Golden Eagle 1

Golden Eagle
Golden Eagle

Adult Golden Eagle (North American subspecies)

Aquila chrysaetos canadensis
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Subclass: Neornithes

Infraclass: Neognathae

Superorder: Neoaves

Order: Accipitriformes

Family: Accipitridae

Genus: Aquila

Species: A. chrysaetos

Binomial name

Aquila chrysaetos
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Light green = Breeding only

Blue = Wintering only
Dark green = All-year
Synonyms
Golden Eagle 2

Falco chrysaëtos Linnaeus, 1758

The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all
eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many of
the more heavily populated areas. Despite being locally extinct or uncommon, the species is still fairly ubiquitous,
being present in Eurasia, North America and parts of Africa. The highest density of nesting Golden Eagles in the
world lies in southern Alameda County, California.[1] [2] [3]
These birds are dark brown, with lighter golden-brown plumage on their heads and necks. Their wingspan averages
over 2 m (7 ft) and their length 1 m (3 ft).
Golden Eagles use their agility and speed combined with extremely powerful talons to snatch up prey including
rabbits, marmots, ground squirrels and many other prey and large mammals such as fox, wild and domestic cats,
mountain goats, ibex, and young deer. They will also eat carrion if prey is scarce, as well as reptiles. Birds, including
large species up to the size of swans and cranes as well as ravens and greater black backed gulls have all been
recorded as prey. They have even been known to attack and kill fully grown roe deer. The Eurasian subspecies are
used to hunt and kill wolves in many native communities, where their status is regarded with great mystic reverence.
Golden Eagles maintain territories that may be as large as 155 square kilometres (60 square miles). They are
monogamous and may remain together for several years or possibly for life. Golden Eagles nest in high places
including cliffs, trees, or human structures such as telephone poles. They build huge nests to which they may return
for several breeding years. Females lay from one to four eggs, and both parents incubate them for 40 to 45 days.
Typically, one or two young survive to fledge in about three months.

Description
Adult Golden Eagles range considerably in size, though some are
among the largest eagles of the genus Aquila. Most subspecies of
Golden Eagle vary in the range from 65 to 112 cm (26–44 in) in
length, wingspan can range from 150 to 280 cm (60–110 in), and
weight is from 2.5 to 9 kg (5.5–20 lb). The smallest-bodied subspecies
is A. c. japonica while A. c. daphanea is the largest on average.[4]
However, wild specimens from Northwestern North America (A. c.
canadensis) can exceed normal dimensions, as the largest recorded
weighed 9 kg (20 lbs) and had a body length of 102 cm (40.1 in).[5] As
Subadult, note white in tail and dark neck.
with many Accipitriformes, females are considerably larger than
males; in the case of the Golden Eagle they weigh one-quarter to
one-third more than male birds.

The plumage colour ranges from black-brown to dark brown, with a striking golden-buff crown and nape, which
glows in the sunlight and light reflects the golden tint, which give the bird its name. The upper wings also have an
irregular lighter area. Immature birds resemble adults, but have a duller more mottled appearance. Also they have a
white-banded tail and a white patch at the carpal joint, that gradually disappear with every moult until full adult
plumage is reached in the fifth year. Contour feathers may be moulted in a short time span.[6]
Golden Eagle 3

Taxonomy and systematics

This species was first described by Linnaeus in his 1758 Systema naturae as Falco chrysaetos.[7] The type locality is
given simply as "Europa"; it was later fixed to Sweden.
The Golden Eagle is one of the largest eagles in the genus Aquila, which are distributed almost worldwide. The latest
research indicates it forms a worldwide superspecies with Verreaux's Eagle, Gurney's Eagle and the Wedge-tailed
Eagle.

Subspecies and distribution

The type species is
• Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758) – Eurasia except Iberian peninsula, east to western Siberia.
Besides, there are five living subspecies of Golden Eagle that differ slightly in size and plumage. They can be found
in different parts of the world:
• Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) – North America.
• Aquila chrysaetos kamtschatica Severtzov, 1888 – Eastern Siberia, from the Altay to the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Often included in A. c. canadensis.
• Aquila chrysaetos daphanea Severtzov, 1888 – Southern Kazakhstan east to Manchuria and south-west China, also
northern Pakistan, Kashmir and western India.
• Aquila chrysaetos homeryi Severtzov, 1888 – Iberian peninsula and North Africa, east to Turkey and Iran.
• Aquila chrysaetos japonica Severtzov, 1888 – Japan and Korea.
The larger Middle Pleistocene Golden Eagles of France (and possibly elsewhere) are referred to a paleosubspecies
Aquila chrysaetos bonifacti, and the huge specimens of the Late Pleistocene of Liko Cave (Crete) have been named
Aquila chrysaetos simurgh.[8]

Ecology

Feeding
Golden eagle predominant prey in North America is leporids (hares
and rabbits) and sciurids (ground squirrels, prairie dogs and marmots),
the two groups normally comprising 50% to 94% of the diet of nesting
eagles. Additional mammals regularly taken include mice, martens,
foxes, young deer and mountain goats.[9] The secondary important prey
group for eagles are other birds. Various gallinaceous birds (largely
phasianids, ptarmigans and grouse) are the most significant avian prey.
However, virtually any bird, from a jay to a swan, is potential prey.
During winter months when prey is scarce, Golden Eagles scavenge on
carrion to supplement their diet. Sometimes when no carrion is
available golden eagles will hunt down large prey, such as
goat-antelopes and caribou.[10] There is one confirmed report of a
Golden Eagle snatching the cub of a Brown Bear,[11] Other attacks by a
pair of eagles on adult brown bear have been filmed, the birds probably
were driving the bear out of their territory. Golden eagles are avian
The Golden Eagle's beak is well-suited to tear
apex predators, meaning a healthy adult is not preyed upon. There are
apart large prey.
records of golden eagles killing and eating large raptors such as
Golden Eagle 4

Gyrfalcons, Northern Goshawks and Buteo hawks, whether adults, nestlings or eggs. Falcons, jaegers and Buteos
like Rough-legged Hawks, which are normally competitors, have worked together to group-mob Golden Eagles that
have passed their adjacent nesting areas.[12] In one instance, a golden eagle flying in towards a peregrine falcon nest
was struck and killed by a swooping parent falcon.[13] This may have been a freak event since, bearing in mind the
eagle is many times larger and more powerful than the falcon, the reverse outcome is much more likely.[14] More
commonly, Golden Eagles kleptoparasitize, or steal prey, from other raptors. Despite being often smaller in size than
the largest vultures, they are capable of displacing them, of both unrelated families, from carrion. Golden Eagles
have exceptional eyesight and can spot prey from extreme distances. The Golden Eagle has a resolution power many
times more powerful than that of a human. The huge talons are used for crushing, killing and carrying the prey,
whilst the beak is used for tearing and eating. A pair often have a division of labour while hunting, one bird may
drive the prey towards its waiting partner. On the other hand, the size difference between males and females allows
more unpaired birds to live off the land, which is helpful to maintain a sufficiently large population for this large and
slowly-maturing bird.

Reproduction
Golden Eagles usually mate for life. They build several eyries within
their territory and use them alternately for several years. These nests
consist of heavy tree branches, upholstered with grass when in use. Old
eyries may be 2 metres (6.6 ft) in diameter and 1 metre (3.3 ft) in
height, as the eagles repair their nests whenever necessary and enlarge
them during each use. If the eyrie is situated on a tree, supporting tree
branches may break because of the weight of the nest. Certain other
animals – birds and mammals too small to be of interest to the huge
raptor – often use the nest as shelter. Their predators are just the right
Golden Eagle eyrie (in hollow at left center) in
size for Golden eagle prey, and therefore avoid active eyries.
the Valley of the Siagne de la Pare,
Alpes-Maritimes (France). The female lays one to four (usually two) eggs between January and
September (depending on the locality). The eggs vary from all white to
white with cinnamon or brown spots and blotches. They start incubation immediately after the first egg is laid, and
after 40 to 45 days the young hatch.[15] They are covered in fluffy white down and are fed for fifty days before they
are able to make their first flight attempts and eat on their own. In most cases only the older chick survives, while the
younger one dies without leaving the eyrie. This is due to the older chick having a few days' advantage in growth and
consequently winning most squabbles for food. This strategy is useful for the species because it makes the parents'
workload manageable even when food is scarce, while providing a reserve chick in case the first-born dies soon after
hatching. Golden eagles invest much time and effort in bringing up their young; once able to hunt on their own, most
golden eagles survive many years, but mortality even among first-born nestlings is much higher, in particular in the
first weeks after hatching.

Congregation and Migration

As with many raptors, golden eagles may congregate once a year. In Eurasia and North America, this congregation
usually occurs in the Autumn (while congregations of bald eagles is a late-winter / early-spring phenomenon). The
largest known congregation, in number of birds present, of the golden eagle is in the state of Montana in October.
The congregation site is the east slope of the Bridger Mountains and adjacent Bridger Canyon. The mountain range
is on the edge of the Rocky Mountain chain, where it borders parts of the Great Plains and several island ranges.
Golden eagles from all over North America congregate here before migrating for the winter.
Golden Eagle 5

Status and conservation

At one time, the Golden Eagle lived in temperate Europe, North Asia,
North America, North Africa and Japan. In most areas this bird is now
a mountain-dweller, but in former centuries it also bred in the plains
and the forests. In recent years it has started to breed in lowland areas
again e.g. in Sweden and Denmark.
There was a great decline in Central Europe where they are now
essentially restricted to the Apennine, Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
In Britain, the last comprehensive survey of Golden Eagles took place
in 2003, and found 442 occupied territories.[16] A less thorough survey
in 2007 showed that in addition to large numbers of territories in the
Scottish Highlands and the Inner and Outer Hebrides, there were a
handful of birds in southern Scotland and northern England.[17]
Between 1969 and 2003 they nested in the Lake District, Cumbria.[16]

In Ireland, where it had been extinct due to hunting since 1912, efforts
are being made to re-introduce the species. Forty-six birds were
released into the wild in Glenveagh National Park, County Donegal, Potawatomi chief Kack-Kack with eagle feather
from 2001 to 2006, with at least three known female fatalities since war bonnet, c.1925.
then. It is intended to release a total of sixty birds, to ensure a viable
population. In April 2007, a pair of Golden Eagles produced the first chick to be hatched in the Republic of Ireland
in nearly a century. The previous attempt to help the birds breed at the Glenveagh National Park had failed.[18]

In North America the situation is not as dramatic, but there has still been a noticeable decline. The main threat is
habitat destruction which by the late 19th century already had driven Golden Eagles from some regions they used to
inhabit.[19] In the 20th century, organochloride and heavy metal poisonings were also commonplace, but these have
declined thanks to tighter regulations on pollution. Within the United States, the Golden Eagle is legally protected by
the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act.
Available habitat and food are the main limiting factor nowadays. Collisions with power lines have become an
increasingly significant cause of mortality since the early 20th century. On a global scale, the Golden Eagle is not
considered threatened by the IUCN mainly thanks to the large Asian and American populations.

In human culture

Falconry
Golden Eagles can be trained for falconry.[20] In Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, western Mongolia and China, Golden Eagles are still used
to hunt.

1870s illustration of burkut falconers in Eastern

Turkestan.
Golden Eagle 6

Heraldry
The Golden Eagle is the national bird of five nations, Albania,
Germany and Austria in continuation of the Holy Roman Empire, and
Mexico and Kazakhstan, the most of any species. The eagle is very
much connected to the Saladin Golden Eagle, currently used as the
coat of arms of Egypt, Iraq, and Palestine, it was also previously used
by Libya, and Yemen.

The Golden Eagle was model for the aquila, the standard of the Roman
legions. It is featured in the national coats of arms of Germany,
Albania, Austria, Egypt, Mexico, Romania and many other countries.

Religion Mexican Coat of Arms

In North America
The eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and the feathers of the eagle are central to many religious and spiritual
customs, especially amongst some Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada, as well as
among many of the peoples of Meso-America. Some Native American peoples revere eagles as sacred and the
feathers and other parts of Bald and Golden Eagles. Feathers are often worn on Native American headdresses and
have been compared to the Bible and crucifix of Christianity. Eagle feathers are often used in various Native
ceremonies and are used to honour noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and
bravery.
Current United States eagle feather law (50 CFR 22) stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American
ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or
spiritual use. Thus, the supply of eagle material for traditional ceremonial use can be guaranteed and ceremonial
eagle items can be passed on as heirlooms by their traditional owners without the restrictions that would usually
apply. Commercial trade in Golden Eagles or their feathers or body parts is not legalized by these exceptions.[21]
On February 1, 2006 the Director Dale Hall of the USFWS issued a new permit to the Hopi Tribe for 2006. On April
26, 2007 USFWS Deputy Director Kenneth Stansell issued a new permit for 2007. As in the past, the permits
authorize the Hopi to take up to 40 golden eaglets.
In keeping with a departure begun in 2003, the USFWS HQ in Washington, D.C., not the Regional Director in
Albuquerque, New Mexico, issued the 2006 and 2007 Eagle permits. The Regional Office issued a separate, new
permit on March 23, 2007 for the Hopi to take an unlimited number of red-tail hawk nestlings in northeastern
Arizona in 2007.
A new aspect of Native American religious eagle gathering is that additional tribes are now taking live eagles under
USFWS permits, for the first time. They are:
Jemez Pueblo - In October 2006, the USFWS issued a permit to Jemez Pueblo to capture up to 2 golden eagles in the
Valles Caldera National Preserve, administered by the Forest Service, in Sandoval County, New Mexico. The
USFWS had previously denied a Jemez request in 2002 to take eagles. In July 2007 Jemez reported that they
successfully collected two immature golden eagles.
Taos Pueblo - In February 2007 the USFWS issued a permit to Taos Pueblo to shoot one mature golden eagle on
Taos Pueblo Tribal lands in Taos County, New Mexico. An additional permit allows the permittee to transport the
taken eagle and its parts anywhere within the United States. Report was due to USFWS by December 31, 2007.
Isleta Pueblo - In April 2007, the USFWS issued a permit to the Pueblo of Isleta to take two mature golden eagles on
Pueblo lands in Valencia and Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The Isleta Report is due on March 31, 2008.
Golden Eagle 7

In Hinduism

In Hindu religion, Garuda is a lesser Hindu divinity, usually the mount

(vahanam) of Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a
strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a
crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large
enough to block out the sun.

Garuda, the Vahana of Lord Vishnu

Gallery

Nestling, 14 days after hatching. Nestling near fledging, losing down Subadult A. c.
Note second egg, still unhatched. feathers. canadensis in flight,
Alaska.
Note white in
underwings and tail.

Notes
[1] Petersen-Raptors of California
[2] Kqed.org (http:/ / www. kqed. org/ quest/ television/ cool-critters-the-golden-eagle), "Cool critters the Golden Eagle".
[3] Kqed.org (http:/ / www. kqed. org/ quest/ television/ fatal-attraction-birds-and-wind-turbines), "fatal attraction birdsd and wind turbines".
[4] Ferguson-Lees & Christie, Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Company (2001), ISBN 978-0618127627
[5] San Diego Zoo (http:/ / www. sandiegozoo. org/ animalbytes/ t-golden_eagle. html)
[6] David H. Ellis, James W. Lish, Marc Kery and Stephen M. Redpath (2006) Short-term oscillations in avian molt intensity: evidence from the
golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Journal of Avian Biology 37:642-644
[7] "[Falco] cera lutea, pedibus lanatis, corpore fusco ferrugineo vario, cauda nigra basi cinereo-undulata." - "A [diurnal raptor] with yellow
cere, [feathered tarsometatarsus], body dusky brown variegated with rusty, tail black with ashy-waved base." (Linnaeus 1758)
[8] Sánchez Marco (2004)
[9] Youtube.com (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=opscZDhWGqM)
[10] Cornell University (http:/ / bna. birds. cornell. edu/ bna/ species/ 684/ articles/ foodhabits)
Golden Eagle 8

[11] Sørensen, Ole; Mogens Totsås, Tore Solstad, Robin Rigg (2008). Predation by a Golden Eagle on a Brown Bear Cub. 19. pp. 190–193.
[12] Cornell University (http:/ / bna. birds. cornell. edu/ bna/ species/ 641/ articles/ behavior)
[13] (http:/ / elibrary. unm. edu/ sora/ jrr/ v021n02/ p00067-p00067. pdf)
[14] Cornell.edu (http:/ / bna. birds. cornell. edu/ bna/ species/ 660/ articles/ behavior)
[15] golden eagle. (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
[16] Mark Holling and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel Report for 2003-4 (http:/ / www. rbbp. org. uk/ downloads/ rbbp-report-2003-04. pdf)
accessed 4 March 2010.
[17] Mark Holling and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2010). "Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2007". British Birds 103: 45–6.
[18] RTÉ News (2007)
[19] E.g. Henninger (1906)
[20] Gates (1990)
[21] USDCDN (1986), USFWS-SR (2001), USFWS-OLE (2004a,b), e-CFR (2008)

References
• BirdLife International (2004). Aquila chrysaetos. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006.
www.iucnredlist.org (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Retrieved on 2006-05-12. Database entry includes
justification for why this species is of least concern
• e-CFR (2008): 50 CFR 22 - Eagle Permits. HTML fulltext (http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/
text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=9a2c074a271d17db16c4a0fa4ca3d2ba&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title50/50cfr22_main_02.tpl)
• Henninger, W.F. (1906): A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio. Wilson Bull. 18(2): 47-60. DjVu
fulltext (http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/DJVU/v018n02/P0047-P0060.djvu) PDF fulltext (http://
elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v018n02/p0047-p0060.pdf)
• Gates, Alan (1990): The Call of the Wind. Falconers & Raptor Conservation Magazine [1990](4). HTML fulltext
(http://www.avmv20.dsl.pipex.com/Articles/The Call of the Wind.htm)
• Linnaeus, Carl (1758): 41.2. Falco chrysaetos. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes,
ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol.1): 88. Laurentius
Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). PDF fulltext (http://gdz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de:8080/contentserver/
contentserver?command=docconvert&docid=D265100&pdf.x=19&pdf.y=8)
• Gordon, Seton (1955): The Golden Eagle: King of Birds. Citadel Press, New York.
• Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M.; Doherty, Paul & Cramp, Stanley (1998): The complete birds of the
western Palaearctic on CD-ROM. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-268579-1
• RTÉ News (2007): Golden Eagle hatches in Donegal (http://www.rte.ie/news/2007/0530/eagles.html?rss).
Version of May 30, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
• Sánchez Marco, Antonio (2004): Avian zoogeographical patterns during the Quaternary in the Mediterranean
region and paleoclimatic interpretation. Ardeola 51(1): 91-132. PDF fulltext (http://www.ardeola.org/files/
Ardeola_51(1)_91-132.pdf)
• United States District Court for the District of Nevada (USDCDN) (1986): 649 F.Supp. 269 - U.S. v. Thirty-Eight
Golden Eagles. Michigan State University College of Law (http://www.animallaw.info/cases/
caus649fsupp269.htm)
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement (USFWS-OLE) (2004b): 16 USC 668-668d -
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (http://www.fws.gov/le/pdffiles/BEPA.pdf). Version of March 30,
2004. Retrieved on February 14, 2008.
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement (USFWS-OLE) (2004b): National Eagle
Repository (http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/law/le65.html). Version of October, 2004. Retrieved on
November 20, 2007.
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (USFWS-SR) (2001): Migratory Bird Feathers. PDF
fulltext (http://library.fws.gov/Pubs2/nativeamerican01.pdf)
Golden Eagle 9

External links
• Photos Hunting with Golden Eagles (http://www.mongoliaphoto.com/index-81.html)
• Golden Eagle videos (http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/golden-eagle-aquila-chrysaetos) on the Internet Bird
Collection
• Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta (http://www.ibercajalav.net/img/
126_GoldenEagleAchrysaetos.pdf)
• Website on the Golden Eagle maintained by Raptor Protection of Slovakia (http://www.orolskalny.sk/en/)
• Åldersbestämning av kungsörn - Aging of Golden Eagles (in Swedish and English) (http://www.fagelklubben.
leksand.nu/projekt/orn/golden-aging.html)
Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and Contributors

Golden Eagle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=392942472  Contributors: -Majestic-, 7, A bit iffy, ABF, Aberta, Abigail-II, Abrech, Acather96, Acroterion, Akshita 9396,
Alansohn, Alberth2, Alex:D, Aliy.faisal, Andreworkney, Anna Lincoln, Arab League, Arvensis, Atakdoug, Atif.t2, Attilios, Autiger, Baldhur, Barend, Besi15, Betacommand, Bhadani,
Bill-on-the-Hill, Bjh21, Black Kite, Blah28948, Bludyta, BlueLint, Bob98133, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Boing! said Zebedee, Bolonium, Bonadea, BoomerAB, BrainyBabe,
Breakinguptheguy, Brion VIBBER, C0nanPayne, CPMcE, CPacker, CTZMSC3, Calliopejen1, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantiorix, Captain panda, CarTick, Casliber, Catgut, Chris huh,
Christian75, Chuunen Baka, Ciaranc, Circeus, CommonsDelinker, Computerman45, Conscious, CrazyChemGuy, Cryptic, Cszmurlo, Culnacreann, CuteHappyBrute, DGJM, Da Joe, Da monster
under your bed, Daedalus969, DanielCD, Darolu, Darth Panda, Dave420, David Sher, Dbrett480, Dearjamie15, Deiaemeth, Dinoguy2, Dlohcierekim, Dontworry, Dougie WII, Dougofborg,
Download, Dragon guy, Droll, Dysmorodrepanis, Eagle88, Egyptian-King, Ekrumme, Elockid, Epbr123, Eras-mus, Eric-Wester, Erinbow, Ermite, Escape Orbit, Esperant, Evertype, Excirial,
Eyrian, FKmailliW, Fan-1967, Ferkelparade, First Light, FisherQueen, Fiveless, Flammingo, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Floodamanny, Fodo96, Fräulein alpha, Gigemag76, Gilliam, Gnowor,
Goatasaur, Gogo Dodo, Gouerouz, Green Owl, Greenfinch100, Grendelkhan, HalfShadow, Hax 4 hire, Hayden120, HenkvD, Henrymrx, Huskertsd, IW.HG, Ianml, Innotata, Intelati, InvisibleK,
Inwind, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, Issyl0, Itzcuauhtli, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, J04n, JNW, JPPINTO, Jannex, Jean.artegui, Jimfbleak, Jimi 66, Jmundo, Joao Xavier, JodySchmidt, John, John Hill,
JohnCastle, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josh 2369, Josie.Rae, Juliancolton, Kanags, Karl-Henner, Kelapstick, Kmoksy, Konchevnik81, Kurt Shaped Box, Kusunose, LFaraone, Lars Washington,
Lemonade100, Leon7, Lexi1626, LittleOldMe, Lord Krondor, Luna Santin, M0M3NTUM, Macewindu123, Mactaylor, Marineforces, Mariomassone, Mazca, Mbz1, Mechasteve, MeegsC,
Meeples, Metamagician3000, Metanoid, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mimihitam, Mirv, Mitternacht90, Miwasatoshi, Mjgm84, Mmcannis, Mono, Mountolive, Muriel Gottrop, Naddy, Naedragon,
Nathangat, Nhinchey, Nn123645, Nono64, NuclearWarfare, Od Mishehu, Ojigiri, OlofE, Orcaborealis, Oriborenstein, Ornatehawkeagle, Panellet, Patito23, PenguinJockey, Pfalstad,
Phantomsteve, Phatom87, Philip Trueman, Phillyidol, Philosopher Torin, Phoenixfeather16, Piano non troppo, PianoKeys, Pinethicket, Podzemnik, Porqin, Quantpole, Radomil, Radon210,
Raoulduke47, Res2216firestar, RexNL, Rgoodermote, Rich Farmbrough, Robert Brockway, Rocastelo, Rodhullandemu, Rohan nog, RoyBoy, Rrburke, Rudjek, Rufous-crowned Sparrow, SWA,
Saba 970, Sabine's Sunbird, Sandhillcrane, Scarian, Schulte, Scientizzle, Seraphim, Shaul1, Shyamal, Sirtywell, Sluzzelin, Smallweed, Snowmanradio, Steven J. Anderson, Strikelord99, Stuey
182, Sulmac, Sunray, Supermorff, Supersmartnerdykid, Sven Manguard, Switchercat, TDogg310, Tahdah, Talon dfa, Tannin, TeePee-20.7, Teles, Template namespace initialisation script,
Tempodivalse, The High Fin Sperm Whale, The Nut, The Thing That Should Not Be, The ed17, TheMile, Themfromspace, Thorongil CVI, Tiamut, Tim Q. Wells, TimBentley, Timwi, Tjunier,
Tjy1212, Tlusťa, Toiyabe, Tombomp, Troodon58, Turtlefeed, Ucucha, Umedard, Utcursch, UtherSRG, VPliousnine, Vanished User 1004, Versus22, Vicpeters, Voyagerfan5761, Wegesrand,
WikiDegausser, WikiLambo, WikiLaurent, WolfgangFaber, WolfyB, X!, XJamRastafire, Xraye93, Yorick8080, Yzmo, Zalgo, Zfr, Дарко Максимовић, 674 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: User:Autiger,
User:JGlover
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