ICLT Material (Module-I& II) - 1 PDF

GAMMA AND BETA FUNCTIONS
Definition

e
x
The definite integral x n 1 dx exists only when n  0 and when it exists, it is a function
0
of n and called Gamma function and denoted by (n) [read as “Gamma n”].

Thus (n)   e  x x n 1 dx
0
 x 1  x  dx exists only when m  0 and n  0 and when it exists, it is a

m 1 n 1
The definite integral
0
function of m and n and called Beta function and denoted by  (m, n) [read as “Beta m, n”].
1
Thus  (m, n)   x m 1
1  x 
n 1
dx
0
Note

(1)   e  x dx   e  x 0  1

 (1,1)   dx  1
0
Recurrence formula for Gamma function


(n)   e  x x n 1 dx
0

     ( n  1 )e

x n1e  x 0  x n 2
x dx integrating by parts 
0
x 
n1
 (n  1)(n  1), Since lim  0

n
e 
x
This recurrence formula (n)  (n  1)(n  1) is valid only when n  1, as (n  1) exists only
when n>1.
Corollary
(n  1)  n!, where n is a positive integer.
(n  1)  n(n)
 n(n  1)(n  1)
 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  2)
 .......... ..
 n(n  1)(n  2)...3.2.1(1)
 n!( (1)  1)
Note
1. (n) does not exist (i.e.   ), when n is 0 or a negative integer.
2. When n is a negative fraction, (n) is defined by using the recurrence formula. i.e. when
n  0, but not an integer,
1
(n)  ( n  1)
n
For example
1
(3.5)  (2.5)
(3.5)
1 1
 (1.5)
(3.5) (2.5)
1 1 1
 (0.5)
(3.5) (2.5) (1.5)
(0.5)

(3.5)(2.5)(1.5)(0.5)
The value of  (0.5) can be obtained from the table of Gamma functions, though its value can be
found out mathematically as given below.
1
Value of  
2
1
1
By definition,     e t t 2 dt

2 0

2 1
  e  x . .2 x dx (on putting t  x 2 , dt  2 xdx )
0 x
 1

 e  x ( x 2 ) 2 2 x dx
2
0

 2 e  x dx
2
  1 
2
 
Now      2  e dx.2  e  y dy
x2 2
[ The variable in a definite integral is only a dummy
  2  0 0
variable]
  1 
2
 
  x 2  y 2 
     4  e  
dxdy.......... (1)
  2   0 0
[The product of two definite integrals can be expressed as a double integral, when the limits
are constants].
Now the region of the double integral in (1) is given by 0  x   and 0  y   . i.e. the entire
first quadrant of the xy-plane.
Let us change over to polar co-ordinates through the transformations x  r cos and
y  r sin 
Then dxdy  rdrd (this result is assumed)

The region of the double integration is now given by 0  r   and 0    . Then from (1),
2
we have

  1 
2
2 
     4  e  r rdrd
2
  2  0 0


 1 2
2
 4 d   e  r 
0  2 0

2 
 2 d  2   02

0

1
   
2
Properties of Beta Function
  ( m,n )   ( n,m )
( m  1 )! ( n  1 )!
  ( m,n ) 
If m, n are positive integer ,then ( m  n  1 )!
1
x m1
  ( m, n )   1  x
0
m n
dx , m  0 , n  0
Symmetry of Beta Function

 ( m, n )   ( n , m )
1
By definition,  (m, n)   x m 1 1  x  dx
n 1
a a
Using the property  0

f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx in (1),
0
1  1  x dx
1
 (m, n)   1  x 
m 1 n 1
  x n 1 1  x  dx
m 1
  ( n, m )
Trigonometric Form of Beta Function

1
By definition,  (m, n)   x m 1 1  x  dx
n 1
Put x  sin 2  dx  2 sin cos d

The limits for  are 0 to
2

2
 m, n    sin 2 m2

 . cos 2 n2
 . 2 sin  cos d
0

2
  sin 2 m1  . cos2 n 1  d

0

2
Note:  sin 2 m1  . cos2 n1  d   m, n 

1
0 2
The first argument of the Beta function is obtained by adding 1 to the exponent of sin  and
dividing the sum by 2. The second argument is obtained by adding 1 to the exponent of cos 
and dividing the sum by 2.

2
1  p 1 q 1
 sin  cos  d    
p q
Thus ,
0 2  2 2  --------------(1)
Corollary
 In the above equation (1) put p = n ,q = 0 we get


2
1 n1 1
0
sin n  cos 0  d   , 
2  2 2
  n  1  1 
2    
 2  2
 sin
1
n
 d 
2 n2
0  
 2 
 n  1
 
  2 

2 n2
 
 2 
 In the above equation (1) put p = 0 ,q = n we get

2
1 n1 1
0
sin 0  cos n  d   , 
2  2 2
  1   n  1
2     
2  2 
 cos
1
n
 d 
2 n2
0  
 2 
 n  1
 
  2 

2 n2
 
 2 
Relation between Gamma and Beta function
 m n
 m, n 
 m  n
 
Consider mn    e t t m1 dt .  e s s n1 ds

0 0
In the first integral, put t  x 2 and in the second, put s  y 2

 
mn  2 e x  x2
dx . 2 e  y y 2 n1 dy
2 m 1 2
0 0
 
 x 2  y 2 
 4  e  
x 2 m1 y 2 n1 dx dy
0 0
[Changing over to polar coordinates

x  r cos  , y  r sin  ; dxdy  rdrd ]

2 
 4  e r r cos  r sin   r dr d
2 2 m 1 2 n 1
0 0

2 
 4 cos2 m1  sin 2 n1  d  e r r 2 m 2 n2 r dr

2
0 0
  m, n   e r r 2  mn1 2r dr [put r  u ; 2rdr  du ]

2 2
  m, n   e u u  mn1 du   m, n  m, n 

0
m n 
 m, n  
m  n 
Corollary
1
Putting m  n  in the above relation
2
  1 
2
 
 1 1    2 
 ,  
2 2 1

2 2
  1  1 1
      ,   2 sin  cos  d 
0 0
  
2  2 2  0

2 
 2 d  2   02

0
1
   
2
Problems based on Gamma Functions
1. Evaluate
 
 
 
e  x x dx
2
e  3 x x6 dx
i)  0
e  x x 7 dx ii)  0
e x x dx iii)
0
iv)
0
Solution

i) 0
e  x x 7 dx
We know that,

e
x
x n1 dx   n 
0

x e
7 x
dx   8   ( n  1 )  n!
0
 7!

ii) 
0
e x x dx
We know that,

e
x
x n1 dx   n 
0
  1
e 
x x
x dx  e x 2 dx
0 0
 3
1

x
 e x 2 dx
0
3
  
2
1 1
  
2 2
1
 
2

 e  x x dx
2
iii)
0
 
1
Put x2  s  x  s
 
ds
e  x x dx  e s s 2
2
0 0 2 s 2 xdx  ds


ds ds
 e s dx 
0 2 2x

1
2
 e s   
0 dx 
ds
2 s
1

2

iv)  0
e  3 x x6 dx
s 6 s
  3  s 3 x  s x 
 
3 x ds Put
e x 6
dx  e 3
  3
0 0  3 3
ds
 s 6 ds dx 

s
 e 3
0 36 3
1
  (7 )
37
6!

37
 3
 x 4e x dx  
2
2. Prove that 0
8
Solution

 x 4e x dx
2
Let I = 0
Put x2  s  x  s
2 xdx  ds
I  0

 s e 4
s ds
2 s dx 
ds
2x
ds
dx 
2 s
1  2  12 s
 0 s s e ds
2
1  32 s
 0 s e ds (here s is a dummy variable, so change s to be as x)
2
1  32 x
 0 x e dx
2
 5
1 
 2 
  

1  e  x dx
 x
2 0
1 5
  
2 2
1 3 1 1
  
2 2 2  2
3 
  
8  
3
 
8
Hence the proof
1 n 1
  1 
3. Prove that  n   log  
 dx
0 
 x 
Solution
1  n 1  1
  1   e t  x  e t

Let
Conside r log   dx x
0   x  dx  e t dt
0

 t n 1 ( e t )dt x0t 
 xt 0

 t n1e t dt
0
  n 
xn
4 .Solve  dx for ( n  1 )
x
0n
Solution
 
xn xn
0 n x dx  0 elognx dx sin ce x  e log x

xn
  x log n dx elog x  e n log x
n
0 e

  e x log n x n dx
0
t
Let t  x log n  x 

 t  dt
n
log n
  e  t
 dt
0  log n  log n dt  log ndx  dx 
log n

tn
  e t dt
0 log nn1

1 
  n1   e t dt sin ce  n   x n 1e  x dx ,
t n
log n 0 
0
n  1   x n e x dx
0
n  1

log n  n1

 e kx dx
2
5. Find the value of


Solution
 
 
 kx 2
dx  2 e  kx dx
2
e ( It is an even function )
 0
 
 
 kx 2 dt t t
2 e dx  2 e t put kx 2  t  x 2  x
2 tk k k
0 0

1

1 dt dt dt
 e t t 2 dt dx   dx  
k k 2x t 2 tk
0 k2
k
 1 
 1 

1 t  2 
 e t dt
k 0
1 1
  
k 2


k

n 
6 .Prove that  e ax x n1dx  , where a and n are positive. Hence find the value of
0 an
1
  1 

p 1
x q 1 log   dx
0   x 
Solution

dt
In  e ax x n1dx , put ax  t , so that dx 
0 a
  n 1 
t t 
e  e  n 
 ax n 1 dt 1  t n 1 1
x dx  e    t dt 
0
 
a
0
a an
0
an

e  n 
 ax 1
x n 1 dx  ------------------------------ (1)
0
an
p 1
1
1
1
In I   x log  dx, q 1
Put  ey
0  x x
x  e y dx  e  y dy
Also the limits for y are  and 0.

p 1
1
1
I   x q 1 log  dx,
0  x
 
0
I  e q 1 y .y p 1 .  e  y dy



 e  qy y p 1 dy
0
.  p 
1
 (By equation (1))
qp
 
 n 1 

1
x n e a
2 2
dx   e
a 2 x 2
 Deduce that dx 
x
7. Show that n 1 . Hence show that
0
2a  2  0
2a
 
1 
 cos( x )dx   sin ( x 2 )dx 
2
.
0 0 2 2
Solution

dt
Let I   x n e a x dx , put ax  t ; then dx 
2 2
.
0 2a t
When x  0, t  0; When x  , t  .
n
 t

dt
 I     e t
0
a  2a t
 n 1
1
 n1  t 2
e t dt
2a 0
1  n  1
 n1
  ------------- (1)
2a  2 
In (1), Put n  0.
1
  

dx    
2
e
a x 2 2
0
2a 2a
1 i
In (2), put a  ; then a 2  i
2


 e dx 
ix2
0 2 1  i 

1  i  
2 2
Equating the real parts on both sides,

1 
0 cos ( x )dx  2 2 .
2
Equating the imaginary parts on both sides,


1 
0 sin ( x )dx  2 2 .
2

 e ax  x 2 m1 y 2 n1 dxdy 

2
 by 2 1
8. Prove that m n
 ( m ) ( n ).
0 0
4a b
Solution

We know that, (n)  e x dx 

x n 1
1
 z 2
 Let ax 2  z  x   
a
e
 ax 2 2 m 1
Consider x dx 1

0
1 z 2
dx    dz
2a  a 
2 m 1

 1 

1
    1 z

z
 ez    
2 2
  dz
 a   2a  a 
0
 
1  e  z z m 1
2a 0 a m 1
 dz
1   z m 1
 m  e z dz
2a 0
1
  ( m )...........................................(1 )
2a m
  
   
  ax2  by 2 
e dxdy    e  ax x 2 m 1 dx   e by y 2 n 1 dy 

2 m 1 2 n 1 2 2
 
x y
0 0 0  0 
1 1
  ( m )  ( n) [Using (1)]
2a m 2b n
1
  ( m) ( n )
4a m b n
1
 1 n!
n
 x log x  dx  m  1
n
9. When n is positive integer and m  1 prove that
m
n 1
0
Solution
1
 x log x dx
m n
Given
0

t
t 1 
t
Let x  e  log x    dx  
m 1
e m 1 dt
m 1 m 1
1  t  t 
1 n
0  
m  1 0  m  1 
    dt
m n
x log x dx e

 1
n
(n  1)
m  1n1
1
 1 n! n
 x log x  dx  m  1
m n
n 1
0
Problems based on Beta Functions
1
1. Evaluate x
6
1  x 9 dx
0
Solution
1
We know that,  (m, n)   x

m 1
1  x 
n 1
dx
0
x
6
1  x 9 dx   ( 7 ,10 )   ( 7 ) ( 10 )
 ( 17 )
0
6! 9!

16!
x m 1

2. Find the value  mn
dx in terms of Beta function.
0 ( a  bx )
Solution
x m 1
Given  mn
dx
0 ( a  bx)
a a
put x  t  dx  dt
b b
when x  0, t  0 and x  , t  
m 1
 at 
 
 x m 1 
b
a
 mn
dx   mn b
dt
0 ( a  bx) 0  at  
 a  b  
  b 
a  a m 1.t m 1
  m 1 dt
b 0 b a  at m  n
am  t m 1
  dt
b m 0 a  at m  n
1  t m 1
  dt
a nb m 0 1  t m  n
 x m 1
 n m  m, n  Since  m, n   
1
dx
a b 0 1  x m  n
x m1  1
x m1  x n1
3. Prove that  m, n    dx hence deduce that  m, n    dx
0 1  x  mn
0 1  x m n
Solution
1
 m, n   t 1  t   1
m 1 n 1
By definition, dt
0
x  dt  1
put t  dx
1 x 1  x 2
When t  0, x  0 ; When t  1, x  
Then (1) becomes,

m 1 n 1
 x   1 

 m, n   
1
 .  . dx
0 1 x   1  x  1  x 
2
 
x m 1 1
x m 1 x m 1
 dx   dx   dx
0 1  x  0 1  x  1 1  x 
mn m n mn

x m1 1 1
In  dx, put x  . Then dx   2 dy
1 1  x 
m n
y y
When x  1, y  1 ; When x  , y  0
1

x m 1 0
y  m 1 
 1 
 1  x  mn
dx  
 1
mn
.   2 dy
 y 
1  
1 1
 y
y m n
1
= 0 1  y mn . y m1 dy
y n1
1
= 0 1  y mn dy
x n1
1
0 1  x mn dx ----------- (4) [changing the dummy variable]

=
Using (4) in (3), we have

x m1  x n1
1
 (m, n)   dx.
0 1  x 
m n
b a
 ( x  a) 
m 1
4. Evaluate (i ) (b  x) n 1 dx and (ii) (a  x) m1 .( a  x) n 1 dx in terms of Beta
a a
function.
Solution
b
(i ) I 1   ( x  a ) m1 (b  x) n 1 dx ,
a
put x  a  y; then dx  dy
When x  a, y  0; when x  b, y  b  a
m 1
(b  a)  y n1 dy
ba
 I1   y
0
n 1
ba  y 

n 1 m 1
 (b  a) y 1   dy
0
 ba
y
In(1), put  t ; then dy  (b  a )dt
ba
When y=0, t=0; when y=b-a, t=1.
 I1  (b  a) mn1  t m1 (1  t ) n1 dt

1
 (b  a) m n 1
 (m, n).
a
(ii) In I 2   (a  x) m1 (a  x) n 1 dx,
a
Put a  x  y; then dx  dy
When x  a, y  0; when x  a, y  2a.
 I 2   y m1 (2a  y ) n1 dy

2a
0
n 1
2a  y 

n 1 m 1
 ( 2a ) y 1   dy
0
 2a 
y
In(2), put  t ; then dy  2a dt.
2a
When y  0, t  0; when y  2a, t  1.
 I 2  (2a) mn1  t m1 (1  t ) n1 dt

1
 (2a) m n 1
 (m, n).
1
x m 1 (1  x) n 1 1
5. Show that 0 a  bxmn dx  a  bm a n  (m, n)
Solution
x z
Put 
a  bx a  b
Differentiate on both sides,
a  bx  xb dx  dz
a  bx ab
2
a dz
dx 
a  bx 2
ab
dx dz

a  bx aa  b 
2
When x  0, z  0 and x  1, z  1
m 1 n 1
1
x m 1 (1  x) n 1 1
 x   1 x  dx
0 a  bxmn dx  0  a  bx   a  bx  a  bx2
m 1 n 1
 z  1 z 
1
dz
    
0  a b  a  aa  b
 1 x 1 z 
 a  bx  a  b  a  b x  az  bxz  x  a  b  bz  a  bx  a 
x z az
z 1  z  dz 
1 1
n 
 (m, n)
m 1 n 1
a  b a 0
m
a  bm a n
Problems based on Relation between Beta and Gamma Functions
 5
1. Find the value of 

0
2 sin 3 x cos 2 xdx
Solution
By the definition,
2 1  p  1 q  1
0
sin p x cosq xdx  
2  2
,
2 
 5 
1
 5
1 3 1 2 
 sin x cos xdx  
3

2
2
,
0
2  2 2 
 
 7
1 4 
  , 2 
2 2 2 
 
1  7
  2, 
2  4
By definition
 ( m ) ( n )
m, n  
( m  n )
 7 
  ( 2 )   
1  7 1   4 
 2 ,  
2  4 2   7 
  2   
  4 
 7 
  ( 2 )   
1  4 
 
2   15  
   
  4  
 3 3 
 1x x  
1 4 4
  
2  11 7 3  3  
x x x
 4 4 4  4  
1 16
= x
2 77
8
=
77

2. Find the value of  0
2
sin 5  cos 7 d
Solution:
By the definition,
2 1  p  1 q  1

0
2  2
,
2 

1  5  1 7  1

0
2
sin 5  cos7 d  
2  2
,
2 
1 6 8
  , 
2 2 2
 3,4
1
2
 ( m ) ( n )
m, n  
( m  n )
1  ( 3 ) ( 4 )
 3,4 
1
2 2  (7 )
1  2x1x3x 2x1 
 
2  6x5x 4x3x 2x1
1 1 

2  60 
1

120
2
3. Find the value of 0
tan  d in terms of gamma functions.
Solution:
2 2 sin 

0
tan  d  0
cos 
d
1 1
2 
 0 sin 2  cos 2 d
By definition,
2 1  p  1 q  1
0
2  2
,
2 
1 1 
1  1
2
1
1 2 
1
 0
sin  cos d  
2
2  2
, 2 2
2 

 
3 1
1  
  2 , 2 
2 2 2
 
1 3 1
  , 
2 4 4
 ( m ) ( n )
By definition, m, n  
( m  n )
  3   1 
    
1 3 1 1   4   4 
  ,    
2 4 4 2  3 1 
 
  4 4  
  3   1 
   
1 3 1 1   4   4 
  ,    
2 4 4 2  1 
 
1 3 1 1  3   1 
  ,     
2 4 4 2  4   4 

2 1 1 3
 cot  d      
2 4 4
4. Prove that 0
Solution
 p 1  q 1
  
  
 2   2 
2 2 1 1 2
 cot d   sin  cos d sin ce  sin x cos x dx 


2 2 p q
 p  q  2
0 0 0
2 
 2 
 1  1 
  1  1
 2  2 
 2   2 
    
 1 1 
  2
2  2 2 
 2 
 
1 3
  
    
4 4
2
Hence proved
 
d
2 2
5. Prove that 
0
cos  d  
0
cos 
Solution
1   1 
 1   1
 2   2 
 2   2   n 1
 
     
  
2 2
d  
2
  2 
 cos d     sin ce  cos x dx 
n
cos 2 1  2  1  2 n 2
  2   2  
0 0 0
 2   2   2 
 2   2 
   
   
1
 
 4
 n  n  1n  1
4 5
 
4
1
 
 4 5 5  5  1 1
       1  1   
4 1 1  4 4  4  4 4
 
4 4
 ( m  1, n ) m
6. Prove that 
 ( m, n  1 ) n
Solution:
(m  1)n 
 (m  1, n) (m  n  1)

 (m, n  1) (m)n  1
(m  n  1)
m(m)n  m
 
(m)nn  n
7. Prove that  (m  1, n)   (m, n  1)   (m, n)
Solution
(m  1)n  (m)n  1

 (m  1, n)   (m, n  1)  
(m  n  1) (m  n  1)
m(m)n  (m)nn 
 
(m  n  1) (m  n  1)
(m)n m  n 

(m  n  1)
(m)n m  n 

( m  n)  ( m  n)
(m)n 
   (m, n)
 ( m  n)
 x 1  x  dx in terms of Gamma functions and hence find

1 1
dx

m n p
8. Evaluate .
0 0 1  xn
Solution
 
1
Let I   x m 1  x n dx
p
1 m
1 1
1
Put x n  t ;
I   t 1  t  . .t n dt
n p
n
nx n 1 dx  dt
0
dt
dx  n 1
1 m n 1
nx
1 n nn
.1  t  p dt

dt
 t dx  n 1
n n
0 n( t )
1 dt
dx  .
1 m 1
1 n 1 1
.1  t  dt
1
 t
p
n t n
n0
When x  0, t  0;
1  m1  When x  1, t  1.
  , p  1
n  n 

 m 1
  p  1

1  n 

n  m1 
  p  1 ----------------(1)
 n 
  x 0 1  x n  2 dx
1 1 1
dx 

0 1  xn 0
1
Here m  0, n  n, p   .
2
Using (1) we get ,
 1  1 
 0       1
1 dx

1  n  2 
 1  xn n  1 1 
  0    1
0  n 2 
1 1
  
1 n 2

n 1 1
  
n 2
1
 
 n
 .
n 1 1
  
n 2
ex 
2
 
 dx   x 2 e  x dx 
4
9. Prove that
0 0
x 4 2
Solution:
ex
2
 dt dt
In I1   dx, put x 2  t; then dx  
0
x 2x 2 t
When x  0, t  0; when x  , t  
 e  t dt 1 
 I1   1/ 4
.   e t .t 3 / 4 dt
0 t 2 t 2 0
1 1
  
2 4


ds ds
x 2 e  x dx , put x 4  s  x  s 1
4
In I 2  ; then dx  
4
3
0 4x 4s 3 / 4
When x  0, s  0 ; then x  , s  
 ds 1 
 I2   se s . 3/ 4
  s 1 / 4 e s ds
0 4s 4 0
1 3
  
4 4
ex  1 3

2
 
 dx   x 2 e  x dx    
4
0
x 0 8  4   4  -------------------(1)
We know that,
1  1
 (n, n)  2 n 1
  n, 
2  2
 ( n ) ( n ) 1 (n). 
i.e.  2 n 1 .
 ( 2n) 2  1
 n  
 2
 1  (2n)
 (n) n   
 2 2 2 n1
1
Putting n  , we get
4
1 3  1

       
4 4 2 1 / 2 2

 
2 1 / 2
 2
------------------(2)
Using equation (2) in equation (1) we get
ex
2
   2 
  x 2 e  x dx 
4
dx  
0 x 0 8 4 2
 
e x
2

 
 x2
10. Prove that xe dx. dx. 
0 0
x 2 2
Proof
 e x


x 
Let I   x e dx. and I   dx.
  x
 Put t  x   x  t/  lim it

I   x e x dx.

dt dt x t 
 dt  xdx  dx  
x t /  xt
   3
1
 e 
t dt 1 t 1 / 4 1 t 4
I1  t 1/ 4
e  t dt  e t dt
0
2t 1 / 2 2
0
2
0
1 3
     (1)
2 4
 e x

Put t  x   x  t/  lim it
I   dx. dt dt x t 
 x dt  xdx  dx  
x t /  xt
  
e t
1
1
t e 
dt 1 t  3 / 4 1 t 4
I2  1/ 4
 t dt  e t dt
0
2t 1 / 2 2
0
2
0
1 1
    (2)
2 4
From (1) and (2),
1 3 1  1 1 3  1 1
I 1 ..I 2   .         2 { by result ( 3 )}
2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
Hence we get,
 e x

 
x 
 xe dx.  dx. 
  x  
  
x
dx.  x  e x dx. 

11. Prove that x e

   
8. Proof
 
x
I    x  e x dx.
 
Let I   x e dx. and

 
 Put t  x   x  t/  lim it

I   x e x dx.

dt dt x t 
 dt  x  dx  dx  
x 
t  /  xt
   1
1
 e 
t dt 1 t 3 / 4 1 t 4
I1  t 1/ 8
0
8t 7 / 8 8
0
8
0
1 1
     (1)
8 4
Put t  x   x  t/ 

I    x  e x dx.

dt dt
 dt   x dx  dx  
x  t  / 
lim it
x t 
xt
   3
1
 e 
t dt 1 t 1 / 4 1 t 4
I2  t 2/4
0
4t 3 / 4 4
0
4
0
1 3
    (2)
4 4
From (1) and (2),

1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 
I 1 ..I 2     .         2  { by result ( 3 )}
8 4 4 4 32  4   4  32 16 2
Hence we get,
 

 x e dx. x e dx. 
 x82 x 4
0 0 16 2
1
x 2 dx dx 
 
1
12. Prove that 

0 1 x 4 0
1 x 4
4
Solution
cosd
Let x 2  sin   dx 
2 sin 
x 2 dx 
sin  cos
  2
1
d
0
1 x4 0
cos 2 sin 

1 3 1
  2 sin d   , 
0
4 4 2
3 1 3 1

     
1 4 2  4   2  .......(1)
 
4 5 1
   
4 4
sec 2  d
Let x  tan   dx 
2
2 tan 

When x  0 ,   0 ; then x  1, tan   1   
4

sec 2 
  0
4
sec  2 tan 
d

sec 
  0
4
2 tan 
d

1
 4 d
0 2 cos  sin 

1
 4 d
0 2 cos  sin 
  1
d 
 
1 1
 4  2 sin 2  d
2 0 sin 2 2 2 0
put 2  
d
d 
2
when   0 ,  0
 
when   , 
4 2
 1


1
 2 sin 2  cos 0  d
2 2 0
1 1
    
1 1 1 1 4 2
  ,   ........(2 )
4 2 4 2 4 3
 
4
3 1 1 1

1 2
         
1
4 2 4 2
 
x dx dx 1
  
1 x 4 0
1 x 4 1 4 2 3
0    
4 4
2
1   1  
      
4 2   2  4 2
 (n) 1  1
13. Prove that  ( m, n )  (or)  ( n , n )  2 n 1
.  n , 
 1 2  2
2 2 n 1   n  
 2
Solution

2
 (n, n)  2  sin 2 n1  . cos2 n1  d [Using trigonometric form]
0

2
 2  sin  cos 
2 n 1
d
0
 2 n 1
 sin 2 
2
 2   d
0
2 

2
1
 sin 2 d
2 n 1
 2n  2
2 0

d
 sin
1 2 n 1
 2n  2
 ,
2 2
0
put 2  
d
d 
2
when   0 ,  0

when   ,  
2
1 1  1
 .   n, 
2 2n  2 2  2
1  1
   n, 
2 2n  1  2
1
 ( n )  
1 2
 .
2 2n  1  1
 n  
 2
 . ( n )

 1
2 2 n 1 .   n  
 2
 1 1
14. Express   n  , n   in terms of Gamma function in two different ways and hence prove
 2 2
 1  2n  1
that  n    2 n .
 2  2 n  1
Solution
 1  1 n  12
1
n
By definition   n  , n     x 1  x  dx
1 2
 2 2 0
Let x  sin 2   dx  2 sin cosd

When x  0,   0 and when x  1,  
2

 1 2
   n  , n     sin 2   2 cos2   2 2 sin cosd
1 n
1
n
1
 2 2 0

2
 2 sin 2 n 1  cos2 n 1  sin cosd

0
 2 sin cos  d
2
2n
 sin 2 
2n
2
 2   d
0  2 

2
 sin 2 
2
 2n d
2n
2 0
dt
Let 2  t  2d  dt  d 
2

2
 sin t 
1
 2n
2n
dt
2 0
2 
 
 sin 2 m 1  cos2 n 1 d  (m)(n) 

2
 sin t  cost  dt
1
 0
 2n
2n 0
2 2(m  n) 
 
0
 2n  1   1 
  
2 1  2  2
 2n
2 2  2n  2 
 
 2 
 1
 n   
 1 
 2n 
1 2
n  1
......(1)   2    
2    
 ( m) ( n )
We know that,  m, n  
 ( m  n)
 1  1
 n   n  
 1
n  ,n    
1 2  2
 2 2  1 1
 n   n  
 2 2
From (1) and (2)
  1 
2
  n     1
 n   
  2 
 2n 
1 2
2n  1 2 n  1
 1  2n  1
 n    2 n .
 2  2  n  1
 x m1  x m1 
15. Evaluate 
0 (1  x n ) p
dx and deduce that  0 1 xn
dx 
 m 
. hence show that
n sin 
 n 
 dx 
0 1 x 4

2 2
.
Solution
 x m1 1
Consider I   dx, put t 
0 (1  x )
n p
1 xn
1 t 1
then x n   nx n 1dx   dt
t t2
When x  0, t  1; when x  , t  0
 m 1  m 1
 
1  t m 
(1  t ) m
dt
 I  .
0 tp  n 1 
 
n 1
2
nt .t  n 
(1  t ) n
m m
1 1 p  1 1
n
 t .(1  t )
n n
dt
0
1  m m
  p  . 
n  n n
 m m
 p    
1  n n

n ( p )
Putting p=1 in (1), we get
 x m1dx 1  m   m 
 0 1 xn
  1     
n  n n   
 Hint : Use ( )(1   )  sin 
 m 
 cos ec 
n  n 
Taking m=1 and n=4 in (2), we get
   

dx
 cos ec 
0 1 x4 4 4


2 2
  
dx x 2 dx x 2 dx
16. Evaluate i)  1 x ii)  iii) 
0 (1  x ) 0 (1  x )
4 4 2 4 3
0
Solution
 m m
   p    
m 1
1  n n

x
We know dx   ( 1 ).
(1  x )
n p n ( p)
0
i) put m=1, n=4 and p=1 in equation (1) we get,
 1 1 3 1

 11   1        
1  4 4 1 4 4
 
x dx
dx   
( 1  x 4 1
) 1  x 4 4  (1) 4  (1)
0 0
3 1
We know, that     ( )   2 and  ( 1 )  1
4 4
 dx   
 we get   
    
  x
ii) put m=3, n=4 and p=2 in equation (1) we get,
 3 3 5 3
 3 1  2  2     
1  4 4 1 4 4
 
x x dx
dx   
( 1  x 4 2
) ( 1  x 4 2
) 4 (2) 4 (2)
0 0
3 1
We know,         2 and  ( 2 )  1
4 4
5 1  1 1
       1       ( n  1 )  n ( n ) 
4 4  4 4
5 3 1 1 3
      
4 4  1 4 4 4   2  
2
 (1  x
x dx 1
 we get 
4
)2 4 (2) 4 1 16 8 2
0
iii) put m=3, n=4 and p=3 in equation (1) we get,
 3 3 9 3

 3 1   3     
2   
1  4 4 1 4 4
 
x x dx
dx   
( 1  x 4 3
) ( 1  x 4 3
) 4 (3) 4 (3)
0 0
3 1
We know,        2 and  ( 3 )  2!  2
4 4
9 5  5 5 5 1  5 1 1

       1         1  .      ( n  1 )  n ( n ) 
4 4  4 4 4 4  4 4 4
5 1 1 3 1 3

      
 4   4  5 2 5
2
1 4 4 4 4 5

x dx
 we get    
0
(1 x )
4 3 4 2 64 2 64. 2 64 2
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
Double integration with constant limits
bd b d  b
 f x, y  dy dx   f x, y  dydx  g x dx

 
ac

a c
 a
Double integration with Variable limits
Problems
1) Evaluate
Solution:
2) Find
Solution:
=
3) Evaluate
Solution:
4) Evaluate
Solution:
5)
Solution:
6) Evaluate
Solution:
7) Evaluate
Solution:
8) Evaluate
Solution:
9) Evaluate
Solution:
10) Evaluate
Solution:
=
= =
11) Evaluate
Solution:
1 1
 1  1   2
4 4
12) Evaluate where R is the region bounded by line ,lying in the

first quadrant.
Solution:
13) Evaluate by choosing the order of integration suitably given that R is

the region bounded by the lines .
Solution:
Y=
x=0
Y=x
14) Evaluate
Solution:
=
let
= =
= =
CHANGE THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

a a
x
1)Change the order of integration in  0 y x  y2
2
dx dy and then evaluate it
Solution:
The region of integration

x  y , x  a , y  0 and y  a.
To Change the order of integration .
Now we want to integrate with respect to ‘y’
first.Take a strip parallel to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip : y = 0 to y = x .
When the strip moves from x = 0 to x = a the region of integration will be covered.
aa ax
x x
 x2  y2
dx dy   x2  y2
dy dx
0y 00
a x
1
 x dy dx
0 0 x2  y2
a x
 x log y  y 2  x 2  dx  log  x  x 2  a 2 

dx
   
  x a
2 2  
0 0
a
 x  log x  x 2  x 2   log  0  x 2  dx
     
0
a
 x  log x  2 x 2   log x  dx
    
0
         
a a
 x log x  x 2  log x dx  x log x 1  2  log x dx
0 0
   
a
  x log x  log 1  2  log x d x
0
  x dx
a
 log 1  2
0
 
a a
x a2

0 y x2  y2
dxdy 
2
log 1  2
1 1
x
2) Change the order of integration in   dx dy and then evaluate it.
0 x x  y2
2
Solution :
1 1
x
Rewrite the given problem as  x
0 x
2
 y2
dy dx
x  0 , x 1 , y  x and y 1.
To Change the order of integration . Now
we want to integrate with respect to ‘x „ first.Take a
strip parallel to the ‘x’ axis.
Along the strip :x= 0 to x = y .
When the strip moves from y = 0 to y = 1 the region of integration will be covered.
1 1 1 y
x x
0 x x 2  y 2 dy dx   x
0 0
2
 y2
dx dy
1 y
1 2x
 
0 0
2 x2  y2
dx dy
   log x 2  y 2  dy
1 
1
0  0
2
 2  log y 
 y 2   log  y 2  dy
1
1
 2
 2  log 2 y   log y dy

1
1
 2 2
 2 log 2  log y   log y dy

1
1
 2 2
0
1 1
 
1
 log 2 dy  1 log 2 dy  1 log 2y 10

2 2 2
0 0
1 1
x 1
 x
0 x
2
y 2
dy dx 
2
log 2
a
b b
b  y 
3) Change the order of integration in   xy dx dy and then evaluate it.
0 0
Solution:
x  0 ,x 
a
b  y  , y  0 , y  b
b
To Change the order of integration .Now

we want to integrate with respect to ‘y’first.Take a
strip parallel to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip :
y  0 to y  a  x  when the strip moves from x = 0 to x = a the region of
b
a
integration will be covered.
a
b b
b  y  b
a a
a  x 
  x y dx dy    x y dy dx
0 0 0 0
b
a  x 
a
 y2  a
 x  dx
0  2 0
x  b2 
a
   2 a  x   0 dx
2
0
2 a 
 
a
b2 x 2
  2 a  x 2  2ax dx
0
a 2
 
a
b2
a 2 2 0
 a 2 x  x 3  2ax2 dx
a
b 2  a 2 x 2 x 4 2ax3 
 2    
a 2 2 4 3 0
b 2  a 4 a 4 2a 4 
 2    
a 2 2 4 3 
b 2  6 a 4  3a 4  8 a 4 
  
a2 2  12 
a
b  y 
b b
a2 b2
 
0 0
x y dx dy 
24
b 2 2
a x
a a
4)Change the order of integration in   x 2 dy dx and then evaluate it.
0 0
Solution:
b
y 0,y  a2  x2 , x  0 , x  a
a
we want to integrate with respect to ‘x „
first.Take a strip parallel to the ‘x’ axis.
Along the strip :

a
x  0 to x  b 2  y 2 when the strip moves from y = 0 to y = b the region of
b
b 2 2 a 2 2
a x b y
a a b b
 x dy dx   x
2 2
dx dy
0 0 0 0
a 2 2
b y
b
x 3 b
   3  dy
0 0

put y  b sin  dy  b cos d , when y  0 ,  0 , when y  b ,  
2
 b  y 2 2 dy
b
a3 3
 2
3 b3 0
b 2 2 
a x
  b  b sin   b cos d
a a 3 2
a 3
 0 x dy dx  3 b3
2 2 2 2
0 0
  b cos   b cos d
3 2
a 3
 2 2
3 b3 0
 
3 2
a a3 b 2
 3
3b 
0
b 4 cos 4  d 
3 0
cos 4  d
a b 3 1  
3
 a3 b
   
3  4 2 2  16
a a2  y2
5) Change the order of integration in   y dx dy and then evaluate it.

0 a y
Solution:
x + y = a , x2 + y2 = a2 ,y = 0 and y = a
To Change the order of integration .Now we want to
integrate with respect to ‘y’first.Take a strip parallel
to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip:
y  a  x to y  a 2  x 2 When the strip moves from x = 0 to x = a the region of

a a2  y2 a a2 x2
  y dx dy    y dy dx
0 a y 0 a x
a2  x2
a
 y2 
    dx
0
2  a x
 a 2  x 2   a  x 2 
a
   dx
0 
2
a
 a 2  x 2  a 2  x 2  2ax 
   dx
0  
2
2ax  2 x 2  dx   ax  x  dx
a a
1
 
2
20 0
a
 a x 2 x3  a3 a3
     
 2 3 0 2 3
a a2  y2
a3

0
 y dx dy 
a y
6
42 x
6)Change the order of integration in   dy dx and then evaluate it
0 x2
4
Solution:
x 2  4 y, y 2  4 x, x  0, x  4
To Change the order of integration .Now

we want to integrate with respect to ‘x’ first.Take a
strip parallel to the ‘x’ axis.
y2
Along the strip: x  to x  2 y When the strip moves from y = 0 to y = 4
4
the region of integration will be covered.

4 2 x 4 2 y
  dy dx    dx dy
0 x2 0 y2
4 4
4
 3   
 2 42 43 
3
 2 y 2 y3 
2 y
4 4
 y 
2
  x  dy    2 y   dy  
0
4  3
  
12  3
 
12 
0
y2
 
4
 2 0  2 
4 2 x
16
  dy dx 
3
0 x2
4
a a a  y
2 2
7)Change the order of integration in   x y dx dy and then evaluate it.

0 a a2  y2
Solution :
The region of
x  a  a2  y2 , x  a  a2  y2 ,
integration
y  0 , y  a ,  x  a 2  y 2  a 2
To Change the order of integration . Now we want to integrate with respect to
‘y’first.Take a strip parallel to the ‘y’ axis
y  0 to y  a 2   x  a 
2
Along the strip:
When the strip moves from x = 0 to x = 2a the region of integration will be covered.
a a a  y
2 2
2a a 2  x  a 2
  x y dx dy  
0 a a2  y 2 0
 x y dy dx
0
0 2 y 0
2a
x 2 a 2  x a 2
 dx
 2 a  x  a   dx
2a
x
 2 2
 2 2ax  x  dx
2a
x
 2
 2 2ax 
2a
1
 2
 x 3 dx
0
2a
1  2ax3 x 4 
   
2 3 4 0
1 16 a 4 16 a 4 
 
2  3 4 
a a a  y
2 2
2 a4
0 a
2 x 2y dx dy  3
a y
1 2 y
8)Change the order of integration in   x y dx dy and then evaluate it.
0 y
Solution:
x  y , x  2  y , y  0 , y 1
we want to integrate with respect to ‘y’
first.Take a strip parallel to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip :

In the region OAB y  0 to y  x when the strip moves from x = 0 to x = 1and
In the region ABC y  0 to y  2  x when the strip moves from x = 1 to x = 2 the
region of integration will be covered.
1 2 y 1 x 2 2 x
  x y dx dy    x y dy dx    x y dy dx
0 y 0 0 1 0
x 2 x
1
 y2  2
 y2 
  x   dx   x   dx
0  2 0 1  2 0
1 2
x3
 2 2  x 
x
 dx 
2
dx
0
2 1
1
1  x4 
     4  x 2  4 x  dx
2
x
2  4 0 1 2
1 1 1
 
2
     4 x  x 3  4 x 2 dx
2 4 2 1
2
1 1  4 x 2 x 4 4 x3 
     
8 2 2 4 3 1
1 1 16 16 32 4 1 4  1 5
         
8 2  2 4 3 2 4 3  8 24
1 2 y
1
  x y dx dy  3
0 y
a 2a x
9)Change the order of integration in   xy dy dx and then evaluate it
0 x2
a
Solution:
x2
y , y  2a  x , x  0 , x  a
a
To Change the order of integration . Now we
want to integrate with respect to ‘x‟first.Take a strip
parallel to the ‘x’ axis.
Along the strip :
In the region x  0 to x  ay OAC When the strip moves from y = 0
to y = a and In the region x  0 to 2a  y ABC when the strip moves from y = a
to y = 2athe region of integration will be covered.

a 2a x

0 x 2
xy dydx  xy dx dy   xy dxdy
OAC ABC
a
2 a 2 a y ay 2a y
 x2   x2 
a ay a 2a

0
 xy dxdy  
0 a
0 xy dx dy  0  2 
y   dy  a  2 
y dy
0 0
dy   4a 2  4ay  y 2 d y
a 2a a 2a
ay 2 ay 2
dy   2a  y  dy  
y y

2
0
2 a
2 0
2 a
2
 4a y  4ay 2  y 3 dy

a 2a
a 2 1
  y dy  2
20 2 a
a 2a
a  y 3  1  4a 2 y 2 4ay3 y 4 
       
2  3 0 2  2 3 4 a
a  a 3  1 16a 4 32a 4 16a 4  1  4a 4 4a 4 a 4 
          
2 3  2 2 3 4  2 2 3 4
a 4 1  4a 4  1 11a 4  3a 4
     
6 2  3  2  12  8
a a
x
10) Change the order of integration in  x
0 y
2
 y2
dx dy and then evaluate it.
Solution:

x  y , x  a, y 0, y  a .

want to integrate with respect to ‘y’first.Take a strip
parallel to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip : y = 0 to y = x . When the strip
moves from x = 0 to x = a the region of integration will be covered.

a a
x
a x
 x 
0 y x 2  y 2 dx dy  0 0 x 2  y 2 dy dx
x 1 
x
1  y 
a a
  x  2 dy dx   x  tan1   dx
0 x  y  x  0
2
 0 
0
x
a
  a
 tan 1  tan 0  dx   4 dx  4 x0
a
1 1

0 0
aa
x a
 x 2  y 2 dx dy 
4
0y

ey
11) Change the order of integration in 0 x y dy dx and then evaluate it.
Solution:
x  0, x   , y  x , y   .
To Change the order of integration .

Now we want to integrate with respect to ‘x „
y
Along the strip :x= 0 to x = y . When the strip moves from y = 0 to the
  y  y y
e e
0 x y dy dx  0 0 y dx dy
 
e y y e y
 0 y 0x  dy  0 y y dy
 
 e y 
 e
y
dy      e  1  
0  1 0

e y
0 x y dy dx  1
2a a
12) Change the order of integration in   x  y  dy dx and then evaluate it
0 x2
4a
Solution:
x2
y , y  a , x  0 , x  2a
4a
To Change the order of integration .Now we want to integrate with respect to ‘x „
Along the strip :
x  0 to x  2 ay When the strip moves from y = 0 to y= a the

2a a a 2 ay
  x  y  dy dx    x  y  dx dy
0 x2 0 0
4a
a
 5 
   2ay 2 2 a y 2 
2 ay
a
 x2  a 3
    yx  dy    2ay  2 a y  dy   
5 
2
0 0
2 0   2
 2 0
 1 5

   a 3  4a   9 a
3 3

2 2
4 a a
 a 
3
 5   5  5
 
a a2  y2
 y
2
13) Change the order of integration in dx dy and then evaluate it.
a 0
Solution:
x : 0  a 2  y 2 y : a  a
To Change the order of integration .Now we
want to integrate with respect to ‘y’first.Take a strip parallel to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip y   a 2  x 2 to y  a 2  x 2 When the strip moves from x = 0
to x = a the region of integration will be covered.

a a2  x2 a a2  x2
  y dxdy    y dydx
2 2
a 0 0  a2  x2
   a 
a2  x2
 y3 
a a
dx    a 2  x 2  x 2 dx
1 3 3
   2
0
3  a2  x2
30 
1  2  1  
   a   
a 3 3 a 3
  a  x2  x 2 2 dx   2 a 2  x 2 2 dx
2

2
30  30 
 
a 3
2
3 0
 a2  x2 2
dx

Put x  a sin  dx  a cos , when x  0    0 , whenx  a   
2

22
 
3
  a 2  a 2 sin2  2 a cos d
30
22 2
  
3
 
30
a 1  sin2  2 a cos  d
 
 
2
2 3
22 4
  a 2 cos 2  2 a cos  d   a cos 4  d
30 30
2a 4  4  1 4  3  
 . .
3  4 2 2 
2a 4  3 1   a 4
 . . 
3  4 2 2  8
SKETCH THE REGION OF INTEGRATION
ax
1. Change the order of integration in   f x, y  dy dx
00
Solution:
y 0, y  x, x 0, x  a .
To Change the order of integration .Now we

want to integrate with respect to ‘x „ first.Take a strip parallel to the ‘x’ axis.
Along the strip :x= y to x = a . When the strip moves from y = 0 to y = a the region
of integration will be covered.

ax aa
 f x, y  dy dx    f x, y  dx dy
00 0y
11
2. Change the order of integration in   f x, y  dx dy
0y
Solution:
y  0 , y  1 , x  y, x  1

Along the strip : y = 0 to y = x . When the strip moves
from x = 0 to x = 1 the region of integration will be
.
covered
11 1x
 f x, y  dx dy    f x, y  dy dx
0y 00
11 y
0 0
Solution:
y  0 , y  1 , x  0, x  1  y

Along the strip : y = 0 to y =1- x . When the strip moves from x = 0 to x = 1 the region
of integration will be covered

11 y 11 x
  f x, y  dx dy    f x, y  dy dx
0 0 0 0
12 x
4. Change the order of integration in   f  x, y  dy dx
0 0
Solution:
y  0 , y  2 x , x  0 , x 1.
To Change the order of integration . Now we want

tointegrate with respect to ‘x „first.Take a strip parallel to
the ‘x’ axis.
y2
x to x  1
Along the strip 4 When the strip moves
from y = 0 to y = 2 the region of integration will be covered.
12 x 2 1
  f  x, y  dy dx    f  x, y  dx dy
0 0 0 y2
4
1
 y
0 0
Solution:
1
y  0 , y   , x  0, x 
y

want to integrate with respect to ‘y’ first.Take a
strip parallel to the ‘y’ axis.
Along the strip
1
y  0 to y  When the strip moves from x  0 to x   the region of integration will be
x
covered
1 1
 y  x
  f x , y  dx dy    f x , y  dy dx
0 0 0 0
TRIPLE INTEGRATION
1 2 3
1. Evaluate    xyzdxdydz
0 0 0
Solution:
3 
3
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
 x2 
   xyzdxdydz
0 0 0
 0 0  0 x dx  yz dy dz  0 0  2  yz dy dz
0
9   9  y2 
1 2 1
 
2 00
  ydy  zdz


2 0  2 
  zdz
1
36
1
 z2 
4 0
 z dz  9 
 2 0
9

2
2  a
r sin dr d d
4
2. Evaluate
0 0 0
Solution:
2  a 2   a 
 r 4 dr  sin  d d
  r sin  dr d d   
4
 
0 00 0 00 
2  a
 r5 
    sin  d d
 5 
0 0 0
2  a 2
a5  
 r sin  dr d d  0  0    d
4
 sin d
0 0 0
5 
2 2
a5 a5
   cos  0 d    cos   cos 0  d

 
5 0
5 0
5 2
2a 2a 5 4 a 5
 0
2

5  d
0

5

5
11 z 1 y  z
3. Evaluate    xyzdxdydz
0 0 0
Solution:
1 1 z 1 z  y 1 1 z  1 z  y 1 z  y
 1 1 z
 x2 
 xyz dx dydz 
   xyz dxdydz         
 2 
 0
yz dydz
0 0 0 0 0  0  0 0
1 1 z 1 1 z
 1  z  y 2 
  

 2
 yz dydz  1

 2  
1  z 2  y 2  2 z  2 y  2 yz yz dydz 
0 0 0 0
1 1 z
  yz  yz 
1
 3
 y 3 z  2 yz 2  2 y 2 z  2 y 2 z 2 dydz
2
0 0
1 z
1
1
 y2 y2 3 y4 y2 2 y3 y 3 2 

2 
 2
z
2
z 
4
z2
2
z 2
3
z2
3
z

dz
0 0
1  1  z 2
1
1  z 2 z 3  1  z 4 z  2 1  z 2 z 2  2 1  z 3 z  2 1  z 3 z 2 dz

2


 2
z
2 4 2 3 3 
0 
1
1 2
1
 1
  1
 
z  z 3  2z 2  z 3  z 5  2z 4  z  4z 2  6z 3  4z 4  z 5  1  2z  z 2 

  
dz

2 4

2 
0 
 3
2 2
 3 4 2 2
z  3z  3z  z  z  3z  3z  z
3
 
3 4 5
 


1
 1  z2 z4 z3  1  z4 z6 z5  1  z2 z3 z4 z 5 z 6   z 2 z 3  
   2    2   4 6 4   z2 
 3  2  4 5  4  2 6   3  
12 2 4 6 3 4 5 2
  
2  2  z2 z 3
z 4
z 5 
2 z 3
z 4
z 5
z 6 
   3 3    3 3   
 3 2 3 4 5  3  3 4 5 6  0
11 1 2 11 1 2 11 4 6 4 1  1 

                  1  1   
122 4 3 24 6 5 42 3 4 5 6  3 
  
    1         
2 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 3 1

 32 4 5 3 3 4 5 6 
1

720
log 2 x x  y
  
x y z
4. Evaluate e dxdydz
0 0 0
Solution:
log 2 x x  y
 e
x y z
I dxdydz
0 0 0
log 2 x
 x y z  y x
I     e dz  e e dydx
0 0  0 
log 2 x log 2 x
  e    e  e0  e y e x dydx
z x y x y
 e e dydx 
y x
0
0 0 0 0
log 2 x log 2 x
   e e  1 e y e x dydx    e e  e x e y  dydx
x y 2x 2 y
0 0 0 0
x
log 2
 2 x e2 y  log 2
 2 x e2 x x x  2 x e0 
I   e  e e  dx      e x e 0  dx
x y
 e e e  e
0  2 0 0  2   2 
log 2
 e4 x 3e2 x   e4 x 3e 2 x 
log 2
  0

 2

2
 e x  dx 


 8

4
 ex 
0
 e4(log 2) 3e2(log 2) (log 2)   e
0
3e0 
   e    e0 
 8 4  8 4 
24 3* 22 3 5
  2 2 
23 2 8 8
2 2 2
a a2  x2 a  x  y dxdydz
5. Evaluate   
0 0 0 a 2  x 2  y2  z2
Solution:
a a2  x2 a2  x2  y 2 a a2  x2 a2  x2  y 2
dxdydz dz
I        dy dx
0 0 0 a2  x2  y2  z 2 0 0 0  a2  x2  y2   z 2
a2  x2  y 2
a a2  x2  z  a a2  x2  a2  x2  y2 
  sin 1   
1
  dydx  sin    sin 1 (0)dydx
 a2  x2  y2   a2  x2  y2 
0 0  0 0 0  
a  x2 a
a a 2 2   x 2 2 a 2 1  x  
2 0  2 0
 dydx  a  x dx   a  x  sin   
0
22 2  a  0
  a 2 2 a 2 1  a    0 2 a 2 1  0   
  a  a  sin      a  0  sin    
2  2 2  a  2 2  a   
  a2    2a2
   0  
2 2 2  8
1 1 x x  y
   e dxdydz
z
6. Evaluate
0 0 0
Solution:
1 1 x x  y 1 1 x  x y 
 e z dz dydx
I    e dzdydx   
z
 
0 0 0 0 0  0 
1 1 x x y 1 1 x
  e    e  e dydx
x y
 z
dydx  0
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 x 1 x
  e   e 
1
x y x y
  1 dydx  y dx
0 0 0 0
 e     e 
1 1
x 1 x
  1  x  e  0 dx 
x 1
 1  x  e x dx
0 0
1

 e1 x  x 
x2   1 
 e x    e1  1   e1   0  0  0  e 0 
1
 
 2  0  2  2
dzdydx
7. Evaluate 
V 1 x2  y2  z2
, where V is the region of space bounded by the
coordinate planes and the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1 and contained in the positive octant.
Solution:
Given is the equation of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1

To find Limits
x2  y 2  z 2  1 y2  z2  1 z2  1
x2  1  y 2  z 2 y2  1 z2 z 1
x  1 y2  z2 y   1 z2 z  1
1 1 x 2 1 x 2  y 2
dzdydx dz
I       dy dx
V 1  x2  y 2  z 2 0 0 0 1  x2  y 2   z 2
1 x 2  y 2
1 1 x 2  z   1 1 x 2
   sin 1 
 1  x2  y 2


dydx 
2 0  dydx
0 0  0 0
 x
1
1 1 
1
2 0
 1  x dx
2
  1  x  sin x 
2
22 2 0
 1 1 1   2
  1  1  sin 1  0 
2
 
22 2  2 4 8
8)Evaluate  x  y  z dx dy dz , V is the volume of the rectangular parallelepiped

V
bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0 and z = c.
Solution:
c b a
V     x  y  z  dx dy dy
0 0 0
a
c b
 x2  c b
 a2 
     xy  xz  dy dz      ay  az  dy dz
0 0  0 0 0  
2 2
b
 a 2 y ay 2
c
 c
 a 2b ab 2 
V     ayz  dz     abz  dz
0 0 0 
2 2 2 2
c
 a 2bz ab 2 z abz 2  a 2bc ab 2c abc 2
     
 2 2 2  0 2 2 2
abc
 a  b  c
2
AREA
Area in Cartesian co-ordinates
The area include between the curves y=f1(x) and y=f2(x) andthe ordinates x=a and
y=b is given by
b f2  x  b f2  y 
Area    dy dx (or) Area    dxdy
a f1  x  a f1  y 
1. Find the area covered between the circle x  y  a and the line x  y  a lying in
2 2 2
the first quadrant, by double integration.

Solution:
Given x 2  y 2  a 2 and x  y  a  y  a  x
Substituting weget
x 2  a  x  a 2
2
x 2  a 2  x 2  2ax  a 2  2 x 2  2ax  a 2  a 2
2 x 2  2ax  0  2 xx  a   0
2 x  0 and x  a  0  x  0and x  a
when x  0  y  a , whenx  a  y  0
The point of intersection is 0, a  and a,0 
The region is bounded by the curve.
x :0  a
y : a  x  a2  x2
a a2  x2
Area in the 1 quadrant  
st
 dy dx
0 a x
a 
a a2  x2 a
  y dx   2
 x 2  a  x  dx
0 a x 0
a a
  a 2  x 2 dx   a  x dx
0 0
a a
x 2 a2  x   x2 
 a  x2  sin1     ax  
2 2  a  0  2 0
a2 a2
 sin1 1  a 2 
2 2
a 2  a 2 a 2 a 2
   
2 2 2 4 2
a2
Area    2  sq. unit
4
2) Find the area bounded by the parabolas y  4  x and y  x by double
2 2
integration.
Solution:
y 2  4  x and y 2  x
Substituting we get., x  4  x , when x  2, y   2
x 0 0 2 2 4
y 2 -2 2 - 2 0
2 4 y
x: y2  4  y2
2
Area  2   dxdy y:0 2

0 y2
 4  y 
2 2
 x
4 y 2
Area=  2 y2
dy  2 2
 y 2 dy
0 0
 4  2 y dy  4  2  y dy
2 2
2 2 2
0 0
 2 2
2
 y3 
 42 y    42 2  
 3 0  3 
4 2  16 2
Area  4   sq.unit
 3  3
3)Find the area included between the parabolas y 2  4ax  a  and y 2  4aa  x 
Solution:
y 2  4a  x  a 
Put x  0 in y 2  4ax  a 
y 2  4a 2  y   2a
The points are 0,2a  , 0,2a 
x  a  y 2  4a0  y  0
Put x  0 in y 2  4aa  x 
y 2  4a 2  y  2a
x  a  y 2  8a 2  y  2 2a
y2
a
2a 4a 2a y2
 dx dy  2  x
a
Area  2  y2
4a
dy
a
0 y2 0 4a
a
4a
2a
 y2 y2  2a
 2y2 
 2  a    a dy  2  2a  dy
0  4 a 4 a  0  4 a 
2a
 2 y3   2 16a 3 
 22ay   4a  12a 
12a  0
2
  
 4a 2  12a 2 4a 2 
 2  4a 2    3  3 
3 
2
  
 8a 2  16a 2
Area  2   sq.unit
 3  3
4)Find the area common to the parabola y  x and the circle x  y  2 .

2 2 2
Solution:
y 2  x and x 2  y 2  2
Substituting weget
x2  x  2
x2  x  2  0
x  1,  2
y :1  1
x : y2  2  y2
1 2 y 2 1
  dxdy   xy
2 y 2
Area  2 dy
1 y 2
1
 2 y 
1
 2
 y 2 dy
1
 2 y 
1
 2
 y 2 dy
1
1
 y 2  y2 2  y  y 3 
 2  sin 1  
 2 2  2 3 
 0
1  1  1
 2  sin1   
2  2  3
1   1 
Area  2     sq.unit
6 4  3 2
5)Find the area covered between y 2  4 x and x 2  4 y .
Solution:
y 2  4x  (1 )
x2
x2  4 y  y (2)
4
Substitute (2) in (1)
2
 x2  x4
   4 x   4x
 4 16
x 4  64 x  0

x x 3  64  0 
x0 (or) x 3
 64  0 
x  0 ( or ) x 3  64
x  0 ( or ) x  4
When x  0  y  0
x  4 y  4
The point of intersection is 0,0 , 4,4
4 2 x 4 2 x
Area  
0 x2
 dydx   y 0
x2
dx
4
4
4
 32 
4
x   2x x3  2
  2 x  dx  
3 12 
0
4
 2  0
32 16 16
Area    sq.unit
3 3 3
6)Find the area enclosed by the parabola y 2  4ax , X axis and the latusrectum of the parabola.
Solution:
a 2 ax a 2 ax
Area  2  dydx  2  dydx
0 0 0 0
a a
 2  2 axdx  4 a  x dx
0 0
a
 32 
4 2
3
4 a  x 
 a a2
3  3
 2  0
8a 2
Area  sq.unit
3
x2 y2
7)Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2  2  1
a b
Solution:
The region is bounded by the ellipse. In the 1st quadrant of the ellipse x varies from 0 to a.
b 2
y :0  a  x2
a
Area of the 1st quadrant of ellipse
b 2 s
a x
a a a b
 dydx   y 0a
a2  x2
y dx
0 0 0
a
b x 2  x 
a
b a2
 a  x dx  
2 2
a  x  sin1  
2
0
a a a 2  a  0
b  a2  b a2  ab
Area   sin 1 
1
 sq.unit
a2  a 2 2 4
Area of ellipse = 4* area of the ellipse in the 1st quadrant.

Area of ellipse  ab
VOLUME AS TRIPLE INTEGRAL
1. Find the volume of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2using triple integration

Solution:
Given is the equation of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
To find the limits:
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 y2 = a2 − z2 z varies from
z2 = a2 − y2 − z2 y   a 2  z2 z = 0 to z   a
z   a 2  y2  z2 y varies from
x varies from x = 0 to y = 0 to y   a  z
2 2
x   a 2  y2  z2
z2 = a2
za
y2 + z2 = a2
Volume of the sphere = 8 x Volume of the sphere in the positive octant
a a 2 z 2 a 2  y 2 z 2
V =8  
0 0
 dx dy dz
0
Integrating with respect to x,
a a 2 z 2
 
2
 y2 z2
=8 [ x ]0 a dy dz
0 0
On applying the limits of x,
a a 2 z 2
=8   0 0
a 2  y 2  z 2 dy dz
a 
a a 2 z2 2
   z 2  y 2 dy dz
2
=8
0 0
x 2 a2 x
Integrating with respect to y, using the formula  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin 1  
2 a
a 2 z 2
a
y 2 2 (a 2  z 2 ) 1  y 
= 8  a z y 
2
sin  2 2  dz
0 2 2  a z  0
  a 2  z2
a
(a 2  z 2 ) 1   a 2  z 2  1  

=8  

0  sin 1  0  sin 0 dz
0 
 2 2 
  2  
a
(a 2  z 2 )  8 a 2 2
= 8 dz =  (a  z )dz
0 2 2 4 0
Integrating with respect to z,

a
8  2 z3 
a z 
4 
=
3 0
On applying the limit values of z,
8  3 a 3  8  3a 3  a 3 

4  3  4  3 
= a =
8  2a 3  4a 3
4  3 
= = cubic units
3
Another Method:
Given is the equation of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2
To find the limits:
x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 x2 + y2 = a2
z2 = a2 − x2 − y2 y2 = a2 − x2 x2 = a2
z   a 2  x 2  y2 y   a2  x2 xa
y varies from x varies from x

z varies from z = 0 to
= 0 to x   a
z   a 2  x 2  y2
y = 0 to y   a  x
2 2
Volume of the sphere = 8 x Volume of the sphere in the positive octant
a a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2  y2
V =8  
0 0
 dz dy dx
0
a a 2 x 2
 
2
x 2  y2
=8 [z]0 a dy dx
0 0
On applying the limits of z,
a a 2 x 2
=8   0 0
a 2  x 2  y 2 dy dx
Put t  a  x
2 2
a t
=8  0 0
t 2  y 2 dy dx
x 2 a2 x
2
a  x 2  sin 1  
2 a
t
y 2
a
t2  y 
= 8  t  y 2  sin 1   dx
0 2 2  t  0
  t 2 2 t 2 1  t   t 2 1  
a
= 8    t  t  sin    0  sin 0 dx
0 2 2  t   2 
t2  8 2
a a a
t 2 1
=8  sin (1) dx = 
8 dx =  t dx
0
2 0
2 2 4 0
8
a 2  x 2 dx
a
= 
4 0

a
8  2 x3 

4  3  0
= a x
On applying the limit values of x,
8  3 a 3  8  3a 3  a 3 
a  =
4  4  3 
=
3
8  2a 3  4a 3
4  3 
= = cubic units
3
2)Find the volume of the cylinder x2+y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3 by triple integration
Solution:
Given is the equation of the cylinder x2+y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3
To find the limits:
x2 + y2 = 4  x2 = 4 − y2 y2 = 4
x   4  y2 y 4
y varies from z=0

x varies from
y = −2 to y = 2 z=3
x = − 4  y to
2
z varies from
x= 4  y
2
z = 0 to z = 3
3 2 4 y 2
Volume V=    dx dy dz
0  2  4 y 2
3 2 4 y 2 3 2 4 y 2
= 2x2    dx dy dz = 4    dx dy dz
0 0 0 0 0 0

3 2
= 4   x 0
4 y 2
dy dz
0 0
On applying the limits of x,

3 2
= 4   4  y dy dz
2
0 0
x 2 a2 x
2
a  x 2  sin 1  
2 a
2
y
3
4  y 
= 4 4  y 2  sin 1   dz
0 2 2  2  0
On applying the limit values of y,

3
 3 3
= 4  2 sin (1)dz = 4  2 dz = 4 dz

1
0 0 2 0
= 4z 30 = 4 3  0 = 12 cubic units
3)Evaluate  dxdydz , where V is the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1,0,0),
V
(0,1,0) and (0,0,1).

Solution:
Equations of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1,0,0), (0,1,0) and (0,0,1) is given by
x+y+z=1
To find the limits:
x=1–y–z y+z=1 z=1
 x varies from y=1–z  z varies from
x = 0 to x = 1 – y – z  y varies from z = 0 to z = 1
y = 0 to y = 1 – z
1 1 z 1 y  z
Volume V =    dxdydz
0 0 0
1 1 z

0 0
 1  y  z dy dz
1 z
1
y2  1
 
   y   zy dz   1  z  1  z   z 1  z dz
1 2
0 0 0  
2 2
1
 1 z2  1
1 z2 
  1  z    z  z  z 2  dz     z  dz
0  0 
2 2 2 2
1
 z z2 z3  1 1 1 1
         cubic units
2 2 6 0 2 2 6 6
4) Evaluate  dxdydz where V is the finite region of tetrahedron formed by the planes
V
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x+3y+4z=12.
Solution:
Given is the finite region of tetrahedron formed by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and

2x+3y+4z=12.
To find the limits:
2x+3y+4z=12 3y +4z = 12
2x=12 – 3y – 4z 3y  12  4z 4z=12
y  12  4z 
1 z3
x
1
12  3y  4z 3
2
 z varies from z=0 toz=3
 x varies from  y varies from
x =0 to x 
1
12  3y  4z y=0 to y 
1
12  4z 
2 3
1
3 3
124 z  1 123 y4 z  1
12 4 z  1 123 y  4 z 
2 3 3 2
Volume V =  
0 0
 dxdydz   
0 0 0
 dxdydz
0
1
1 123 y  4 z 
12 4 z  2 1
12 4 z 
3 3 3 3
  x dy dz   
1
12  3y  4z dydz
0 0 0 0 0 2
1
12 4 z 
13  3y 2  3
  (12  4z) y  2  dz
20  0
13 312  4z  
2
  12  4z  12  4z  
1
 dz
20 3 9x 2 
1 3 1 1 2
    
2
(12 4 z ) (12 4 z ) dz
2 0  3 6

144  96z  16z 2 dz
3
131
  12  4z  dz
1
 
2
206 12 0
1  963 163 
3
1  96z 2 16z 3 
2 3
 144z     144( 3 )   
12  2 3  0 12  2 3 
 432  432  144  144  12 cubic units

1 1
12 12
x 2 y2 z2
5)Find the volume of the ellipsoid    1 by triple integration.
a 2 b2 c2
Solution:
x 2 y2 z2
Given is the equation of the ellipsoid 2  2  2  1
a b c
To find the limits:
x 2 y2 z2 x2
  1 1
a 2 b2 c2 a2
x 2 y2
z2 x 2 y2  1 x2  a2
 1 2  2 a 2 b2
c2 a b
y2 x2 x   a2
2 x 2
y2   1 
z  c 1  2  2 
2
b2 a2 x  a
 a b 
 x 2 y2 
y 2  b 2 1  2  2  x varies from x = 0 to
 x 2 y2   a b 
z  c 1  2  2 
2
 a b  x  a
 x2 
y   b 1  2 
2
z varies from z =0  a 
x 2 y2
to z   c 1   y varies from y = 0 to
a 2 b2
 x2 
y   b 1  2 
 a 
Volume of the ellipsoid = 8 x Volume of the ellipsoid in the positive octant
x2 x 2 y2
b 1 c 1 2  2
a a2 a b
V =8  
0 0

0
dz dy dx
x2
b 1
a a2 x 2 y2
c 1 
=8   0 0
[z]0 a 2 b2
dy dx
On applying the limits of z,
x2
b 1
a a2
x 2 y2
=8   0 0
c 1 
a 2 b2
dy dx
 x2 
b 1
x2
a2
b 2 1  2   y 2
 a 
a
 8c   dy dx
0 0 b2
x2
b 1
8c a a2
 x2  2
   b 1  2   y dy dx
2
b 0 0  a 
x2  x2 
Put t  b 1  2  t  b 1  2 
2 2
a  a 
8c a t 2
   t  y 2 dy dx
b 00
x 2 a2 x
 a  x dx  a  x  sin 1  
2 2 2
Integrating with respect to y, using the formula
2 2 a
t
8c a  y 2 t2  y 
  t  y 2  sin 1   dx
b 0 2 2  t  0
8c a   t 2 2 t 2 1  t   t 2 1  
    t  t  sin    0  sin 0 dx
b 0  2 2  t   2 
8c t 2 
a
8c a t 2 1
b 0 2 b 0 2 2
 sin (1) dx  dx
2c a 2 2c a 2  x 2 
b 0 b 0  a 2 
 t dx  b 1  dx
2b 2c a 2
 2  a  x 2 dx
ab 0

a
2bc  x3 
 2 a 2 x  
a  3 0
On applying the limit values of x,
2bc  3a 3  a 3  2bc  2a 3 
  2 
a 2  3  a  3 
4abc
 cubic units
3

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GAMMA AND BETA FUNCTIONS

 x 1  x  dx exists only when m  0 and n  0 and when it exists, it is a

Recurrence formula for Gamma function

 (n  1)(n  1), Since lim  0

 n(n  1)(n  2)(n  2)

 n(n  1)(n  2)...3.2.1(1)

Then dxdy  rdrd (this result is assumed)

Symmetry of Beta Function

Using the property  0

Trigonometric Form of Beta Function

Put x  sin 2  dx  2 sin cos d

 m, n    sin 2 m2

  sin 2 m1  . cos2 n 1  d

Note:  sin 2 m1  . cos2 n1  d   m, n 

 In the above equation (1) put p = n ,q = 0 we get

Relation between Gamma and Beta function

Consider mn    e t t m1 dt .  e s s n1 ds

In the first integral, put t  x 2 and in the second, put s  y 2

[Changing over to polar coordinates

 4 cos2 m1  sin 2 n1  d  e r r 2 m 2 n2 r dr

  m, n   e r r 2  mn1 2r dr [put r  u ; 2rdr  du ]

  m, n   e u u  mn1 du   m, n  m, n 

Problems based on Gamma Functions

5. Find the value of

Also the limits for y are  and 0.

Equating the imaginary parts on both sides,

 e ax  x 2 m1 y 2 n1 dxdy 

We know that, (n)  e x dx 

e dxdy    e  ax x 2 m 1 dx   e by y 2 n 1 dy 

We know that,  (m, n)   x

Then (1) becomes,

0 1  x mn dx ----------- (4) [changing the dummy variable]

Using (4) in (3), we have

 I1  (b  a) mn1  t m1 (1  t ) n1 dt

When x  a, y  0; when x  a, y  2a.

 I 2   y m1 (2a  y ) n1 dy

When y  0, t  0; when y  2a, t  1.

 I 2  (2a) mn1  t m1 (1  t ) n1 dt

Differentiate on both sides,

1. Find the value of 

 cot d   sin  cos d sin ce  sin x cos x dx 

(m  1)n  (m)n  1

 x 1  x  dx in terms of Gamma functions and hence find

ex  1 3

1 3  1

 Put t  x   x  t/  lim it

From (1) and (2),

11. Prove that x e

Let I   x e dx. and

 Put t  x   x  t/  lim it

From (1) and (2),

12. Prove that 

3 1 3 1

3 1 1 1

Let x  sin 2   dx  2 sin cosd

 2 sin 2 n 1  cos2 n 1  sin cosd

 sin 2 m 1  cos2 n 1 d  (m)(n) 

Putting p=1 in (1), we get

i) put m=1, n=4 and p=1 in equation (1) we get,

 1 1 3 1

ii) put m=3, n=4 and p=2 in equation (1) we get,

iii) put m=3, n=4 and p=3 in equation (1) we get,

 3 3 9 3