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Water Lifting Devices PDF
Water Lifting Devices PDF
WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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4. Water-lifting devices
4.1 Introduction
Water-lifting devices are used to lift water to a height that allows users easy access to
water. Lifting devices can be used to raise groundwater, rainwater stored in an under-
ground reservoir, and river water. Communities should be able to choose from a range of
water-lifting devices, and each option should be presented with its advantages, disadvan-
tages and implications. For example, water lifting involves additional O&M activities and
potential problems, compared to gravity systems, and the latter are often preferred if
they are available and applicable to the situation.
The following water-lifting devices are described in this manual:
— rope and bucket (loose through a pulley, or on a windlass);
— bucket pump;
— rope pump;
— suction plunger handpump;
— direct action pump;
— deep-well piston pump;
— deep-well diaphragm pump;
— centrifugal pump;
— electrical submersible pump;
— axial flow pump;
— hydraulic ram pump.
There are other water-lifting devices that are not described in this manual, such as the
progressing cavities pump, the manual diaphragm suction pump, the treadle pump and
the chain pump. Other devices, such as the air-lift pump, are not included because they
are not applicable to drinking-water supply systems.
1
Morgan (1990).
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Users. Lower and lift the bucket, keep the site clean, warn when the ☺
system malfunctions.
Every year
— replace the bucket. Bucket, wire. Knife.
1
Morgan (1990).
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46
nance activities and collect fees for repairs. After the pump is installed, simple lessons in
O&M should be given, followed by monitoring, and occasional assistance by external
agencies.
Water committee. Check the work of the caretaker; raise funds for repairs.
Tin worker or Repair the chain and bucket.
blacksmith.
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills.
Daily
— clean the area. Broom.
Weekly
— tighten the bolts. Nuts and bolts. Flat spanner.
Occasionally
— lubricate bearings; Grease or oil.
— repair the valve; Washer or old car tube, bolts, split Knife, two socket spanners (long
pin or wire. and short).
1
van Hemert et al. (1992); Lammerink et al. (1995).
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48
rising main should be taken out (which can be done by hand by a few people). All repairs
can be carried out by the users themselves, sometimes with the assistance of a craftsman
for welding.
Rope pumps are used by communities or individual households. The maintenance
needs are simple, but frequent, and users need to ensure that they are carried out and
that their pump is kept in good working condition. Hygiene is more important than with
many other types of pump, particularly when the pump is used communally. In such
cases, it is important that the users organize effective measures for ensuring good hy-
giene practices.
Users. Pump the water, check that the pump is functioning properly. ☺
Caretaker. Lubricate, check the rope, clean the site.
Water committee. Supervise the caretaker, collect fees.
Local or area Repair the pulley and frame structure.
craftsman.
External support. Control the water quality, guide and motivate organization. /
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
Weekly
— grease bearings; Grease or oil. Lubricator.
Occasionally
— replace the guide block; Wire, strips of inner tubing from car Pliers, knife, hammer and chisel.
tyres, guide block, gravel, sand
and cement.
— repair the frame structure. Wood and nails, or scraps of metal, Welding equipment or hammer,
and welding electrodes, or chisel and saw.
oxyacetylene torch.
Annually
— replace the rope; Nylon rope. Knife.
1
Arlosoroff et al. (1987).
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Water committee. Check the work of the caretaker, collect contributions for
maintenance and repairs.
External support. Check water quality, motivate and guide the local water committee.
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
4. WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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Daily
— clean the pump surroundings; Clean water. Bucket or can.
Weekly
— grease pump-stand parts. Oil or grease. Lubricator.
Monthly
— check pump-stand parts. Spanners.
Occasionally
— adjust loose bolts; Spanners.
— repair broken parts. Welding electrodes. Spanners, pipe wrench, welder, file,
etc., depending on the model.
Annually
— check the entire pump; Spanners, pipe wrench, etc.,
depending on the model.
— replace worn parts; Washers, cupseals, bearings, etc. Spanners, pipe wrench, etc.
1
Arlosoroff et al. (1987); Morgan (1990); Reynolds (1992).
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Users. Pump the water, keep the site clean, warn of malfunctions. ☺
Caretaker. Keep the site clean, do small repairs, check pump annually.
Water committee. Organize maintenance, collect fees.
Local merchant. Sell spare parts. ☺
Local or area mechanic. Perform major repairs.
External support. Check water quality, motivate and guide local organization.
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
4. WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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Daily
— clean the pump and site; Broom.
— check performance.
Occasionally
— replace cupseals and washers; Cupseals, washers. Spanners, screwdriver.
— replace pump rod and/or pump handle; Pump rod, pump handle. Spanners, wrench.
— replace cylinder and/or plunger Cylinder, plunger, foot valve. Spanners, wrench, screwdriver.
and/or foot valve;
— repair rising mains. PVC tubing, PVC solvent and Saw and file, or two pipe wrenches.
sandpaper or galvanized iron
tubing, teflon or hemp.
Annually
— check the whole pump; Spanners, screwdriver.
1
Arlosoroff et al. (1987); Fonseka & Baumann (1994).
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pipe, and lifts the foot pedal. Deep-well diaphragm pumps are still being improved, but
most imperfections have been corrected.
The principle of the pump is attractive because it allows thin flexible hoses to be
used, making the pump easy to install or remove without the need for special tools or
equipment. Replacing spare parts is usually easy; only the replacement of the diaphragm
may need the assistance of a skilled mechanic. It is possible to install several pumps in a
single well or borehole.
Initial cost: In 1986, a complete pump that operated to a depth of 30 m cost US$ 860
(CIEH, 1990). In Burkina Faso and Benin in 1993, a Vergnet model pump cost US$
1460–1820 (including 10% VAT), depending on the installation depth (Baumann, 1993b).
Range of depth: 10–70 m.
Yield: 0.50 litres/s at 10 m depth; 0.32 litres/s at 30 m; and 0.24 litres/s at 45 m.
Useful life: Eight years.
Area of use: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger.
Trademarks: Vergnet; ABI-ASM (no longer in production).
Users. Pump the water, keep the site clean, report malfunctions. ☺
Caretaker. Keep the site clean, perform small repairs.
Area mechanic. Replace the diaphragm.
Water committee. Supervise the caretaker, collect fees.
External support. Check water quality, motivate and guide local organization.
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
4. WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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Daily
— clean the pump and site. Broom, bucket.
Weekly
— grease the parts of the pump stand. Grease. Lubricator.
Monthly
— check the entire pump. Spanner.
Occasionally
— replace the piston parts; Piston seal, pedal rod guide, etc. Spanner.
Annually
— repair the platform. Sand, cement, gravel. Trowel, bucket.
Users. Pump the water, keep the site clean, report malfunctions. ☺
Caretaker. Keep the site clean, check pump regularly, do small repairs.
Water committee. Supervise the caretaker, collect fees.
Area mechanic. Perform major repairs.
External support. Check water quality, and motivate and guide local organization.
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
Daily
— clean pump and site. Broom, brush.
Weekly
— grease bearings. Grease or oil. Lubricator.
Monthly
— check the pumpstand parts. Spanner.
Occasionally
— replace the pumpstand parts; Nuts and bolts, bearings, pump handle. Spanners, screwdriver.
— replace the foot valve, plunger Foot valve, plunger or cylinder. Spanners, wrench.
or cylinder;
— replace the pump rod or main. Pump rods or main tubing. Spanners, wrench, pipe threader.
Annually
— replace cupseals; Cupseals. Spanners, wrench, knife, screw
driver, etc.
— with some pump brands, or when the water must be lifted from a great depth, the
pump handle may require considerable strength to turn it;
— to reduce the number of major repairs, the rising main should be made of the
highest-quality material available;
— rigorous quality control is needed for deep-well piston handpumps, since many
are produced in developing countries;
— deep-well piston handpumps may require considerable torque to start them, and
the pump may be driven by a windmill; as a result, rotary pumps are often pre-
ferred because of their lower starting torque.
1
Fondation de l’Eau (1985); Fraenkel (1986); Pollak (1988); Castilla Ruiz & Galvis Castano (1993).
4. WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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Regularly
— clean the inlet. Depends on the installation.
Occasionally
— prepare the pump for use by Clean water. Funnel, bucket or can, spanner,
priming it with clean water; wrench.
Annually
— take the pump apart and clean it.
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1
Fraenkel (1986); Pollak (1988); Castilla Ruiz & Galvis Castano (1993).
4. WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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damaged threads re-cut. Badly corroded pipes should be replaced. Electric cables should
be inspected, particularly the insulation between the cables. All other repairs, such as
replacing a pump stage, involve high costs and must be carried out by a qualified techni-
cian. Submersible pumps are not suitable for village-level maintenance, although they
can often function for years with hardly any maintenance. The local committee or water
agency should focus on the training and reliability of the caretaker, on cost-recovery, and
on being able to mobilize an area mechanic quickly, in case the pump breaks down.
Annually
— take the pump out of the well, clean Rig, pulley, two pipe wrenches,
the inlet screen and check the valve. screwdriver, spanner.
Occasionally
— replace the fuse to the electric motor; Fuse. Screwdriver.
1
Fraenkel (1986); Hofkes & Visscher (1986); Meier (1990); Mathewson (1993).
4. WATER-LIFTING DEVICES
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accumulated sand and silt removed. The frequency with which the rubbers of the valves
have to be replaced will depend largely on the quality of the rubber. The valves and the
valve spring may also wear out and, if the water is corrosive, the pump and drive pipe may
need to be replaced sooner than expected.
Because of the low cost of a hydraulic ram pump and its intake works, this technology
is suitable for communal use. A caretaker should be appointed for O&M, but little train-
ing is needed.
Caretaker. Check and start the pump, clean the pump, perform basic repairs. ☺
Water committee. Supervise the caretaker, collect contributions.
Area mechanic. Replace the valves.
External support. Check water quality, motivate and guide the local organization.
☺ Simple (often requires gender-specific awareness-raising, and training activities to change behaviour and build capacity);
Basic skills. Technical skills. Highly qualified.
Daily
— check that the pump is functioning.
Weekly
— check the delivery valve. Spanner.
Occasionally
— restart the hydram;
— replace the valve rubbers; Valve rubbers, old car tyre tube. Spanner, screwdriver, knife.
— carry our major repairs; Valves, valve spring. Spanners, wrench, pipe threader.
Annually
— repair the inlet and platform. Cement, sand, gravel. Bucket, trowel.