسیلسھپ؟‬
Whom did he give flower? ‫اسےنےسکوھپؽدای؟‬
Why did the gardenerwaterthe plants so late? ‫امیلےنوپدوںوکاپیناینتدریےسویکںدای؟‬
When did the cobbler mend the shoes? ‫ومیچےنوجےتبکرمتمے؟‬
Who broke the vase? ‫المگسکےنوتڑا؟‬
Future Simple Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that is possible in the future, or to make a
decision about future. As in
 It will probably rain tonight.
 I hope he will pass the test.
 I will go to Lahore coming Sunday.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫یگوریغہ‬،‫ےگ‬،‫اگ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + will + V1 + Obj.
I will make friends with him. ‫ںیماسےسدویتسرکوںاگ۔‬

We will fulfill our promise. ‫مہاانپودعہوپرارکںیےگ۔‬
They will reach on time. ‫وہوتقرپںیچنہپےگ۔‬
He will ask a question. OR He will question. ‫وہاکیوساؽوپےھچاگ۔‬
She will withdraw her cash from bank. ‫وہکنبےساےنپےسیپولکناےئیگ۔‬
‫ت‬
When I go to Lahore, I will bring you toys. ‫ںیمبجالوہراجؤںاگوت مھارے ےئولھکےنالؤںاگ۔‬
If you work hard, you will pass. ‫ارگمتتنحمرکوےگوتاپسوہاجؤےگ۔‬
When she goes out, she will buy clothes. ‫بجوہابراجےئیگوتڑپکےرخدیےیگ۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + will + not + V1 + Obj.
I will not have food. ‫ںیماھکانںیہناھکؤںاگ۔‬

We will not go to Alaska. ‫مہاالاکسںیہناجںیئےگ۔‬
You will not keep fast tomorrow. ‫متلکروزہںیہنروھکےگ۔‬
They will not forgive you. ‫وہںیھمتاعمػںیہنرکںیےگ۔‬
He will not steal again. ‫وہدوابرہوچریںیہنرکےاگ۔‬
She will not deceive you. ‫وہںیھمتدوھہکںیہندےیگ۔‬
It will not rain the day after tomorrow. ‫رپوسںابرشںیہنوہیگ۔‬
The farmers will not plough in the fields today. ‫آجاسکؿوتیھکںںیملہںیہنالچںیئےگ۔‬

Short Interrogative: Will + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Large Interrogative: Question Word + will + Sub + V1 + Obj?
Will I catch cold in the winter? ‫ایکےھجموممسرسامںیمرسدیگلاجےئیگ؟‬

Will we catch in trouble? ‫ایکمہتبیصمںیمسنھپاجںیئےگ؟‬
Will you repair the house? ‫ایکمتاکمؿیکرمتمرکوےگ؟‬
Will they defeat you? ‫ایکوہںیھمتتسکشدںیےگ؟‬
Will he be twenty years old next month? ‫ایکوہاےلگامہسیباسؽاکوہاجےئاگ؟‬
‫ت‬
Will she test your patience? ‫ایکوہ مھارےربصاکااحتمؿےلیگ؟‬
Will this news disturb you? ‫ایکہیربخںیھمترپاشیؿرکدےیگ؟‬
Will this Pathan take strong tea? ‫ایکہیاھٹپؿزیتاچےئےئپاگ؟‬
When will you play flute? ‫متابرسنیبکاجبؤےگ؟‬
Why will they take me as a liar? ‫وہےھجموھجاٹویکںںیھجمسےگ؟‬
Why will he shirk from study? ‫متڑپاھیئےسیجویکںرچاؤےگ؟‬
Where will she go for higher studies? ‫وہایلعمیلعتےک ےئاہکںاجےئیگ؟‬
‫ی‬
What fruit will Jenifer like to eat? ‫ججییٹٹفرِوکاسنلھپاھکاندنسپرکےیگ؟‬
Which shirt will you wear at party, blue or black? ‫یلینایاکیل؟‬،‫متاپریٹںیموکؿیسرشٹونہپےگ‬
Who will bell the cat? ‫یلبوکیٹنھگوکؿابدنےھاگ؟‬
Present Continuous/ Progressive Tense

This tense is used to tell about a temporary action that is happening now or is going
on with intervals. In this tense time of start is not known. As in
 I am playing cricket. (now)
 I am reading a new novel nowadays.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫رےہںیہوریغہ‬،‫ریہےہ‬،‫راہےہ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + is/are/am + V1ing + Obj.
I am playing piano. ‫ںیمایپوناجبراہوہں۔‬

We are taking examinations these days. ‫اؿدونںمہااحتمانتدےرےہںیہ۔‬
You are wasting your time. ‫متاانپوتقاضعئرکرےہوہ۔‬
They are learning tables. ‫وہاہپڑےایدرکرےہںیہ۔‬
He is whistling. ‫وہیٹیساجبراہےہ۔‬
She is taking away my breath. ‫وہریمیاجؿاکنؽریہےہ۔‬

The child is drowning in the pool. ‫ہچباپینںیمڈوبراہےہ۔‬
The ship is sinking in the ocean. ‫اہجزدنمسرںیمڈوبراہےہ۔‬
Note: drown(‫)اجدناراکڈوانب‬, sink(‫)ےباجؿاکڈوانب‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + is/are/am + not + V1ing + Obj.
I am not making mischief. ‫ںیمرشارتںیہنرکراہ۔‬

We are not binding the books. ‫مہاتکںیبدلجںیہنرکرےہ۔‬
You are not solving the sums. ‫متراییضےکوساالتلحںیہنرکرےہ۔‬
They are not flying the kites. ‫وہںیگنتپںیہناڑارےہ۔‬
The cat is not chasing the mouse. ‫یلبوچےہاکاھچیپںیہنرکریہ۔‬
He is not cramming the lesson. ‫وہقبسوکراٹںیہناگلراہ۔‬
She is not speaking truth. ‫وہچسںیہنوبؽریہ۔‬
Short Interrogative: Is/are/am + Sub + V1ing + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + is/are/am + Sub + V1ing + Obj?
Isgirlweeping bitterly? ‫ایکڑلیکوھپٹوھپٹےکروریہےہ؟‬

Are they quarreling with one another? ‫ایکوہاکیدورسےےکاسھتڑلرےہںیہ؟‬
Are the boys swimming in the pool? ‫ایکڑلےکوپؽںیمریترےہںیہ؟‬
Is her baby cutting the teeth? ‫ایکاساکہچبداتناکنؽراہےہ؟‬
Why is he feeling headache? ‫اسےکرسںیمدردویکںوہراہےہ؟‬
Where is she going tonight? ‫وہآجراتاہکںاجریہےہ؟‬
Note: State verbs are not used in continuous tense but rarely used. As in
Love Like Hate Think Need Want
Wish Know Feel Understand Believe Suppose
Realize Recognize Remember Doubt Imagine Prefer
See Contain Consist Adore Agree Appear
Appreciate Astonish Belong Concern Cost Deny
Depend Deserve Detest Disagree Dislike Equal
Fit Have Hear Impress Include Involve
Lack Loathe Matter Mean Measure Mind
Owe Promise Possess Resemble Satisfy Seem
Smell Sound Taste Weigh Please
I’m liking him. (Wrong) I like him. (Correct)

She is needing some money. (Wrong) She needs some money. (Correct)
I’m preferring apple to mango. (Wrong) I prefer apple to mango. (Correct)

Past Continuous/ Progressive Tense
This tense is used to tell about a temporary action that was happening in past or was
going on with intervals. As in
 I was singing a song.
 John was reading a novel.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫رےہےھتوریغہ‬،‫ریہیھت‬،‫راہاھت‬

Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + was/were + V1ing + Obj.
I wassleeping that time. ‫ںیماسوتقوسراہاھت۔‬

You were eating stale bread. ‫متابیسرویٹاھکرےہےھت۔‬
‫ت‬
They were standing at your door. ‫وہ مھارےدروازےہپڑھکےےھت۔‬
He wasliving hand to mouth. ‫وہلکشمےسزگارارکراہاھت۔‬
She was taking me as a liar. ‫وہےھجموھجاٹھجمسریہیھت۔‬
‫بت ی‬
Ethan was swimming in the pool. ‫ا ھنوپؽںیمریتراہاھت۔‬
The ship was floating in the sea. ‫اہجزدنمسرںیمریتراہاھت۔‬
Note: swim(‫)اجدناراکریتان‬, float(‫)ےباجؿاکریتان‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + was/were + not + V1ing + Obj.
I was not lighting fire. ‫ںیمآگںیہنالجراہاھت۔‬

We were not sitting in the cinema. ‫مہامنیسںیمںیہنےھٹیبےھت۔‬
You were not binding the book. ‫متاتکوبںوکدلجںیہنرکرےہےھت۔‬
They were not lying under the tree. ‫وہدرتخےکےچینںیہنےٹیلےھت۔‬
He was not suffering from indigestion. ‫وہدبیمضہںیمالتبمںیہناھت۔‬
‫ت‬
She was not waiting for you. ‫وہ مھاراااظتنرںیہنرکریہیھت۔‬
The map was not hanging on the wall. ‫ہشقندویاررپںیہنکٹلراہاھت۔‬
David was not catching fish. ‫ڈویڈایلھچمںںیہنڑکپراہاھت۔‬
Short Interrogative: Was/were + Sub + V1ing + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + was/were + Sub + V1ing + Obj?
Were you lying in a pool of blood? ‫ایکمتوخؿںیمتلتپڑپےےھت؟‬

Were they feeling chocked? ‫ایکاؿاکدؾٹھگراہاھت؟‬
Were John and Julia shirkingwork? ‫ایکوجؿاوروجایلاکؾےسیجرچارےہےھت؟‬

Why was he removing the creases of shirt? ‫وہضیمقےسلبویکںاٹمراہاھت؟‬
When was Rose dozing in the class? ‫روزبکالکسںیماوھگنریہیھت؟‬
FutureContinuous/ Progressive Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that will be in progress at a specific time in
future. As in
 She will be singing a song.
 They will be flying to Tokyo at this time tomorrow.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫رےہوہںےگوریغہ‬،‫ریہوہیگ‬،‫راہوہاگ‬

Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + will be + V1ing + Obj.
I will be sleeping that time. ‫ںیماسوتقوسراہوہںاگ۔‬

We will be enjoying ourselves. ‫مہفطلادنوزوہرےہوہںےگ۔‬
You will be fulfilling your promise. ‫متاانپودعہاھبنرےہوہےگ۔‬
They will be playing with toys. ‫وہولھکونںےسلیھکرےہوہںےگ۔‬
Julia will be getting wet in the rain. ‫وجایلابرشںیمگیھبریہوہیگ۔‬
She will be reciting a poem. ‫وہاکیمظنانسریہوہیگ۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + will + not + be + V1ing + Obj.
I will not be putting offmy plan. ‫ںیماانپوصنمہبوتلمیںیہنرکراہوہںاگ۔‬

We will not be flattering our officers. ‫مہاےنپارسفاؿیکوخاشدمںیہنرکرےہوہںےگ۔‬
They will not be greasing the palm of police. ‫وہوپسیلیکیھٹمرگؾںیہنرکرےہوہںےگ۔‬
She will not be combing her hair. ‫وہاےنپابؽیھگنکںیہنرکریہوہیگ۔‬
His blood will not be running cold. ‫اساکوخؿکشخںیہنوہراہوہاگ۔‬
Policewill not be keeping a sharp eye on the ‫وپسیلڈاوکؤںرپڑکیرظنںیہنرھکریہوہیگ۔‬
robbers.
Short Interrogative: Was/were + Sub + V1ing + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + was/were + Sub + V1ing + Obj?
Will he be singing his own tune? ‫ایکوہاینپڈڑیھاچنیکدجسمانبراہوہاگ؟‬

Will she be peeping through the window? ‫ایکوہڑھکیکےساھجکنریہوہیگ؟‬
‫ت‬
Why will Max be lying in wait for you? ‫ایکسکیم مھاریاتکںیماھٹیبوہاگ؟‬

Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive Tense
This tense is used to tell about an action that was started in a given past and is still in
progress. In this tense time of start is known. As in
 We have been living in Faisalabad since 1990.
 She has been playing piano for two hours.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےترےہںیہ ای‬،‫یتریہےہ‬،‫اتراہےہ‬

‫رےہںیہوریغہ‬،‫ریہےہ‬،‫راہےہ‬----‫اٹمئ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + has been /have been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time
I have been darning my shirt since 2 O’ ‫ںیمدوےجبےساینپرشٹروفرکراہوہں۔‬

clock.
‫ت‬
They have been badmouthing you for a long ‫وہاکیفدریےس مھارییلغچرکرےہںیہ۔‬
time.
He has been sayinghis officer ditto since last ‫وہلکراتےساےنپارسفیکاہںںیماہںالمراہےہ۔‬
night.
The wrestler has been knocking his brain out ‫ولہپاؿدوےٹنھگےساساکوچکڑماکنؽراہےہ۔‬
for two hours.
‫ی‬
It has been hailing since Monday. ‫وسومارےس ج‬
‫ربفریوہریہےہ۔‬
Note: {Since (Time of start) as in, morning, last night, Monday, June, 1990 etc.}
{For (Period of Time) as in, for a long time, two hours, ten minute, three days, five months,
seven years etc.}
Negative Sentence: Sub + has/have + not + been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time
The labourers have not been digging the pit ‫زمدورےلھچپنیتوٹنھگںےسڑگاھںیہنوھکدرےہ۔‬

for last three hours.
Police has not been patrollingin the colony ‫وپسیلدودؿےساکولینںیمتشگںیہنرکریہ۔‬
for two days.
Parliament has not been settling this issue ‫ےسہیمسلیہلحںیہنرکریہ۔‬2002‫اپرٹنمیل‬
since 2008.
Short Interrogative: Has/have + Sub + been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + Has/have + Sub + been + V1ing + Obj +
since/for + time?
Have you been poisoning his ears against ‫ایکمتاکیفدریےسریمےالخػاسےکاکؿرھبرےہوہ؟‬

me for a long time?
Have impatient people been sighting the ‫ایکےبربصےولگنیتوٹنھگںےساچدندھکیرےہںیہ؟‬
moon for three hours?
Have the formers been harvesting the crops ‫ایکاسکؿےلھچپےتفہےسولصفںیکاٹکیئرکرےہںیہ؟‬
for last week?

Why has she been squeezing the clothes for ‫وہاینتدریےسویکںڑپکےوچنڑریہےہ؟‬
a long time?
Since how longhas the army been defending ‫وفجبکےساےنپونطاکدافعرکریہےہ؟‬
its country?
Past Perfect Continuous/ Progressive Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that was started in a given past and was
also in progress in the past. As in
 Robert had been working in this bank since 2005.
 Julia had been cooking food for a long time.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےترےہےھت ای‬،‫یتریہیھت‬،‫اتراہاھت‬

‫رےہےھتوریغہ‬،‫ریہیھت‬،‫راہاھت‬----‫اٹمئ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + had been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time
I had been tossing in my bed since last night. ‫ںیملکراتےسرتسبرپرکوںیٹدبؽراہاھت۔‬

He had been feeling cold for two days. ‫اےسدودونںےسرسدیگلریہاھت۔‬
The landlordhad been forcing the tenant to ‫امکلاکمؿاےنپرکاہیداروکاتسگےساکمؿاخیلرکےنرپوبجمررکراہاھت۔‬
vacate the house since August.
Anna had been teasing me for nothing for a ‫اانیاکیفدریےسےھجموخاہوخماہگنترکریہیھت۔‬
long time.
He had beenwithdrawing cash from bank. ‫وہکنبےسےسیپولکنااتراہاھت۔‬
It had been drizzling outside for three days. ‫نیتدؿےسابروبدناابدنیوہریہیھت۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + had + not + been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time
He had not been depositing cash in the bank ‫وہیئمےسکنبںیمےسیپعمجںیہنرکواراہاھت۔‬

since May.
She had not been suffering from fever for ‫وہےلھچپاپچندونںےساخبرںیمالتبمںیہنیھت۔‬
last five days.
The price of rice had not been increasing ‫ےسںیہنڑبھریہیھت۔‬2012‫اچوؽیکتمیق‬
since 2014.
Short Interrogative: Had + Sub + been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + Had + Sub + been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time?
Had she been making you laugh since ‫ایکوہںیھمتاشؾےساسنہریہیھت؟‬

evening?
Had the beggar been cursing you since ‫ایکریقفحبصےسںیھمتدبداعںیئدےراہاھت؟‬
morning?

Had India been spreading rumours against ‫ایکاڈنایمیسقتربریغصےساپاتسکؿےکالخػاوفاںیہالیھپراہاھت؟‬
Pakistan since partition?
‫ت‬
Had Carter not been bothering you for two ‫ایکاکررٹدووٹنھگںےس مھارارسںیہناھکراہاھت۔‬
hours?
‫ی نی ن‬ ‫ت‬
In which factory had your brother been ‫ےساکیااکؤنےکوطررپاکؾرکراہاھت؟‬1990‫مھارااھبیئسکرٹکیفیںیم‬
working as an accountant since 1990?
Future Perfect Continuous/ Progressive Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that will have started, continued for some
time and will still be in progress in the future. As in
 They will have been playing cricket since morning.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫رےہوہںےگ‬،‫ریہوہیگ‬،‫راہوہاگ‬----‫ےترےہوہںےگ ایاٹمئ‬،‫یتریہوہیگ‬،‫اتراہوہاگ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + will have been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time
‫ت‬
Anna will have been waiting for you since morning. ‫اانیحبصےس مھاراااظتنررکریہوہیگ۔‬
She will have been making salad for ten minutes. ‫وہدسٹنمےسالسدانبریہوہیگ۔‬
The bees will have beenstinging the people for half an ‫دہشیکایھکمںآدےھےٹنھگےسولوگںوکڈگنامرریہوہںیگ۔‬
hour.
The labourers will have been carrying bricks since ‫زمدورلکےساںیٹنیےلاجرےہوہںےگ۔‬
yesterday.
Negative Sentence: Sub + will + not + have been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time
You will not have been running this factory since 2008. ‫ےسرٹکیفیںیہنالچراہوہاگ۔‬2008‫وہ‬
Gretal will not havebeen roasting anything since 5 O’ ‫ےجبےسھچکںیہنوھبؿراہوہاگ۔‬5‫رگلٹی‬
clock.
The doctors will have not been operating him for many ‫ڈارٹکیئکوٹنھگںےساساکآرپنشیںیہنرکںیہوہںےگ۔‬
hours.
Short Interrogative: Will + Sub + have been + V1ing + Obj + since/for + time?
Large Interrogative: Question Word + will + Sub + have been + V1ing + Obj + since/for +
time?
Will the people have been demanding democracy ‫ایکولگایقؾاپاتسکؿےسوہمجرتیاکاطمہبلرکرےہوہںےگ؟‬

since emergence of Pakistan?
Will the milkman have been milking the cow since ‫ایکوگاالحبصاصدؼےسدودھدوھراہوہاگ؟‬
dawn?
Will you have been preparing forthe exam since ‫ایکمتحبصےسااحتمؿیکایتریرکرےہوہےگ؟‬
morning?

Will the principal have been addressing the students ‫ٹنمےسابلطےساطخبرکرےہوہںےگ؟‬15‫ایکرپلپسناصبح‬
for 15 minutes?
Present Perfect Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that has done at the time of speaking or an
indefinite time. As in
 I have eaten an apple.
 She already has taken tea.
 I have been to London three times.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےےہوریغہ‬،‫یےہ‬،‫ےکچںیہ ایاےہ‬،‫یکچےہ‬،‫اکچےہ‬
Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + has/have + V3 + Obj.
I, we, you, they, plural noun => have he, she, it, single noun => has
I have alreadytaken breakfast. ‫ںیمےنےلہپیہانہتشرکایلےہ۔‬

We have been to London thrice. ‫مہنیتابردنلؿےئگںیہ؟‬
They have gathered in Masjid to offer prayer. ‫وہامنزادارکےنےک ےئدجسمںیماےھٹکوہےکچںیہ۔‬
He has just come back from America. ‫وہایھبایھبارمہکیےسواسپآایےہ۔‬
Shaina has ignoredyou. ‫اشہنئےنںیھمترظنادنازرکدایےہ۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + has/have + not + V3 + Obj.
‫ی‬
James has not taken the medicine. ‫ج جتم ِرےندواںیہنیلےہ۔‬
The gardener has not plucked the flowers. ‫ابابغؿےنوھپؽںیہنےنچںیہ۔‬
The government of Pakistan has not issued ‫وکحتماپاتسکؿےناسےلسلسںیموکیئااکحامتاجریںیہنےںیہ۔‬
any orders in this regard.
Short Interrogative: Has/have + Sub + V3 + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + Has/have + Sub + V3 + Obj??
Have they taken your turn? ‫ایکوہاینپابریےلےکچںیہ؟‬

Has he not paid the telephone bill yet? ‫ایکاوہنںےنایھبکتیلیٹوفؿاکلباداںیہنایکےہ؟‬
Have you evervisited the zoo? ‫ایکآپیھبکڑچایرھگےئگںیہ؟‬
What has Lisa placed on the table? ‫اسیلےنزیمہپایکراھکےہ؟‬
Where have he reached till now? ‫وہابکتاہکںچنہپےکچںیہ؟‬

Past Perfect Tense
This tense is used to tell about an action that had done in past or an indefinite time.
As in
 He had gone to college before I came.
 The patient had died before the doctor came.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےےھتوریغہ‬،‫ییھت‬،‫ےکچےھتایااھت‬،‫یکچیھت‬،‫اکچاھت‬

Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + had + V3 + Obj.
I had already heard this story. ‫ںیمےلہپیہہیاہکیننساکچاھت۔‬

The patient had died before the doctor came. ‫ڈارٹکےکآےنےسےلہپرمضیرماکچاھت۔‬
He had broken the fast before the sun set. ‫وہرغوبآاتفبےسےلہپروزہوتڑاکچاھت۔‬
‫ت‬
The clock had struck ten before you came. ‫الکک مھارےآےنےسےلہپدساجباکچاھت۔‬
Officer had let the cat out of bag. ‫ارسفےناھبڈناوھپڑدایاھت۔‬
She had fallen a victim of poverty after the death ‫وہاےنپوشریکومتےکدعبرغتباکاکشروہیئگیھت۔‬
of his husband.
Negative Sentence: Sub + had + not + V3 + Obj.
You had not decided to go abroad. ‫متےنریبوؿکلماجےناکہلصیفںیہنایکاھت۔‬

I had never seen a lion before. ‫ںیمےنےلہپیھبکریشںیہنداھکیاھت۔‬
The executionerhad not hanged the criminal. ‫الجدےنرجمؾوکاھپیسنںیہندییھت۔‬
He had not expelledfrom his job. ‫اسوکونرکیےسںیہناکنالایگاھت۔‬
Short Interrogative: Had + Sub + V3 + Obj?

Large Interrogative: Question Word + Had + Sub + V3 + Obj??
Had You recited the National Anthem? ‫ایکمتےنوقیمرتاہناگایلاھت؟‬

Had he forecasted about the victory of Pakistan? ‫ایکاسےناپاتسکؿےکےنتیجیکشیپوگیئرکدییھت؟‬
Had they demolished the building? ‫ایکاوہنںےنڈلبگنرکرگادایاھت؟‬
Future Perfect Tense

This tense is used to tell about an action that will be completed in the future either
before a specific time or before another action takes place. As in
 We will have left for restaurant by midnight.
Recognition: Urdu sentence ends at ‫ےوہںےگوریغہ‬،‫یوہیگ‬،‫ےکچوہںےگایاوہاگ‬،‫یکچوہیگ‬،‫اکچوہاگ‬

Formulation:
Affirmative Sentence: Sub + will have + V3 + Obj.
You will have recognizedhim. ‫متاےساچہپؿےئگوہےگ۔‬

Pakistan will have exported wheat to ‫اپاتسکؿارمہکیوکدنگؾربآدمرکاکچوہاگ۔‬
America.
The Govt. of Punjab will have cancelled the ‫اجنپبوکحتمیپیٹآیئےکآےنےسےلہپزگہتشااکحامتوسنمخرکیکچوہیگ۔‬
previous orders before PTI comes.
She will have forgotten you. ‫وہںیھمتوھبؽیئگوہیگ۔‬
Negative Sentence: Sub + have + not + V3 + Obj.
She will not have celebrated her birthday. ‫اسےناینپاسرگلہںیہنانمیئوہیگ۔‬

He will not have made the speech. ‫اسےنرقتریںیہنیکوہیگ۔‬
The crowd will not have dispersedbefore ‫وجہؾوپسیلےکآےنےسےلہپرشتنمںیہنوہاوہاگ۔‬
the police come.
‫ت‬
He will not have tasted your hand made tea. ‫اوہنںےن مھارےاہھتیکینباچےئاکذاہقئںیہناھکچوہاگ‬
Short Interrogative: Will + Sub + have + V3 + Obj?
Large Interrogative: Question Word + will + Sub + have + V3 + Obj??
Will the clouds have disappeared on the sky? ‫ایکابدؽآامسؿرپٹھچےکچوہںےگ؟‬

At what day will he have gone to London? ‫وہسکدؿدنلؿایگوہاگ؟‬
Verbs without Prepositions

Wrong Correct
I’ll call to you tomorrow. I’ll call you tomorrow.
I met with her last night. I met her last night.
I contacted with him yesterday. I contacted him yesterday.
We discussed about the problem. We discussed the problem.
Angela divorced with her husband. Angela divorced her husband.
I answered to his message. I answered his message.
We entered in the room. We entered the room.
She lacks in tact. She lacks tact.
The baby resembles to its mother. The baby resembles its mother.
He ordered to his servant. He ordered his servant.
I love with her. I love her.
She hates with math. She hates math.
He will inform to your father. He will inform your father.
She will marry with John. She will marry John.
He requested to me to stay there. He requested me to stay there.
They reached at the station. They reached the station.
The lion attacked on the deer. The lion attacked the deer.

In an informal style, prepositions can be dropped in infinitive structure. As in
 I have no money to buy food. (OR) I have no money to buy food with.
 I have no place to go. (OR) I have no place to go to.
 We need a house to live. (OR) We need a house to live in.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Use of Different Words)‫(فلتخماافلظاکاامعتسؽ‬
Good and Well
Good Well
Good = Adjective Well = Adjective + Adverb
Q: How are you? (emotionally) Q: How are you? (physically)
A: Yeah, I’m good. A: Yeah, I’m well. (Adj.)
Q: You look sad. Are you okay? Q: You look sick. Are you okay?
A: I’m not feelinggood. A: I don’t feel well. (Adj.)
Q: Did you see the game?
A: Yeah, they played well. (Adv.)
‘In time’ and ‘On time’

On time In time
‫اگلےتںیہ۔‬On time‫ارگاکؾکیھٹوتقرپایکاجےئوت‬ ‫اگلےتںیہ۔‬In time‫ارگاکؾرقمرہوتقےسےلہپایکاجےئوت‬
.1. My flight is on time, so I’ll meet you at .1. I got stuck in traffic and arrived just in
the airport at 3:30. time to catch my flight.
.2. She is very punctual; she always comes to .2. I arrived in the meeting in time.
work on time.
.3. The project was completed on time.
Still, Yet)‫(ایھبکت‬
Still Yet
‫ہیظفلتبثمرقفاتےک ےئاامعتسؽرکےتںیہ۔‬ ‫ہیظفلیفنمرقفاتےک ےئاامعتسؽرکےتںیہ۔‬
.1. He is still waiting for you. .1. Have you not visited Paris yet? It’s so
.2. She is still unwed. beautiful!
.3. Istill can’t believe how much he’s changed. .2. I have not started my new exercise yet.
‘A few’ and ‘A Little’)‫وھتڑےےس‬/‫وھتڑییس‬/‫(وھتڑااس‬

A few A little
A few = To describe a small quantity of a A little = To describe a small quantity of an
countable noun. uncountable noun.
As in, As in,
There area few peaches in the basket. There isa little milk in the jug.
There area few peas in the spoon. There isa little sugar in the pot.
Between and Among (Amongst)

Between Among (Amongst)
The word between is used when the items The word among (chiefly British also
are specifically named (Can be 2, 3, 4 or amongst) is used when the items are part of a
more) group, or are not specifically named (Must be
As in, 3 or more) As in,
.1. I can’t decide between the red or blue .1. I can’t decide among these shirts.

shirt.
.2. The negotiations between Brazil, .2. The negotiations among the countries of
Argentina, and Chile are going well. South America are going well.
.3. I’m trying to decide between Murree, .3. I’m trying to decide among three of cities of
Lahore and Karachi to have a tour. Pakistan.
Between you and I (or) Between you and me

The correct phrase is between you and me. This expression is used when we want the other
to keep some information a secret. As in
Between you and me, I think Lisa is leaving this college this week.
Also, Too, Either

 Also: Also is used in positive sentences to add something which agrees with the
previous item/clause. As in
 I’m good in cricket. I’m also good in football.
 She likes to take tea in the morning. I also like it.
 I hate studying science, I also hate math.
 Too: It performs the same function as ‘Also’ do. It usually comes at the end of a
sentence or clause and a comma is used before it. It can sometime be used with
commas after the subject of the sentence although this is usually done in formal
speech. As in
 I play cricket. I’m good in football,too. OR
 I play cricket. I, too, good in cricket.
 She likes to take tea in the morning. I like it,too. OR
 She likes to take tea in the morning. I, too, like it.
 I hate studying science, I hate math,too. OR
 I hate studying science, I, too, hate math.
 Either: Either is used in negative sentences to add an agreeing idea or thought. It

usually comes at the end of a sentence. As in
 I don't speak French and Sarah doesn't speak French either.
 Peter is busy tonight and Danny can't come either.
 So you didn't go to the concert. Well, we didn’t either. Was it good?
 I don't like sushi either.
 I am not studying accounts either.
 I am not coming either.
Too + Adjective
When the amount of something is more than needed/ wanted, we can use Too +
Adjective. It is only used in negative situations. As in

 It’s too cold in this room, close the door please.
 I’m too tired to play football tonight.
 She said she was too old to go for ballet.
 It’s too hot today.
So, Very, A lot

 So and Very: They are used before adjectives. ‘So’ is used with ‘that’ to add extra
information – usually a result or consequence. As in
 Last night I was very tired.
 Last night I was so tired that I almost fell asleep while driving.
 She plays the piano very well.
 She plays piano so well that people often ask if she’s professional.
Note: Don’t use ‘a lot’ with adjectives.
Last night I was a lot tired. Wrong
In informal spoken English, ‘really’ is more common than ‘very’. As in
 Last night I was really tired.
 This book is really interesting.
 She plays piano really well.
In informal spoken English, ‘so’ is used without adding extra information, particularly when
making an exclamation. As in
 Your baby is so cute!
 It’s so hot today!
 That test was so hard!
 A lot of: It is used before a noun for a large quantity or a high number. As in
 There were a lot of students in the class.
 I drank a lot of water during the marathon.
Note: Don’t use ‘Very’ with nouns.
There were very students in the class. Wrong
I drank very water during the marathon. Wrong
It is also used after verbs for the expressions of very much and frequently. As in
 I like this singer a lot. (a lot = very much)
 She travelsa lot for work. (a lot = frequently)
Difference between Listen and Hear

Listen Hear
Listen = The action of paying attention to the Hear = The physical action of sound falling
sounds on the ears
.1. I am listening the songs. .1. Did you hear the noise?
.2. Listen to me carefully. .2. I heard the sounds of different birds.

Difference between While and Whereas
Whereas While
Whereas = On the other hand While = during the time/ at the same time
.1. Your house is a big one whereas hers is .1. I made tea while John brought cakes.
small. .2. We continued to play football while it
rained.
Difference between Due to and Because of

Due to Because of
‘Due to’ is an adjective as describes noun or ‘Because of’ is an adverb as it describes verb.
pronoun.
.1. His failure was due to bad planning. .1. He failed because of bad planning.
.2. Her headache is due to huge noise. .2. She has headache because of huge noise.
Trick: ‘Due to’ has to follow some form of the verb ‘to be’ (is, am, are, was, were)
Ago and Before

Ago Before
Ago is used with past tense and a time Before is used withpresent perfect/ past
expression to count back from the present. perfect tense to count back from a past
As in moment.
.1. His father diedthree yearsago. As in
.2. He leftten minutesago. .1. I have never seen her before.
.2. I had never seen such a horrible lion
before.
.3. Have you eaten this dish before?
Famous and Popular
Famous Popular
Many people know someone/something. Many people like someone/something.
As in As in
Hitler is a famous person in the history. Shahid Afridi is popular cricketer in the
world.
Going to and Going to
I’m going to Lahore next month. Right

I’m going to home right now. Wrong
She was going to market by bus. Right
Are you going to outside? Wrong
Why are you going to upstairs? Wrong
We use ‘going to’ only with nouns except home. As in

 I’m going to Lahore next month. (Lahore = noun)
 She was going to market by bus. (Market = noun)
 I’m going home right now. (Home = noun, but it is exempt from this rule)
We do not use ‘to’ after ‘going’ when ‘going’ is used with home or adverb of place.
{Adverb of places = inside, outside, upstairs, downstairs, here, there, somewhere, nowhere, abroad,
in, out, underground etc.}
 Are you going outside? (Outside = adverb of place)
 Why are you going upstairs? (Upstairs = adverb of place)
 He is going abroad next year for higher studies. (Abroad = adverb of place)
Deny, Refuse, Decline, Reject, Turn Down

 Deny:This word is used for allegation or other statement, means to say that
something is not true. As in
 Nobody can deny the importance of internet.
 Police is questioning him but he denies that he committed the crime.
It is also used if someone doesn’t want to give something to someone else. As in
 The guard denied his prisoners to give food and water.
 Refuse: Refuse is used when someone doesn’t want to do something that he will not
do it. As in
 He refused to write a letter.
 I offered him a cold drink but refused it.
 Reject: This word is used for request, suggestion, belief or a theory. As in
 I gave my principal my application for leave but he rejected it.
 The rebels rejected the authority of central government.
 Decline: This word is used for rejection of a formal invitation or proposals politely.
As in
 I invited her for dinner but she declined.
 The princess is believed to have declined various proposals of marriage.
 Turn Down: This word has the same meaning as decline.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Active and Passive Voice
Voice: Voice is the form of verb which shows whether the subject act or is acted upon.
Active Voice: The mood of verb in which the subject of the sentence is doing the action.
Passive Voice: The mood of verb in which the subject of the sentence is being acted upon.
Sentence Active Voice Passive Voice
Affirmative S + A.V+ M.V + O. S + A.V + M.V3 + by + O.
Negative S + A.V + not + M.V + O. S + A.V + not + M.V3 + by + O.
Short Interrogative A.V + S + M.V + O? A.V + S + M.V3 + by + O?
Large Interrogative Q.W + A.V + S + M.V + O? Q.W + A.V + S + M.V3 + by + O?
Neg. + Short A.V + S + not + M.V + O? A.V + S + not + M.V3 + by + O?
Interrogative
Neg. + Large Q.W + A.V + S + not + M.V + O? Q.W + A.V + S + not + M.V3 + by
Interrogative + O?
Imperative Sentence M.V1 + O. Let + S + be + M.V3.
Do not + M.V1 + O. Let + S + not be + M.V3.
S = Subject, A.V = Auxiliary Verb, M.V = Main Verb, O = Object, Q.W = Question words (Who,
what, when, why, where, how etc.), M.V1 = Main Verb 1st form, M.V3 = Main Verb 3rd form.
Rules for Active and Passive Voice

Changing of auxiliary and modal verbs in passive voice:
Tense/ Mood/ Other Auxiliary and Modal Verb Change into
Structures
Present simple tense Verb 1st form/ do/ does Am/ is/ are
Past simple tense Verb 2nd form/ did Was/ were
Future simple tense Will Will be
Present continuous Is/ am/ are Is being/ am being / are
tense being
Past continuous Was/ were Was being/ were being
tense
Future continuous Will be Will be being
tense
Present perfect tense Has/ have Has been/ have been
Past perfect tense Had Had been
Future perfect tense Will have Will have been
Modal verbs Will/ would/ shall/ should/ can/ Will be/ would be/ shall be/
could/ may/ might/ must etc. should be/ can be etc.
Expression with Going to Going to be
infinitive
Expression with Has to/ Have to/ Had to Has to be/ Have to be/ Had
infinitive to be
Expression with Used to Used to be
infinitive
Expression with V1ing Being V3
gerund

Keep in Mind
1 =>Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice.
2 =>(By + Object) can be dropped if the object is indefinite pronoun/ unimportant or
unknown.
3 =>All Perfect Continuous Tenses do not have passive voice.
4 => If there is a phrasal verb, the preposition will remain after the verb. As in
Active Voice Passive Voice
A car ran over the old man. The man was run over (by a car)
5=>If the subject of an active sentence is ‘no-one’ or ‘nobody’, the passive sentence will be
negative. As in
No-one turned on the light. The light was not turned on.
Practice
I play cricket. Cricket is played (by me).
He does not read the novel. The novel is not read (by him).
Do you like apple? Is apple liked (by you).
He writes me a letter. (Two objects) I am written a letter (by him). Or
A letter is written to me (by him).
Somebody broke the vase. The vase was broken.
We did not watch this movie. This movie was not watched (by us).
Did they beat the dog? Was the dog beaten (by them).
She will sing a song. A song will be sung (by her).
John will not bear this loss. This loss will not be borne (by John).
Will you marry me? Will I be married to you?
Note=> Use to with object instead of by after these verbs. (Lend, Send, Marry, Know)
Children are playing football. Football is being played (by children).
She is not making salad. Salad is not being made (by her).
Were they taking exercise? Was exercise being taken (by them)?
I have fulfilled my promise. My promise has been fulfilled (by me).
He has not plucked the flowers. The flowers have not been plucked (by him).
Have you written the essays? Have essays been written (by you)?
He had lit (or lighted) the fire. The fire had been lit (or lighted) (by him).
I can drive a car. A car can be driven (by me).
She cannot play flute. Flute cannot be played (by her).
He might clean the room. The room might be cleaned (by him).
The postman may deliver the post tonight. The post may be delivered tonight (by the
postman).
I am going to play hockey. Hockey is going to be played (by me).
He has to take milk at night. Milk has to be taken at night (by him).
My dad used to tell us stories. Stories used to be told (by my dad).
I avoid seeing her. (Gerund) He avoids being seen (by me).

Urdu to English Translation
Present Simple Tense
We are taught English at school. ‫ںیمہوکسؽںیماشلگنڑپاھیئاجیتےہ۔‬
Wheat is ground in this factory. ‫اسرٹکیفیںیمدنگؾیسیپاجیتےہ۔‬
Zakat is distributed among the deserving people. ‫قحتسمولوگںںیمزوکۃمیسقتیکاجیتےہ۔‬
Eid is celebrated with zeal and zest in Pakistan. ‫اپاتسکؿںیمدیعوجشورخوشےسانمیئاجیتےہ۔‬
People are not given justice here. ‫اہیںولوگںوکااصنػںیہندایاجات۔‬
Roads are not repaired every year. ‫ڑسوکںیکرمتمراسؽںیہنیکاجیت۔‬
Women are not given respect in our society. ‫امہرےاعمرشےںیموخانیتاکارتحاؾںیہنایکاجات۔‬
Football is not played in our city. ‫امہرےرہشںیمٹفابؽںیہن الیھاجات۔‬
Are cruelties committed on Muslims in Kashmir? ‫ایکریمشکںیماملسمونںرپملظڈاھےئاجےتںیہ؟‬
Is meat sold at higher prices? ‫ایکوگتشےگنہمداومںاچیباجاتےہ؟‬
Why are poor laughed at? ‫رغوبیںاکذماؼویکںاڑاایاجاتےہ؟‬
When the fast is broken? ‫روزہبکااطفرایکاجاتےہ؟‬
Past Simple Tense

The roads were decorated on 14th August. ‫وچدہاتسگرپابزاروںوکاجسایایگ۔‬
Criminals were hanged. ‫رجمومںوکاھپیسندےدییئگ۔‬
Public was deceived. ‫وعاؾوکدوھہکدایایگ۔‬
He was released on bail. ‫اےسامضتنرپراہرکدایایگ۔‬
He was not promoted in next class. ‫اےسایلگالکسںیمرتیقںیہندییئگ۔‬
Citizens were not given basic facilities of life. ‫رہشویںوکزدنیگیکاینبدیوہسایلتںیہندیںیئگ۔‬
Dearness was not controlled. ‫اگنہمیئرپاقوبںیہناپایایگ۔‬
Strike was not called off. ‫ڑہاتؽمتخںیہنیکیئگ۔‬
Was Allamah Iqbal born at Sialkot? ‫ایکالعہماابقؽایسوکلٹںیمدیپاوہےئ؟‬
Were not any steps taken for eliminating ‫ایکایشنمترفویشوکمتخرکےنےک ےئوکیئادقاامتےےئگ؟‬
drug-pushing?
Where was Pak vs India final match played? ‫اپکاھبرتافلنئچیماہکں الیھایگ؟‬
Why were only five students given ‫رصػاپچنابلطءوکویکںوہفیظدایایگ؟‬
scholarship?
Future Simple Tense

Poor will be helped. ‫رغوبیںیکدمدیکاجےئیگ۔‬
Elections will be held again in Faisalabad. ‫لصیفآابدںیمدوابرہانشکیلرکواےئاجںیئےگ۔‬

Expansion of atomic weapons will be banned. ‫ایمٹیایھتہروںےکالیھپؤرپاپدنبیاگلیئاجےئیگ۔‬
The chief guest will be garlanded. ‫امہمؿوصخیصوکاہرانہپےئاجںیئےگ۔‬
Public demands will not be assented. ‫وعاؾےکاطمابلتوظنمرںیہنےاجںیئےگ۔‬
Sugar will not be exported. ‫ینیچربآدمںیہنیکاجےئیگ۔‬
‫ت‬
You will not be helped in this regard. ‫اساعمےلمںیم مھاریوکیئدمدںیہنیکاجےئیگ۔‬
He will not be sent abroad for higher studies. ‫اےسایلعمیلعتےک ےئریبوؿکلمںیہناجیھباجےئاگ۔‬
Will primary schools be opened in every village? ‫ایکراگؤںںیمرپارمئیوکسؽوھکےلاجںیئےگ؟‬
Will campaign be launched against the use of ‫ایککلہمایھتہروںےکاامعتسؽےکالخػمہمالچیئاجےئیگ؟‬
fatal weapons?
When will public be provided basic facilities of ‫وعاؾوکاینبدیوہسایلتزدنیگبکرفامہیکاجںیئیگ؟‬
life?
Why will section 144 be imposed in city? ‫اکافنذویکںایکاجےئاگ؟‬122‫رہشںیمدہعف‬
Present Continuous Tense

‫ت‬
You are being waited anxiously. ‫مھاراےبینیچےسااظتنرایکاجراہےہ۔‬
Mischievous students are being punished. ‫رشاریتابلطوکزسادیاجریہےہ۔‬
His instructions are being ignored. ‫اسیکدہاایتوکرظنادنازایکاجراہےہ۔‬
People are being excited against the Government. ‫ولوگںوکوکحتمےکالخػااسکایاجراہےہ۔‬
These plants are not being watered. ‫اؿوپدوںوکاپینںیہندایاجراہ۔‬
Examinations are not being post ponded. ‫ااحتمانتوتلمیںیہنےاجرےہ۔‬
Agricultural tools are not being exhibited. ‫زریعآالتیکامنشئںیہناگلیئاجریہ۔‬
Result is not being announced today. ‫آجےجیتناکاالعؿںیہنایکاجراہ۔‬
Are orphans being brought up properly? ‫ایکمیتیوچبںیککیھٹےسرپورشیکاجریہےہ؟‬
Am I being lied? ‫ایکھجمےسوھجٹوبالاجراہےہ؟‬
‫ت‬
Why are you being misguided? ‫مھاریطلغرامنہیئویکںیکاجریہےہ؟‬
Where are cattle being grazed? ‫ومویشیںوکاہکںرچاایاجراہےہ؟‬
Past Continuous Tense

His accounts were being checked. ‫اسےکاسحابتیکڑپاتؽیکاجریہیھت۔‬
The door was being knocked at. ‫دروازےرپدکتسدیاجریہیھت۔‬
Case was being filed against him in police station. ‫اسےکالخػاھتےنںیمرپہچاکاٹاجراہاھت۔‬
The crowd was being dispersed. ‫ولجسوکرشتنمایکاجراہاھت۔‬
He was not being convinced. ‫اےساقلئںیہنایکاجراہاھت۔‬
Crops were not being harvested. ‫ولصفںیکاٹکیئںیہنیکاجریہیھت۔‬

Injureds were not being hospitalized. ‫زویمخںوکاتپسہؽںیہنےلاجایاجراہاھت۔‬
Food was not being made. ‫اھکانایترںیہنایکاجراہاھت۔‬
Were criminals being tortured? ‫ایکرجمومںرپدشتدایکاجراہاھت؟‬
Was his speech being criticized? ‫ایکاسیکرقتریرپدیقنتیکاجریہیھت؟‬
What was being served to guests? ‫امہمونںوکایکالھکایاجراہاھت؟‬
When was Isha Prayer being offered? ‫اشعیکامنزبکادایکاجراہیھت؟‬
Present Perfect Tense

He has been deceived. ‫اےسدوھہکدایایگےہ۔‬
We have been taught this book. ‫ںیمہہیاتکبڑپاھدییئگےہ۔‬
I have been fined Rs. 100. ‫ےھجموسروےپرجامہنوہاےہ۔‬/‫ےھجموسروےپرجامہنایکایگےہ‬
His offer has been turned down ‫اسیکدروخاتسردرکدییئگےہ۔‬
Injured persons have been taken to nearby hospital. ‫زویمخںیکزندیکیاتپسہؽےلاجایایگےہ۔‬
The thieves have not been arrested yet. ‫وچروںوکایھبکترگاتفرںیہنایکایگےہ۔‬
He has not been casted vote. ‫اےسووٹںیہنڈاےلےئگںیہ۔‬
Government promises have not been fulfilled. ‫وکحیتمودعےوپرےںیہنےےئگںیہ۔‬
Has fire been controlled? ‫ایکآگرپاقوپاپایلایگےہ؟‬
Have the hands of thieves been cut? ‫ایکوچروںےکاہھتاکٹدےیئےئگںیہ؟‬
In which jail has he been sent? ‫اےسسکلیجںیماجیھبایگےہ؟‬
Where has he been taken for treatment? ‫اےسالعجےک ےئاہکںےلاجایایگےہ؟‬
Past Perfect Tense

The letter had been written. ‫طخاھکلاجاکچاھت۔‬
The house had been decorated with buntings. ‫رھگوکڈنھجویںےساجسدایایگاھت۔‬
The police had been informed about this incident. ‫وپسیلوکاسواےعقیکربخدےدییئگیھت۔‬
The shops had been closed. ‫داکںیندنبرکدیںیئگیھت۔‬
The wheat had been stored after harvesting the crop. ‫لصفیکاٹکیئےکدعبدنگؾذریخہرکیلیئگیھت۔‬
Meal had not been distributed among the poor. ‫اھکانرغوبیںںیممیسقتںیہنایکایگاھت۔‬
The accused had not been hanged. ‫زلمؾوکاھپیسنںیہندییئگیھت۔‬
The prices of things had not been reduced. ‫اایشءیکوتمیقںںیمیمکںیہنیکیئگیھت۔‬
‫ت‬
Had your advice been acted upon? ‫ایک مھاریتحیصنرپلمعایکایگاھت؟‬
Had the house been white washed? ‫ایکرھگںیمدیفسیرکدییئگیھت؟‬
Why had he been murdered? ‫اےسلتقویکںایکایگاھت؟‬

Where had the corpse been thrown? ‫الشوکاہکںاکنیھپایگاھت؟‬
Future Perfect Tense

The eggs will have been boiled. ‫اڈنےالبےئگوہںےگ۔‬
The snake will have been killed. ‫اسپنامراایگوہاگ۔‬
The room will have been swept. ‫رمکےںیماھجڑودےدایایگوہاگ۔‬
The traitors will have been banished. ‫دغاروںوکالجونطرکدایایگوہاگ۔‬
The house will have not been auctioned. ‫اکمؿالینؾںیہنوہاوہاگ۔‬/‫اکمؿالینؾںیہنایکایگوہاگ‬
The work will have not been finished. ‫اکؾمتخںیہنوہاوہاگ۔‬
The roll will have been called before I come. ‫ریمےوکسؽآےنےسےلہپاحرضیںیہنیگلوہیگ۔‬
The hen will not have been slaughtered. ‫رمیغذحبںیہنوہیئوہیگ۔‬
Will the waste papers have been fired? ‫ایکردیالجدییئگوہیگ؟‬
Will he have been fined? ‫ایکاےسرجامہنایکایگوہاگ؟‬
Where will he have been sent for buying meat? ‫اےسوگتشےنیلاہکںاجیھبایگوہاگ؟‬
When will the honey have been gathered? ‫دہشبکااھٹکایکایگوہاگ؟‬
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Direct and Indirect Narration
Direct Speech/ Quoted Speech/ Direct Narration:The way of speech in which the actual words
of the speaker are repeated is called Direct Speech.
Indirect Speech:The way of speech in which actual words of the speaker are spoken in our
own words is called Indirect Speech.
Direct Speech John said, ‘Iam playing piano.’

Indirect Speech John said/ told (that) hewas playing piano.
Reporting Speech Reported Speech

John said, ‘Iam playing piano.’
RULES FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Changes in Pronouns:
Person => 1st 2nd 3rd
S O N
Subject Object No change
Cases of Pronouns Table:
Person Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Case
I Me My/ Mine
1
We Us Our/ Ours
2 You You Your/ Yours
He Him His
She Her Her/ Hers
3 It It Its
They Them Their/ Theirs
Who Whom Whose
Changes in Tenses: (If reporting verb in past tense)

Direct Narration Change Into Indirect Narration
Present Simple Change Into Past Simple
Present Continuous Change Into Past Continuous
Present Perfect Change Into Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Change Into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple Change Into Past Perfect
Past Continuous Change Into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Change Into No Change
Past Perfect Continuous Change Into No Change

In simple way:
Direct Narration Indirect Narration
Present Tense Change Into Past Tense
Past Tense Change Into Past Perfect
Past Perfect Change Into No Change
In Other Words:
V1 Change Into V2
V2 Change Into Had + V3
Is/ am/ are Change Into Was/ were
Was/ Were Change Into Had been
Do/ Does Change Into Did
Did Change Into Had + V3
Has/ Have Change Into Had
Will, Shall Change Into Would
Should Change Into Should have
Can Change Into Could
Could Change Into Could have
May Change Into Might
Might Change Into Might have
Must Change Into Had to
Time and Place Changes:

This Change Into That
These Change Into Those
Here Change Into There
Today Change Into That day
Tonight Change Into That night
Yesterday Change Into The following day
Tomorrow Change Into The next day
The next week Change Into The following week
Now Change Into Then
Thus Change Into So
Practice
He said to me, ‘I am your well-wisher.’ He said/ told me (that) he was my well-wisher.
He said to me, ‘you are ill.’ He said to me (that) I was ill.
He said to me, ‘She is playing an orchestra.’ He told me (that) she was playing an orchestra.
I said to him, ‘You write a letter.’ I told him (that) he wrote a letter.
He said to Anna, ‘You broke the vase.’ He told Anna (that) she had broken the vase.’
The teacher said to the students, ‘God is one.’ The teacher told the students (that) God is one.
They said to me, ‘We are going to Mexico They told me (that) they were going to Mexico
tomorrow.’ the next day.
Chris said to mother, ‘You will make salad for Chris said to mother (that) she would make salad

me.’ for him.
Frank said to me,’ I have not finished my work.’ Frank told me (that) he had not finished his work.
She said to him, ‘I do not need your advice.’ She said to him (that) she did not need his advice.
INDIRECT SPEECH OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
If interrogative sentence starts with an auxiliary (helping) verb, we will use asked instead of said and
If or whether as a conjunction and convert the sentence into affirmative (simple) sentence. As in
He said to me, ‘Are you hungry?’ He asked me if I was hungry.
Julia said to me, ‘May I come in?’ Julia asked me whether she might come in.
I said to her, ‘Can you do it?’ I asked her if she could do that.
Jenifer said to me, ‘Do you like apples?’ Jenifer asked me if I liked apples.
I said to Victor, ‘Did you open the door?’ I asked Victor if he had opened the door.
If interrogative sentence starts with a question word (what, why, where, who etc.), we will not use
any conjunction and write the question word as it is and convert the sentence into affirmative
(simple) sentence. As in
He said to me, ‘What is your name?’ He asked me what my name was.
You said to me, ‘Why will you attend the You asked me why I would attend the meeting.
meeting?’
She said to Velkan, ‘Who is creating disturbance She asked Velkan who was creating disturbance
in the party?’ in the party.
I said to Emily, ‘When do you play piano?’ I asked Emily when she played piano.
His elder brother said, ‘What are you doing His elder brother asked him what he was doing.
here?’
INDIRECT SPEECH OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

In imperative sentences said is replaced with ordered, advised, requested, forbade according to the
statement and to is used before the sentence. As in
Father said to me, ‘Open the door.’ Father ordered me to open the door.
Mother said to me, ‘Always work hard.’ Mother advised me to work hard always.
The old man said to him, ‘Please help me. The old man requested him to help him
He said to the servant, ‘Polish my shoes.’ He ordered the servant to polish his shoes.
The teacher said to the students, ‘Do not make The teacher forbade the students to make a
a noise.’ noise (OR)
The teacher ordered the students not to make a
noise.
INDIRECT SPEECH OF OPTATIVE SENTENCE

In optative sentences said is replaced with prayed for, cursed, wished according to the statement.
As in
Mother said to me, ‘May God bless you.’ Mother prayed for me that God might bless me.
The old lady said to him, ‘May you go to hell.’ The old lady cursed him that he might go to hell.
He said, ‘would that I were rich.’ He wished that he were rich.

The beggar said to him, ‘May you live long.’ The beggar prayed for him that he might live
long.
You said to him, ‘May you be ruined.’ You cursed him that he might be ruined.
INDIRECT SPEECH OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
In exclamatory sentences said is replaced with exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder/hate/ confessed
with regret according to the statement. As in
He said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’ He exclaimed with joy that they had won the
match.
She said, ‘Alas! My uncle has died.’ She exclaimed with sorrow that her uncle had
died.
I said to him, ‘What a stupid fellow you are!’ I exclaimed with hate that he was a stupid fellow.
She said, ‘What a beautiful scene it is!’ She exclaimed with wonder that it was a very
beautiful scene.
He said, “ Alas! I stole the pen.’ He confessed with regret that he had stolen the
pen.
INDIRECT SPEECH OF ‘LET’

If let is used in the sense of getting permission/ request, said is replaced with requested/ asked
according to the statement. As in
Van said to me, ‘Let me do my work.’ Van requested me to let him do his work.
Andrew said to me, ‘Let Gabby select the book.’ Andrew asked me to let Gabby select the book.
If let is used in the sense of proposal or suggestion, saidis replaced with proposed/suggested. As in

Alex said to me, ‘Let us (Let’s) play chess.’ Alex proposed me that we should play chess.
Ronnie said to Adam, ‘Let us forget the past.’ Ronnie suggested to Adam that they should
forget the past.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Moods of Verbs
Mood indicates the manner in which the verb is used in a sentence. There are three
moods of verb in English.
Indicative Mood Imperative Mood Subjunctive Mood
 Indicative Mood: The Indicative Mood of the verb simply describes (1) the facts
(positive and negative statement) and (2) ask questions. As in
We live in Pakistan. She speaks English fluently. I will wait for her.
She cannot be quite. Her accent is not good. She does not like swimming.
Why did she go to Hospital? Where will you sit in the Do you play piano?
hall?
 Imperative Mood: The Imperative Mood of the verb expresses (1) a direct command
(order), (2) request, (3) warning and (4) advice. The subject ‘You’ is omitted, as in
Sit down. Be careful. (Advice) Look out. Please wait here.
(Order) (Warning) (Request)
 Subjunctive Mood: The Subjunctive Mood of the verb expresses (1) a wish (Pray,
curse), (2) an action under a condition, (3) a command or request that requires a
base or main verb.
As in
I wish I were a doctor. (Wish) If you work hard, you will pass. (Condition)
May success be yours! (Wish)
The school requires that students be in homeroom by 8 a.m. (Command)
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Sentence and Its Types
Definition: A meaningful combination of words that makes a complete sense is called
sentence.
Types of Sentence
(On the basis of meaning and function)
Sentence Definition Example
A sentence that tells about an action or .1. We live in Pakistan.
Assertive/
event that has taken place or not or a .2. She does not like dogs.
Declarative
state of being is called assertive sentence. .3. He is a smart boy.
A sentence in which a question is asked to .1. Do you like apples?
Interrogative
someone is called interrogative sentence. .2. Where do you live?
A sentence that is used to give an order or .1. Polish my shoes.
Imperative advice, or to make a request is called .2. Open the door please.
imperative sentence. .3. Always speak truth.
A sentence that expresses sudden and .1. Hurrah! we won the
strong feelings of mind as joy, sorrow, match.
Exclamatory wonder etc is called exclamatory .2. Alas! His father has died.
sentence. .3. What a beautiful scene
this is!
A sentence that is used to express a wish, .1. Would that I were a king!
pray or curse is called optative sentence. .2. I wish I were a doctor.
Optative
.3. May you live long!
.4. May your enemy be ruined!
Types of Sentence
(On the basis of structure)
Sentence Definition Example
A sentence that has only one subject and .1. We live in Pakistan.
Simple one predicate is called simple sentence. .2. She does not like dogs.
.3. Where do you live?
A sentence consists of two or more principal .1. He wrote me a letter
clauses joined by coordinate conjunction is and posted it.
Compound called compound sentence. .2. He is poor but he is
{Coordinate conj. = and, but, so, for, or, nor, honest.
yet}
A sentence consists of one principal and one .1. I cannot come to
or more subordinate clauses joined by school because I am
subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun suffering from fever.
is called complex sentence. .2. This is a house where
Complex {Subordinate conj. = if, after, though, we live.
although, because, since, that, before, until,
unless}
{Relative pronouns = when, which, where,
who, whose}

A sentence consists of one or more principal .1. He took a bus and went
Compound and
and two or more subordinate clauses is to school because his
Complex
called compound and complex sentence. bicycle was broken down.
A word that joins a noun or pronoun to other On, in, over, at, by, of,
words is called preposition. with etc.
Preposition
It is generally (but not always) placed before
the noun or pronoun.
A word that joins other words or clauses is And, but, because, for,
Conjunction called conjunction. either, or, neither, nor, if
etc,
A word or phrase that expresses sudden feeling Hurrah! Wow! Yahoo!
or emotion is called exclamation. Alas! Bravo! What! Well
Exclamation/
It is not related grammatically to other words Done!
Interjection
in the sentence and always has an exclamation
sign (!) after it.

‫‪Sentences of Daily Use‬‬
‫‪Set-1‬‬
‫‪I seek refuge with Allah Almighty from Satan, the‬‬ ‫ںیمانپہاماتگنوہںاہللیکاطیشؿرمدودےس‬
‫‪rejected.‬‬
‫‪In the name of Allah, the most beneficent the most‬‬ ‫رشوعاہللےکانؾےسوجڑبارہمابؿ‪،‬اہنتئرمحواالےہ۔‬
‫‪merciful.‬‬
‫‪Allah is the greatest.‬‬ ‫اہللاربک(اہللبسےسڑباےہ۔)‬
‫‪Peace be upon him.‬‬ ‫یلصاہللہیلعواہلوملس(آپاورآپیکآؽرپدرودوالسؾ)‬
‫‪May Allah be pleased with him/her.‬‬ ‫ریضاہللہنع‪/‬اہنع(اہللاؿےسرایضوہا۔)‬
‫‪May Allah bless him/ her.‬‬ ‫رہمحاہللہیلع(اہللاؿرپرتمحرکے۔)‬
‫‪Praise be to Allah.‬‬ ‫ادمحلاہلل(امتؾرعتںیفیاہللےک ےئںیہ۔)‬
‫‪What Allah almighty wills.‬‬ ‫اماشاہلل(وجاہللاچےہ)‬
‫‪Allah Almighty is the gracious.‬‬ ‫احبسؿاہلل(اہللاپکےہ)‬
‫‪If Allah wills.‬‬ ‫اؿاشءاہلل(ارگاہللےناچاہ)‬
‫‪Andrew has converted to Islam. OR Andrew has‬‬ ‫اڈنیرویےناالسؾوبقؽرکایلےہ۔‬
‫‪embraced Islam.‬‬
‫‪Set-2‬‬
‫!‪May his soul rest in peace‬‬ ‫اہللاسیکروحوکآراؾدے۔‬
‫!‪May Allah bless you whatever you need‬‬ ‫اہللآپوکوہرزیچاطعرکےسجیکآپوکرضورتےہ۔‬
‫!‪May Allah make me such as you like‬‬ ‫اےاہللےھجمااسیانبدےہکےھجتدنسپآاجؤں۔‬
‫!‪May luck be always with you‬‬ ‫تمسقہشیمہآپاکاسھتدے۔‬
‫!‪May success be yours‬‬ ‫اہللآپوکاکایمبرکے۔‬
‫!‪May you live long‬‬ ‫اہللآپیکرمعدرازرکے۔‬
‫!‪May Allah bless you with a good health‬‬ ‫اہللآپوکایھچتحصاطعرکے۔‬
‫!‪May Allah save us from the hell fire‬‬ ‫اہللمہوکمنہجیکآگےساچبےئ۔‬
‫!‪May our parents’ shadow never be less‬‬ ‫اہللامہرےوادلنیاکاسہیہشیمہمہہپالستمرےھک۔‬
‫‪Lo! We are Allah’s and Lo! Unto Him we are returning.‬‬ ‫کشیبمہاہللےکںیہاورایسیکرطػںیمہولانٹےہ۔‬
‫!‪May it be so‬‬ ‫آنیم(اہللرکےااسییہوہ۔)‬
‫‪Set-3‬‬
‫‪Nice to meet you.‬‬ ‫آپےسلمرکااھچاگل۔‬
‫‪Have a seat please.‬‬ ‫رباےئرہمابینرشتفیرئھک۔‬
‫‪Be seated please.‬‬ ‫رباےئرہمابینےھٹیبرےئیہ۔‬
‫?‪What can I do for you sir‬‬ ‫ںیمآپیکایکدختمرکاتکسوہں؟ںیمآپےک ےئایکرکاتکسوہں؟‬
‫‪By Sharjeel Malik‬‬ ‫‪Page 63‬‬

‫?‪Will you do me a favour‬‬ ‫ایکآپریمااکیاکؾرکںیےگ؟‬
‫‪Have a cup of tea.‬‬ ‫اچےئونشرفامےیئ۔‬
‫‪Please help yourself.‬‬ ‫رباےئرہمابیناھکانرشوعےئیجیک۔‬
‫‪Don’t be formal.‬‬ ‫فلکتتمےئیجیک۔‬
‫کت‬
‫‪Hold on for a minute please.‬‬ ‫رباےئرہمابیناکیٹنمااظتنر جیٹے۔‬
‫‪You need not worry at all.‬‬ ‫آپوکرپاشیؿوہےنیکابلکلرضورتںیہن۔‬
‫‪Don’t get me wrong.‬‬ ‫ےھجمطلغتمےئیھجمس۔‬
‫‪Don’t fling dirt at one.‬‬ ‫ یسرپڑچیکتمااھچےئیل۔‬
‫‪Don’t look down upon the poor.‬‬ ‫رغوبیںوکاقحرتےستمدےئیھکی۔‬
‫‪Set-4‬‬
‫!‪Oh shucks‬‬ ‫رشدنمیگایاوسفسےکااہظرےک ےئ۔‬
‫!‪Oh shit‬‬ ‫ڑیبہرغؼ!تنعلوہ‬
‫!‪Confound it‬‬ ‫ڑیبہرغؼوہاساک۔‬
‫!‪Oh my God‬‬ ‫اوہریمےدخا!‬
‫!‪Eureka‬‬ ‫ںیمےناپایل‪/‬ےھجملمایگ!‬
‫!‪What nuisance‬‬ ‫ایکوہیبدیگےہ!‬
‫!‪How mean you are‬‬ ‫متےنتکےنیمکوہ!‬
‫!‪How cruel he is‬‬ ‫وہانتکہاملےہ!‬
‫!‪What a pretty girl she is‬‬ ‫ینتکایپریڑلیکےہوہ!‬
‫!‪Enough‬‬ ‫سبتہبوہا!‬
‫!‪What a load of crap‬‬ ‫ینتکیبملوھچڑےتوہ!‬
‫!‪Buzz off‬‬ ‫لچاھبگ!‬
‫!‪Blast him‬‬ ‫اےسدعفرکو!‬
‫‪Set-5‬‬
‫‪Go ahead.‬‬ ‫آےگولچ۔‬
‫‪Move ahead.‬‬ ‫آےگڑبوھ۔‬
‫‪Look ahead.‬‬ ‫اسےنمدوھکی۔‬
‫‪Sit before me.‬‬ ‫ریمےاسےنموھٹیب۔‬
‫‪Be seated silently.‬‬ ‫اخومیشےسےھٹیبروہ۔‬
‫‪Leave her/him alone.‬‬ ‫اےساالیکوھچڑدو۔‬
‫‪Try this shirt.‬‬ ‫ہیرشٹنہپرکدوھکی۔‬

Button up your shirt. ‫اینپصیمقےکنٹبدنبرکو۔‬
Zip up your pants. ‫اینپٹنیپیکزپدنبرکو۔‬
Don’t laugh at others. ‫ یساکذماؼتماڑاؤ۔‬
Avoid grappling. ‫اہاھتاپیئےسرگزیرکو۔‬
Set-6
What’s the time? OR Do you have Time? OR ‫ایکوتقوہاےہ؟‬
What time is it? OR Have you got the time?
It’s ten past five by my watch. OR It’s five ten. ‫ریمیڑھگیرپاپچنجبرکدسٹنموہےئںیہ۔‬
It’s ten to three. OR It is ten short three ‫نیتےنجبںیمدسٹنمرےتہںیہ۔‬
‫ت‬
Your watch does not give correct time. ‫مھاریڑھگیحیحصوتقںیہناتبیت۔‬
It’s quarter to five. ORIt’s four forty five. ‫وپےناپچنوہےئگںیہ۔‬
It’s quarter past six. ORIt’s six fifteen. ‫وساھچوہےئگںیہ۔‬
It’s half past eight. ORIt’s eight thirty. ‫اسڑےھآھٹوہےئگںیہ۔‬
‫ت‬
Your watch is out of order. ‫مھاریڑھگیرخابےہ۔‬
‫ت‬
Your watch is five minutes ahead of the time. ‫مھاریڑھگیاپچنٹنمآےگےہ۔‬
‫ت‬
Your watch is ten minutes behind of the time. ‫مھاریڑھگیدسٹنمےھچیپےہ۔‬
Set-7
It’s cloudy today. ‫آجعلطماربآولدےہ۔‬
It’s cold enough today. ‫آجاکیفرسدیےہ۔‬
It has been drizzling since morning. ‫حبصےسوبدناابدنیوہریہےہ۔‬
It’s hailing in Murree. ‫رمیںیماوےلڑپرےہںیہ۔‬
It’s so hot today. ‫آجوتتہبرگیمےہ۔‬
It rains heavily in July. ‫وجالےئںیمومالسداھرابرشوہارکیتےہ۔‬
th
It’s 18 of May today ‫آجیئمیکااھٹرہاترخیےہ۔‬
It’s Saturday today. ‫آجہتفہےہ۔‬
Get up, It’s 8 o’clock now. (8 of the clock) ‫آھٹجبےئگںیہ۔‬،‫اوھٹ‬
th
It was 14 of August the day before yesterday. ‫رپوسںوچدہاتسگیھت۔‬
It’s our moral duty to respect our parents. ‫وادلنییکزعترکانامہرااالخیقرفضےہ۔‬
ORRespecting our parents is our duty.
It is the duty of every Muslim to get knowledge. ‫ملعاحلصرکانراملسمؿرپرفضےہ۔‬
ORGetting knowledge is the duty of every Muslim.
It was my brother who got first prize. ‫ہیریمااھبیئاھتسجےنالہپااعنؾاتیج۔‬

Set-8
There is (There’s) a garden in front of my house. ‫ریمےرھگےکاسےنماکیابغےہ۔‬
There are (There’re) three hundred and six bones in ‫ااسنینمسجںیمنیتوسھچڈہایںوہیتںیہ۔‬
human body.
There are three tenses in English. ‫اشلگنزابؿںیمنیتزامےنوہےتںیہ۔‬
There are seven continents in the world. ‫داینںیماستربامظعںیہ۔‬
There is not any on roof. ‫تھچرپوکیئڑلاکںیہنےہ۔‬
There is not milk in the jug. ‫گجںیمدودھںیہنےہ۔‬
There is not sugar in the coffee. ‫اکیفںیمینیچںیہنےہ۔‬
Is there rat in the room? ‫ایکرمکےںیموچاہےہ؟‬
Is there some ice cream in the freezer? ‫ایکرفزیرںیمھچکآسئرکمیےہ؟‬
‫ت‬
Are there books in your drawer? ‫ایک مھارےدرازںیماتکںیبںیہ؟‬
How many seas are there in the world? ‫داینںیمےنتکدنمسرںیہ؟‬
How many rooms are there in your house? ‫آپےکرھگںیمےنتکرمکےںیہ؟‬
How many stars are there in the sky? ‫آامسؿرپےنتکاترےںیہ؟‬
How much water is there in the jug? ‫گجںیمانتکاپینےہ؟‬
How much ink is there in the pen? ‫نیپںیمینتکایسیہےہ؟‬
Here is your pen. ‫ہیراہآپاکنیپ۔‬
Here is the book that is not available in the market. ‫ہیےئجیلوہاتکبوجامرٹیکںیمںیہنلمریہ۔‬
Set-9
I have (I’ve) got two hundred rupees.ORI have two hundred ‫ریمےاپسدووسروےپںیہ۔‬
rupees.
Rose has got two watches. ORRose has two watches. ‫روزےکاپسدوڑھگایںںیہ۔‬
He has not got good laptop. ORHe does not have good laptop. ‫اسےکاپسااھچپیلاٹپںیہنےہ۔‬
‫ت‬
Have you got bicycle? ORDo you have bicycle? ‫ایک مھارےاپساسلکیئےہ؟‬
You have no sympathy with him. ‫ںیھمتاسےسوکیئہڈردیںیہن۔‬
She has got curly hair. ‫اسےکابؽرگنھگایےلںیہ۔‬
They are having tea. ‫وہاچےئیپرےہںیہ۔‬
I had not got spare time. ORI did not have spare time. ‫ریمےاپسافوتلوتقںیہناھت۔‬
I had no hand in that matter. ‫ریمااساعمےلمںیموکیئاہھتںیہناھت۔‬
I have nothing to say. ‫ریمےاپسےنہکوکھچکںیہنےہ۔‬
Has he caught cold? ‫ایکاسوکڈنھٹگلیئگےہ؟‬
He had a narrow escape. ‫وہاحدےثےسابؽابؽاچب۔‬

Set-10
It is (It’s) about to rain. ‫ابرشوہےنوایلےہ۔‬
The sun is about to set. ‫وسرجرغوبوہےنواالےہ۔‬
Hurry up, guests are about to come. ‫دلجیرکوامہمؿآےنواےلںیہ۔‬
The movie is about to start. ‫ملفرشوعوہےنوایلیھت۔‬
The train is about to departure. ‫رٹنیاجےنوایلےہ۔‬
I am going to school. ‫ںیموکسؽاجےناگلوہں۔‬
She is going to write letter. ‫وہطخےنھکلیگلےہ۔‬
Is she going to cry? ‫ایکوہروےنیگلےہ؟‬
The patient is going to die. ‫رمضیرمےناگلےہ۔‬
‫ت‬
He began to cry after your leaving. ‫مھارےاجےنےکدعبوہروےنگلایگ۔‬
Is it started raining after 12? ‫ایکابرہےجبےکدعبابرشوہےنگلیئگ؟‬
Set-11
I used to play tennis twice a week. ‫ںیمےتفہںیمدوابرسنیٹ الیھرکاتاھت۔‬
She used to live in a small village. ‫وہاکیوھچےٹےساگؤںںیمراہرکیتیھت۔‬
In the past, people used to walk a lot more ‫امیضںیمولگآجیکتبسنذایدہدیپؽالچرکےتےھت۔‬
than today.
He did not (didn’t) use to smoke. ‫وہرگسٹیںیہنایپرکاتاھت۔‬
She didn’t use to study in this school. ‫وہاسوکسؽںیمںیہنڑپاھرکیتیھت۔‬
Where did she use to live before she moved ‫وہاسرہشںیمآےنےسےلہپاہکںراہرکیتیھت؟‬
to this city?
She has come from a hot country. She is ‫وہاکیرگؾکلمےسآیئےہ۔وہزیتدرہجرحارتیکاعدیےہ۔‬
used to high temperatures.
I am not used to spicy food. It upsets my ‫ںیمرمچاصمےحلواےلاھکےناکاعدیںیہن۔ہیریمےدعمےوکرپاشیؿرکات‬
stomach.
‫ےہ۔‬
They are athletes. They are used to hard ‫وہالھکڑیںیہ۔وہتخسریبوینوتقشمںےکاعدیںیہ۔‬
work-outs.
I soon get used to the environment of every ‫ںیمدلجیہرےقبطےکاموحؽاکاعدیوہاجاتوہں۔‬
community.
I couldn’t eat spicy food, but I havegot used ‫نکیلںیماؿاکاعدیوہایگوہں۔‬،‫ںیمرمچاصمےحلواےلاھکےنںیہناھکاتکساھت‬
to it.
You will get used to this environment soon. ‫متدلجیہاساموحؽےکاعدیوہاجؤےگ۔‬
I amused toplaying cricket in June. ‫ںیموجؿںیمرکٹکےنلیھکاکاعدیوہں۔‬
She is not used to doing household tasks. ‫وہرھگےکاکؾرکےنیکاعدیںیہن۔‬
Andrew was used to eating a lot of food. ‫اڈنیرویتہبذایدہاھکےناکاعدیاھت۔‬

Set-12
We should respect our parents. ‫ںیمہڑبوںاکارتحاؾرکاناچےئیہ۔‬
We should get up early in the morning. ‫ںیمہحبصوسریےاانھٹاچےئیہ۔‬
We should not awake till at midnight. ‫ںیمہآدیھآدیھراتکتںیہناجانگاچےئیہ۔‬
He should’ve called me. ‫اےسےھجموفؿرکاناچےئیہاھت۔‬
You shouldn’t have hurt him. ‫ںیھمتاساکدؽںیہنداھکاناچےئیہاھت۔‬
We must obey the law. ‫ںیمہالزیموقانینیکاپدنبیرکیناچےئیہ۔‬
‫ہی‬
We must sacrifice our lives for the motherland. ‫ںیمہاےنپونطےک ےئزدنایگںرقابؿرکیناچ یین۔‬
You must not waste your time. ‫ںیھمتاانپوتقاضعئںیہنرکاناچےئیہ۔‬
It may rain in the evening. ‫اشدیاشؾوکابرشوہ۔‬
We may go to London day after tomorrow. ‫اشدیمہرپوسںدنلؿاجںیئ۔‬
The guests might come today. ‫اشدیآجامہمؿآاجںیئ۔‬
Set-13
This house is to let. ‫ہیاکمؿرکاےئےک ےئاخیلےہ۔‬
Vacate this house. ‫اکمؿاخیلرکو۔‬
Landlord is making his tenant vacate this house. ‫امکلاکمؿرکاےئدارےساکمؿاخیلرکواراہےہ۔‬
Where does this road lead to? ‫ہیڑسکاہکںاجیتےہ؟‬
This road leads to Chicago. ‫ہیڑسکاکشوگاجیتےہ۔‬
Better late than never. ‫دریآےئدرتسآےئ‬
Dead end ahead. ‫آےگراہتسمتخےہ۔‬
No through fair. ‫ہیاشراہاعؾںیہنےہ۔‬
Always keep to the left. ‫ہشیمہابںیئولچ۔‬
The road is under construction. Sorry for inconvenience. ‫ڑسکیکریمعتاجریےہ۔فیلکتےک ےئذعمرت۔‬
Use an alternative way. ‫ابتمدؽراہتساایتخررکںی۔‬
Set-14
Lisa gets the clothes washed every Sunday. ‫اسیلاوتاروکڑپکےدولھایتےہ۔‬
I make cobbler polish my shoes. ‫ںیمومیچےسوجےتاپشلرکوااتوہں۔‬
His mother made him take the medicine. ‫اسیکایمےناےسدوایئالپیئ۔‬
He is getting his hair cut. ‫وہابؽوٹکاراہےہ۔‬
My mother wants to get me married. ‫ریمیایمریمیاشدیرکوااناچیتہںیہ۔‬
He is making me laugh. ‫وہےھجماسنہراہےہ۔‬
I got the door painted. ‫ںیمےندروازےہپرگنرکواای۔‬

I let him use my pen. ‫ںیمےناےساانپملقاامعتسؽرکےندای۔‬
Did he let you drive the car? ‫ایکاسےنںیھمتاکرالچےندی؟‬
My mother doesn’t let me go outside at night. ‫ریمیایمےھجمراتوکابراجےنںیہندںیتی۔‬
Get the room swept. ‫رمکےیکافصیئرکواؤ۔‬
Get your nails pared. ‫اےنپاننخرتوشاؤ۔‬
Set-15
We are not on speaking terms. ‫امہریوبؽاچؽدنبےہ۔‬
We are not on visiting terms. ‫امہراآاناجاندنبےہ۔‬
We are not on dealings term with him. ‫امہرااسےسنیلدنیںیہنےہ۔‬
Be aware of fair-weather friends. ‫یبلطمدووتسںےسربخدارروہ۔‬
Have you ever been to London? ‫ایکمتیھبکدنلؿےئگوہ؟‬
I’ve been to London thrice (Three times). ‫ںیمنیتابردنلؿایگوہں؟‬
Let bygones, be bygones. ‫وجوہایگوسوہایگ۔‬
Get this man out. ‫اسآدیموکابراکنول۔‬
Will you do a favour for me? ‫ایکمتریمااکیاکؾرکوےگ؟‬
Consider your job is done. ‫ںیھجمسآپاکاکؾوہایگ۔‬
Set-16
Say Bismillah before eating the food. ‫اھکاناھکےنےسےلہپمسباہللڑپںیھ۔‬
Sit down while drinking water and drink in three intervals. ‫اپینھٹیبرکاورنیتاسسنںیمںیئپ۔‬
Do not eat stale food. ‫ابیساھکانتماھکںیئ۔‬
Say Alhamdulillah after eating the food. ‫اھکاناھکےنےکدعبادمحلاہللڑپںیھ۔‬
Chew the food well. ‫اھکانایھچرطحابچرکاھکںیئ۔‬
Don’t eat hurriedly. ‫اھکانزیتزیتتماھکںیئ۔‬
The well chewed food digests quickly. ‫ایھچرطحابچایوہااھکاندلجمضہوہاجاتےہ۔‬
Hands must be washed well before eating the food. ‫اھکاناھکےنےسےلہپایھچرطحےساہھتدوھےناچہ۔‬
Avoid spicy and fast foods. ‫زیترمچاصمےحلواےلاھکونںےسرپزیہرکںی۔‬
Milk is an alimental diet. ‫دودھاکیوقمیذغاےہ۔‬
He likes strong tea but I like regular. ‫اےسزیتاچےئنکیلےھجمروزرمہیکاچےئدنسپےہ۔‬
My uncle likes light tea. ‫ریمےالکنوکیکلہیتپوایلاچےئدنسپےہ۔‬

Set-17
The shop will remain opened from 9 AM to 9 PM. ‫داکؿحبصونےسراتونےجبکتیلھکرےہیگ۔‬
He gets a small salary. ‫اسیکوخنتاہتہبمکےہ۔‬
Keri gets a handsome salary. ‫ریکییکوخنتاہتہبایھچےہ۔‬
This shopkeeper gives short measure. ‫ہیداکدنارمکوتاتلےہ۔‬
He deals in sugar. ‫وہینیچاکاکروابررکاتےہ۔‬
Adulteration is an offence. ‫الموٹرکانرجؾےہ۔‬
I’m not on dealing with him. ‫ریمااسےکاسھتنیلدنیںیہن۔‬
How much rent do you pay for this shop? ‫آپاسداکؿاکانتکرکاہیادارکےتںیہ؟‬
There is a depression in market this year. ‫اساسؽامرٹیکںیمدنمہ(رسدابزاری)ےہ‬
There was boom in market last year. ‫ےلھچپاسؽامرٹیکںیماکیفزیتییھت۔‬
Set-18
Is he hard of hearing? ‫ایکوہاواچناتنسےہ؟‬
He is deaf. ‫وہرہبہےہ۔‬
He salivates when he talks. ‫بجوہوباتلےہوتاسےکہنمےسراؽیتکپٹےہ۔‬
Does he stammer? ‫ایکوہالکہرکوباتلےہ؟‬
Is he lisper? ‫ایکوہوتالتےہ؟‬
He is blind by one eye. ‫وہاکیآھکنےسادناھ(اکان)ےہ۔‬
His eyes popped out after hearing this news. ‫ہیربخنسرکاسیکآ ںیھکابرآںیئگ۔‬
Ed is sneezing. ‫اڈیکنیھچراہےہ۔‬
Julia is hiccuping. ‫وجایلوکیکچہیگلےہ۔‬
He belches after eating food. ‫وہاھکاناھکرکڈاکرںیاتیلےہ۔‬
She is shivering with cold. ‫وہرسدیےساکپنریہےہ۔‬
Set-19
I know how to make tea. ‫ےھجماچےئانبینآیتےہ۔‬
He does not know how to swim. ‫اےسریتانںیہنآات۔‬
Do you know how to speak English? ‫ایکآپوکاشلگنوبینلآیتےہ؟‬
He knows how to make others fool. ‫اےسولوگںوکاولانبانآاتےہ۔‬
Does Robert know how to play cricket. ‫ایکراربٹوکرکٹکینلیھکںیہنآیت؟‬
He does not even know how to ride bicycle. ‫اےسوتاسلکیئکتالچینںیہنآیت۔‬
Shanza knows how to cook food. ‫اشزنہوکاھکاناکپانآاتےہ۔‬
Why don’t you know how to read and write? ‫متوکانھکلڑپانھویکںںیہنآات؟‬

Adam is as clever as a fox. ‫اڈیؾولڑمیکرطحاچالکےہ۔‬
Gabby is as pretty as Barbie. ‫گی جتیابریبیکرطحوخوصبرتےہ۔‬
Lisa is as cute as a fairy. ‫اسیلرپییکرطحایپریےہ۔‬
Would that I were a king! !‫اکشںیماکیابداشہوہات‬
Set-20
I went on the Mayoh ceremony of my friend yesterday. ‫لکںیماےنپدوتسیکدنہمییکرمسرپایگ۔‬
The girls got henna painted on their hands. ‫ڑلویکںےناہوھتںرپدنہمیوگلایئ۔‬
His younger was groomsman/ best man on wedding. ‫اساکوھچاٹاھبیئاشدیرپہشابالانب۔‬
His spouse is very nice. ‫اسیکرشکیایحتتہبایھچںیہ۔‬
His wedding is in Lahore. ‫اسیکابراتالوہراجینےہ۔‬
Marriages are settled in the heavens. ‫رےتشآامسونںرپےتنبںیہ۔‬
The headgear of groom is very beautiful. ‫دےہلاکرہساتہبوخوصبرتےہ۔‬
He has signed on the wedding license. ‫اسےناکنحانہمرپدطختسرکدےیئںیہ۔‬
This man is issueless. ‫ہیآدیمےباوالدےہ۔‬
Dawood (David) is their only son. ‫داؤداؿاکاولکاتاٹیبےہ۔‬
Set-21
The doctor is feeling the pulse of patient. ‫ڈارٹکرمضییکضبندھکیراہےہ۔‬
She is being operated. ‫اساکآرپنشیوہراہےہ۔‬
She brought forth a cute baby. ‫اسےناکیایپرےےسےچبوکمنجدای۔‬
He’s still unconscious. ‫وہایھبکتےبوہشےہ۔‬
Is the patient in his sense now? ‫ایکابرمضیوہشںیمےہ؟‬
Do you know how to read thermometer? ‫ایکںیھمترھتامرٹیمدانھکیآاتےہ؟‬
The doctor is diagnosing his disease.
‫ڑارٹکرمضیکصیخشترکراہےہ۔ ی‬
‫ہ‬ ‫ت‬
Symptoms of Malaria were not found in his body. ‫اسےکمسجںیمریلماییکالعامت ییناپییگ۔‬
What are the symptoms of hepatitis? ‫ہییَااٹسٹئیکایکالعامتںیہ؟‬
One apple a day keeps the doctor away. ‫روزاکیبیساھکےنےسڈارٹکےکاپساجانںیہنڑپات۔‬
Set-22
He has to go to Lahore every Friday. ‫اےسرہعمجالوہراجانڑپاتےہ۔‬
My mother has to wash clothes daily. ‫ریمیایموکروزڑپکےدوھےنڑپےتںیہ۔‬
‫ت‬
I had to tell lie just because of you. ‫ےھجم مھاریوہجےسوھجٹوبانلڑپا۔‬
He will have to sell this house. ‫اےسہیاکمؿانچیبڑپےاگ۔‬

He will not have to get up early in the morning now. ‫اےسابحبصوسریےاانھٹںیہنڑپےاگ۔‬
I am to go home now. ‫ےھجمابرھگاجانےہ۔‬
You are to work hard now. ‫متوکابتخستنحمرکینےہ۔‬
I am to go to hotel to see his brother. ‫ےھجماسےکاھبیئےسےنلموہلٹاجانےہ۔‬
You are to speak truth at every cost. ‫متےنراحؽںیمچسوبانلےہ۔‬
She is to knead flour. ‫اسےنآاٹوگدنانھےہ۔‬
Set-23
I’m feeling headache. ‫ریمےرسںیمدردےہ۔‬
Maggie has toothache. ‫میگیےکداتنںیمدردےہ۔‬
He is suffering from indigestion. ‫اسوکدبیمضہےہ۔‬
She is suffering from chronic constipation. ‫اسوکدایمئضبقےہ۔‬
I’m feeling nausea. ‫ریمایجالتمراہےہ۔‬
Fred has been vomiting since last three hours. ‫رفڈیےلھچپنیتوٹنھگںےسےقرکراہےہ۔‬
My eyes are sore and running. ‫ریمیآوھکنںںیمدردےہاورہہبریہںیہ۔‬
She is suffering from high fever so her mother ‫اسوکزیتاخبرےہاس ےئاسیکایماسےکایٹپںرھکریہںیہ۔‬
sponging her.
He has a multiple rib fracture. ‫اسیکیئکایلسپںوٹٹیئگںیہ۔‬
His arm is fracture. ‫اساکابزووٹٹایگےہ۔‬
Set-24
The police is patrolling in the area. ‫وپسیلالعےقںیمتشگرکریہےہ۔‬
He is accused of theft. ‫اسرپوچریاکازلاؾےہ۔‬
This is illegal. ‫ہیریغاقونینےہ۔‬
‫صتم ی‬
Samson filed a suit against me. ‫سنےنریمےالخػسیکایکےہ۔‬
Justice delayed is justice denied. ‫ااصنػںیمدریااصنػہندےنیےکرباربےہ۔‬
Marsan is in lock-up. ‫امرنسوحاالتںیمےہ۔‬
Leader of the gang killed in encounter. ‫رگوہاکڈیلروپسیلاقمہلبںیمامراایگ۔‬
Black listed has escaped/ absconded from jail. ‫ااہتشریرجمؾلیجےسرفاروہایگےہ۔‬
Eddie’s life imprisonment has come to an end. ‫اڈیییکرمعدیقمتخوہیئگےہ۔‬
The culprit was hanged. ‫رجمؾوکاھپیسندےدییئگ۔‬
The executioner is going to hang the culprit. ‫الجدرجمؾوکاھپیسندےنیاگلےہ۔‬

Set-25
If water freezes, it becomes solid. ‫ارگاپیندمجنموہاجےئوتوھٹسنباجاتےہ۔‬
If light strikes with surface of the earth, it spreads. ‫ارگروینشحطسزنیمےسرکٹاےئوتلیھپاجیتےہ۔‬
If you work hard, you will (you’ll)pass. ‫ارگمتتنحمرکوےگوتاپسوہاجؤےگ۔‬
If you worked hard, you would (you’d) pass. ‫ارگمتےنتنحمیکوتاپسوہاجؤےگ۔‬
If you had worked hard, you would’ve passed. ‫ارگمتتنحمرکےتوتاپسوہاجےت۔‬
If he had run fast, he would’ve reached the hospital. ‫ارگوہزیتدوڑاتوتاتپسہؽچنہپاجات۔‬
If he has right tools, he’ll repair the car. ‫ارگاسےکاپساوزاروہںےگوتوہاکرکیھٹرکدےاگ۔‬
‫ت‬
If I got your passport, I’d call you. ‫ارگےھجم مھارااپوپسرٹالمںیمںیھمتوفؿرکوںاگ۔‬
If she eats fewer sweets, she’ll lose weight. ،‫ارگوہمکاھٹمیئاھکےئیگوتاساکوزؿمکوہاجےئاگ‬
If someone is drowning in the water, what will you do? ‫ارگوکیئاپینںیمڈوبراہوہمتایکرکوےگ؟‬
Set-26
As soon as the girl saw the snake, she began to ‫ےسیجیہڑلیکےناسپنداھکیوہاکےنپنگلیئگ۔‬/‫وجیہن‬
tremble. OR She no sooner saw the snake than she
began to tremble.
As soon as I got his letter, I left for Multan. ‫ےسیجیہےھجماساکطخالمںیماتلمؿرواہنوہایگ۔‬/‫وجیہن‬
As soon as she comes here, I’ll help her. ‫ےسیجیہوہاہیںآےئیگںیماسیکدمدرکوںاگ۔‬/‫وجیہن‬
As soon as we left the room, the roof fell down. ‫ےسیجیہمہرمکےےسےلکنتھچرگیئگ۔‬/‫وجیہن‬
As soon as the teacher entered the room, the ‫ےسیجیہااتسداصبحرمکےںیمآےئےچباخومشوہےئگ۔‬/‫وجیہن‬
children had been quite.
Although he is poor, yet he doesn’t steal. ‫ارگہچوہرغبیےہنکیلوہوچریںیہنرکات۔‬
Although he worked hard, yet he couldn’t pass. ‫ارگہچاسےنتنحمیکرگماکایمبہنوہاکس۔‬
Although he is in trouble, yet he’ll not lose hope. ‫ارگہچوہلکشمںیمےہنکیلوہتمہںیہناہرےاگ۔‬
Although he is helpless, yet he is honest. ‫ارگہچوہوبجمرےہرگماامیدنارےہ۔‬
Although the case was false, yet the judge released ‫احالہکندقمہموھجاٹاھترھپیھبججےناےسربیرکدای۔‬/‫ارگہچ‬
him.
Set-27
Stay here till I come back. ‫ریمےواسپآےنکتمتںیہیروہےگ۔‬
The children will not come out till the peon ‫ڑپچایسےکیٹنھگاجبےنکتےچبابرںیہنآںیئےگ۔‬
rings the bell.
You will stay here until I come back. ‫بجکتںیمواسپںیہنآاتمتںیہیروہےگ۔‬
She will not do it until you ask her. ‫بجکتمتاےسںیہنوہکےگوہہیاکؾںیہنرکےیگ۔‬
Nobody can touch you till I’m here. ‫بجکتںیماہیںوہںوکیئںیھمتوھچیھبںیہناتکس۔‬
You will not succeed unless you work hard. ‫بجکتمتتنحمںیہنرکوےگاکایمبںیہنوہےگ۔‬

Nobody would like to see you unless you ‫بجکتمتاےنپاوطارواعداتدرتسںیہنرکےتوکیئمتےسانلمدنسپںیہن‬
mend your ways.
‫رکےاگ۔‬
‫ت‬
He’ll not trust you unless you take oath. ‫بجکتمتمسقہناھکؤےگوہ مھاریابتاکاابتعرںیہنرکےاگ۔‬
Our country will not make progress unless ‫بجکتروشتاورہناجزئافسرشمتخںیہنوہیگامہراکلمرتیقںیہنرکےاگ۔‬
bribery and unfair recommendation is
eliminated.
You will not find real peace unless you offer ‫بجکتامنزںیہنڑپوھےگمتوکیقیقحوکسؿںیہنےلماگ۔‬
prayer.
Set-28
Please come inside. ‫رباےئرہمابینادنرآاجےیئ۔‬
The ship is sinking in the water. ‫اہجزاپینںیمڈوبراہےہ۔‬
The child is drowning in the pool. ‫ہچبوپؽںیمڈوبراہےہ۔‬
Anna is swimming in the pool. ‫اانیوپؽںیمریتریہےہ۔‬
The paper is floating in the water. ‫اکذغاپینںیمریتراہےہ۔‬
He refused to go to bazar. ‫اسےنابزاراجےنےسااکنررکدای۔‬
You are crying for nothing. ‫متوضفؽ(وخاہوخماہ)ںیمالچرےہوہ۔‬
Mr. Robert is very jolly. ‫رٹسمراربٹتہبزدنہدؽااسنؿںیہ۔‬
She began to weep bitterly. ‫وہوھپٹوھپٹرکروےنیگل۔‬
The child is sucking the thumb. ‫ہچباوگناھٹوچسراہےہ۔‬
Set-29
Do you need something else? ‫ایکآپوکھچکاوراچ ہیٹے؟‬
It just couldn’t rain. ‫ابرشوہےتوہےترہیئگ۔‬
We just couldn’t go. ‫مہاجےتاجےترہےئگ۔‬
Yesterday and tomorrow follow each other. ‫لکدورطحےکوہےتںیہ۔‬
He is dying by inches. ‫وہاڑیایںرڑگرڑگرکرمراہےہ۔‬
What do you think of yourself? ‫متاےنپاپوکےتھجمسایکوہ؟‬
Allah forbids that he might fail. ‫اہللہنرکےوہلیفوہ۔‬
How long will it take? ‫ینتکدریےگلیگ؟‬
Don’t spit on the floor. ‫رفشرپتموھتے۔‬
Unlock the door, guests are standing outside. ‫دروازہوھکولابرامہمؿڑھکےںیہ۔‬

Set-30
Now what should I do? ‫ابںیمایکرکوں؟‬
What about this matter? ‫اسابتاکایکانب؟‬
Let it go now. ‫اباسابتوکاجےندو۔‬
I don’t believe on rumours and hear-say. ‫ںیماوفاوہںاورینسانسیئابوتںرپنیقیںیہنرکات۔‬
Come round to my views. ‫ریمیابتامؿول۔‬
Don’t go bare headed in the sun. ‫دوھپںیمےگننرسہناجؤ۔‬
We should not quarrel over trifling. ‫ںیمہومعمیلومعمیلابوتںہپںیہنڑلاناچےیہ۔‬
Your visits are few and far between. ‫آپوتدیعاکاچدنوہےئگںیہ۔‬
I stand corrected. ‫ںیماےنپاافلظواسپاتیلوہں۔‬
He had a nasty fall on the road. ‫وہڑسکرپربیرطحرگڑپا۔‬
He fell headlong. ‫وہرسےکلبرگڑپا۔‬
Set-31
He will work hard so that he may pass. ‫وہتنحمرکےاگاتہکاپسوہاجےئ۔‬
He works hard so that he may pass. ‫وہتنحمرکاتےہاتہکاپسوہاجےئ۔‬
He worked hard so that he might pass. ‫اسےنتنحمیکاتہکاپسوہاجےئ۔‬
Work hard so that you may pass. ‫تنحمرکواتہکاپسوہاجؤ۔‬
We take exercise so that we may maintain our health. ‫مہورزشرکےتںیہاتہکاینپتحصربرقاررھکںیکس۔‬
He worked honestly so that he might be praised. ‫اسےناامیدناریےساکؾایکاتہکاسیکرعتفیوہ۔‬
He ran fast so that he might catch the train. ‫وہزیتدوڑااتہکاگڑیڑکپےکس۔‬
Go to bed early so that you may get up for prayer. ‫راتوکدلجیوساجؤاتہکحبصامنزےک ےئاھٹوکس۔‬
Look ahead so that you may see him. ‫اسےنمدوھکیاتہکوہںیھمتلماجےئ۔‬
He saves money so that he may buy a bike. ‫وہتچبرکاتےہاتہکومرٹاسلکیئرخدیےکس۔‬
Set-32
I had hardly reached the college when the ‫ںیملکشمباکجلاچنہپیہاھتہکیٹنھگجبیئگ۔‬
bell rang.
The train had hardly arrived at the platform ‫ایھبرٹنیلکشمبٹیلپافرؾرپریکیہیھتہکاسمرفادنرانسھگرشوعوہےئگ۔‬
when passengers started rushing in.
The doctor had hardly reached home when ‫ڈارٹکلکشمےسرھگاچنہپیہاھتہکرمضیدؾوتڑایگ۔‬
the patient breathed his last.
He is too weak to walk. OR He is so weak ‫وہاانتزمکورےہہکلچںیہناتکس۔‬
that he cannot walk.
She is too fat to stand. OR She is so fat that ‫وہاینتومیٹےہہکڑھکییھبںیہنوہیتکس۔‬
she cannot even stand.

The mountain is too steep to be climbed on. ‫اہپڑاانتومعدیےہہکاسہپڑچاھںیہناجاتکس۔‬
OR The mountain is so steep that it cannot
be climbed on.
He is too poor to support his children. OR He ‫وہاسدقررغبیےہہکاےنپوچبںیکافکتلںیہنرکاتکس۔‬
is so poor that he cannot support his
children.
The castle is too well-built to be demolished ‫ہعلقاانتوبضمطاھتہکمبیھباسہنوتڑاکس۔‬
even with bomb. OR The castle is so well-
built that even bomb cannot demolish it.
She is too proud to feel insult in requesting. ‫وہاسدقررغموریھتہکاسدروخاتسکترکانوگاراںیہناھت۔‬
OR She is so proud even that she feels insult in
requesting.
Set-33
‫ت‬
What is he to you? ‫وہ مھاراایکاتگلےہ؟‬
It’s getting dark. ‫ادنریھااھچراہےہ۔‬
Write a legible hand. ‫وخطخشرکےکےئھکل۔‬
Be seated please. ‫رباےئرہمابینےھٹیبر ہیٹے۔‬
Come close to me. ‫ریمےاپسآؤ۔‬
Baby is cutting teeth. ‫ہچبداتناکنؽراہےہ۔‬
Hold your tongue. ‫اینپزابؿاقوبںیمرئھک۔‬
Blow your nose. ‫اینپانکاصػرکو۔‬
Brush your teeth. ‫اےنپداتناصػرکو۔‬
Dust off your shirt. ‫اینپرشٹاصػرکو۔‬
Set-34
How long does it take to reach you at school? ‫ںیھمتوکسؽےنچنہپںیمینتکدرییتگلےہ؟‬
Time takes no time to be changed. ‫وتقدبےنلںیموتقںیہناتگل۔‬
Some-things can’t be explained. ‫ھچکزیچوںیکواضتحںیہنیکاجیتکس۔‬
Mind your own business. ‫اےنپاکؾےساکؾروھک۔‬
Cover your mouth while coughing. ‫اھکےتسنوتقہنمڈاھپنایلرکو۔‬
Turn off the light while sleeping. ‫وسےتوتقالٹئدنبرکدایرکو۔‬
I have had no talk with him on this topic. ‫ریمیاسےساسوموضعہپوکیئابتںیہنوہیئ۔‬
Don’t speak loudly before the elders. ‫ڑبوںےکاسےنماواچنتموبول۔‬
It’s suffocating here. Or I feel chocked here. ‫اہیںوتدؾاتٹھگےہ۔‬
He is an egoist and dogmatist. ‫وہاکیاانرپتساورٹہدرھؾااسنؿےہ۔‬

Set-35
Have you to say something else? ‫ایکںیھمتاورھچکانہکےہ؟‬
As of now, I have nothing to. ‫ےھجمیفااحلؽھچکںیہنانہک۔‬
Who am I to be angry? ‫ںیمانراضوہےنواالوکؿوہاتوہں؟‬
I personally don’t know him. ‫ںیماےسذایتوطررپوتںیہناجاتن۔‬
Oh! I see. ‫ااھچوتہیابتےہ۔‬
The days are gone when people were right. ‫وہدؿےلچےئگبجولگےچسوہارکےتےھت۔‬
I don’t see eye to eye with you. (OR) ‫ںیمآپیکابتےساافتؼںیہنرکات۔‬
I don’t agree with you.
Come what may, I’ll not forgive him. ‫اچےہھچکوہاجےئںیماےساعمػںیہنرکوںاگ۔‬
He cannot help talking. ‫وہوبےلانبںیہنرہاتکس۔‬
Set-36
In which bank should I get my account ‫ںیمسککنبںیمااکؤٹنولھکاؤں؟‬
opened?
You should get your account opened in ‫متزیماؿکنبںیمااکؤٹنولھکاؤ۔‬
Meezan Bank.
I got current account opened. ‫ںیمےنتلچاھکہتولھکاای۔‬
I want to get saving account opened. ‫ںیمتچباکاھکہتولھکااناچاتہوہں۔‬
This is a forge cheque. ‫ہیکیچیلعجےہ۔‬
He gave me post-dated cheque. ‫اسےنےھجمسپِاترخیکیچدای۔‬
‫ت‬
What is your account balance? Or How much ‫مھارےااکؤٹنںیمےنتکےسیپںیہ؟‬
money do you have in your account?
I have got two thousand rupees in my ‫ریمےااکؤٹنںیمسبدوزہارروےپںیہ۔‬
account?
Do you have the facility of overdraft? ‫ایکمتوکاوورڈراٹفیکوہستلےہ؟‬
His cheque became dishonoured. ‫اساککیچرتسمدوہایگ۔‬
Set-37
He winked at me. ‫اسےنےھجمآھکنامری۔‬
‫ت‬
I will not abandon you. ‫ںیم مھارااسھتںیہنوھچڑوںاگ۔‬
I will never let you go. ‫ںیمںیھمتیھبکںیہناجےندوںاگ۔‬
My parents don’t let me use cell phone at night. ‫ریمےوادلنیےھجمراتوکومابلئاامعتسؽرکےنںیہندےتی۔‬
‫ت‬
Your brother has fallen into bad company. ‫مھارااھبیئربیتبحصںیمڑپایگےہ۔‬
He looked as if he were died. ‫وہاےسیداھکیئدےراہاھتےسیجرمایگےہ۔‬
When will you have sense? ‫ںیھمتبکلقعآےئیگ؟‬

Don’t keep off one’s dad. ‫ یسےکابپہپتماجؤ‬
I’ll subdue him. ‫ںیماےسقبساھکسؤںاگ۔‬
Set-38
Why’re you harassing me? ‫متریمےےھچیپویکںڑپےوہ؟‬
I have no objection. ‫ےھجموکیئارتعاضںیہن۔‬
Mend your ways. ‫اےنپآپوکدساھرول۔‬
Don’t feel shy. ‫رشامؤتم۔‬
Will you make friends with me? ‫ایکمتھجمےسدویتسرکوےگ؟‬
Don’t test my patience. ‫ریمےربصاکااحتمؿتمول۔‬
Why do you shirk from study? ‫متڑپاھیئےسیجویکںرچاےتوہ؟‬
He confessed his fault. ‫اسےناینپیطلغمیلسترکیل۔‬
He flatters his officers. ‫وہاےنپارسفوںیکوخاشدمرکاتےہ۔‬
He crams the lesson. ‫وہقبسوکراٹاگلاتےہ۔‬
Set-39
His blood was running cold. ‫اساکوخؿکشخوہراہاھت۔‬
The corpse was lying in a pool of blood. ‫الشوخؿںیمتلتپڑپییھت۔‬
Keep a sharp eye on him. ‫اسرپڑکیرظنرانھک۔‬
She was weeping bitterly. ‫وہوھپٹوھپٹرکروریہیھت۔‬
My shirt has creases. ‫ریمیصیمقرپلبڑپےوہےئںیہ۔‬
Remove the creases of my shirt. ‫ریمیصیمقےکلبمتخرکو۔‬
She was squeezing/ wringing the clothes. ‫وہڑپکوںوکوچنڑریہیھت۔‬
She was peeping through the window. ‫وہڑھکیکےساھجکنریہیھت۔‬
He was tossing in his bed. ‫وہرتسبرپرکوںیٹدبؽراہاھت۔‬
‫ت‬
He often says you ditto. ‫وہارثک مھاریاہںںیماہںالماتےہ۔‬
Set-40
I don’t poison one’s ears. ‫ںیم یسےکاکؿںیہنرھبات۔‬
‫ت‬
I will knock your brain out. ‫ںیم مھاراوچکڑماکنؽدوںاگ۔‬
Did you not recognize me? ‫ایکمتےنےھجمںیہناچہپان؟‬
‫ت‬
He has let your cat out of the bag. ‫اسےن مھارااھبڈناوھپڑدایےہ۔‬
She looks younger for her age. ‫وہاینپرمعےسوھچیٹیتگلےہ۔‬
To err is human. ‫ااسنؿاطخاکالتپےہ۔‬

He has come of age. ‫وہابغلوہایگےہ۔‬
Is she intimate with you? Or Is she frank with you? ‫ایکوہمتےسےبفلکتےہ؟‬
You must compensate your misdeeds. ‫متوکاینپویطلغںیکالتیفرکیناچ ہیٹے۔‬
He will avenge on you. ‫وہمتےسدبہلرضورےلاگ۔‬
Set-41
He collided with a car. ‫وہاکرےسرکٹاایگ۔‬
Anna was gloating over her son. ‫اانیاےنپےٹیبوکرخفےسدھکیریہیھت۔‬
‫ت‬
Does she not incline to you? ‫ایکوہ مھاریرطػاملئںیہن؟‬
Don’t make excuses. ‫اہبےنتمانبؤ۔‬
‫ت‬
Why are you so downcast? ‫مھاراہنمویکںانبےہ؟‬
The tables were turned to me. ‫ےھجمےنیلےکدےنیڑپےئگ۔‬
He backed out of his promise. ‫وہاےنپودعےےسرھپایگ۔‬
Leave her to herself. ‫اےساسےکاحؽرپوھچڑدو۔‬
There is no alternative left. ‫اسےکوساوکیئاچرہںیہن۔‬
He is a quick of wit. ‫وہتہباحرضوجابےہ۔‬
He is very talkative. ‫وہتہبابوتینےہ۔ایوہتہبوباتلےہ۔‬
Set-42
I’m hard up these days. ‫آجلکریمااہھتتہبگنتےہ۔‬
I’m fed up with his words. ‫ںیماسیکابوتںےسااتکایگوہں۔‬
Walk slowly lest you should stumble. ‫آہتسہولچااسیہنوہہکرگاجؤ۔‬
Although I’m sick, yet I can do it. ‫ارگہچںیمامیبروہںنکیلںیمہیاکؾرکاتکسوہں۔‬
He had a narrow escape in car accident. ‫وہاکراحدےثںیمابؽابؽاچب۔‬
He proved a dark horse. ‫وہاپھچرمتسالکن۔‬
He blows his own trumpet. ‫وہاےنپہنمایمںوھٹماتنبےہ۔‬
Don’t cast pearls before swine. ‫سنیھبےکآےگنیبتماجبؤ۔‬
His eyes popped out after hearing this news. ‫ہیربخنسرکاسیکآ ںیھکابرآیگ۔‬
Set-43
He is under the spell of an evil eye. ‫اےسرظنگلیئگےہ۔‬
Love begets love. ‫دؽوکدؽےسراہوہیتےہ۔‬
Truth is always bitter. ‫چسہشیمہڑکواوہاتےہ۔‬
Even walls have ears. ‫دویاروںےکیھباکؿوہےتںیہ۔‬

‫‪There is something black at the bottom.‬‬ ‫داؽںیمھچکاکالےہ۔‬
‫‪It takes two to make a row.‬‬ ‫اتیلدواہھتےسیتجبےہ۔‬
‫‪I’m happy. She is happy too.‬‬ ‫ںیموخشوہں۔وہیھبوخشےہ۔‬
‫‪I’m not happy. She is not happy either.‬‬ ‫ںیموخشںیہنوہں۔وہیھبوخشںیہنےہ۔‬
‫‪She is happy. So am I.‬‬ ‫وہوخشےہ۔ںیمیھب۔‬
‫‪She is not happy. neither am I.‬‬ ‫وہوخشںیہنےہ۔ںیمیھبںیہنوہں۔‬
‫?‪Who did you see at the hotel‬‬ ‫متےنوہلٹںیمسکوکداھکی؟‬
‫‪Set-44‬‬
‫‪I didn’t mean that.‬‬ ‫ریماہیبلطمںیہناھت۔‬
‫‪Sorry, I couldn’t get you.‬‬ ‫اعمػےئجیک‪،‬ںیماھجمسںیہن۔‬
‫!‪You must be joking‬‬ ‫مترضورذماؼرکرےہوہ۔‬
‫ت‬
‫‪Good! It serves you right.‬‬ ‫ااھچوہا مھارےاسھتااسییہوہاناچےئہاھت۔‬
‫‪So good so far.‬‬ ‫ایھبکتوتبسکیھٹےہ۔‬
‫‪I could do without.‬‬ ‫ںیماالیکاکیفوہں۔‬
‫‪I thought as much.‬‬ ‫ریماادنازہحیحصالکن۔‬
‫!‪Talk of the devil‬‬ ‫اطیشؿاکانؾایلاوروہاحرض۔‬
‫‪It doesn’t make a difference.‬‬ ‫اسےسوکیئرفؼںیہنڑپات۔‬
‫‪Mark my words.‬‬ ‫ریمیابتھکلول۔‬
‫‪Set-45‬‬
‫‪You took the words right from my mouth.‬‬ ‫متےنوتریمےہنمیکابتنیھچیل۔‬
‫‪It’s better for you to hold your tongue.‬‬ ‫رتہبےہہکاینپزابؿوکاگلؾدو۔‬
‫!‪Oh, that reminds me‬‬ ‫اوہ‪،‬ےھجمایدآای۔‬
‫‪Let your heart rule the head.‬‬ ‫اےنپدؽیکونس۔‬
‫‪I’ll tan his hide.‬‬ ‫ںیماسیکاھکؽچنیھکولںاگ۔‬
‫!‪It’s up-to you‬‬ ‫ےسیجآپیکرمیض!‬
‫‪Don’t get me wrong.‬‬ ‫ےھجمطلغتموھجمس۔‬
‫‪Set-46‬‬
‫‪Joking apart, he is a good boy.‬‬ ‫ذماؼےکالعوہوہاکیااھچڑلاکےہ۔‬
‫‪I told him point-blank.‬‬ ‫ںیمےناےساصػاصػاتبدای۔‬
‫‪I’m stumped.‬‬ ‫ریمادامغاکؾںیہنرکراہ۔‪/‬ریمیھجمسںیمھچکںیہنآراہ۔‬
‫‪I’m near-sighted.‬‬ ‫ریمیدوریکرظنزمکورےہ۔‬

Don’t fling dirt at one. ‫ یسرپڑچیکتمااھچول۔‬
This bridegroom is one in a million. ‫ہیدنہلالوھکںںیماکیےہ۔‬
Who was the best man in the wedding? ‫اشدیںیمہشابالوکؿانب؟‬
Avoid grappling. ‫اہاھتاپیئےسرگزیرکو۔‬
He can’t help laughing. ‫وہےسنہانبںیہنرہاتکس۔‬
He couldn’t help abusing. ‫وہاگیلدےیئانبہنرہاکس۔‬
Set-47
Not to speak of writing he can’t even read. ‫انھکلوتدوریکابتوہڑپھیھبںیہناتکس۔‬
Not to speak of sending money he didn’t ‫ےسیپانجیھبوتدوریکابتاسےنامںوکطخکتںیہناھکل۔‬
even wrote his mother a letter.
Not to speak of respecting he doesn’t even ‫زعترکانوتدوریکابتوہالسؾاکوجابیھبںیہنداتی۔‬
reply of salute.
Come what may, we will not lose hope. ‫وخاہھچکوہاجےئمہتمہںیہناہرںیےگ۔‬
Come what may, people will protest against the ‫وخاہھچکوہاجےئولگوکحتمےکالخػولجساکنںیلےگ۔‬
Government.
Come what may, labourer must strike. ‫وخاہھچکوہاجےئزمدورڑہاتؽرضوررکںیےگ۔‬
‫ت‬
You had better go now. ‫مھارے ےئرتہبےہہکابےلچاجؤ۔‬
‫ت‬
You had better keep silent. ‫مھارے ےئرتہبےہہکپچروہ۔‬
Politicians had better serve the nation. ‫ایسدتساونںےک ےئرتہباھتہکوہوقؾیکدختمرکںی۔‬
Had he not better migrate to Dubai? ‫ایکاسےک ےئدیئبرجہترکانرتہبںیہناھت؟‬
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Phrase and Its Types
Phrase: group of words that has a meaning but not a complete sense is called phrase, as in
on the floor, in the air, wearing white dress.
Types of Phrases
.1. Prepositional Phrase: This phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or
pronoun, as in by the ocean, near the window, over the cabinet etc. It has two more types.
.I. Adjective Phrase: A phrase that does the work of an adjective is called adjective phrase,
as in
Adjective Adjective Phrase
She has a golden ring. She has a ring made of gold.
The broken handled umbrella is mine. The umbrella with broken handle is mine.
John is a wealthy man. John is man of great wealth.
.II. Adverbial Phrase: A phrase that does the work of an adverb is called adverb phrase. It
answers the questions: How, when, where, how much, as in
Adverb Adverb Phrase
He ran fast. He ran with great speed.
She lived there. She lived in the village.
She fell down. She fell on the ground.
.2. Noun Phrase: A phrase that does the work of a noun or pronoun is called noun phrase,
as in
Noun/ Pronoun Noun Phrase
John wants milk. John wants something to drink.
David wriote me a letter. David wrote me all his views.
No-one knows him. No-one knows that strange man.
.3. Appositives: It is noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun. It is placed
directly after the noun or pronoun they identify, as in
.1. John, a self-absorbed whiner, is always late. (‘A self-absorbed whiner’ renames the noun
‘John’)
.2. Lisa, a self-possessed lady, entered the room right after me.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Clause and Its Types
A group of words consisting of a subject and a predicate is called clause, as in David plays
football.
Types of Clauses
1. Independent/ Main/ Root/ Matrix/ Principal Clause: A clause that makes a good
sense and stands by itself is called independent clause, as in We live in England.
Structure: Subject + Verb
Embedded/ Dependent/ Subordinate Clause: A clause that does not make a good sense
and does not stand by itself is called dependent clause, as in
This is the house, where we live. OR This is the house where we live in.
Structure: Relative Pronoun/ Relative Adverb/ Subordinate Conjunction + Subject + Verb
Relative Pronouns: {Who, whom, whose, what, that, which, whoever, whichever}
Relative Adverbs: {Where, when, why}
2. Subordinate conjunctions: {if, because, so, until, unless, while, whereas, after,
although, after, before etc.}
If you work hard, you will pass. I ate apple because there was nothing to eat
in the kitchen.
This is the house where we live in. This is the boy who broke the vase.
Before you go, sign the log book. That was the reason, I left him.
The man, (whom) I saw in black mask, Jim started trembling after Jack had fallen.
robbed the bank.
Note: When the dependent clause comes first, place a comma between two clauses, as in
Main clause + Subordinate clause
She was standing at the door as I opened the door.
Subordinate clause + , + Main clause
As I opened the door, she was standing at the door.
3. Relative Clause: A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb
is called relative clause.
This is the boy who broke the vase. This is the house where we live in.
That was the reason, I left him. I can’t forget that day when I saw him.
4. Adjective Clause: A clause that does the work of an adjective is called adjective
clause.
Adjective Adjective Caluse
This is a golden chain. This is a chain that is made of gold.
John is a wealthy man. John is a man who has great wealth.
5. Adverb Clause: A clause that does the work of an adverb is called adverb clause.
Adverb Adverb Clause
He ran fast. He ran as if he were a tiger.
John lives there. John lives where Jack used to live.

She fell down. She fell where we have grown flowers.
6. Noun Clause: A clause that does the work of a noun or pronoun is called noun
clause, as in
Noun/ Pronoun Noun Clause
I know she likes apples. I know what fruit she likes.
No-one knows him. No-one knows who he is.
He wrote me a letter. He wrote me whatever was in his mind.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Figurative Language
Figurative language is used to create a special effect or feeling in the conversation nad
writing. It is opposite of the literal language.
Figure of Speech: A Figure of Speech is an expression that uses figurative language without
literal meaning to clarify the expression. Following are some important figures of speech.
1. Simile: A simile compares two unlike things using ‘as’ or ‘like’, as in
John is growing like a weed. (John is compared with weed)
Her hair is as yellow as sun. (Hair is compared with sun)
2. Metaphor: A metaphor compares two unlike things directly without using ‘as’ or
‘like’, as in
She is an angel. (Girl is compared with angel)
Life is race. (Life is compared with race)
3. Analogy: An Analogy, is similar to simile and metaphor, describes similarities often
more than one in details, as in
A book is a good friend. It provides entertainment and insight. It keeps company and
helps you feel connected to others.
4. Personification: Giving human traits (qualities, feelings, actions, or features) to non-
human objects is called personaification, as in
The star winked at him. (Star => non-human thing, wink => human action)
The flowers were dancing. (Flowers => non-human things, dance => human action)
The sun smiled down on me. (Sun => non-human thing, smile => human action)
5. Hyperbole/ Sarcasm: Hyperbole is an exaggeration that cannot be true, as in
I am so hungry I could eat a horse. (Eating horse => Hyperbole)
They ran faster than lightning. (Running faster than lightning => Hyperbole)
6. Denotation: Denotation is the real literal or dictionary meaning of the word, as in
Fat => Overweight, Notorious => Infamous
7. Connotation: The attitude and feeling associated with a word as opposed to its
literal meaning is called Connotation, as in
Solitude: A positive connotation Lonely: A negative connotation
8. Metonymy: A word, name or expression used as a substitute for something else with
which it is closely associated, as in
Palace shocked by secret photos. (Palace => royal family and their aides)
The decision of ICC is wrong. (ICC => chairman and directors of International Cricket
Council)
9. Synecdoche: Synecdoche is a part of figure in which the whole is used for a part, or
part for the whole, as in
England lost by six wickets. (England => English cricket team)
Check out my new wheels. (Wheels => Car)
10. Euphemism: A word or phrase that replaces a word or phrase to make it polite or
pleasant, as in
Passed away instead of died. Homeless instead of bum.

11. Proverb/ Adage: Proverb is a wise old saying containing a universal truth. As in
Honesty is the best policy.Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.
12. Idiom: Peculiar expressions or sayings which are common to native speakers of a
particular language, as in
Grandma kicked the bucket. (Kick the bucket => die)
I respect my kith and kin. (kith and kin => relative)
13. Imagery: Imagery uses words to paint a picture in the reader’s mind. It usually based
on sensory details, as in
The sweet scent of vanilla had met us as she opened the door.
Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snagged.
14. Symbolism: A concrete thing that is meant to represent an abstract idea or larger
concept, as in American flag is the symbol of the United States.
15. Allusion: A reference to something well known in literature or history. As in
Sir Peter is the Hitler of the college.
16. Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia is a word that intimates a sound. As in
Buzz, pow, bang, poof, oh, etc.
17. Alliteration: The repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of the word. As in
.1. I jumped joyfully just as he opened the door.
.2. Mike Miller is best friends with Tom Tiller.
18. Consonance: The repetition of consonant sound in the middle or at the end of the
word. As in, Don’t eat in that tent.
19. Assonance/ Rhyme: The repetition of vowel sounds in words or syllables. As in
.1. Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese. .2. Awful Alice ate ants.
20. Oxymoron: A combination of contradictory or incongruous words. As in
Cruel kindness, to make haste slowly
21. Pun: A word or phrase used in a way that gives it a funny twist. As in
Toy store sign says to the children, ‘Don’t feed the animals. They are already stuffed.’
22. Irony: The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal
meaning. As in This fitness club has got two lifts.
It has three types, (1) Dramatic Irony (2) Verbal Irony (3) Situational Irony
23. Litotes: Ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative
of its opposite, as in
This idea is not bad. (Not bad => Good) This is not wrong. (Not wrong => Right)
24. Cliché: A word or phrase that has become very familiar. As in
No pain, no gain.
25. Climax: Climax is an arrangement of a series of ideas in increasing importance. As in
She dreamt of having a maid, a car and a bungalow.
26. Apostrophe: Addressing someone or something that is absent, abstract or
inanimate, as in John says to his late friend James, ‘I miss you James.’
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Vocabulary
COLOURS
White ‫دیفس‬ Golden ‫رہنسا‬ Pale ‫اکلہزرد‬
Black ‫ایسہ‬/‫اکال‬ Gray ‫رسیئم‬ Vermilion ‫دنسوری‬
Red ‫الؽ‬/‫رسخ‬ Azure ‫رہگاآامسین‬ Crimson ‫رقزمی‬
Yellow ‫الیپ‬ Indigo ‫وگلینں‬ Maroon ‫ابدایمرقزمی‬
Pink ‫الگیب‬ Dusky/ Khaki ‫اخیک‬ Violet ‫اجینم‬
Brown ‫وھبرا‬ Green ‫را‬/‫زبس‬ Purple ‫اروغاین‬
Blue ‫الین‬ Infrared ‫اکلہرسخ‬ Orange ‫اماٹلرگن‬
Beige ‫اکلہوھبرا‬ Scarlet ‫انلگر‬ Amber ‫دہشرگن‬
Cyan ‫زبسیاملئالین‬ Off-White ‫آداھدیفس‬ Ruby-Red ‫لعلرسخ‬
VEGETABLES
Potato ‫آول‬ Mint ‫وپدہنی‬ Capsicum/ ‫ہلمشرمچ‬
Green
Pepper
Ginger ‫ادرک‬ Onion ‫ایپز‬ Turnip ‫مغلش‬
Colocassia/ ‫اروی‬ Cauliflower ‫وگیھب‬ Yam ‫اچکول‬
Arum
Cabbage ‫دنبوگیھب‬ Beans ‫ایلھپں‬ Pumpkin ‫دکو‬
Lady finger ‫ڈنھبی‬ Beetroot ‫دنقچر‬ Bitter gourd ‫رکالی‬
Brinjal ‫نگنیب‬ Chilli ‫رمچ‬ Zucchini ‫ایھگوتری‬
Spinach ‫اپکل‬ Mustard ‫رسوسںاکاسگ‬ Carrot ‫اگرج‬
Garlic ‫نسہل‬ Pea/ Green ‫رٹم‬ Radish ‫ومیل‬
bean
Coriander ‫داینھ‬ Cucumber ‫ریھکا‬ Mushroom ‫یبمھک‬
Fenugreek ‫یھتیم‬ Corn ‫یئکماکہٹھب‬ Bottle Gourd ‫ولیک‬
leaves
Cucurbita ‫ولحہدکو‬ Fistulosus/ ‫ڈنٹے‬ Goabean ‫میسیکایلھپں‬
Baby pumpkin
SPICES
Clove ‫ولگن‬ Cumin ‫زریہ‬ Poppy seed ‫اخشخش‬
Cinnamon ‫دارینیچ‬ Dill ‫اوجانئ‬ Salt ‫کمن‬

Cardamom ‫ڑبیاالیچئ‬ Dry ginger ‫وسھٹن‬ Saffron ‫زرفعاؿ‬
Elettaria ‫وھچیٹاالیچئ‬ Anise ‫وسفن‬ Tamarind ‫ایلم‬
Cardamom
Nigellastvia ‫ولکیجن‬ Black pepper ‫اکیلرمچ‬ Red pepper ‫رسخرمچ‬
Turmeric ‫دلہی‬
FRUIT
Apple ‫بیس‬ Guava ‫ارمود‬ Pear ‫اناپشیت‬
Apricot ‫وخابین‬ Leeches ‫یچیل‬ Pineapple ‫ااننس‬
Banana ‫الیک‬ Lemon ‫ومیلں‬ Plum ‫آولاخبرہ‬
Eugenia ‫اجنم‬ Lime ‫اٹھکومیلں‬ Pomegranate ‫اانر‬
Blueberry ‫افہسل‬ Mango ‫آؾ‬ Raspberry ‫رسرھبی‬
Cherry ‫ریچی‬ Melon ‫رخوبزہ‬ Strawberry ‫رٹساریبی‬
Citron ‫وکچرتہ‬ Mulberry ‫وتہشت‬ Sugar can ‫انگ‬
Coconut ‫انرلی‬ Olive ‫زوتیؿ‬ Tomato ‫امٹرٹ‬
Date ‫وجھکر‬ Orange ‫اماٹل‬ Watermelon ‫رتوبز‬
Fig ‫اریجن‬ Papaya ‫اتیپپ‬ Water nut ‫اگنسڑہ‬
Grape ‫اوگنر‬ Peach ‫آڑو‬
DRY FRUIT
Currant/ ‫شمشک‬ Pistachio ‫ہتسپ‬ Almond ‫ابداؾ‬
Raisin
Pine-nut ‫وغلچزہ‬ Cashew nut ‫اکوج‬ Fig ‫اریجن‬
Peanut ‫ومگنیلھپ‬ Walnut ‫ارخوٹ‬
EDIBLES
Barley ‫وج‬ Corn ‫یئکم‬ Fine floor ‫دیمہ‬
Betel nut ‫اپؿاکہتپ‬ Cheese ‫رینپ‬ Flummery ‫افولدہ‬
Bran ‫وچرک‬ Cluster bean ‫وجار‬ Flour ‫آاٹ‬
Broth ‫وشرہب‬ Cream ‫المیئ‬ Gram ‫انچ‬
Brown sugar ‫رکش‬ Curt/ Yogurt ‫دیہ‬ Grain ‫اانج‬
Butter ‫نھکم‬ Conserve ‫رمہب‬ Gruel ‫دہیل‬
Jaggery ‫ڑگ‬ Millet ‫ابرجہ‬ Meat ‫وگشےئاک‬

Kidney bean ‫رسخولہیب‬ Mince ‫ہمیق‬ Mutton ‫رکبےاکوگتش‬
Lentil ‫وسمر‬ Maize ‫یئکم‬ Chicken ‫رمیغاکوگتش‬
Oats ‫یئج‬ Pickle ‫ااچر‬ Veal ‫ایھچباکوگتش‬
Pulse ‫داؽ‬ Rice ‫اچوؽ‬ Semolina ‫وسیج‬
Sesame ‫لت‬ Vinegar ‫رسہک‬ Whey ‫یسل‬
PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
Blind ‫ادناھ‬ Leper ‫ربصذدہ‬
Blind by one eye/One eyed ‫اکان‬ Mad/ Unsound mind ‫اپلگ‬
Blind by birth ‫دیپایشئادناھ‬ Dumb ‫وگاگن‬
Lame ‫ڑگنلا‬ Paralyzed ‫افجلذدہ‬
‫ت ن‬
Deaf ‫رہبا‬ Forgetful ‫جھلک ِٹڑ‬
Stammerer ‫الکہرکوبےنلواال‬ Lisper ‫التترکوبےنلواال‬/‫وتالت‬
ACHES
Headache ‫رسدرد‬ Bellyache ‫ٹیپدرد‬
Backache ‫رمکدرد‬ Toothache ‫داتناکدرد‬
Heartache ‫دؽاکدرد‬ Earache ‫اکؿاکدرد‬
Stomachache ‫دعمےاکدرد‬
PARTS OF BODY (EXTERNAL)

‫نیی‬
Ankle ‫تخیہ‬ Eyelid ‫وپپاٹ‬ Nipple ‫اتسپؿاکرسا‬
Anus ‫دعقم‬ Face ‫رہچہ‬ Nose ‫انک‬
Arm ‫ابزو‬ Finger ‫ایلگن‬ Nostril ‫انھتن‬
Armpit ‫لغب‬ Fist ‫یھٹم‬ Palm ‫یلیھتہ‬
Back ‫ھٹیپ‬ Forehead ‫اشیپین‬ Penis ‫وضعانتلس‬
Back ‫یبقعدنکےھ‬ Foot ‫اپؤں‬ Pore ‫اسمؾ‬
Shoulder
Beard ‫داڑیھ‬ Hair ‫ابؽ‬ Pupil ‫آھکنیکیلتپ‬
Bladder ‫اثمہن‬ Hand ‫اہھت‬ Ring Finger ‫وھچیٹایلگنےکاسھتیک‬
‫ایلگن‬
Belly ‫ٹیپ‬ Head ‫رس‬ Skin ‫دلج‬

Bellybutton ‫انػ‬ Heel ‫اڑییھ‬ Sole ‫ولتہ‬
Breast ‫اتسپؿ‬/‫زانہناھچیت‬ Hip ‫وکاہل‬ Shoulder ‫دنکےھ‬
Calf ‫ڈنپیل‬ Index Finger ‫اہشدتیکایلگن‬ Temple ‫یٹپنک‬
Cheek ‫راسخر‬ Knee ‫انٹھگ‬ Testicle ‫ہیصخ‬
Chest ‫ہنیس‬/‫رمداہناھچیت‬ Leg ‫اٹگن‬ Thigh ‫راؿ‬
Chin ‫وھٹڑی‬ Lip ‫وہٹن‬ Throat ‫الگ‬
Ear ‫اکؿ‬ Little Finger ‫وچیٹایلگن‬ Thumb ‫اوگناھٹ‬
Ear lobe ‫اکؿیکول‬ Mole ‫لت‬ Toe ‫ہجنپ‬
Elbow ‫ینہک‬ Mouth ‫ہنم‬ Upper ‫ابالیئدنکےھ‬
Shoulder
Eye ‫آھکن‬ Moustaches ‫ومںیھچن‬ Vagina ‫رفج‬
Eyeball ‫آھکناکڈالیھ‬ Middle ‫درایمینایلگن‬ Waist ‫رمک‬
Finger
Eyebrow ‫ونھبںی‬ Nail ‫اننخ‬ Wrinkles ‫رھجایں‬
Eyelash ‫ںیکلپ‬ Neck ‫رگدؿ‬ Wrist ‫الکیئ‬
PARTS OF BODY (INTERNAL)

Back Bone ‫رڑیھیکڈہی‬ Joint ‫وجڑ‬ Rib ‫یلسپ‬
Bile ‫ہتپ‬ Kidney ‫رگدہ‬ Shin ‫ڈنپیلیکیلن‬
Blood ‫وخؿ‬ Knee-pan ‫ینٹھگیکینپچ‬ Skull ‫وھکڑپی‬
Bone ‫ڈہی‬ Liver ‫رگج‬ Spleen ‫یلت‬
Brain ‫دامغ‬ Lungs ‫ڑھپیھپے‬ Stomach ‫دعمہ‬
Clavicle ‫یلسنہیکڈہی‬ Molar teeth ‫داڑھ‬ Teeth ‫داتن‬
Femur ‫راؿیکڈہی‬ Muscle ‫ےھٹپ‬ Tongue ‫زابؿ‬
Gums ‫وسمڑے‬ Nerves ‫ااصعب‬ Vein ‫رگ‬
Heart ‫دؽ‬ Ovary/ womb ‫ہضیب‬ Vertebra ‫رہمے‬
Intestine ‫آتن‬ Palate ‫اتول‬ Wind-pipe ‫رنرخہ‬
Jaw ‫ڑبجا‬ Pulse ‫ضبن‬ Womb ‫ہچبداین‬/‫رمح‬
ANIMALS, FEMININES, YOUNGS

Masculine Urdu Feminine Young
Ass/ Donkey/ Jackass ‫دگاھ‬ Jenny Foal
Bull ‫لیب‬ Cow Calf

Bullock ‫اسنیھب‬ Buffalo Calf
Bear ‫رھچی‬ Sow Cub
Crocodile ‫رگمھچم‬ Cow Hatchling
Camel ‫اوٹن‬ Cow Calf
Dog ‫اتک‬ Bitch Puppy
Deer/ Buck ‫رؿ‬ Doe Fawn
Elephant ‫اہیھت‬ Cow Calf
Fox ‫ولڑم‬ Vixen Cub
Giraffe ‫زراہف‬ Doe Calf
Goat/ Buck/ Billy ‫رکبا‬ Goat/ Doe/ Nanny Kid
Hyena ‫ڑگلاگب‬ Hyena Cub
Horse/ Stallion ‫وھگڑا‬ Mare Foal
Jackal ‫دیگڑ‬ Jackal Pup
‫ی‬
Kangaroo ‫کییگڑِو‬ Flyer Joey
Lion ‫ریش‬ Lioness Cub
Monkey ‫دنبر‬ Monkey Infant
Mule ‫رچخ‬ Mare Foal
Panda ‫اپڈنہ‬ Sow Cub
Pony ‫وٹٹ‬ Mare Foal
Rabbit/ Hare ‫رخوگش‬ Doe Bunny
Rhinoceros ‫ڈنیگا‬ Cow Calf
Swine/ Pig/ Boar ‫وسر‬ Sow Piglet
Stag ‫ابرہاھگنس‬ Doe Calf
Sheep/ Ram ‫ڑیھب‬ Ewe Lamb
Tiger/ Leopard ‫اتیچ‬ Tigress/ Leopardess Cub
Tom cat ‫الب‬ Cat Kitten
Tortoise/ Turtle ‫وھچکا‬ Turtle Hatchling
Weasel ‫وینال‬ Bitch/ Doe/ Jill Kit
Wolf ‫ڑیھبای‬ Bitch Puppy
Zebra ‫زربیا‬ Mare Foal
BIRDS, FEMININES, YOUNGS

Masculine Urdu Feminine Young

Bat ‫اگمچدڑ‬ Bat Pup
Crane ‫اسرس‬ Crane Chick
Crow ‫وکا‬ Hen Chick
Cuckoo ‫وکلئ‬ Cuckoo Cuckoo
Dove ‫افہتخ‬ Hen Chick/ Squab
Drake ‫خطب‬ Duck Duckling
Eagle ‫اقعب‬ Eagle Eaglet
Gander ‫خطب‬ Goose Gosling
Heron ‫الگب‬ Hen Chick
Kite ‫لیچ‬ Kite Kite
Nightingale ‫لبلب‬ Hen Chick
Ostrich ‫رتشرمغ‬ Hen Chick
Owl ‫اول‬ Owl Owlet
Parrot ‫وطاط‬ Hen Chick
Peacock ‫ومر‬ Peahen Peachick
Pigeon ‫وبکرت‬ Hen Squab
Quail ‫ریٹب‬ Hen Chick
Rooster/ Cock ‫رماغ‬ Hen Chick
Swan/ Cob ‫سنہ‬ Pen Cygnet
Swallow ‫اابلیب‬ Swallow Swallow
Tercel ‫ابز‬/‫رکشا‬ Hawk/ Falcon Eyas
Vulture ‫دگھ‬ - -
INSECTS
Fly ‫یھکم‬ Bee ‫دہشیکیھکم‬ Beetle ‫ونھبرا‬
Rat/ Mouse ‫وچاہ‬ Wasp ‫ڑھب‬ Mole ‫وھچھچدنر‬
Scorpio ‫وھچب‬ Ant ‫ویچیٹن‬ Mosquito ‫رھچم‬
Glow-warm ‫ونگج‬ Frog ‫ڈنیمک‬ Locust ‫ڈٹی‬
Lizard ‫یلکپھچ‬ Snake ‫اسپن‬ Cricket ‫رگنیھج‬
Dragonfly ‫اکیلبیھکم‬ Moth ‫اگنتپ‬/‫رپواہن‬ Butterfly ‫یلتت‬
‫کی‬
‫ھ‬‫ک‬‫ی‬
Louse ‫وجں‬ Centipede ‫خجوِرا‬ Crab ‫ڑکیکا‬
Locust ‫ڈٹیدؽ‬ Grass-hopper ‫اھگساکڈٹا‬ Spider ‫ڑکمی‬

‫‪Wasp‬‬ ‫ڑھب‬ ‫‪Silk worm‬‬ ‫رمشیاکڑیکا‬ ‫‪Termite‬‬ ‫دکمی‬
‫‪BUILDINGS AND PLACES‬‬

‫‪Aerodrome‬‬ ‫وہایئاڈہ‬ ‫‪Dungeon‬‬ ‫زریزنیمدیقاخہن‬ ‫‪Mosque‬‬ ‫دجسم‬
‫‪Arena/ Ring‬‬ ‫ااھکڑا‬ ‫‪Fort‬‬ ‫ہعلق‬ ‫‪Museum‬‬ ‫اجعبئرھگ‬
‫‪Arsenal‬‬ ‫اہحلساخہن‬ ‫‪Garage‬‬ ‫ریگاج‬ ‫‪Octroi post‬‬ ‫وصحمؽیگنچووصؽ‬
‫رکےنیکہگج‬
‫‪Asylum‬‬ ‫اپلگاخہن‬ ‫‪Godown/‬‬ ‫وگداؾ‬ ‫‪Orphanage‬‬ ‫میتیاخہن‬
‫‪Warehouse‬‬
‫‪Aviary‬‬ ‫رپدنےاپےنلیکہگج‬ ‫‪Graveyard‬‬ ‫ربقاتسؿ‬ ‫‪Palace‬‬ ‫لحم‬
‫‪Barrack‬‬ ‫وفویجںیکراہشئاگہ‬ ‫‪Gurudwara‬‬ ‫وگرودوارہ‬ ‫‪Parliament‬‬ ‫اپرٹنیمیل‬
‫‪Brewery‬‬ ‫رشابانبےنیکہگج‬ ‫‪Gymnasium‬‬ ‫ورزشرکےنیکہگج‬ ‫‪Stable‬‬ ‫البطص‬
‫‪Church‬‬ ‫رگاجرھگ‪/‬اسیلک‬ ‫‪Hospice‬‬ ‫اتحمجاخہن‬ ‫‪Stadium‬‬ ‫ڈیٹسمی‬
‫‪Court‬‬ ‫دعاتل‪/‬درابر‬ ‫‪Hotel‬‬ ‫اعریضراہشئاگہ‬ ‫‪Synagogue‬‬ ‫وہیدویںیکابعدتاگہ‬
‫‪Dais‬‬ ‫ادااکریونفداھکےن‬ ‫‪Inn‬‬ ‫رساےئ‪/‬اسمرفاخہن‬ ‫‪Zoo‬‬ ‫ڑچایرھگ‬
‫یکہگج‬
‫‪Dockyard‬‬ ‫رحبیاہجزانبےنیکہگج‬ ‫‪Lunatic‬‬ ‫ذینہرموضیںےک‬
‫رےنہیکہگج‬
‫‪Dome‬‬ ‫ربقمہ‪/‬دبنگ‬ ‫‪Mint‬‬ ‫ےکسانبےنیکہگج‬

English Grammar (Terms)
Language: A system of communication used by a particular country or community is called
Language.
Formal Language: The serious and official language is called Formal Language.
Informal Language: The ordinary and casual language is called Informal Language.
Slang: Extremely informal language used mainly by a particular group especially young
people is called slang.
Grammar: The system and structure of a language consisting of syntax and morphology is
called Grammar.
Sementics: The study of meaning in a language is called sementics.
Syntax: The arrangement of words and phrases to make well-formed sentences in a
language.
Morphology: The study of inflections and other forms of words is called Morphology.
Inflection: A change in the form of a word to express a grammatical function such as tense,
mood, person, case number and gender etc.
Orthography: The conventional spelling system of al language is called Orthography.
Alphabet: A set of letters or symbols in a fixed order to represents the speech sounds of a
language.
Letter: A symbol that represents one or more of the sounds used in a speech is called Letter.
Vowel: A speech sound in which breath is not obstructed by teeth, tongue or lips and which is
capable of forming a syllable. A, E, I, O
Consonant: A speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which needs a
vowel to form a syllable. B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z
Semi Vowel: A speech sound that performs the functions of both vowel and consonant. U, W, Y
Word: A meaningful combination of different letters, as in letters A, R and M forms a word => ARM
Syllable: A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound with or without surrounding
consonants is called Syllable.
Stress: It is an extra force used while pronouncing a particular word or syllable is called
Stress.
Sentence: A meaningful combination of different words is called Sentence, as in I like
apples.
Subject: A person or thing about which something is said is called Subject, as in John Lives in
London.
Predicate: The part of a sentence which tells something about subject is called Predicate, as
in John lives in London.
Object: The person or thing that receives an action is called Object, as in Jasmine plays
piano.
Prefix: A letter or group of letters added to beginning of a word to make a new word is
called Prefix, as in Replay, disunity
Suffix: A letter or group of letters added at the end of a word to make a new word is called
Suffix, as in Freedom, friendship.

Synonym: A word or phrase that means same as another word or phrase in the same
language is called Synonym, as in Shut = Close,
Antonym: A word opposite in the meaning to another word is called Antonym as in Day is
the antonym of Night.
Abbreviation: Short form of a word is called abbreviation. It has three types.
1. Initialism: An abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately is called
Initialism, as in Masters in Arts = MA, Bachelor in Business Administration = BBA, BBC
= British Broadcasting Corporation etc.
2. Contraction: A word or group of words resulting from contracting an original form is
called Contraction, as in I am = I’m, He has = He’s, Mister = Mr. etc.
3. Acronym: A word formed from the initial letters of the words is called Acronym, as in
AIDS = Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Heteronym: It is a word with the same spelling but different in pronunciation and meaning,
as in Present (gift) Present (to give), Wind (air) Wind (twist or turn), Wound (Injury) Wound
(2nd form of wind)
Homophone: It is a word that is pronounced like another word but has a different spelling
or meaning, as in Some, Sum
Skimming: Skimming means going through a text or a chapter quickly in order to have an
overview or general idea about the contents.
Scanning: Scanning means looking at a text to find some particular information.
.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.

Common English Grammar Mistakes

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Sr. # Description Page #

By Sharjeel Malik Page 1

By Sharjeel Malik Page 2

By Sharjeel Malik Page 3

By Sharjeel Malik Page 4

Soft Consonants C, F (gh) H, K, P, Q, S, Sh, Ch, T, X, TH

If a verb ends at a vowel sound or a hard ‫ہپمتخوہوت‬Vowel sound‫ای‬Hard consonant‫ارگوکیئلعف‬

Rent => rented /rentid/ ‫رٹنیِڈ‬ want=> wanted /wantid/ ‫واٹنِڈ‬

By Sharjeel Malik Page 5

If a noun ends at a vowel sound or a hard ‫ہپمتخوہوت‬Vowel sound‫ای‬Hard consonant‫ارگوکیئامس‬

Toys /toyz/ ‫وٹےئز‬ Boys /boyz/ ‫وبےئز‬

Some words are used both as verbs and ‫ضعباافلظامساورلعفدوونںیکہگجہپاامعتسؽوہےتںیہ۔ارگوہلعفےکوطر‬

By Sharjeel Malik Page 6

By Sharjeel Malik Page 7

By Sharjeel Malik Page 8

By Sharjeel Malik Page 9

Consonants (Unvoiced and Voiced Pair)

By Sharjeel Malik Page 10

Same Point of Articulation)‫(ےجہلاکاکیاساقمؾ‬

By Sharjeel Malik Page 11

See it now It’s very interesting Carry on please

By Sharjeel Malik Page 12

By Sharjeel Malik Page 13

By Sharjeel Malik Page 14

Diaphragm (‫)رپدہمکش‬ Intaglio (‫)دنکہایکوہاڈزینئ‬

Psychiatry (‫)دامیغارماضاکالعج‬ Psyche

By Sharjeel Malik Page 15

By Sharjeel Malik Page 16

Word Class Definition Examples

There is an other small word class known as exclamation.

By Sharjeel Malik Page 17

By Sharjeel Malik Page 18

By Sharjeel Malik Page 19

By Sharjeel Malik Page 20

By Sharjeel Malik Page 21

By Sharjeel Malik Page 22

By Sharjeel Malik Page 23

On the Basis of Transitivity

By Sharjeel Malik Page 24

On the Basis of Forms

On the Basis of Activity

On the Basis of Function

By Sharjeel Malik Page 25

By Sharjeel Malik Page 26

By Sharjeel Malik Page 27

By Sharjeel Malik Page 28

By Sharjeel Malik Page 29

I play cricket daily. ‫ںیمروزاہنرکٹکاتلیھکوہں۔‬

Negative Sentence: Sub + do/does + not + V1 + Obj.

I do not make a noise. ‫ںیموشرںیہنرکات۔‬

By Sharjeel Malik Page 30

Short Interrogative: Do/does + Sub + V1 + Obj?

Do you know how to drive a car? ‫ایکمتوکاکرالچینآیتےہ؟‬

Past Simple Tense

By Sharjeel Malik Page 31

Negative Sentence: Sub + did + not + V1 + Obj.

I did not play any trick. ‫ںیمےنوکیئاچالیکںیہنیک۔‬

Short Interrogative: Did + Sub + V1 + Obj?

Did you auctionyour things? ‫ایکمتےناینپزیچںیالینؾرکدںی؟‬

By Sharjeel Malik Page 32

Future Simple Tense