NAME: __________________________________________________________ SCORE: ____________

YR. and SEC: __________________________________________________________ DATE: ____________

ROCKS: ITS THREE MAIN CATEGORIES AND MINERAL COMPOSITION

OBJECTIVE. At the end of the lesson,

you will be able to classify rocks into
igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: How are

rocks classified?

LEARN ABOUT IT!

Rocks are classified according to
how they are formed. From the diagram
above, we can see that:
1. Igneous rocks are formed by the
cooling or solidification of magma or
lava.
2. Metamorphic rocks are formed by
preexisting rocks that are exposed
to extreme heat and pressure in the
Earth’s interior, a process
called metamorphism.
3. Sedimentary rocks are formed by
the compaction and cementation of
sediments, a process
called lithification.

Also, we can see that one type of

rock can be transformed into another
type depending on the process that it
goes through.
Igneous Rocks are further
classified as intrusive or extrusive
igneous based on grain size.
● Intrusive rocks, or plutonic rocks,
are igneous rocks formed
underneath the earth. They are
coarse-grained due to the slow
cooling of magma allowing crystal
growth.
● Extrusive rocks, or volcanic rocks,
are igneous rocks formed on the
surface of the earth. They are
cooled lava, which are molten rocks
ejected on the surface through
volcanic eruptions. They are fine-
grained due to abrupt cooling on the
surface.

Igneous rocks can also be classified

based on grain size, general
composition, and percentage mineral
composition. The diagram below shows
the four general compositions of
igneous rocks–light-colored or felsic,
intermediate, dark-colored mafic, and
ultramafic.

Sedimentary Rocks are classified into

clastic or non-clastic.
● Clastic sedimentary rocks are
made up of sediments from
preexisting rocks. When preexisting
rocks are physically weathered and
eroded, they form sediments. When
these sediments are transported,
 deposited, and lithified, they form the clastic sedimentary rocks. These rocks can be identified based on their grain sizes that
can range from 0.002 mm (e.g. clay size) to > 2 mm (coarse gravel).
● Non-clastic sedimentary rocks can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both. Biological sedimentary rocks are
lithified accumulation of dead organisms. Examples include coal (formed from carbon-rich plants) and limestone (formed from
the remains of calcareous organisms). On the other hand, chemical sedimentary rocks are from chemical precipitation. An
example is rock salt formed when dissolved salts precipitate from a solution. Below is a table of chemical sedimentary rocks
based on composition and texture size.

Metamorphic Rocks can be classified as foliated or non-foliated based on texture.

● Foliated metamorphic rocks have layered or banded appearance produced by exposure to high temperatures and pressures.
o Examples include slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss.
● In contrast, non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have layered appearance.
o Examples include marble, quartzite, and anthracite.
Foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks can be further classified based on their parent rocks. However, such classification
can be difficult because of the rock alteration during metamorphism. The table below shows the parent rocks of different foliated
and non-foliated rocks.

TRY IT! Collect some rock samples from random places in your area and classify each rock whether it is igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock. Further classify them into the specific type of each classification of rock.

WHAT DO YOU THINK? How do rocks undergo weathering?

KEY POINTS
● Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling or solidification of magma or lava.
● Metamorphic rocks are formed by preexisting rocks that are exposed to extreme heat and pressure in the Earth’s interior, a
process called metamorphism.
● Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments, a process called lithification.

ASSESSMENT
1. Which of the following rocks are formed from preexisting rocks exposed to extreme heat and pressure in the Earth’s interior?
A. metamorphic B. igneous C. sedimentary D. plutonic
2. Which of the following rocks are formed by the solidification of lava?
A. extrusive igneous rock C. extrusive metamorphic rock
B. intrusive igneous rock D. intrusive metamorphic rock
3. Which of the following rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments?
A. sedimentary rocks C. extrusive igneous rocks
B. metamorphic rocks D. intrusive igneous rocks
4. Which of the following describes the texture of a volcanic rock?
A. fine-grained B. coarse-grained C. medium-grained D. foliated
5. What is the dominant mineral in limestone?
A. calcite B. quartz C. gypsum D. halite
6. Which of the following rocks is a mafic extrusive igneous rock?
A. basalt B. granite C. syenite D. peridotite
7. Which of the following metamorphic rocks are non-foliated?
A. marble B. slate C. gneiss D. schist
8. Arrange the following processes that form a sedimentary rock.
a preexisting rock undergoes weathering and erosion sediments are compacted
a preexisting rock becomes sediments sediments are cemented
Correct Order
9. How can an igneous rock become a metamorphic rock?
A. when it is subjected to high temperature and C. when it disintegrates into smaller pieces
pressure D. when it melts and forms magma
B. when it undergoes weathering and erosion
10. How can a metamorphic rock transform into an extrusive igneous rock?
A. when it melts and then cools on the Earth's surface C. when it melts and then cools inside the Earth's
B. when it undergoes weathering and erosion interior
D. when it disintegrates into smaller pieces

GEOLOGIC PROCESSES ON EARTH’S SURFACE

OBJECTIVE/S: At the end of the class discussion, you will be able to describe how rocks undergo different processes of weathering
and explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and deposition.

BIG IDEA: The Earth is constantly changing through the years. According to the Continental Drift Theory proposed by Alfred
Wegener, the Earth was once a giant landmass called Pangaea. This giant landmass was broken down into several continents
because of the movement beneath the Earth’s surface.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: If continents came from a giant landmass, can you imagine how the mountains, volcanoes, and
soil are formed?

LEARN ABOUT IT!

Shaping the Earth’s surface involves a geological process called weathering. Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks
into smaller pieces called sediments.
Different Types of Weathering
All rocks undergo weathering, and it takes a long period. There are three different types of rock weathering: mechanical
weathering, chemical weathering, and biological weathering.
● Mechanical weathering is a process wherein rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without changing its chemical
composition due to different temperatures and water. Rocks in the highway develop cracks and small fractures because of too
much exposure to heat. This activity is an example of mechanical weathering.
● Chemical weathering is a process wherein rock materials are changed into other substances that have different physical and
chemical compositions. Some agents of chemical weathering include water, strong acids, and oxygen. Water hydrates and
breaks the minerals in the rocks through the process of hydrolysis. Oxygen combines with metals to produce oxides while acids
from vents and volcanoes increase the speed of weathering process. One example of chemical weathering in rocks is when
rainwater hydrolyzed the feldspar minerals to form clay minerals.
● Biological weathering is a process when living things, such as insects and roots of the trees, contribute to the disintegration
of rock materials. For example, mosses and fungi that grow on rocks produce weak acids that can destroy or dissolve the rocks.
Erosion is the transportation of weathered rocks. Agents like running water or rivers, wind, gravity, groundwater, wave currents,
and glaciers contribute to erosion.
Types of Erosion
● Water erosion is a type of erosion where the water carries the sediments to different parts of the bodies of water such as rivers.
● Wind erosion happens when light materials, such as small rocks and pebbles, are carried by wind to different places.
● Glacial erosion happens when the ice moves downhill and plucks out chunks of rocks and causes scraping between the ice
and the rock. Plucking and scraping can lead to the development of other landforms if, for example, the glaciers hit a mountain
and erode it.
● Soil erosion happens when the top soil is removed and leaves the soil infertile. This is caused by wind or flood in an area.
Deposition is the laying down of sediments to its depositional environment or final destination. The depositional environment can
be continental, coastal, or marine.
● Continental includes streams, swamps, caves, and deserts.
● Coastal includes lagoons, estuaries, and deltas.
● Marine includes slopes and bottom of the ocean or abyssal zone.

EXPLORE! Our country is a pathway of typhoons because of our location in the globe. The government always warns us, especially
those who reside near the slopes or low-lying areas, to evacuate immediately when this happens. Given the different types of erosion
you have learned, particularly soil erosion, what would you suggest that the government should do to minimize the devastating
effects of this erosion?

TRY IT! Take a tour in a nearby river. Observe the different types of rocks that you will see and take note of their physical
characteristics. What can you say about those rocks?

WHAT DO YOU THINK? Why do you think is it necessary for the rocks to undergo the process of weathering?

KEY POINTS
● Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.
● Erosion is the removal of weathered rocks downslope from the original place of weathering.
● Deposition is the laying down of sediments to its depositional environment or final destination.

ASSESSMENT

1. There are three different types of rock weathering, which of the following is not included?
A. superficial B. biological C. chemical D. mechanical
2. It is the process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.
A. weathering B. climate change C. crushing D. leaching
3. This type of erosion happens when light materials, such as small rocks and pebbles, are carried by the wind to different
places.
A. wind erosion B. water erosion C. glacial erosion D. soil erosion
4. Which of the following are the agents of erosion?
A. wind B. water C. glaciers D. acid
5. What are the disadvantages of soil erosion? CHOOSE MULTIPLE ANSWERS.
A. It washes out the topsoil and leaves it infertile. C. It carries small rocks to different places.
B. It cleans the soil. D. It is associated to floods.
6. Which of the following is not true about chemical weathering?
A. Agents of chemical weathering include water, strong acids, and oxygen.
B. Rock materials are changed into other substances with physical and chemical compositions.
C. Agents of chemical weathering include living things such as insects and roots of the trees.
D. One example of chemical weathering include feldspar hydrolyzed by rainwater.
7. Which of the following human activities helps reduce the effect of soil erosion?
A. crop rotation method C. converting forests to farms
B. overgrazing of animals D. kaingin system
8. What is the role of water in chemical weathering of rocks?
A. It hydrates and breaks the minerals on the rocks. D. It combines with metals in the minerals of rocks to
B. It washes out the dirt on rocks. form oxides.
C. It fertilizes the soil.
9. Which of the following human activities reduces the quality of the top soil?
A. kaingin system C. planting more trees
B. crop rotation method D. leaving the soil as it is
10. Which of the following is not an example of areas where the sediments are deposited?
A. abyssal zone B. caves C. mountains D. deltas