F1 - Wes (Oic) 013011 PDF

F1 – WES (OIC) 013011
===========================
(Secondary Review Material)
(Pang-dagdag Sa Ating Kaalaman)
 pages 2 – 27: COLOR CODED
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SOLVING
 Pages 28 – 197: Some QUESTIONS
WITH illustrations and key words
===========================
By: Capt. DENSAN
Happy Sailing… Enjoy Reviewing…
1

TO FIND DISTANCE BY BOW AND BEAM BEARING:
A ship on course of 253° T at 14 knots. At 2329 a lighthouse was

observed bearing 282° T. At 2345 the same lighthouse bears 300° T.
Find the ship’s distance off the second bearing and when abeam?
1. Find first Angles ―A‖, ―B‖ and ―C‖ :
a.)Co = 253° T b.) Co = 253° T c.) Angle B = 47° R

Brg1 = 282° T – Brg2 = 300° T – Angle A = 29° R –
-------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------
A = 29° R B = 47° R Angle C = 18° R
2. Then solve for AB(Distance Run Between 1st & 2nd Observation)
AB = ( Time 2 – Time 1 ) x Speed
= ( 2345 – 2329 ) x 14 knots
= 16 minutes x 14 knots
AB = 3.73 nautical miles
3. Solve for Distance off at second bearing (BC): (By SINE Law)
BC = Sin A x AB / Sin C
―Busy SinA AB at SinCha‖
BC = Sin 29° x 3.73 / Sin 18°
BC = 5.9 nautical miles (Distance off at 2nd bearing)
4. Solve for Distance at Abeam (CD) : (By SOH – CAH – TOA)
CD = BC x Sin B
―Si Dee Busy Rin Ba?‖
CD = 5.9 x Sin 47°
CD = 4.3 nautical miles ( Distance at Abeam)
2

TO FIND LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN TRANSIT
(UPPER TRANSIT):
What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the zenith of the
observer at local apparent noon of June 21 or 23?
If the Sun is at the Zenith it means that Altitude( Ho) = 90°

- 90°
---------------
ZD = 0°
Declination of the Sun on June 21/23 = 23° 27’ N
------------------------
Lat = 23° 27’ N
 What is the latitude of a place where the observer is stepping on his

shadow at local apparent noon at March 21 or 23?
NOTE: When the Observer is stepping at his shadow at local apparent noon,
this means that the Sun is exactly at the Zenith, therefore, the
Ho = 90° and ZD = 0°.
ZD = 0°
DEC = 0° > > > March 21 or 23
-----------------
LAT = 0° or at the Equator
 The sun crosses the upper branch of the celestial meridian of the
observer at a position 15º South of his zenith. If the sun’s declination
is 15º S. What is the latitude of the observer?
ZD = 15° S
DEC = 15° S (N) >>> (reverse sign; if diff.name – )
------------------------
LAT = 0° or at the Equator
3

TO FIND LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN PASSAGE

(LOWER TRANSIT):
NOTE: Lower Transit means Passage at the Lower Branch of the Meridian.
Lower Transit can only be observed when a body is a circumpolar body.
A circumpolar body is a celestial body which does not set but remains above
the horizon for 24 hours.
LAT = PX + Ho
PX (Polar Distance) = 90° – Declination
RULE: Latitude is named according to the name of Declination.
What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

midnight of June 21?
Declination of Sun on June 21 = 23° 27’ N
Polar Distance (PX) June 21 = 66° 33’ N >>> (90° - Dec)

Ho at Horizon = 0° ( - )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LATITUDE = 66° 33’ N
 What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

midnight of December 21 or 23?
Declination of Sun on Dec. 21 or 23 = 23° 27’ S
Polar Distance (PX) Dec21/23 = 66° 33’ S >>> (90° - Dec)

Ho at Horizon = 0° ( - )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LATITUDE = 66° 33’ S
4
Find the Amplitude of a rising body with a Declination of 21º 07.8' N
at Latitude 47º 18.6' N.
TO FIND AMPLITUDE (AMP):
Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT
= Sin 21° 7.8’ / Cos 47° 18.6’
AMPLITUDE = E 32° 7.1’ N
NOTE: Prefixed ―E‖ >> Body is Rising [―W‖ if Body is Setting]
Suffixed ―N‖ >> Declination is North [―S‖ if DEC is South]
 At Latitude 55° 53’N; Long. 130° 18’ W, sun’s Declination is 12° 40’ S.
Find True Azimuth (Zn) at sunset.
TO FIND TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):
1.) First find Amplitude:
= Sin 12° 40’ / Cos 55° 53’
AMPLITUDE = W 23° S
NOTE: Prefixed ―W‖ >> Body is Setting [ ―E‖ if Body is Rising ]
Suffixed ―S‖ >> Declination is South [ ―N‖ if DEC is N ]
2.) Then convert Amplitude to True Azimuth:
To convert AMPLITUDE (AMP) to TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):
1. E x N >>> 90° – AMP = Zn

2. E x S >>> 90° + AMP = Zn
3. W x S >>> 270° – AMP = Zn
4. W x N >>> 270° + AMP = Zn
In the above example: AMP = W 23° S >> 270° — 23° > > Zn = 247° ( T )
5
 An observer at Latitude 45° 00’ South took a gyro bearing of the Sun
on the horizon and found to be 078°(pgc). The declination of the Sun
obtained from the almanac gives 14° 00’ N. Calculate the gyro error.
TO FIND GYRO ERROR (G/E):
= Sin 14° / Cos 45°
AMPLITUDE = E 20° N
NOTE: Prefixed ―E‖ >> Bearing is 078° (pgc) which is Easterly direction
and it means that the Body is Rising.
Suffixed ―N‖ >> Declination is North
To convert Amp E 20° N to True Azimuth: 90° – 20° = 070° T
True Bearing = 070° (T) > > Obtained by calculation

Gyro Bearing = 078° pgc ( – ) > > Taken by observation
---------------------------------------
Gyro Error = – 8° or 8° W > > If result is (–), G/E is W ; If (+) G/E is E .
Or you can apply the OLD RULE:
Compass BEST, Error WEST… Compass LEAST, Error EAST
 The bearing of a rising sun at Latitude 38° 08' S was 078° 28'. Find
the declination at time of sight.
TO FIND DECLINATION by AMPLITUDE FORMULA:
Sin DEC = Sin AMP x Cos LAT [ Formula 1 ]
Sin DEC = Cos Azimuth x Cos LAT [ Formula 2 ]
Sin DEC = Cos 78° 28’ x Cos 38° 08’
DECLINATION = 9° 03’ N > > > (N since 078° 28’ is towards North or
it has a Northerly component)
6
 You are on a voyage from New York, USA to San Francisco, USA.
The distance from pilot to pilot is 5,132 miles. The speed of advance
is 13.5 knots. You estimate 32 hours for bunkering at Colon and 14
hours for the Panama Canal transit. If you take departure at 0600
hours (ZD +4) on May 16, what is your ETA (ZD +7) at San Francisco?
TO FIND ETA or LZT of ARRIVAL:
a.) By GMT METHOD:
LZT departure = 0600 16th May
ZD departure = (+)4 (W) + >>> [ LEG –: E – / W + ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GMT departure = 1000 16th May
+ Steaming Time = 2009 15days >>> [ Steaming Time: always + ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GMT arrival = 3009 31st May
ZD arrival = (+)7 (W) – >>> [ GEL +: E + / W – ]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LZT arrival = 2309 31st May
Bunkering = 32 + >>> [ Any Delays: always + ]
Panama Canal Transit = 14 + >>> [ Any Delays: always + ]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LZT arrival = 2109 02nd June
b.) By TIME DIFFERENCE (TD) METHOD:
ZD departure = (+) 4
ZD arrival = (+) 7 ( – ) >>> Note: always subtract ( – )

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time Difference = – 3
Steaming Time(D / S) = 2009 15 days >>> 5,132 miles / 13.5 knots
LZT departure = 0600 16th May
Bunkering = 32 + >>> [ Any Delays: always + ]
Panama Canal Transit = 14 + >>> [ Any Delays: always + ]

----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
LZT arrival = 2109 02nd June
7

c.) By SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION METHOD:
Pt. A >_________________+_________________+____________________<Pt. B
NYK Colon Panama Canal Transit SFO
(ZD+4) (32h) (14h) (ZD+7)
S.T. = Distance / Speed = 5132 miles / 13.5 knots = 380.148 hrs
0600 May 16 >>>>>> S.T. 15d 20h 09m >>>>>> ?? 2109 June 2 ??
d.) By HOUR CALCULATION METHOD:
Steaming Time = Distance / Speed
= 5,132nm/13.5k >>> 380.148 hrs
Departure Time >>> + 6 hrs
ZD departure >>>> + (+)4
ZD arrival >>>>>>> – (+)7 Note: always (- )
DELAYS: Bunkering >>>>>>> + 32 hrs
P. Canal Transit >>> + 14 hrs

-------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL No. of HOURS >>> 429.148 hrs / 24
17.881 days
Departure Date >>> + 16th MAY

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
33.881
How many days in MAY??? >>> – 31 days
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.881 days
ARRIVAL MONTH and DAY!!! >>> – 2nd JUNE

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.881day x 24
ARRIVAL TIME!!! >>> 2109 hrs
NOTE: If ZD is not given, just divide the Longitude by 15. Take the whole
number of hour. A fraction of 0.5 and above will be considered to the next
hour. ( Ex. 4.4 = ZD 4 but 4.5 = ZD 5)
8
 At Place A, Long. 175° 10.5’ W, the LMT is 16h 02m 03s Dec 3.
Find the LMT and date at place B, Long. 32°08’ W.
TO FIND LMT of PLACE B:
(175° 10.5’ – 32° 08’) = 143° 2.5’ E / 15 = 9h 32m 10s

(+)
Dec.3, 16h 02m 03s
---------------------------------
25h 34m 13s
Dec.4, 01h 34m 13s
 The ZT at place A is 0800. If the Long of A is 49°30’ W, what is the ZT

of place B in Long 83°15’ W?
TO FIND ZT of PLACE B:
Long of A = 49° 30’ W / 15 = 3.3 >>> ZD Place A = +3

(–)
Long of B = 83° 15’ W / 15 = 5.6 >>> ZD Place B = +6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time Difference = –3 Hrs
ZT Place A = 0800
Time Difference = – 3 Hrs

-------------------------------------
ZT Place B = 0500
9
 What is the length of the shadow of a man, 6 feet tall, when standing
in an open field at local apparent noon of a certain day when the
sun’s Declination is about 20º S and his Latitude is 20º S?
TO FIND ZENITH DISTANCE if LATITUDE / DECLINATION are given:
LAT = 20° S
DEC = 20° (S) N – >> > (always reverse sign; if same name
------------------ with Lat + but if diff.name – then affix
ZD = 0° sign of quantity with greater value)
NOTE: It means that the sun is exactly at the Zenith (directly above your
head), therefore Zenith Distance (ZD) is zero and no shadow will be seen.
 Find the height of the observer in Lat 45º N when he is casting a

shadow 10 feet long at local apparent noon on a day when the sun
declination is 20º N.
TO FIND HEIGHT OF OBSERVER:
Lat = 45° N
Dec = 20° (N) S – >>> (always reverse sign; if same name

------------------------ with Lat + but if diff. name – then affix
ZD = 25° N sign of quantity with greater value)
– 90°
--------------------
Ho = 65°
Height of Observer (Ho) = Tan 65° x 10 feet (shadow)
= 21.25 feet
10

THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS are FINDING HOW FAR is the
SUN to the ZENITH of OBSERVER or the FINDING the ANGULAR or
the ZENITH DISTANCE:
How far and where will the Sun be from the Zenith of the observer at
noon of June 21 or 23 if the observer is navigating along the Tropic
of Cancer?
Tropic of Cancer >>> Lat = 23° 27’ N
June 21 or 23 >>> Dec = 23°27’ N ( – )

-------------------------------------------------------
ZD = 0°
RULE: If LATITUDE of Observer and DECLINATION of the Sun
are of same name, subtract ( – ) and affix the sign of quantity

with greater value; if different name, add ( + ).
 What is the angular distance of the sun from the zenith of the
observer at noon of June 21 or 23 if the observer is navigating along
the Tropic of Cancer?
Observer is along Tropic of Cancer = 23° 27’ N
Declination of the Sun on June 21/23 = 23° 27’ N ( – )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angular Distance = 0°
11
 How far and where will the sun be from the zenith of the observer at
noon of December 21 or 23 if the observer is navigating along the
Tropic of Cancer?
Observer is navigating along the Tropic of Cancer = 23° 27’ N
Declination of the Sun on Dec. 21/23 = 23° 27’ S ( + )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How far is the Sun to the Observer (ZD) = 46° 54’ South
NOTE: It is named ―South‖ since the Sun is south of the Observer.
 How far and where will the sun be from the zenith of observer at
noon of March 21 or 23 when the observer is navigating along the
Arctic Circle?
Observer is navigating along the Arctic Circle = 66° 33’ N
Declination of the Sun on March 21/23 = 0° N/S (+/ – )

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How far is the Sun to the Observer (ZD) = 66° 33’ South
NOTE: It is named ―South‖ since the Sun is south of the Observer.
 What is the angular distance of the sun from the zenith of the
observer at noon of March 21 or 23 when the observer is navigating
along the Arctic Circle?
Observer is along Arctic Circle = 66° 33’ N
Declination of the Sun on March 21/23 = 0° N/S (+/ – )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Angular Distance = 66° 33’
12
 What is the difference of latitude between the Antarctic Circle and
the Tropic of Capricorn?
Antarctic Circle >>> LAT = 66° 33’ S
Tropic of Capricorn >>> LAT = 23° 27’ S ( – )
----------------------------------------------------------------------
DLAT = 43° 06’
 What is the difference of latitude between the Arctic Circle and the
Tropic of Cancer?
Arctic Circle >>> LAT = 66° 33’ N
Tropic of Cancer >>> LAT = 23° 27’ N ( – )

-------------------------------------------------------------------
DLAT = 43° 06’
 How far (in angular distance) is the Arctic Circle from the North
Pole?
North Pole = 90° 00’ N
Arctic Circle = 66° 33’ N ( – )

------------------------------------------
 How far in angular distance is the Antarctic Circle from the South
Pole?
South Pole = 90° 00’ S
Antarctic Circle = 66° 33’ S ( – )

------------------------------------------
13
 A ship sailing eastward crosses the 180th meridian at 1130 ZT of
June 6. What is the new zone time and date of crossing?
TO FIND ZT and DATE when crossing Equator:
a.) By Formula:
ZD before crossing = – 12 (E) >>> LZT = 1130 June 6

TD = 24h or 1d ( –)
-----------------------------------
ZD after crossing = + 12 (W) >>> LZT = 1130 June 5
----------------------------------------------
Time Difference (TD) = – 24 hrs < < < ZD dep – ZD arr = (–12) – (+12)
Or 1 day
NOTE: TD is applied between two ZT’s.

TD is the difference of two ZD’s.
b.) By Simple Illustration Method:
E Long._______________________(180°)_______________________W Long.
IDL
>>> 1 >> Day >>Less >>> (Easterly Course)
1130 ZT, June6 1130ZT, June5
( Westerly Course) <<< 1 << Day << More <<<
NOTE: Remember the 180th meridian is the I.D.L. (International Date Line) or
I.D.L. means 1 Day Less. In short, crossing the IDL from E to W (eastward),
you subtract 1 day. And crossing from W to E (westward), you add 1 day.
14
 A ship is in Longitude 137° 45' E, clocks keeping ZT. Find the LMT at
1123 ship's time.
TO FIND LMT if LZT or ZT is given:
Long. 137° 45’ E / 15
= 09h 11m (E) > > > Long. in Time (λt) (hh – mm – ss)
= -9 (E) > > > > > > ZD (whole number of hour)
LZT = 1123 (ship’s time) Note: [ L E G – / G E L + ]

ZD = 9 (E) – LZT to GMT: E – / W +
-------------------- GMT to LMT: E + / W –
GMT = 0223
(λt) = 0911 (E) +
----------------------
LMT = 1134
NOTE 1: In converting LZT to LMT or vice versa, you apply Longitude in

Time (λt) and ZD but DO NOT interchange them, otherwise you will get a
wrong answer. From LZT to GMT or vice versa , you apply ZD. Both LZT and
ZD with ―Z‖ should go hand in hand. From GMT to LMT or vice versa, you
apply, of course Long in Time (λt) at wala ng iba pa.
NOTE 2: Local Zone Time or Zone Time or Local Time is the Standard Time
maintained within a certain zone as designated by Zone Description. This
standard time is the time being maintained on board ship and this is what
we call the Ship’s Time.
15
 The LMT of sunrise on the standard meridian is 0552H. Your
Longitude is 99° 15’ E. What is your ZT of sunrise?
TO FIND LZT or ZT if LMT is given:
Long. 99° 15’ E / 15 = 6h 37m
= 6h 37m (E) > Long. in Time (λt)
= 7 (E) > > > > ZD
LMT sunrise = 0552

λt = 0637 (E) –
------------------------------------ NOTE: LEG – / GEL +
GMT sunrise = 2315 LMT to GMT: E – / W +
ZD = 7 (E) + GMT to LZT: E + / W –
------------------------------------
LZT sunrise = 0615
 The local mean time of sunset at Long. 73° 30' E is 18h 40m 00s.
What is the corresponding local zone time of sunset?
Long. 73° 30’ E / 15 = 4h 54m
= 4h 54m (E) > Long. in Time(λt)
= 5 (E) > > > > ZD
LMT sunset = 18h 40m 00s

λt = 04h 54m 00s (E) – [LEG – ]
------------------------------------
GMT sunset = 13h 46m 00s
ZD = 5 (E) + [GEL +]
-----------------------------------
LZT sunset = 18h 46m 00s
16
 The LMT of LAN is 1200H. What will be the zone time of LAN if you
are located in Longitude 120° 30’ W?
Long. 120° 30’ W / 15

= 08h 02m (W) > Long in Time (λt)
= +8 (W) > > > > ZD
LMT LAN = 1200

Λt = 0802 (W) +
--------------------------------
GMT LAN = 2002
ZD = 8 (W) -
--------------------------------
LZT LAN = 1202
 The zone time of LAN is 1152. Your longitude is 73º 15' E. What time
would you use to enter the Nautical Almanac to determine the
declination of the Sun at LAN?
TO FIND GMT OF LAN:
Long = 73° 15’ E / 15 = 4h 53m > > > ZD = – 5 (E)
LZT LAN = 1152 Note: [ L E G – ]

ZD = 5 (E) – LZT to GMT: E - / W +
----------------------------
GMT LAN = 0652
 The ZT at Long. 141° 18’ W is 6h 18m 24s. What is the GMT?
TO FIND GMT:
Long = 141° 18’ W / 15 = 9h 25m 12s > > > ZD = + 9 (W)
LZT LAN = 06h 18m 24s Note: [ L E G – ]

ZD = 9 (W) + LZT to GMT: E – / W +
-------------------------------------
GMT = 15h 18m 24s
17
 If the Greenwich Hour Angle of the sun at noon of Feb.26 is 356°
23.6’. What is the Equation of Time?
TO FIND EQUATION OF TIME (E.T.):
NOTE: If GHA > 180°, then E.T. = (360° - GHA) / 15

If GHA > 180°, then Mean Sun is Ahead, Apparent Sun is Behind, E.T. +
E.T. = (360° - 356° 23.6’) = 3° 36.4’ / 15 = 00h 14m 26s
 The GHA of the sun at 1200 GMT was found in the nautical almanac
to be 356° 28.4’. What will be the GMT of the meridian passage?
TO FIND GMT at MERIDIAN PASSAGE:
a.) Find first E.T. as above formula:
b.) Then find GMT of MP as below:
GAT = 12h 00m 00s >>> Greenwich Apparent Time
E.T. = 00h 14m 06s + > > > (see above problem)
----------------------------------
GMT = 12h 14m 06s >>> Greenwich Mean Time
Note: If GHA > 180°, then Mean Sun is Ahead, E.T. +
In this problem, GHA = 356° 28.4’ which is more than 180°, therefore,
Mean Sun is Ahead and E.T. is +.
18
 The GHA of the Sun at 1200h GMT was found in the Almanac to be
002° 31.6’. What is the equation of time?
TO FIND EQUATION OF TIME (E.T.):
NOTE: If GHA < 180°, then E.T. = GHA / 15
If GHA < 180°, then Mean Sun is Behind, Apparent Sun is Ahead, E.T. –
E.T. = 002° 31.6’ / 15 = 10m 06s
 The GHA of the Sun at 1200h GMT was found to be 002° 31.6’. What
will be the GMT of Meridian Passage if your longitude is at
Greenwich?
TO FIND GMT at MERIDIAN PASSAGE (MP):
a.) Find first E.T. as above formula:
b.) Then find GMT of MP as below:
GAT = 12h 00m 00s > > > Greenwich Apparent Time
E.T. = 00h 10m 06s – > > > ( see above problem )
-------------------------------------
GMT = 11h 49m 54s
Note: If GHA < 180°, then Mean Sun is Behind, E.T. –
In this problem, GHA = 002° 31.6’ which is less than180°, therefore,
Mean Sun is Behind and E.T. is –.
19
 The GHA Aries is determined as 348° 16.3’, an observer is located at
178° 39.2’ East . The LHA Aries he will use in solving latitude by
Polaris is:
TO FIND LHA OF ARIES:
LHA Aries = GHA Aries +/- Long
NOTE: G E L + > > > GHA to LHA: E + / W –
LHA of Aries = 348° 16.3’ + 178° 39.2’ E
= 526° 55.5´ - 360°
LHA of Aries = 166° 55.5’
 You depart LAT 50º 06’ N, LONG 153º 06’ E and steam 879 miles on
course 090º. What is the LONG of arrival?
TO FIND the LONGITUDE of ARRIVAL:
DLO = DEP / Cos LAT LONG departure = 153 °06’ E

= 879’ / Cos 50°06’ DLO = 22° 50’ E +
= 1,370’ / 60 ------------------------------------------------
DLO = 22° 50’ E LONG arrival = 175° 56’
 You depart LAT 25º 54' N, LONG 9º 38' E and steam 592 miles on
course 270º. What is the LONG of arrival?
TO FIND the LONGITUDE of ARRIVAL:
DLO = DEP / Cos LAT LONG departure = 009° 38’ E

= 592’ / Cos 25° 54’ DLO = 10° 58’ W –
= 658’ / 60 --------------------------------------------------
DLO = 10° 58’ W LONG arrival = 001° 20’ W
20

TO CONVERT GHA to LONGITUDE:
RULE: If GHA > 180°, then Long = 360° – GHA and named East.
If GHA < 180°, then Long = GHA and named West.
What is the geographic longitude of a body whose GHA is 232º 27'?
Long = 360° - 232° 27’ = 127° 33’ E
 What is the geographic longitude of a body whose GHA is 215º 15'?
Long = 360° – 215° 15’ = 144° 45’
 What is the longitude of the geographical position of a body whose

GHA is 210º 30'?
Long = 360° – 210° 30’ = 149° 30’

TO CONVERT GEOGRAPHIC LONGITUDE to GHA:
RULE: If Longitude is ‖E‖ then GHA = 360° – Longitude
If Longitude is ―W‖ then GHA = Longitude
A position of the Earth has a longitude of 74º 10' E. Its celestial

counterpart would have a ________.
GHA = 360° - 74° 10’ = 285° 50’
21
 At meridian passage, upper transit, the observer’s latitude was
found to be 43° 34.7’ N, Dec. is 1° 46.3’ N. Find the observed altitude.
TO FIND OBSERVED ALTITUDE (Ho):
Lat. = 43° 34.7’ N

Dec. = 1° 46.3’ (N) S – >>> ( always reverse sign; if diff.name – )
----------------------------
ZD = 41° 48.4’ N
– 90° >>> (always – 90° since Ho + ZD = 90°)
---------------------------
Ho = 48° 11.6’ N
 The distance to the nearest vertex from any point on a great circle
track cannot exceed___________.
The maximum distance from the VERTEX to any point on a GREAT CIRCLE
TRACK = 5,400 nautical miles > > > 90° x 60
 Your vessel is at the equator at midnight on 1 January, and a star is

observed rising. At what time will this same star rise on 1 February,
assuming your vessel’s location is still at the equator?
1 solar day = 24h 00m 00s

1 sidereal day = 23h 56m 04s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Difference = 0h 3m 56s < < <Stars rises late daily
x 31 days < < < < < Jan.1 to Feb.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Diff. = 2h 01m 56s
Midnight Jan.1 = 24h 00m 00s ( – )
-----------------------------------------------------------
The star will rise = 21h 58m 04s on Feb.1
22
 The propeller of the vessel has a diameter of 20.6 feet and a pitch of 23.4 feet.
What would be the apparent slip if the vessel cruised of 538 miles in a 24 hour
day (observed distance) at an average RPM of 87?
TO FIND ENGINE SPEED AND SLIP:
E.S. = RPM
Engine Speed (E.S.) = RPM x Pitch x 60Min
-----------------------------------
6080 >>> Divide by 6080
If Pitch is in Feet
= 87 x 23.4 x 60
--------------------------
6080
E.S. = 20.09 knots x 24 hours
Engine Distance (E.D.) = 482.16 miles
Observed Speed (O.S.) = 538 miles (O.D.) / 24 hours
O.S. = 22.42 knots
Slip = E.S. – O.S. OR; Slip = E.D. – O.D.

----------------- -------------------
E.S. E.D.
= 20.09 – 22.42 = 482.16 – 538

--------------------- --------------------
20.09 482.16
Slip = – 11.% (Ans.) Slip = – 11.6% (Ans.)
 A ship’s propeller is 4882 mm diameter with pitch of 4226 mm. The engine
RPM is 122. What is the engine speed of this vessel?
Engine Speed (E.S.) = RPM x Pitch x 60

----------------------------
1852 >>> Divide by 1852
If Pitch is in mm.
= 122 x 4.226 x 60 Convert Pitch
--------------------------- from mm to meter.
1852
E.S. = 16.70 knots (Ans.)
23

TO FIND AVERAGE PISTON SPEED
If the piston stroke of a diesel engine is 10 1/2 inches and the speed of
the crankshaft is 720 RPM, what is the average piston speed?
( 10.5 inches ÷ 6) x 720 RPM = 1260 ft/minute

TO FIND AVERAGE PISTON SPEED
What is the average piston speed of a five cylinder low speed engine which has
a bore of 29.5 inches, a stroke of 63 inches, and a rated speed of 123 RPM?
( 63 inches ÷ 6) x 123 RPM = 1291.5 ft/min

To Find Percentage of the Working Pressure
Working pressure of a boiler is 470 psig. The safety valve lifts at 510 psig and
blows down to 480 psig. The blow down is what percentage of the working
pressure?
( 510 – 480 ) ÷ 470 x 100 = 6.4
24

FINDING NEW SPEED
A cape size vessel consumes 333 barrels of fuel oil per day while steaming at
15.5 knots. In order to reduce consumption to 176 barrels of fuel oil per day,
determine for the maximum speed the vessel can turn.
New Consumption = New Speed^3

---------------------------- ---------------------
Old Consumption Old Speed^3
176 = New Speed^3

-------------------- -----------------------
333 15.5^3
176 x 15.5^3
1968.17
Raise to -------------------------- = New Speed^3
1/3rd or 333
cube root of
1968.17
1968.17^(1/3) = New Speed
12.5 knots = New Speed

FINDING SPEED OF ADVANCE
The pitch of the propeller is 19 feet and the propeller slip is 10 percent. If the
propeller is turning 70 RPM's, what is your speed of advance?
Speed of Advance = RPM x Pitch x 60 x Efficiency

---------------------------------------
6080
= 70 x 19 x 60 x 90%
------------------------------ Efficiency = 100% - Slip
6080 = 100% - 10%
Efficiency = 90%
Speed of Advance = 11.81 knots
25
 What is the natural cosine of the middle latitude between Lat. 20° 14’ N and
Lat. 11° 35’ S?
A. 0.99714
B. 0.99715
C. 0.07527
D. 0.99716
Solutions:
* Mid-Lat = ( Lat 1 – Lat 2 ) ÷ 2 >>> If diff. name
*Mid-Lat = ( Lat 1 + Lat 2 ) ÷ 2 >>> If same name
Mid-Lat = ( 20° 14’N – 11° 35’N ) ÷ 2

= 8° 39’ ÷ 2 = 4° 19.5’
= natural cosine of 4° 19.5’
= 0.99715 (Ans.)
 A ship sailed from Latitude 49° 10’ N to Lat. 25° 10’ N. What is the log secant
of the middle latitude?
A. 10.21887
B. 10.09296
C. 10.09861
D. 10.10248
Mid-Lat = ( 49° 10’N + 25° 10’N ) ÷ 2
= 74° 20’ ÷ 2 = 37° 10’
= 1 ÷ cos 37° 10’ >>> sec = 1 ÷ cos
= log 1.2548917
= 0.09861 + 10 >>> log is always ― +10‖
= 10.09861 (Ans.)
Note: secant = 1 ÷ cosine angle

―log‖ is always ― +10‖
26
 A ship sailed from Lat. 12° 35’ N to Lat. 18° 53’ N. What is the log cosine
of the complementary angle of the middle latitude?
= (12° 35’ N + 18° 53’ S ) ÷ 2
= 31° 28’ ÷ 2 = 15° 44’
= 90° - 15° 44’ = 74° 16’ (Complementary)
= log cos 74° 16’
= - 0.56677 + 10
= 9.43323 (Ans.)
 A ship sailed from Lat. 49° 10’ N to Lat. 25° 10’ N. What is the log cosine of
the middle latitude?
A. 9.96073
B. 9.90139
C. 9.90704
D. 9.99054
= ( 49° 10’ N + 25° 10’ N ) ÷ 2
= 74° 20’ ÷ 2 = 37° 10’
= log Cos 37° 10’
= - 0.09861 + 10
= 9.90139 (Ans.)
27
APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN IN THE ECLIPTIC
( See F1 Book page NA – 23 )
DATE >>> Sign of Constellation >>> Position of Sun > Declination

March21 >>> First Point of Aries > Vernal Equinox > 0° inc. to max North
June21 >>> First Point of Cancer > Summer Solstice > 23°27’ North
Sept.23 >>> First Point of Libra > Autumnal Equinox > 0° inc. to max South
Dec.22 >>> First Point of Capricorn > Winter Solstice > 23°27’ South
Solstices and Equinoxes
Because Earth orbits the Sun, we see different constellations throughout the year. And
the Sun (if it were visible at night) appears to move through a stationary starry
background. The Sun's apparent (True Sun) path through the stars, over the course
of one year, forms a circle called the ecliptic. Twice each year, the Sun's path crosses the
celestial equator (or the Equinoctial = path of the Fictitious Sun) (Earth's
equator projected onto the sky). At these times, night and day are of equal length. These
dates are called equinoxes -- the Latin word for "equal night." Solstices -- Latin for
"standing Sun" -- occur when the Sun is at its highest point above the celestial equator
(summer solstice, the longest day of the year) and the lowest point below it (winter
solstice, the shortest day of the year)
“EQUINOX” = meaning “EQUAL NIGHTS”

There are 2 Equinoxes (Vernal and Autumnal). During these dates,
the Declination of SUN is 0 degrees. Every place on earth has equal length of
daytime and night time.
“SOLSTICE” = meaning “ SUN STAND STILL.”

There are 2 Solstices (Summer and Winter). During these dates, the SUN has
reached its maximum declination 23° 27’ North and South. The length of day time
and night time is not equal. Longer nights are experienced in one place while shorter
days in another or vice versa.
28
 The vernal equinox in the celestial sphere is where the sun 0° increasing to
declination is: maximum north
 The autumnal equinox is the point in the celestial sphere where 0° increasing to
the sun declination is ___________. maximum south
 When the sun is at the winter solstice its declination is ________. south and
A. north and increasing to maximum decreasing to 0°
B. north and decreasing to 0°
C. south and increasing to maximum
D. south and decreasing to 0°
 The summer solstice is the position of the sun on or about : June 21
 The winter solstice is the position of the sun on or about : Dec. 21

A. March 21
B. Sept 21
C. Dec. 21
D. June 21
 Capricorn is the point of: winter solstice

A. vernal equinox
B. winter solstice
C. autumnal equinox
D. summer solstice
 During the month of October the Sun declination is ____________. south and
A. south and decreasing increasing
B. north and increasing
C. north and decreasing
D. south and increasing
 Vernal Equinox is also known as ______. First Point of Aries

A. First Point of Libra
B. First Point of Cancer
C. First Point of Capricorn
D. First Point of Aries
 The hour circle that passes through the First Point of Aries is Equinoctial Colure
known as the _______________.
A. Circle of Equal SHA
B. Solsticial Colure
C. Vernal Equinoctial Circle
D. Equinoctial Colure
 Libra is the point of: autumnal equinox

A. winter solstice
B. autumnal equinox
C. vernal equinox
D. summer solstice
29
 The points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial equator Equinoxes
are called _______.
A. Equinoxes
B. Solstices
C. Equinoctial colure
D. Solsticial colure
 When the sun is at the summer solstice its declination is: north and
A. south and increasing to maximum decreasing to 0°
B. north and increasing to maximum
C. south and decreasing to 0º
D. north and decreasing to 0º
 Cancer is the point of: summer solstice
 The maximum difference between mean time and apparent time about 16 minutes
is :
 The sidereal day begins when the___________. first point of Aries is

over the upper
branch of the
reference meridian
 What is the average speed of movement of a hurricane prior to 10 to 12 knots

recurvature?
A. 10 to 12 knots
B. 6 to 8 knots
C. 4 to 6 knots
D. 15 to 20 knots
NOTE: hurricane prior (before) to recurvature
 What is the average speed of the movement of a hurricane 20 to 30 knots

following the recurvature of its track?
NOTE : hurricane following (after) the recurvature
 Recurvature of hurricane’s track usually results in the Increasing

forward speed ________.
 When the air is saturated, the relative humidity is said to be : 100%
 At the surface, the standard atmospheric pressure is ______ 1013.2

hectopascal(hPa).
NOTE: 1 mb = 1 hPa
30
 The standard sea level pressure of the atmosphere is _____ 1013.25 millibars of
A. 1013.25 millibars of mercury mercury
B. 1013.52 millibars of mercury
C. 1012.35 millibars of mercury
D. 1012.35 millibars of mercury
 You are on course 138° T. To check the latitude of your vessel 000
you should observe a celestial body on which bearing?
A. 270
B. 000
C. 318
D. 138
To check Latitude: either 000°(North) or 180°(South) no

matter the course is.
 You are on course 061˚ T. To check the longitude of your vessel 090 °
you should observe a celestial body on which bearing?
A. 000°
B. 090°
C. 180°
D. 061°
To check Longitude: either 090°(East) or 270°(West) no

matter the course is.
 You are on course 146° T. To check the speed of your vessel you 146
should observe a celestial body on which bearing?
A. 146
B. 056
C. 000
D. 090
To check Speed: same or reciprocal to course +/-180°

= 146° same as course>>> 146°
 You are on course 042˚T. To check the course of your vessel you 132
should observe a celestial body on which bearing?
A. 090°
B. 132°
C. 180°
D. 222°
To check Course: course +/- 90° (Port or Stbd beam)

= 42° + 90° = 132°
31
 As radiant energy from the sun arrives at the earth, how many 19%
percent is absorbed by the atmosphere?
A. 29%
B. 19%
C. 24%
D. 52%
NOTE: absorbed by the atmosphere = 19%

absorbed by the surface of the earth = 52%
reflected back into space = 29%
Memory Aid: In 1952, you are 29 years old.
percent is absorbed by the earth?
A. 29%
B. 19%
C. 24%
D. 52%
percent is reflected back by the earth and the atmosphere?
A. 24%
B. 19%
C. 52%
D. 29%
TYPES OF CLOUD AND ITS ALTITUDE:

1. High Clouds ---------------- Above 20,000 Feet
(All Clouds with “CIRRUS” Ex. Cirrus, Cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus)
2. Middle Clouds ---- Between 6,500 and 20,000 Feet

(All Clouds with “ALTO” Ex. Altocumulus and Altostratus)
3. Low Clouds ------------------ Below 6,500 Feet

(Any other Cloud without “Cirrus” or “Alto” Ex. Cumulus, Stratus, Stratocumulus,
Nimbostratus, Cumulonimbus)
( See F1 Book page METEO – 3 and METEO – 4 )
 ___________ may form when air moves across the surface of the clouds
earth that is forced to ascend over a hill or mountain and
thus cools adiabatically.
32
 Collections of water droplets or ice crystals, or combination clouds
of these two states of water suspended in the atmosphere are
called:
 Consist of innumerable tiny droplets of water, or ice clouds

crystals formed by condensation of water vapor around
microscopic particles in the air.
A. Fog
B. Precipitation
C. Drizzle
D. Clouds
 Cirrus and cirrostratus belong to the ______ high clouds

A. high clouds
B. middle clouds
C. low clouds
D. stratosphere
NOTE: Clouds with “CIRRUS” = high clouds

Clouds with “ALTO” = middle clouds
Clouds without “CIRRUS” and “ALTO” = low clouds
 Which clouds are arranged from the highest to the lowest in the Cirrostratus,
sky? altostratus and
stratus
 Altocumulus and altostratus belong to the _____. middle clouds
 Cumulus and cumulonimbus belong to the _____. low clouds

A. middle clouds
B. ionosphere
C. low clouds
D. high clouds
 High clouds have a mean lower level above ______. 20,000 ft

A. 20,000 ft
B. 25,000 ft
C. 30,000 ft
D. 40,000 ft
 Middle clouds have a mean level ______. between 6,500 ft

and 20,000 ft
33
 Low clouds have a mean level of less than ______. 6,500 ft
A. 3,500 ft
B. 4,500 ft
C. 5,000 ft
D. 6,500 ft
 Which cloud type is normally associated with thunderstorms? Cumulonimbus
 This is a deviation error caused by the miscalculation of A - error

azimuth or by physical misalignments rather than magnetic
effects of soft iron.
A. A error
B. B error
C. C error
D. E error
 ______ results from both the fore-and-aft permanent B - error

magnetic field across the compass.
A. D error
B. A error
C. B error
D. C error
 _____ results from the athwartship permanent magnetic C - error

field across the compass.
A. D error
B. A error
C. B error
D. C error
 This error is due only to induction in the symmetrical D - error

arrangements of horizontal soft iron.
A. D error
B. A error
C. B error
D. C error
 This error is caused by induction in the unsymmetrical E - error

A. B error
B. C error
C. E error
D. D error
34
EARTH SYSTEM
Line p-p’ = parallel or parallel of latitude
Line E-Q = Equator
Angle Q-p’ = Latitude
Angle Np-p’ = Co-latitude
Line Np-X-Sp = Meridian
 A line on Earth parallel to the equator is a ______________. small circle

A. small circle
B. gnomonic curve
C. meridian
D. great circle
 This is the angular distance from a primary great circle or plane latitude
measured north or south through 90°.
35
 In the Celestial Equator system of coordinates, when the body’s latitude of the
diurnal circle coincides with the celestial equator, the meridional observer
zenith distance is equal to the _____.
A. Azimuth of the body
B. Declination of the body
C. Altitude of the body
D. latitude of the observer
 The intercepted arc along the observer’s celestial meridian latitude of the
between the celestial horizon and the elevated pole is equal to observer
the:
A. Azimuth of the body
B. latitude of the observer
C. polar distance
D. altitude of the body
 The Tropic of Cancer is a ____________. parallel of latitude
 The Tropic of Capricorn is a _______________. parallel of latitude

A. meridian
B. parallel of latitude
C. longitude
D. latitude
 If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90 degrees, the ___. Latitude of the
A. Latitude of the observer is at the pole observer is at the
B. Polar distance is also 90 degrees pole
C. Declination is indeterminate
D. Polar distance equals the declination
 A parallel of latitude other than the equator is a ____________. small circle

A. great circle
B. gnomonic curve
C. small circle
D. loxodromic curve
 In the Celestial Equator System of coordinates, when the body’s co-Latitude

diurnal circle coincides with the celestial equator, the altitude
during upper transit will be equal to the:
A. Azimuth
B. Latitude
C. Declination
D. co-Latitude
36
 A plane that cuts the Earth’s surface at any angle and passes A great circle
through the center will always form________.
A. a small circle
B. a meridian
C. a great circle
D. the equator
 A plane that cuts the Earth surface at any angle and passes a meridian
through the center will always form ________________.
A. a loxodromic curve
B. a meridian
C. the equator
D. a small circle
 The value of the intercepted arc of a meridian between the co-Latitude

elevated pole and the observer’s zenith is known as ____.
A. Co-latitude
B. Meridian angle
C. Polar distance
D. Zenith distance
 The distance between any two meridians measured along a decreases with
parallel of latitude: increased latitude
A. decreases as DLO increases
B. decreases with increased latitude
C. increases in north latitude and decreases in south latitude
D. increases with increased latitude
 The distance between any two meridians measured along a departure

parallel of latitude and expressed in miles is
the________________.
A. difference in longitude
B. meridian angle
C. departure
D. mid-longitude
 This is the celestial pole below the horizon of opposite name of the depressed pole
latitude or the elevated pole.
A. Depressed pole
B. Nadir
C. Circumpolar pole
D. Centripetal pole
 Plane that cuts the Earth surface and passes through the poles will a meridian
always form ____________.
37
 A plane that cuts the Earth’s surface at any angle and passes a great circle
through the center will always form ________.
 The rhumbline distance is the same as the great circle distance in Course 180° T when
which of the following? you cross the
A. Course 180° T when you cross the equator equator
B. Course 090° T in high latitudes
C. Course 045° T in low latitudes
D. The rhumbline distance is always longer than the great circle
distance
 A great circle track provides the maximum saving in distance easterly courses in
on_______________. high latitudes
 Which of the following is a characteristic of a rhumb line? It cuts each

A. It plots as a straight line on a Lambert conformal chart meridian at the
B. It cuts each meridian at the same angle same angle
C. The course angle constantly changes to form the loxodromic
curve.
D. It is shortest distance between two points on the Earth
 Each great circle on the Earth has a length of ________: 21,600 miles
NOTE: 360° x 60 = 21,600 miles
 The distance to the nearest vertex from any point on a great circle 5400 nautical miles
track cannot exceed ___________.
NOTE: 90° x 60 = 5,400 miles
38
CELESTIAL EQUATOR or
EQUINOCTIAL SYSTEM
Line d-d' = parallel of declination is a small circle.
Line Q-Q’ = celestial equator (equinoctial) is a great circle.
Parallel of declination is also known as the diurnal circle which is the

daily path of a celestial body.
Angle Q’- d’ = Declination
Angle Pn – d’ and Angle Ps – d’ = Co-declination or the Polar Distance
Line Pn-X-Ps = Hour Circles or Celestial meridians
39
 All of the following arcs or angles can be measured in the Horizon Declination
system of coordinates EXCEPT ______.
A. Amplitude
B. Declination
C. Altitude
D. Azimuth
 What is a parallel of declination? A small circle on

the celestial sphere
parallel to the
celestial equator
 In the celestial equator system of coordinates, latitude is Declination

comparable to _________.
 The GP of a body for a high altitude sight is determined from the declination
Greenwich hour angle and the ________.
 The angular distance measured along the hour circle to the diurnal Declination of the
circle of the celestial point is known as: point
A. Diurnal Angle
B. Hour angle of the point
C. Parallel of declination
D. Declination of the point
 What is the equivalent of the meridians in the celestial system of Hour circles
coordinates?
 The angle measured from the elevated pole along the hour circle Polar Distance
to the diurnal circle passing by the body is called:
 What is the equivalent of the co-altitude in the celestial equator Polar distance
system of coordinates?
40
HORIZON SYSTEM
Line h-h' = Parallel of altitude or altitude circle
Line Hn-Hs = Celestial horizon
Angle Hs- h’ = Altitude
Angle Z – h’ = Co-altitude or the Zenith Distance
Line Z-X-Na = Vertical Circle

NOTE: A small circle on the celestial sphere parallel to the horizon connecting all points of
equal altitude. Also known as almucantar; altitude circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars
which have the same almucantar have the same altitude.
41
 A body at the observer’s zenith will have a/an ____. Altitude of 90°
A. Azimuth of 090
B. Altitude of 90°
C. Declination of 90°
D. Amplitude of 45
 In the horizon system of coordinates, latitude is equivalent Altitude

to______.
 In the horizon system of coordinate, longitude is equivalent to Azimuth angle

_______.
 The radius of the almucantar is equal to the ______. co-altitude

A. co-altitude
B. amplitude
C. altitude
D. declination
 The radius of a circle of equal altitude of a body is equal to the Co-altitude of the
_________________. body
A. Co-altitude of the body
B. altitude of the body
C. co-declination of the body
D. polar distance
 The intercepted arc of a vertical circle between the celestial Altitude of the
horizon and the almucantar is called the _____. celestial body
A. Rational horizon
B. Amplitude of the celestial body
C. Altitude circle of the body
D. Altitude of the celestial body
 The horizontal direction of a celestial point from a terrestrial point azimuth

expressed as the angular distance from a reference direction is
called ______ :
A. hour angle
B. right ascension
C. azimuth
D. bearing
 The intercepted arc of the horizon between the principal vertical azimuth
circle and the vertical circle passing through the body when rising
or setting is called _____.
A. amplitude
B. azimuth
C. zenith distance
D. altitude
42
 When the azimuth is measured from north or south and labeled azimuth angle
accordingly, it is called:
 In working out a local apparent noon sight for your latitude, you your horizon to
subtract the Ho from 90°. The 90° represents the angular distance your zenith
from _____________________.
 The DLAT between the geographic position of a celestial body and Zenith distance
your position, at the time of upper transit, is represented by
________.
 The radius of a circle of equal altitude of a body is equal to: zenith distance
A. geographical position
B. declination
C. polar distance
D. zenith distance
 When the azimuth is measured from east or west and labeled amplitude
accordingly, it is called:
A. azimuth angle
B. hour angle
C. amplitude
D. bearing
 The rudder is hard over, full ahead in shallow water. How much about 10 %
lift force remains when the engine is stopped?
 The rudder is hard over, full ahead in deep water. How much lift About 20%
force remains when the engine stopped?
 When a conventional rudder is put hard over it creates a lift force about 80 %
and a drag force. When the ship has started to turn, how much lift
force do you think remains if the rudder-angle is decreased to 20
degrees from hard over position (35 degrees)?
 The pivoting point of a vessel going ahead is __________. about one-third of

the vessel's length
from the bow
 The wind blowing up on an incline as a result of surface heating is anabatic wind

______.
NOTE: Anabatic = Up
Katabatic = Down
43
NOTE: “ HELION ” refers to the SUN
“GEE” refers to the MOON
PERI is Near
PERI = near (PERInear = Sobrang Lapit)
PeriHelion = earth Near the Sun >>> January
PeriGee = earth Near the Moon
AP is Away or Far
AP = far (APfar = Sobrang Layo)
ApHelion = earth Away or Far from the Sun >>> July
ApoGee = earth Away or Far from the Moon
 The Earth is closest to the sun in what month? January

A. July
B. October
C. April
D. January
 The sun is at Perihelion during month of ______________. January

A. July
B. October
C. April
D. January
 In each planet’s orbit, the point nearest the sun is called: perihelion
A. perigee
B. apogee
C. perihelion
D. aphelion
 The sun is closest to the earth in what month? January

A. April
B. October
C. January
D. July
 The Earth is farthest from the sun in what month? July

A. July
B. October
C. April
D. January
44
 The sun is at Aphelion during the month of : July
A. July
B. October
C. April
D. January
 The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth during 31.5’
aphelion is _____.
A. 31.5’
B. 36.0’
C. 32.0’
D. 32.6’
 The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth during 32.6’
perihelion is _____.
A. 32.6’
B. 32.0’
C. 31.5’
D. 30.0’
 The Sun at the maximum declination north would be aphelion

approximately at ________________.
A. first point of Aries
B. autumnal equinox
C. perihelion
D. aphelion
 The period of the Earth revolution from perihelion to perihelion is anomalistic year
the ____________.
 In a moon’s orbit, the point nearest the sun is called: perigee

A. apogee
B. perigee
C. aphelion
D. perihelion
 In a moon’s orbit, the point farthest from the sun is called: apogee
A. apogee
B. perigee
C. aphelion
D. perihelion
45
 The Moon appears larger in diameter at the zenith than when near Augmentation
the horizon. What is this called?
A. Horizontal Parallax
B. Libration
C. Augmentation
D. Parallax in altitude
 What is the term used to identify the violent intense cold wind blizzard
laden with snow mostly or entirely picked up from the ground?
A. cold front
B. foehn
C. fall wind
D. blizzard
 As the propeller turns, voids are formed on the trailing and leading cavitation
edges of the propeller blades causing a loss of propulsive
efficiency, pitting of the blades, and vibration. These voids are
known as __________.
TIDES and CURRENTS

≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ (c ) Level of water
(b) to ( c ) = ( e ) Height of Tide
__________________________ (b)Tidal Datum or Chart sounding Datum
( a) to (b) = ( d) Charted Depth
======================== (a) Sea bed or Sea bottom
( See F1 Book page TC – 4 )
 The height of the tide is the ______________. difference between

the depth of the
water and area
tidal datum
 All depths indicated on charts are reckoned from some selected chart sounding
levels of the water called______. datum
A. chart sounding datum
B. chart datum
C. mean high water
D. mean low water
46
 Neap tides occurs only________________. when the Moon is
A. when the Moon is at quadrature at quadrature
B. when the Sun, Moon and Earth are in line
C. at approximately 28-day intervals
D. at new or full moon
 Spring tides occur_________________. when the Sun,

A. when the Sun and Moon are at approximately 90-deg. to Moon and Earth are
each other as seen from the Earth nearly in line, in any
B. at the start of spring, when the Sun is nearly over the order
equator
C. when the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly in line, in any
order
D. only when the Sun and Moon are on the same side of the
earth and nearly in line
 The velocity of a rotary tidal current will be decreased when the at apogee
Moon is ______________.
 Mean low water is the average height of_________________. all low waters
A. high waters and low waters
B. all low waters
C. the lower of the two daily tides
D. the surface of the sea
 When the moon is new or full, what type of tide occurs? Spring
 Current refers to the _____________________. horizontal

movement of the
water
 The movement of water away from shore or downstream is called ebb current
a (n) ______________.
 In some river mouths and estuaries the incoming high-tide wave bore
crest overtakes the preceding low-tide trough. This results in a wall
of water proceeding upstream, and is called a___________.
A. bore
B. seiche
C. boundary wave
D. surge
47
 This is the high tide wave that abruptly move up to the river of bore
peculiar configuration or location and may present hazards to
shipping.
 This term refers to a heavenly body which has two meridian circumpolar
passages one above and one below the elevated pole.
A. Bi-polar
B. Circumpolar
C. Elevated Pole
D. Center polar
 What usually accompanies high pressure areas? Clear cool weather
A. Humid sticky weather

B. Cool fog
C. Clear cool weather
D. Precipitation
NOTE: “HIGH PRESSURE AREAS” = areas of good weather
 The average long term meteorological condition of a place or climate

region is called _____.
A. meteorological condition
B. climatic condition
C. climate
D. weather
 In reading a weather map, high winds will be indicated by ______. Closely spaced
pressure gradient
NOTE: Closely spaced or steep pressure gradient means lines
high or strong winds.
 The dense black cumulonimbus clouds surrounding the eye of a cloud walls
hurricane are called:
 The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (I.T.C.Z.) is generally Cloudy and

associated with : showery weather
 Chart intended for inshore coastwise navigation where the course coast chart
may lie inside outlying reefs and shoals, for entering and leaving
harbour is called _______.
A. sailing chart
B. general chart
C. harbour chart
D. coastal chart
48
FRONTAL SYSTEM
-RED HALF CIRCLES = WARM FRONT

-BLUE TRIANGLES = COLD FRONT
-ALTERNATE PURPLE TRIANGLES AND HALF CIRCLES =
OCCLUDED FRONT
-cold air displaces warm air = cold front
-warm air displaces cold air = warm front
-cold front overtaking warm front = occluded front
 A boundary between two masses is a _______________. front

A. front
B. isobar
C. lapse rate
D. continent
 What is TRUE about a front? All of these

A. There are abrupt pressure differences across a front.
B. It is a boundary between two air masses.
C. All of these
D. There are temperature differences on opposite sides of a
front.
49
 An air mass is termed warm if: the ground over
A. it originated in a low pressure area which it moves is
B. it originated in a high pressure area cooler than the
C. it is above 70º F mass
D. the ground over which it moves is cooler than the mass
 This is an extensive body of air with fairly uniform (horizontal) air mass
physical properties, especially temperature and humidity.
A. Pressure gradient
B. Cold front
C. Warm front
D. Air mass
 The low pressure enclosed by one or more isobars is called: Frontal depression
 The resultant of the commencement of the air when it forces its frontal depression
way to the cold air:
 On a weather map, warm fronts are drawn as ____________. a solid red line
A. a solid red line
B. a solid purple line
C. a solid blue line
D. a solid band of red and blue line
 On a weather map, a stationary front is represented as _________. alternating red and

A. blue lines blue lines with half
B. alternating red and blue lines with circles and triangles circles and triangles
C. alternating red and blue lines with half circles and triangles
D. red lines
 On a weather map, warm fronts are drawn as _________. a solid red line with
A. a solid red line with half circles half circles
B. a solid red line with triangles
C. a solid blue line with half circles
D. a solid blue line with triangles
 This term is applied to the closing of the isobars at a front which Frontogenesis
means that the activity at the front is increasing with a deepening
of the depression or more likely the formation of a secondary
depression.
A. Secondary depression
B. Photogenesis
C. Frontolysis
D. Frontogenesis
50
 This term is applied to spreading of the isotherms at a front, which Frontolysis
means that the front is less active and the depression will be
filling.
 Frontolysis occurs when ___________. the isobars are

cyclonic
 This term is applied to spreading of the isotherms at a front, which Frontolysis

means that the front is less active and the depression will be
filling.
A. Secondary depression
B. Photogenesis
C. Frontolysis
D. Frontogenesis
 In the Northern hemisphere, gusty winds shifting clockwise, a Cold front

rapid drop in temperature, thunderstorms or rain squalls. In
summer ( frequent rain/snow squalls in winter) then a rise in
pressure followed by clearing skies, indicate the passage of a (n) :
NOTE: Descriptions during the passage of a cold front are

somewhat BIGLA!!! Or PANGGULAT!!! Like gusty winds, rapid
drop, thunderstorm, etc… Then after passage of cold front,
generally comes good weather, gaganda na ang panahon like…
rise in pressure followed by clearing skies…
 After a cold front passes the barometric pressure usually ____. rises, often quite
A. remains the same rapidly, with
B. fluctuates clearing skies
C. remains the same, with clouds forming rapidly
D. rises, often quite rapidly, with clearing skies
 Squall lines with an almost unbroken line of threatening black fast-moving cold
clouds and sharp changes in wind direction, generally a/an _____. front
A. fast-moving cold front
B. slow-moving warm front
C. stationary front
D. occluded front
Note: Description of cold fronts: Brief, short, sudden, sharp…
 When cold air displaces warm air you have a/an: cold front
NOTE: cold air displaces warm air = cold front

warm air displaces cold air = warm front
cold front overtaking warm front = occluded front
51
 Which weather change accompanies the passage of a cold front in A line of
the Northern Hemisphere? cumulonimbus
clouds
 In the northern hemisphere, wind is veering sharply to the west or cold front has
northwest with increasing velocity are indications that a ______. passed
 An occluded front is usually caused by a ______. cold front

overtaking a warm
NOTE: cold air displaces warm air = cold front front
warm air displaces cold air = warm front
cold front overtaking warm front = occluded front
 On a weather map, the half circles in a stationary front are colder air
pointing towards _____.
A. low pressure area
B. high pressure area
C. warmer air
D. colder air
 The movement of a cyclone tends to be: Parallel to the

isobars in their
warm sectors
 After the passage of a cold front, the barometric pressure: rises, and the
temperature drops
 What happens to the pressure and wind as the cold front passes Pressure rises and
the place of the observer? wind become gusty
A. Pressure rises and wind become gusty
B. Pressure drops and wind calms
C. Pressure drops and wind calms
D. Pressure drops and wind become steady
 As a cold front passes an observer, pressure _______. rises and winds

A. drops and winds become variable become variable
B. rises and winds become variable
C. rises and winds become gusty
D. drop and winds become gusty
52
 The first indications a mariner will have of the approach of a high cirrus clouds
warm front will be: gradually changing
A. large cumulonimbus (thunderclouds) building up to cirrostratus and
B. high cirrus clouds gradually changing to cirrostratus and then to altostratus
then to altostratus
C. low dark clouds accompanied by intermittent rain
D. fog caused by the warm air passing over the cooler water
 Clouds appearing in the following order: cirrus, cirrostratus, warm front

altostratus, status, and nimbostratus usually indicate the approach
of a (n) ______________.
A. occluded front
B. warm front
C. cold front
D. medium front
 Which of the following is a characteristic of the weather preceding steadily falling

an approaching warm front? barometric
A. decreasing relative humidity pressure
B. clearing skies
C. steadily falling barometric pressure
D. gusty winds
NOTE: On the other hand, an approaching warm front means bad

weather is coming…
 Steady precipitation is a typical of __________. A warm front

weather condition
 On a weather map, triangles are pointing toward the _______. warmer air
A. warmer air
B. colder air
C. high pressure area
D. low pressure area
 A warm front marks the region _________________: where a warm air is

replacing cold air
 On the approach of a warm front, barometric pressure usually : falls

A. falls
B. remains steady
C. is uncertain
D. rises
53
 Which of the following is typical of warm front weather steady precipitation
conditions?
A. scattered cumulus clouds
B. a wind shift from southwest to northwest
C. steady precipitation
D. a steady barometer
 The slope of a warm front is about: 1 mile vertically to

150 miles
horizontally
 The final stage of the development of a cyclone is called a (n) Occluded front
__________.
 This is a kind of front which appears on weather maps as a solid occluded front
purple line with at alternating triangles and half circles.
 In the last stages of the extra-tropical cyclone, the closing of its Occlusion
warm sector by an overtaking cold front which races about the
system’s center is called:
 A stationary front is a ______________. Either I or II

I. cold front
II. Warm front
 In the Southern Hemisphere, the westerlies blow throughout the roaring forties
year steadily approaching that of the trade winds. These are called
the ______.
A. roaring forties
B. prevailing westerlies
C. horse latitudes
D. polar winds
 ______ refers to any change of permanent magnet or soft iron compass

correctors to reduce normal compass errors. adjustment
A. compass correction
B. compass adjustment and compensation
C. compass adjustment
D. compass compensation
54
 When a vessel’s degaussing coils are energized, the magnetic field Compass
of the vessel is completely altered. This introduces large deviations compensation
in the magnetic compasses. This is then removed by introducing at
the magnetic compass an equal and opposite force with energized
coils by a process known:
A. Compass adjustment
B. Compass compensation
C. Degaussing compensation
D. Deviation adjustment
 The term used to identify the semi-circular deviation which is Coefficient “C”
proportional to the cosine of the compass heading, where it is
maximum on the North or South and zero on East or West heading
is:
NOTE: Sine of compass heading = Coefficient B

Cosine of compass heading = Coefficient C
Sine Twice of compass heading = Coefficient D
Cosine Twice of compass heading = Coefficient E
 What is the semi-circular deviation which is proportional to the Coefficient B

sine of the compass heading?
 A relatively low pressure neck between two cyclones is called col

______.
 What causes an air particle to be deflected to the right of its line of Coriolis Force
motion in the North Hemisphere and to the left of its line of
motion in the South Hemisphere?
 What is the apparent force that causes a deflection of ocean Coriolis force
current to the right in the Northern hemisphere and to left in the
Southern hemisphere?
WIND CIRCULATION:
“ NLCC” >>> N.H. > L.P. > Counter Clockwise Inward
N.H. > H.P. > Clockwise Outward
S.H. > L.P. > Clockwise Inward
S.H. > H.P. > Counter Clockwise Outward
55
 What is the wind circulation around a high pressure (H.P.) center Counterclockwise
in the S. Hemisphere(S.H.)? and moving
outwards from the
high
 Present weather is sunny with a steady barometer. A low swell a tropical cyclone
approaches your vessel from the south with crests passing at south of your vessel
relatively long periods of about four per minute. This usually
indicates __________.
 What classification of tropical cyclone would have closed isobars, A tropical storm
counter clockwise rotary circulation, and sustained winds between
34 and 63 knots?
 Which condition exists in the eye of a hurricane? An extremely low

A. Wind rapidly changing in direction barometric
B. Towering cumulonimbus clouds pressure
C. A temperature much lower than that outside the eye
D. An extremely low barometric pressure
 This is the angle, which the wind makes with the isobars. angle of indraught
 A relatively thin shell of air, water vapor, and suspended atmosphere

particulates surrounding the earth is called _____.
A. stratosphere
B. troposphere
C. ionosphere
D. atmosphere
 In weather analysis, the approach of a storm is through atmospheric

observation of wind, waves, swell and the ______. pressure
A. storm surge
B. atmospheric pressure
C. storm tide
D. storm wave
 The principal guide to the state of the atmosphere at any given atmospheric
time is the ______. pressure
56
 The inner cloud bands of a hurricane, when viewed from a bar of the storm
distance, form a mass of dense, black cumulonimbus clouds called
the ______________.
 Atmospheric pressure is measured by a _____. barometer

A. hygrometer
B. barometer
C. aneroid barometer
D. mercurial barometer
 The daily recurring pattern of pressure changes most noticeable in diurnal variation of
low latitudes is the __________. pressure
 What do the numbers on isobars indicate? barometric

pressure
 This is the outward force from the center of high or low pressure. cyclostrophic force
A. foehn wind force
B. gradient force
C. coriolis force
D. cyclostrophic force
 Which star is at the head of the Northern Cross? Deneb
A. Alioth
B. Alkaid
C. Denebola
D. Deneb
 One of the two pointers in the Ursa Minor pointing to Polaris is: Kochab
A. Alphecca
B. Alioth
C. Kochab
D. Dubhe
NOTE: Ursa MINOR = Kochab

Ursa MAJOR = Dubhe
 One of the two stars pointing to Polaris in the Ursa Major is: Dubhe
a. Dubhe
b. Kochab
c. Alphecca
d. Alioth
57
 One of the stars pointing to the Southern Cross is the: Hadar
A. Canopus
B. Procyon
C. Hadar
D. Rigel
 Northern lights are also called _______. aurora borealis
NOTE: “AURORA” means Light
BOREALIS refers to North
AUSTRALIS refers to South
Hence, Aurora Borealis is Northern Light
Aurora Australis is Southern Light
 A complex mirage due to objects generally magnified and fata morgana

distorted is ______.
 This is a complex mirage characterized by marked distortion on fata morgana

objects, magnified and at times, even multiplied generally in the
vertical and even appeared towering.
A. superior mirage
B. inferior mirage
C. fata morgana
D. spectrum
 A circular band of the sky extending 8 degrees on each side of the zodiac
ecliptic is called:
A. constellation
B. zodiac
C. solstice
D. zodiacal belt
 A faint glow observed extending upward along the ecliptic before zodiacal light
sunrise and after sunset is called ______.
A. gegenschein
B. halo
C. corona
D. zodiacal light
58
 This is a faint cone of light which extends upward from the horizon zodiacal light
along the ecliptic after sunset or before sunrise
A. gegenschein
B. counterglow
C. zodiacal light
D. twilight
 The angle between the magnetic meridian and the axis of a deviation
compass card expressed in degrees east or west to indicate to
indicate which direction is the compass card offset from the
magnetic north is called ______.
A. magnetic dip
B. deviation angle
C. deviation
D. variation
 What is the most elusive factor of a magnetic compass which deviation

change with every direction given to the ships heading?
A. compass error
B. course error
C. deviation
D. variation
 Pressure Gradient is a _______________. difference in

pressure in unit
A. difference in pressure in unit distance measured at right distance measured
angles to the isobars at right angles to
B. Line joining places having equal pressure the isobars
C. Kind of gradient wind
D. Daily change in barometric pressure
 This is the term used to identify the instance when an electronic diffraction
wave is partially obstructed from two different places.
A. refraction
B. ionization
C. diffraction
D. interference
 It is the angle between the grid and magnetic meridian at any Dip (but correct
place. answer should be
grivation)
A. Deviation
B. grivation
C. inclination
D. dip
NOTE: GRID Variation or Grivation
59
 What procedure do you use when placing lines from two different Dipping the eye
vessels on the same bollard?
 In evening observations, the first stars to be observed are those Eastern

with azimuth in what quadrant?
NOTE: Either evening or morning observations:

the first stars to be observed = Eastern
the last stars to be observed = Western
 The path of the sun appears to take among the stars due to the ecliptic
annual revolution of the earth in its orbit is called ______.
A. declination
B. elliptic
C. ecliptic
D. diurnal circle
 At meridian passage, the bearing of the body will be: either North or
A. South South
B. North
C. neither North nor South
D. either North or South
 The difference between local apparent time (LAT) and local mean equation of time
time (LMT) is indicated by the_______.
A. zone description
B. longitude in time units
C. difference of longitude between the local and central
meridian in time units
D. equation of time
 A group of stars close together forming a striking Constellation

configuration such as a person or animal is called _________.
 A large group of stars revolving around a center is known Galaxy

as a :
A. Universe
B. Constellation
C. Star Clouds
D. Galaxy
60
 A vast collection cluster of stars and clouds of gas is called: Galaxy
A. Universe
B. Constellation
C. Star Clouds
D. Galaxy
 Milky Way is a term associated with ___________. Galaxy
A. Universe
B. Constellation
C. Star Clouds
D. Galaxy
 A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens within the galaxy of Galactic Nebula
which the sun is a part is called:
A. Globular cluster
B. Galactic nebula
C. Super nova
D. Extra galactic nebula
 A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens outside the galaxy is Extragalactic nebula
called _____.
A. Open cluster
B. Gegenschein
C. Extragalactic nebula
D. Nova star
 In the Horizon system of coordinates, the arc of the horizon First Quadrant
measured from the East point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North Celestial
Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
A. Third Quadrant
B. Fourth Quadrant
C. First Quadrant
D. Second Quadrant
61
MAJOR CIRCLES OF EARTH MARKED BY THE PATH OF THE SUN
NORTH POLE ------- 90° 00’ N
North Frigid Zone
ARCTIC CIRCLE ----------------------------------- 66° 33’ N
North Temperate Zone
TROPIC OF CANCER-------------------------------------------------23° 27’ N
North Torrid Zone

EQUATOR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0° 00’
South Torrid Zone
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN ------------------------------------------23° 27’ S
South Temperate Zone
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE ----------------------------66° 33’ S
South Frigid Zone
SOUTH POLE--------- 90° 00’ S
NOTE: There are instances that the Latitude of Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of
Capricorn appears to be 23°26’ N or S.
 The areas inside the polar circles are called ______. frigid zone
A. polar circles
B. torrid zone
C. temperate zone
D. frigid zone
 Places situated in Lat 30° N are within the: North Temperate

Zone
A. North Frigid Zone
B. limits of the polar circles
C. North Temperate Zone
D. Torrid Zone
62
 Places situated in Lat 30° N are within the _____________. North Temperate
Zone
 The Arctic Circle marks the___________________. northern limit of

A. southern limit of the north temperate zone the north
B. the southern limit of the south temperate zone temperate zone or
C. northern limit of the north temperate zone or southern limit southern limit of
of the north frigid zone the north frigid
D. northern limit of the south temperate zone zone
 The Antarctic circle marks the________________________. northern limit of

A. southern limit of the south temperate zone the south
B. northern limit of the south temperate zone temperate zone
C. southern limit of the north temperate zone
D. northern limit of the north temperate zone
 The tropic of Capricorn marks the _____________________. northern limit of

the south
temperate zone
 The Arctic Circle marks the________________. southern limit of

the north frigid
zone
 The regions between the frigid zones and the torrid zones are temperate zones
called ______.
A. polar regions
B. temperate zones
C. Antarctic regions
D. Arctic regions
 Everywhere between the parallels of about 23° 26’ North and 23° torrid zone
26’ South, the Sun is directly overhead during the year. This area is
called the:
A. temperate zone
B. torrid zone
C. polar circles
D. frigid zone
 The tropic of Capricorn marks the southern limit of the : Torrid Zone
63
 It is the atmosphere in the vicinity of a low pressure area = cyclone
NOTE: “CYCLONE” = Low Pressure (Bad weather)
“ANTI-CYCLONE” = High Pressure (Good Weather)
(ANTI means opposite)
64
 The navigable semi-circle of a storm in the Northern hemisphere is From the direction
that area of the storm measured __________. of the storm
movement
NOTE: “N-D-R” >>>>>> N.H. >> Dangerous >> Right counterclockwise
N.H. >> Navigable >> Left
S.H. >> Dangerous >> Left
S.H. >> Navigable >> Right
Storm Path
↖
Navigable ↖ Dangerous
Semi-circle ↖ Semi-circle
↖
Storm Track
 The typhoon track is the line which a typhoon : Has already passed
NOTE: Typhoon PATH = forecasted to pass “dadaanan pa lang”

Typhoon TRACK = already passed “nadaanan na!”
 The typhoon path is the line in which a typhoon : Is forecasted to

pass
 The dangerous semi-circle of a typhoon in the Northern to the right of the

Hemisphere is the area: storm track
 The navigable semicircle of a typhoon in the Southern to the right of the

 You are attempting to locate your position with reference to a on the storm track
hurricane center in the Northern Hemisphere. If the wind behind the center
direction remains steady, but with diminishing velocity, you are
most likely.
NOTE:
1. wind direction remains steady, but with diminishing
velocity = on the storm track behind the center
2. wind direction remains steady, but with increasing
velocity = on the storm path ahead
3. wind is veering = dangerous semi-circle
4. wind is backing = navigable semi-circle
65
 It is the atmosphere in the vicinity of a low pressure area. cyclone
NOTE: “CYCLONE” = Low Pressure (Bad weather)

 Which of the following conditions does not indicate an Decrease in wind

approaching tropical storm? velocity
A. Halos about the sun or moon
B. Long high swells
C. Decrease in wind velocity
D. Cirrus clouds
 In the Northern Hemisphere, the largest waves or swells created Forward and to the
by a typhoon or hurricane will be located: right of its course
 What kind of conditions would your observe as the eye of a storm Huge waves
passes over your vessel position? approaching from
A. Flat calm seas, heavy rain, light winds and an extremely low all directions,
barometer clearing skies, light
B. Huge waves approaching from all directions, clearing skies, winds and an
light winds and an extremely low barometer. extremely low
C. Huge waves approaching from all directions, clearing skies, barometer
light winds and high pressure
D. Flat calm seas, heavy rain, light winds and high pressure
 A wind speed of 63 knots and above in the Beaufort scale Hurricane

indicates:
 A hurricane moving northeast out of the Gulf passes west of your Light showers
position. You could expect all of the following EXCEPT _______?
 What kind of pressure systems travel in easterly waves? Low pressure
 In the relatively calm area near the hurricane center, the seas mountainous and
are___________. confused
A. calm
B. mountainous and confused
C. mountainous but fairly regular as far as direction is
concerned
D. moderate but easily navigated
66
 The edge of a hurricane has overtaken your vessel in the Gulf of Navigable
Mexico, and the northwest wind of a few hours ago has shifted to semicircle
the west. This is an indication that you are located in the
__________.
 If you are in the Northern Hemisphere and experience backing navigable semi-
winds in a tropical cyclone, you are in the ________. circle
 The largest waves or swells created by a typhoon or hurricane will forward and to the
be located: right of its course
A. In the southeast quadrant of the storm

B. Directly behind the storm center
C. Behind and to the left of its course
D. forward and to the right of its course
 What is the usual characteristic of anticyclones? Dry fair weather
NOTE:

 Anticyclones are usually characterized by _____________. Dry, fair weather
 A tropical wave is usually preceded by _________. good weather
A. heavy rain
B. heavy seas
C. good weather
D. tropical storms
 The direction of surface wind is: From high pressure

toward low
pressure deflected
by the earth’s
rotation
 If an extremely cold air from shore passes over warmer water, frost smoke
what would occur?
67
 A belt of low pressure at the earth’s surface near the equator is doldrums
called _____.
A. meteorological equator
B. equatorial doldrums
C. doldrums
D. equatorial belt
 The diurnal pressure variation is most noticeable in the doldrums

_________.
A. doldrums
B. horse latitudes
C. roaring forties
D. polar regions
 Where is the diurnal pressure variation most noticeable? Doldrums
A. doldrums
B. horse latitudes
C. roaring forties
D. polar regions
 Which of the following will act to dissipate fog? Down slope motion
of an air mass along
A. Rain that is warmer than air a coast
B. Upwelling cold water
C. Down slope motion of an air mass along a coast
D. Advection of warm air over a colder surface
 Frost smoke will occur when ___________. extremely cold air

from shore passes
A. extremely cold air from shore passes over warmer water over warmer water
B. warm dry air from shore passes over cooler water
C. cold ocean water evaporates into warm water
D. cool rain passes through a warm air mass
 A tropical wave is located 200 miles due west of your position, farther away to the
which is north of the equator. Where will the wave be located 24 west
hours later?
A. farther away to the west

B. farther away to the east
C. closer and to the east
D. farther away to the west
68
 The air temperature is dropping and is approaching the dew point. fog
Which type of weather should be forecasted?
 Which is TRUE about Light Lists? furnishes complete

A. furnishes complete information about navigation lights and information about
other navigational aids navigation lights
B. replace charts and sailing directions and other
C. they do not supplement but replaces charts and sailing navigational aids
directions
D. determine the characteristics of all navigational aids
 Chart intended for coastwise navigation outside of outlying reefs general chart
and shoals is called______.
A. sailing chart
B. general chart
C. harbour chart
D. coastal chart
 Chart with a natural scale of 1:180,000 is classified as a: General chart
A. sailing chart
B. general chart
C. harbour chart
D. coastal chart
 When land is within sight, navigating on coastwise outside outlying general chart
danger such as reefs and shoals, which nautical chart is to be
used?
A. coastal chart
B. sailing chart
C. harbor chart
D. general chart
 What of the following describes the forecast for the next 24 hours General synopsis
of wind, weather, and visibility for each coastal area and the latest
report from coastal stations?
A. Coastal weather report

B. Coastal
C. General synopsis
D. Coastal warnings
69
 A projection where points on the earth are transferred directly to gnomonic
a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is the center of the
earth is called _______.
A. Stereographic
B. poluclonic
C. gnomonic
D. orthographic
 A projection where the plane is tangent to the earth and points Gnomonic
are projected geometrically from the center of the earth is called
______.
 This is a type of perspective azimuthal projection in which points gnomonic

on the surface of a sphere are conceived as projected by radial projection
from the center to the tangent plane.
A. azimuthal projection
B. stereographic projection
C. conic projection
D. gnomonic projection
 A low HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) number such as good fix

2 indicates a ____.
A. good signal quality

B. poor signal quality
C. poor fix
D. good fix
 During sunset, the refraction of light from the sun passing thru the green flash
atmosphere is called:
 What type of day mark (IALA-B) is used to mark the port side of Green square
the channel when entering from sea?
A. Green square
B. Black and white diamond
C. red triangle
D. Red and white octagon
70
 Often expressed in time units, it is the arc between the hour circle Greenwich
of the apparent sun and the lower branch of the Greenwich Apparent Time
meridian.
A. Local Apparent Time

B. Right Ascension
C. Greenwich Apparent Time
D. Greenwich Mean Time
 What is the equivalent of the longitudes in the celestial system of Greenwich Hour
coordinates? Angle
 The error in a compass which indicates the direction in which the gyro error
axis of the compass is offset from true north is the ____.
A. compass error
B. deviation
C. gyro error
D. magnetic compass error
 If the isobars are curved, the wind blowing is called _____. gradient wind
A. geostophotic wind
B. pressure gradient wind
C. gradient wind
D. geostropic wind
 If the isobars are straight, the wind is called geostrophic and if it gradient wind
curved it is called:
 The greater the pressure difference between a high and a low Greater the force of
pressure center, the _______________. the wind will be
 What kind of weather would you expect to accompany the heavy rain and
passage of a tropical wave? cloudiness
A. dense fog
B. a tropical storm
C. good weather
D. heavy rain and cloudiness
 Which factor is/are used in the charted information of a Height and intensity
lighthouse? of the light
71
 Geographical range of a light depends upon the: height of both the
A. height of the light light and the
B. height of both the light and the observer observer
C. the visibility at the time
D. height of the observer
 The difference in apparent position as viewed from the Earth and Heliocentric
the sun is known as _____. parallax
A. Heliocentric parallax
B. Horizontal parallax
C. Geocentric parallax
D. Parallax in Altitude
NOTE: “HELION” also refers to the Sun.
 The diurnal pressure variation is commonly observed on the area horse latitude
of:
A. roaring forties
B. doldrums
C. polar regions
D. horse latitude
 Along the poleward side of each trade wind belt and horse latitudes
approximately with the belt of high pressure in each hemisphere is
a region with weak pressure gradients and correspondingly with
light, variable winds. These winds are called the ______.
A. trade winds
B. polar winds
C. horse latitudes
D. prevailing westerlies
 _______ is a measure of the atmosphere’s vapor content. humidity

A. humidity
B. hygrometer
C. psychrometer
D. relative humidity
 Which condition will occur after a cold front passes? Humidity decreases
 A swift current occurring in a narrow passage connection large hydraulic current

bodies of water, which is produced by the continuously changing
difference in height of tide at the two ends of the passage, is called
a:
72
 The scale on the chart is given as 1:5,000,000. This means that: I inch is equal to
5,000,000 inches on
the earth surface
 When the radar waves are trapped in the atmosphere, which of increase of radar
the following occurs? range
A. increase of radar range

B. decrease of radar range
C. loss of energy to the radio waves
D. radar energy remained unchanged
 The change in the length of the day becomes greater as latitude increased obliquity
increases because of the_________. of the Suns diurnal
circle
A. decreasing distance relative to the equator
B. increased obliquity of the Suns diurnal circle
C. path of the ecliptic relative to the equator
D. changing distance between the Earth and the Sun
 Chart information details to be used in ECDIS should be the latest International

edition of information originated by a government authorized Hydrographic
hydrographic office and conform to the standards of (the) : Organization
 The area in low latitudes in which the trade winds of the Northern Inter-tropical
and Southern hemispheres converge is called: Convergence Zone
 The normal variation between the actual depth of water and the is extremely cold
indicated depth on an electronic depth sounder due to water
conditions is on the side of safety. This would NOT be true in a
case when the water____________________.
A. is fresh
B. has high salinity
C. is extremely cold
D. is unusually warm
 An amplitude of the Sun in high latitudes___________. is most accurate

A. is most accurate before sunset when the Sun
B. should only be observed when the Sun lower limb is above center is observed
the horizon on the visible
C. is most accurate after sunset horizon
D. is most accurate when the Sun center is observed on the
visible horizon
73

The prefix “ISO” means “EQUAL” or the same.
ISOBAR = EQUAL PRESSURE

ISALLOBAR = EQUAL CHANGE OF PRESSURE
ISOHYET = EQUAL RAINFALL
ISODYNAMIC = EQUAL MAGNETIC INTENSITY
ISOHALINE = EQUAL SALINITY
ISOHEL = EQUAL SUNSHINE
ISOTHERM = EQUAL TEMPERATURE
 At some distance above the earth’s surface, the wind tends to siobars
blow along lines connecting points of equal pressure called:
A. gradient force
B. doldrums
C. isobars
D. pressure gradient
 Isallobar is a ________________. line joining places

A. line joining places having equal pressure having an equal
B. line joining places having an equal change of pressure change of pressure
C. line joining places having an equal height above sea level.
D. line joining places having equal temperature
NOTE: ISOBAR = PRESSURE

ISALLOBAR = CHANGE OF PRESSURE
 A line connecting points of equal magnetic intensity. isodynamic line

A. isogram line
B. isoclinic line
C. isogonic line
D. isodynamic line
 Isohyet is a ________________. line joining places

A. line joining places having equal rainfall having equal
B. line joining places having equal sunshine rainfall
C. line joining places having equal barometric pressure
D. line joining places having equal temperature
 Isohaline is a _____________________. line joining places

A. line joining places having equal salinity having equal
B. line joining places having equal sunshine salinity
C. line joining places having equal rainfall
D. line joining places having equal barometric pressure
74
 Isohel is a ________________. line joining places
A. line joining places of equal sunshine of equal sunshine
B. line joining places of equal rainfall
C. line joining places of equal barometric pressure
D. line joining places of equal temperature
 The line joining all places having the same temperature on isotherm
weather maps is called :
 On an isomagnetic chart, the agonic line indicates the _________. Points where there
is no variation
 One of the advantages of a gyro compass over the magnetic it does not seek the
compass is: magnetic meridian
A. it does not seek the magnetic meridian
B. its directive force never change
C. it is run by electricity
D. its accuracy is unaffected by latitude
 What do you call the current which is similar to the Gulf Stream Kuroshio current
predominantly flows on north-north-easterly direction?
 The trade winds is the wind you are likely to encounter in the Lat 5° and 30°
North Atlantic between:
 In the Buoyage system, this aids to indicate the sides of a lateral system
navigable channel, marks junctions and bifurcations in channels
and also marks the general safe centerline of wide bodies of
water.
A. cardinal system
B. separation scheme
C. lateral system
D. traffic flow system
NOTE: “LATERAL” refers to side.
75
 A spherical buoy may be: lettered
A. numbered
B. lettered
C. all of these
D. lighted
NOTE: Any buoy which can be placed at the center or middle of a

channel is “LETTERED”. Like a spherical buoy which implies a safe
water mark. Also for a preferred channel buoy, it is “LETTERED”.
For lateral marks, they are “NUMBERED”.
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises about midnight and Last quarter
sets at about noon?
A. Last quarter
B. Full moon
C. First quarter
D. New moon
 An irregularity in the motion of the Earth due to the disturbing lunar pertuberance
effect of other celestial bodies, principally the moon is called :
A. aberration
B. nutation
C. augmentation
D. lunar pertuberance
NOTE: “LUNAR” refers to the moon.
 An instrument for indicating a horizontal difference relative to the magnetic compass

earth depending upon the magnetic attraction of the earth is
called :
A. gyroscopic device
B. magnetic device
C. magnetic compass
D. gyro compass
 Deviation and variation are applied to the : magnetic compass

A. true north
B. magnetic north
C. gyro compass
D. magnetic compass
 What is the angle the magnetic north measured clockwise to the magnetic course or
direction of the object being measured? bearing
76
 Deviation is caused by ___________. magnetic influence
inherent to that
particular vessel
 It is the direction of the horizontal component of the earth magnetic meridian

magnetic field running towards the north magnetic pole.
 In what direction is the magnetic compass pointing if it is magnetic north

influenced by the earth’s magnetic field and is free from the
magnetic influence of surrounding structures?
 Variation in a compass is caused by____________. magnetism from

A. magnetism within the vessel the earth magnetic
B. lack of oil in the compass bearings field
C. magnetism from the earth magnetic field
D. worn gears in the compass housing
 Compass deviation is caused by__________. magnetism within

A. misalignment of the compass the vessel
B. magnetism within the vessel
C. a dirty compass housing
D. magnetism from the earth magnetic field
 All of the following arcs or angles can be measured in the Horizon Meridian angle
system of coordinates EXCEPT ______.
A. Co-altitude
B. Rising Amplitude
C. True Azimuth
D. Meridian angle
 The difference in degrees between the GHA of the body and the Meridian angle
longitude of the observer is the _________.
 Climate is prevalent ________ condition of a place or region. Meteorological
 The term gegenschein is associated with ________________. meteors

A. stars
B. moon
C. planets
D. meteors
77
 Zodiacal light is related to _____________. meteors
 A Pulse length is expressed in: micro-seconds
 Asteroids lie chiefly between Mars and Jupiter and are considered Minor Planets
_____.
A. Minor Planets
B. Inferior Planets
C. Outer Planets
D. Inner Planets
 What do you call the type of tide where the presence of a diurnal mixed tides
wave is conspicuous by a large inequality in the heights of either
the two high tides or two low tides usually occurring each tidal
day?
 A seasonal wind blowing from a large land mass to the ocean in Monsoon
winter and in the opposite direction in summer is :
 The Earth is the primary of the ______________. Moon

A. Moon
B. Venus
C. Sun
D. Jupiter
Note: Sun is the primary of Earth
 Tropic tides are caused by the________________. Moon being at its

A. Moon being at perigee maximum
B. Sun and Moon both being near 0-deg. declination declination
C. Moon crossing the equator
D. Moon being at its maximum declination
 To warp a vessel means to __________. move the vessel by

hauling on lines
NOTE: “WARPING” means hauling lines by the use of winches.
 ____________ is a maritime radio warning system consisting of a NAVTEX

series of coast stations transmitting radio teletype safety
messages.
A. Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
B. AMVER
C. Maritime Safety Information (MSI)
D. NAVTEX
78
 A wind speed of between 28 to 33 knots is called __________ in Near gale or force 7
the Beaufort scale?
Use Formula: v = 1.63 x B.Force^1.5

= 1.63 x 7^1.5
v = 30 knots (between 28 to 33 knots)
 Refraction is greatest when the celestial body is ________. Near the horizon
 You are in the Northern Hemisphere and a tropical wave is located Nearby to the east
east of your position. Where will the wave be located 12 hours
later:
 In the Horizon System of coordinates, the arc of the horizon Fourth Quadrant
measured from the West point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North celestial
Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
A. Fourth Quadrant
B. Second Quadrant
C. First Quadrant
D. Third Quadrant
 The horizontal intensity’s component along a geographic or true North component

meridian is the:
 What is the horizontal intensity component along a geographic or North component

true meridian?
 In magnetism, what is the region in which the lines of force leave North pole
the iron?
 If your weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure area to north to northwest
be 100 miles due east of your position, what winds can you expect
in the northern hemisphere?
A. north to northwest
B. east to southeast
C. east to northeast
D. south to southeast
79
 According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the Northern northeast
Hemisphere (N.H.)experiences a northwest wind, the center of the
low pressure(L.P.) is located to the ____ .
Buys Ballot’s Law:

―N-L- R‖ > Facing the Wind: N.H >> L.P. to the Right
N.H. >> H.P. to the Left
S.H. >> L.P. to the Left
S.H. >> H.P. to the Right
Low Pressure is somewhat or slightly behind.

High Pressure is somewhat or slightly ahead.
 How would the pressure gradient between the horse latitudes and north-south
doldrums run?
 The pressure gradient between the horse latitudes and doldrums north-south
runs _________ :
A. northwest-southwest
B. northeast-southeast
C. east-west
D. north-south
 This is a rocky crag or small mountain projecting from and Nunatak

surrounded by glacier or ice sheet.
A. Nunatak
B. Rime
C. Nilas
D. Sastrugi
 What type projection is formed if a plane is tangent to the earth, Oblique gnomonic
and the points:
 The celestial sphere as seen by an observer at Lat 30°N is called oblique sphere
the :
A. quadrantal sphere
B. oblique sphere
C. right sphere
D. parallel sphere
 The suns changing declination is caused by the : obliquity of the

A. earth rotation ecliptic
B. obliquity of the ecliptic
C. precession of the equinoxes
D. earth annual revolution around the sun
80
 Tropical cyclones do not form within 5° of the Equator because: of negligible
Coriolis force
 Clouds may form when air moves across the surface of the earth orographic
that is forced to ascend over a hill or mountain and thus cools
adiabatically are called ______.
 This is the type of rain that falls on the weather side of a mountain orographic rain
ranges and give some of the heaviest rain known:
 A projections where points on the earth are transferred directly to Orthographic

a plane and the projecting lines are parallel to each other is called :
 This is an azimuthal type of projection, in which the projection orthographic

lines emanating from a point at infinity are perpendicular to a projection
tangent plane.
A. gnomonic chart
B. stereographic projection
C. orthographic projection
D. polyconic projection
 In making compass adjustments at sea, which international flag Oscar Quebec

signal is hoisted?
A. Bravo
B. Quebec Oscar
C. Alpha
D. Oscar Quebec
 What are slightly curved lines between the low and adjacent high? parallel isobars
 The celestial sphere as seen by an observer at the geographical parallel sphere

poles is called the:
B. oblique sphere
C. right sphere
D. parallel sphere
81
 At meridian transit, the diagram used by a navigator to illustrate plane of the
the angles involved is based on the________. observers meridian
A. celestial equator as observed from above the south celestial
pole
B. plane of the Greenwich meridian
C. plane of the observers meridian
D. celestial equator as observed from above the south celestial
pole
 The deposit on the earth’s surface of water in liquid or solid state precipitation
or a combination of both is called ______.
NOTE: The following are kind of precipitation:

1. rain
2. hail (with ice pellets)
3. drizzle
4. snow
5. sleet (combination of rain and snow)
 Any or all forms of water particles whether liquid or solid that fall precipitation
from the atmosphere and reach the ground is _____.
A. rain
B. precipitation
C. sleet
D. snow
 Pressure gradient is a measure of ______________. pressure difference

over horizontal
distance
 A change in pressure with horizontal distance is called ____. pressure gradient

A. isobaric pressure
B. isobaric gradient
C. pressure gradient
D. pressure gradient force
 A resultant force of high and low pressure is: Pressure gradient

force
 The change of pressure with distance, the change of atmospheric pressure gradient
pressure per unit horizontal distance, measured along a normal to force
the isobars is ______.
82
 The atmospheric pressure change is termed ______. pressure tendency
 On the poleward side of the high pressure belt in both prevailing

hemispheres, the atmospheric pressure again diminishes. The westerlies
wind in motion moves towards the poles and diverted by the
earth’s rotation toward the east. This wind system is called
_______.
 What is the airflow along the poleward side of the high pressure Prevailing
belt in each hemisphere diverted by the earth rotation towards westerlies
the east?
MARINE SEXTANT
83
 One complete turn of the drum of the sextant moves the index 1 degree
arm ________ along the arc.
A. 1/10th of a degree
B. 1 second of arc
C. 1 minute of arc
D. 1 degree
 When the faces of the sextant shade glasses and mirrors are not prismatic error
parallel, the error is called:
A. graduation error
B. centering error
C. index error
D. prismatic error
 The principle of a sextant is that, when a plane surface reflects a incidence

light ray, the angle of reflection equals the angle of:
A. plane surface
B. light ray
C. the body
D. incidence
 The movable arm of the sextant is the: index arm

A. release vernier
B. micrometer drum
C. tangent screw
D. index arm
 The error remaining in the sextant after the navigator has index error
removed side error, perpendicularity error and collimation error is:
 Which of the following is a non-adjustable sextant error? all of these

A. prismatic error
B. all of these
C. centering error
D. graduation error
 Which of the following is adjustable sextant error? all of these

A. perpendicularity error
B. all of these
C. index error
D. side error
84
 The use of a marine sextant is/are: all of these
A. measure vertical angles to find the range of an object of
known height
B. measure the altitudes of celestial bodies above the visible
horizon
C. measures the angle between two points by bringing them
into coincidence
D. all of these
 What happens because of augmentation? The Moon appears

A. The horizon appears elevated when observing a bright Sun larger as the
or Moon at low altitudes elevation increases
B. The Moon appears larger at the full Moon
C. The Moon appears larger as the elevation increases
D. The Sun appears larger when viewed against the darker
background of the horizon
 A phase correction is applied to ________. Planets
 The bulletin issued by NMC for the period stated that includes the Prognosis
anticipated wind, visibility, weather and wave condition.
 Which deviation change signs approximately each 90 degrees Quadrantal

change of headings caused by induced magnetism in horizontal deviation
soft iron?
NOTE: Quadrantal deviation = 90 degrees change of headings

Semi-circular deviation = 180 degrees change of headings
Residual deviation = what remains (residue)
“QUADrant” = 90° ( ¼ of 360°)

“SEMI-circular” = 180° (1/2 of 360°)
 Day marks (IALA-A) marking the starboard side of the channel red squares
when going towards the sea are _____________.
 It is the deviation of a magnetic compass after adjustment or residual deviation

compensation.
A. coefficient deviation
B. residual deviation
C. magnetic deviation
D. dip
85
 The elongated area of high pressure extending outwards from an ridge
anticyclone area is called _________.
NOTE: ridge = high (take note both have “ i ”)

trough = low ( take note both have “ o ”)
 In the Northern hemisphere, the earth’s rotation is affecting the Right

direction of the current by deflecting the set, or direction of flow
towards the :
 The celestial sphere as seen by an observer at the equator is called right sphere
the :
B. oblique sphere
C. right sphere
D. parallel sphere
 The force that causes the axis of a spinning gyro to turn in a Rigidity
direction 90° away from the applied force is:
A. Spin
B. Rigidity
C. Friction
D. Torque
 Which of the following is a basic property of the gyro compass Rigidity in space
which is similar to the gyroscopic inertia?
A. Torque
B. Rigidity in space
C. Precession
D. Ballistic
 The chart indicates an isolated rock named using vertical letters. Rock is dry at high
This means the:, water
 This is a swell wave emanating from distant storms which rollers

continue their progress across the oceans till they reach shallow
water when they abruptly steepen, increase in height and sweep
to the shore.
 Diurnal aberration is due to _______________. rotation of the

Earth on its axis
86
 Which instrument is the most useful in forecasting fog? sling psychrometer
A. barometer
B. sling psychrometer
C. pyrometer
D. anemometer
 According to Buys Ballot law, when an observer in the northern south-southeast

hemisphere experiences a northeast wind the center of low
pressure is located to the __________.
A. west-southwest
B. east-northeast
C. east-southeast
D. south-southeast
 According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the southern south-southwest

hemisphere experiences a northwest wind, the center of the low
pressure is located to the______.
A. west-southwest
B. east-northeast
C. east-southeast
D. south-southwest
 If a weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure system to south-

be 100 miles due east of you, what winds can you expect in the southwesterly
southern hemisphere?
 Which condition exists at the summer solstice in the Northern The Southern
Hemisphere? Hemisphere is
A. The Southern Hemisphere is having winter having winter
B. The Northern Hemisphere is having short days and long
nights
C. The north polar regions are in continual darkness
D. The Sun shines equally on both hemisphere
 The area of lowest pressure along a line with minimum cyclonic through
curvature in the isobars on surface charts is called :
 A cold front moving in from the northwest can produce________. Thunderstorms,

A. thunderstorms, hail, and then rapid clearing hail, and then rapid
B. increasing cloud cover lasting for several days clearing
C. lengthy wet weather
D. low ceilings with thick cirrus clouds
87
 Which of the following weather disturbances is classified by from Tropical
and intensity and which does not have closed isobars? disturbance
 Low pressure disturbances, which travel along the inter-tropical tropical waves
convergence zone, are called__________.
A. tidal waves
B. tropical storms
C. tropical waves
D. permanent waves
 The state of the atmosphere with respect to temperature, weather

humidity, precipitation, visibility, cloudiness, and other factors is
called ______.
 The usual sequence of directions in which a tropical cyclone moves southwest, south
in the Southern Hemisphere is ________________. and southeast
 In the doldrums, you will NOT have _________________. Steep pressure

gradients
 A projection where points on the earth are transferred directly to stereographic

a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is the point opposite
the plane point of tangency is called______.
 A wind speed of between 48 to 55 knots is called _________in the Storm or force 10

Beaufort scale?
Use the Formula: v(wind velocity or speed) = 1.63 x B.Force^1.5

v = 1.63 x 10^1.5
v = 52 knots
52 knots is under Beaufort Force 10
88
LAYERS of Atmosphere (SPHERE)*UPPER LAYERS (PAUSE)
( Takot-Sa-Mrs-Tayo-Eh! )
EXOSPHERE
THERMOPAUSE
THERMOSPHERE
MESOPAUSE
MESOSPHERE
STRATOPAUSE
STRATOSPHERE
TROPOPAUSE
TROPOSPHERE
===================Earth Surface====================
 On top of the tropopause is the layer ______. stratosphere

A. stratosphere
B. troposphere
C. ionosphere
D. strata
 The top of the troposphere is marked by a transition layer called: tropopause

A. tropopause
B. ionosphere
C. stratosphere
D. troposphere limit
 As altitude increases, air pressure decreases due to decreased troposphere

weight of air above. More than of the air is concentrated within a
layer called _____.
89
PHASES OF THE MOON AS SEEN FROM THE EARTH
90
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises and sets with the New moon
sun?
A. Full moon
B. New moon
C. Last quarter
D. First quarter
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises during sunrise? New moon
A. Full moon
B. New moon
C. Third Quarter
D. First Quarter
 The same side of the moon is always turned towards the Earth the period of
because _______. rotation is equal to
the period of
NOTE: revolution
The rotation of the moon, or the time it takes to rotate on
its axis exactly once, is 27.321662 days.
The orbital period, or the time the moon takes to

complete one full orbit (revolution) around the Earth is
27.321662 days.
Because these two times are so close, the Moon appears

to us on Earth to always show its one face. We see the
same side of the moon and never get to view the far side
from Earth.
 The moon is rising while sun is setting. What is the approximate Full moon
phase of the moon?
A. first quarter…rise about n/n and sets about m/n
B. new moon….rise and set with the sun or in conjunction
C. last quarter…rises about m/n and set about n/n
D. full moon…rise w/ sunset and set w/ sunrise or in opposition
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises about sunset? full moon
A. first quarter
B. new moon
C. last quarter
D. full moon
 When the moon is in conjunction, the moon phase is : New moon
91
 When the moon is in inferior conjunction the moon phase new moon
 The moon will wax from________________. new moon to first

A. last quarter to new moon quarter
B. new moon to first quarter
C. first quarter to last quarter
D. full moon to last quarter
 The moon will wane from____________. Full Moon to Last

A. New Moon to Full Moon Quarter
B. First Quarter to Full Moon
C. New Moon to First Quarter ….moon will wax
D. Full Moon to Last Quarter
 The moon is at first quarter. What kind of eclipse is possible to no eclipse

occur?
A. annular eclipse
B. solar eclipse
C. lunar eclipse
D. no eclipse
NOTE: ECLIPSE may only occur during NEW MOON (Solar eclipse)
or FULL MOON (lunar eclipse). No Eclipse will occur when moon is
at first quarter or last quarter.
 The moon is at the last quarter. What kind of eclipse is possible to no eclipse
occur?
A. annular eclipse
B. solar eclipse
C. lunar eclipse
D. no eclipse
 When the moon is at New Moon its elongation is __________. zero

A. zero
B. 30º
C. 90º
D. 180º
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises about noon and sets First quarter
about midnight?
A. first quarter…rise about n/n and sets about m/n
B. new moon….rise and set with the sun or in conjunction
C. last quarter…rises about m/n and set about n/n
D. full moon…..rise w/ sunset and set w/ sunrise or in
opposition
92
 When the moon is at opposition, the phase of the moon is : Full moon
A. New moon
B. Full moon
C. Last quarter
D. First quarter
“SOLARSME” : SOLAR ECLIPSE >> SUN – MOON - EARTH
SOLAR ECLIPSE IS ONLY POSSIBLE AT NEW MOON OR AT CONJUNCTION
The prefix “CON” means “together”. Therefore, the word “CONJUNCTION”

means the MOON is together or same side with the SUN. Just like the words
CONVENTION or CONFERENCE or CONGREGATION which means group of
people gathered together… or in simple dialect “AMPALAYA CON CARNE”
(bitter lemon with meat) or “MAIS CON YELO” (corn with ice) pag natunaw
“MAIS CON TUBIG” na lang hehehe!
When two celestial bodies are in “CONJUNCTION”, they have no angular

difference or no time difference, in short, they are equal.
 The new Moon cannot be seen because the Moon is : between the Earth
and the Sun
93
 There are two conditions that must be fulfilled at the same time in the moon must be
order for a solar eclipse to occur. One condition is that the moon at new moon
must be at one of the nodes and the other is________.
A. the moon must be at new moon
B. the moon must be at first quarter
C. the moon must be at full moon
D. the moon must be at last quarter
“LUNARSEM” : LUNAR ECLIPSE >> SUN – EARTH - MOON
LUNAR ECLIPSE IS ONLY POSSIBLE AT FULL MOON OR AT OPPOSITION.
“OPPOSITION” literally means on the opposite side or they are not in

CONJUNCTION. In this case, the MOON is on the opposite side of the SUN.
When two celestial bodies are on “OPPOSITION”, they have an angular

difference of 180 degrees or time difference of 12 hours.
 There are two conditions that must be fulfilled at the same time in the moon must be
order for a lunar eclipse to occur. One condition is that the moon at full moon
must be at one of the nodes and the other is_____.
A. the moon must be at new moon
B. the moon must be at first quarter
C. the moon must be at full moon
D. the moon must be at last quarter
94
 When the moon’s R.A. is 12 hours different with that of the sun, opposition
the moon is said to be at:
A. apogee
B. opposition
C. conjunction
D. perihelion
 When the moon sets during sunrise, it is at _____. Opposition
A. conjunction
B. New moon
C. First Quarter
D. Opposition
 The sun rises exactly at the time when the moon is setting. The Opposition
moon is at :
A. conjunction
B. twilight
C. Opposition
D. New moon
 If the moon reaches a point wherein it is completely illuminated, it Opposition

is at:
A. conjunction
B. First Quarter
C. Opposition
D. New moon
 If the age of the moon is approximately 14 &1/2 days, it is said to Opposition

be at:
95
NOTE: ANNULAR ECLIPSE is ONLY POSSIBLE when the MOON is between
the EARTH and the SUN or at CONJUNCTION. An annular eclipse occurs
when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line, but the apparent size of
the Moon is smaller than that of the Sun. Hence the Sun appears as a
very bright ring, or annulus, surrounding the outline of the Moon.
 Annular eclipse occurs when the ________________. the moon is

A. the moon is between the earth and the sun between the earth
B. the earth is between the moon and the sun and the sun
C. the sun is west of the moon
D. the moon is 6 hours ahead of the sun
 Annular eclipse usually occur when the moon is at or apogee

near____________.
A. perigee
B. apogee
C. new moon
D. first quarter
 Annular eclipse occurs because_____________. the moon shadow

A. the moon is at perigee cannot reach the
B. the moon is at first quarter earth
C. the moon shadow is turned away from the earth
D. the moon shadow cannot reach the earth
96
 The full moon nearest the autumnal equinox is called the_______. harvest moon
A. harvest moon
B. hunter moon
C. equinoctial moon
D. autumnal moon
NOTE: HARVEST MOON is the brightest full moon in the N.H. and
this occurs during autumn which is a harvest time and used by
farmers to harvest their farms.

A. The horizon appears elevated when observing a bright larger as the
Sun or Moon at low altitudes elevation increases
B. The Moon appears larger at the full Moon
C. The Moon appears larger as the elevation increases
D. The Sun appears larger when viewed against the darker
background of the horizon
What are the relative positions of the sun, the earth, and a planet when the planet is at
inferior conjunction? = The planet is between the earth and the sun.
NOTE: “INFERIOR CONJUNTION” AND “SUPERIOR CONJUNCTION” IS ONLY POSSIBLE FOR

INFERIOR PLANETS ( For MERCURY and VENUS only!)
97
 Inferior conjunction is possible for___________. Mercury
A. Mercury
B. Mars
C. Jupiter
D. Saturn
NOTE: The terms “Superior Conjunction and Inferior Conjunction”

are only possible for Mercury and Venus (Inferior planets).
The terms “Conjunction and Opposition” are only possible

for Mars, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Jupiter (Superior Planets)
 After Venus passes the point of greatest elongation east in its inferior conjunction
orbit, the first position in which the elongation will be zero is
____________.
A. opposition
B. inferior conjunction
C. conjunction
D. superior conjunction
 When the sun is between the Earth and Planet Venus, Venus is superior
said to be at ______. conjunction
A. east quadrature
B. west quadrature
C. superior conjunction
D. inferior conjunction
 Retrograde motion is possible only for _______________. Superior planets

A. Superior planets
B. Inferior planets
C. Moon
D. Stars
 Elongation becomes zero at________________. inferior conjunction

A. east quadrature
B. Opposition
C. west quadrature
 When the planet Mars is at opposition it will rise ____________. when the sun sets
A. at about moon
B. when the sun rises
C. at about midnight
D. when the sun sets
98
 Venus attains maximum brilliance about five weeks before and inferior conjunction
after _________.
A. greatest eastern elongation
B. inferior conjunction
C. superior conjunction
D. greatest western elongation
 When planet Venus is between the Earth and Sun, Venus is said to inferior conjunction
be at __________.
A. east quadrature
B. Opposition
C. west quadrature
 As the inferior planet moves along its orbit from superior increases
conjunction to inferior conjunction its elongation________.
A. decreases
B. increases
C. is maximum
D. does not change
 This is a planetary configuration where two heavenly bodies have Conjunction

their longitudes and right ascension are the same.
A. Conjunction
B. quadrature
C. opposition
D. eclipse
 The planet Mars will be at its brightest at : Opposition

A. conjunction
B. west quadrature
C. opposition
D. east quadrature
 The superior planets are brightest and closest to the earth at : opposition
A. inferior conjunction
B. west quadrature
C. opposition
D. east quadrature
 In what planetary configuration should Venus be situated if it is an between inferior

evening star? conjunction and
A. at superior conjunction greatest elongation
B. at opposition west
C. between inferior conjunction and greatest elongation east
D. between inferior conjunction and greatest elongation west
99
 Superior conjunction is possible for___________. Mercury
A. Mercury
B. Mars
C. Jupiter
D. Saturn
 Conjunction is NOT possible for ___________. Venus

A. Jupiter
B. Saturn
C. Venus
D. Mars
 Why planet Venus not visible at midnight in any latitude? Because: its greatest
A. it is a superior planet elongation is only
B. its greatest elongation is only 46° 46°
C. it is a morning star
D. its radius vector is longer than that of the Earth
 Inferior conjunction is possible for ____________. Venus

A. Venus
B. Mars
C. Jupiter
D. Saturn
 Which of the planet in the solar system has almost the same size Venus
as the earth?
A. Mars
B. Pluto
C. Neptune
D. Venus
 Which two planets are inside the orbit of the earth? Mercury and Venus
NOTE: Inside the orbit of the earth = Inferior Planets

Outside the orbit of the earth = Superior Planets
 As observed from the Earth, the angle between lines from the elongation
Earth to the Sun.
A. opposition
B. quadrature
C. elongation
D. conjunction
100
 The angle between the lines connecting the Sun and the Earth Elongation
and between the inferior planet and the Earth is called the planet
_______.
 The largest of the known planets is : Jupiter

A. Venus
B. Jupiter
C. Pluto
D. Neptune
 Retrograde motion is possible only for__________. Mars

A. Mercury
B. Venus
C. Earth
D. Mars
NOTE: “RETRO” means backward. The apparent motion of

celestial bodies is easterly. Therefore, retrograde motion, is
westerly. This is only possible for superior planets, meaning those
planets outside the orbit of the earth like Mars.
 Retrograde motion is the __________. apparent westerly

A. movement of the celestial north pole in an elliptical pattern motion of a planet
in space with respect to the
B. movement of the points of intersection of the planes of the stars
ecliptic and the equator
C. movement of a superior planet in its orbit about the sun
D. apparent westerly motion of a planet with respect to the
stars
 The planet Mars will not be visible ___________. at or near

conjunction
 The longest elongation of Planet Venus (expressed in time units) is 3 hours

about _______.
 When Venus disappears in the sky, it can be presumed to be at or inferior or superior

near ________. conjunction
A. greatest eastern elongation
B. west quadrature
C. inferior or superior conjunction
D. greatest western elongation
101
 O-011810 0º increasing to
The vernal equinox in the celestial sphere is where the sun maximum north
declination is:
 The autumnal equinox is the point in the celestial sphere 0º increasing to

where the sun declination is___________. maximum south
 The Autumnal equinox is the point where the Sun is at: 0° declination going to
southerly declinations
 The First point of Aries is the point where the Sun is at: 0° declination going to
northerly declinations
 Libra is the point of: autumnal equinox
 The declination of the sun was at its maximum what do you Solstice
call the position or point on the celestial sphere
 During the month of October the sun’s declination is: South and increasing
 The winter solstice is the position of the sun on or about : Dec. 21
 The summer solstice is the position of the sun on or about: June 21
 When the sun is at the winter solstice its declination is : south and decreasing to
0º
 When the sun is at the summer solstice its declination is north and decreasing to
__________. 0º
 Navigationally, the Vernal Equinox is also the: First Point of Aries
 Cancer is the point of: summer solstice
 If the declination of the sun is 0º what do you call the Equinox

position or point on the celestial sphere?
 Vernal Equinox is also known as ______. First Point of Aries
102
 When the sun is at summer solstice its declination is: maximum north
 During the month of October the Sun’s declination is: south and increasing
 One complete turn of the drum of the sextant moves the 1 degree
index arm _____ along the arc.
 The DGPS provides accuracy within a range of _______. 10 meters
 What is the average speed of movement of a hurricane 10 to 12 knots

prior to recurvature?
 When using GPS (Global Positioning System) you may 10 to 20 meters

expect your position to be accurate 95% of the time to
within _____.
 The GPS provides 95% accuracy within a range of ______. 100 meters
 The standard sea level pressure of the atmosphere is _____ 1013.25 millibars of
mercury
 The sun is the central body of the solar system. It moves in 12 miles per second
the direction of Vega at:
 A GPS satellite transmits a signal thru the second carrier 1227.60 MHz
on:
 A GPS satellite transmits a signal thru the first carrier on 1575.42 MHz
___.
 Of the 57 navigational stars tabulated in the Nautical 19

Almanac, how many are of the first magnitude?
 An important lunar cycle affecting the tidal cycle is called 19 years

the nodal period. How long is this cycle?
A. 19 years C. 6 years
B. 19 years D. 16 years
 If a sound signal is emitted from the oscillator of a 24 fathoms

fathometer, and two seconds elapse before the returning
signal is picked up what depth of water is indicated?
103
 The Master issues a night order in the Night Order Book. 24-hour period
It is valid for:
 As radiant energy from the sun arrives at the earth, how 19%
many percent is absorbed by the atmosphere?
many percent is absorbed by the surface of the earth?
many percent is reflected back into space?
 The standard sea level pressure of the atmosphere is _____. 29.92 inches
 Speed adjustment on the Master Gyro should be made 3

within _______ knots.
A. 3 C. 7
B. 5 D. 10
 When using GPS, how many position lines are required for 3
a 2D (dimensional) fix?
 The tabulation data in the Nautical Almanac is for: 3 days
 A sidereal day is shorter than a solar day by about _____. 3 mins and 56 secs
 The GPS provides 99.99% accuracy within a range of 300 meters

______.
 The Sun at the maximum declination north would be Aphelion

approximately at ________________.
“ HELION ” refers to the SUN
AP is Away or Far. PERI is Near
ApHelion is earth Away or Far from the Sun >>> July
PeriHelion is earth Near the Sun >>> January
104
 In each planet’s orbit, the point nearest the sun is called: Perihelion
 The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth 31.5
during aphelion is_____.
 The visible diameter of the sun as seen from the Earth 32.6
during perihelion is _____.
 The Earth is closest to the sun in what month? January
 The sun is at Perihelion during month of ______________. January
 The sun is closest to the earth in what month? January
 The Earth is farthest from the sun in what month? July
 The sun is at Aphelion during the month of ________. July
 Of the 57 navigational stars tabulated in the Nautical 38

Almanac, how many are of the second magnitude?
 When using GPS, how many position lines are required for 4
a 3D (dimensional) fix that takes into account altitude?
 The speed of sound in water is approximately ____. 4.5 times its speed in air
 MAJOR CIRCLES OF EARTH MARKED BY THE PATH OF THE SUN
NORTH POLE ------------------- 90° 00’ N

North Frigid Zone
ARCTIC CIRCLE ------------------ 66° 33’ N
North Temperate Zone
TROPIC OF CANCER ---------------23° 27’ N
North Torrid Zone
EQUATOR -------------------- 0° 00’
South Torrid Zone
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN -----------23° 27’ S
South Temperate Zone
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE ---------------66° 33’ S
South Frigid Zone
SOUTH POLE -------------------- 90° 00’ S
NOTE: There are instances that the Latitude of Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of
Capricorn appears to be 23°26’ N or S.
105
 Everywhere between the parallels of about 23° 26’ North torrid zone
and 23° 26’ South, the Sun is directly overhead during the
year. This area is called the:
 If you are at the Arctic Circle what is your latitude? 66º 33' North
 If you are in the Antarctic Circle what is your latitude? 66º 33' South
 The tropic of Capricorn marks the southern limit of the : Torrid Zone
 The regions between the frigid zones and the torrid zones temperate zones
are called ______.
 The areas inside the polar circles are called ______. frigid zone
 The Arctic Circle marks the________________. southern limit of the

north frigid zone
 The Tropic of Cancer is a____________. parallel of latitude
 The Tropic of Capricorn is a _______________. parallel of latitude
 The Arctic Circle marks the ___________________. northern limit of the

north temperate zone
 The Antarctic circle marks the _________________. northern limit of the

south temperate zone
 Places situated in Lat 30° N are within the __________. North Temperate Zone
 The tropic of Capricorn marks the _______________. northern limit of the

south temperate zone
 Following a ship routing system, an initial route 48 to 72 hours prior to

recommendation is issued to a ship: sailing
 Which belt of latitude do tropical cyclones form? 5 to 15 degrees
A. 5 to 15 degrees C. 15 to 30 degrees
B. 30 to 45 degrees D. 45 to 60 degrees
106
 NAVTEX operates in a medium frequency of _____. 518 kHz
 The inclination of the plane of the moon orbit with the 5º

plane of the ecliptic is about______.
 What is the bearing in points that is used to determine the 8 points

vortex of a low pressure area when the atmospheric
pressure is 20 hPa below the mean pressure?
 The sun’s diameter is about: 866,000 miles
 Tables of tidal stream information are given for certain a diamond shape with a
reference denoted by: letter inside
A. a diamond shape with a letter inside

B. dotted circle with a plus sign inside
C. an arrow indicating rate of flood
D. a circle with an arrow inside
 Which weather change accompanies the passage of a cold A line of

front in the Northern Hemisphere? cumulonimbus clouds
 Which instrument is the most useful in forecasting fog? a sling psychrometer
NOTE: “PSYCHROMETER” is an instrument used to

find relative humidity. It is a combined Dry Bulb and Wet
Bulb Thermometer.
 What is a parallel of declination? A small circle on the

celestial sphere parallel
to the celestial equator
 On a weather map, warm fronts are drawn as _________. a solid red line
 On a weather map, warm fronts are drawn as _________. a solid red line with half
circles
 A steady precipitation is typical of: a warm front weather

condition
A. a warm front weather condition
B. high pressure conditions
C. coming cold weather conditions
D. scattered cumulus clouds
107
 The maximum difference between mean time and about 16 minutes
apparent time is_______________.
 All echo-sounders can measure the _____. actual depth of water

below keel
 What should you apply to a fathometer reading to Add the draft of the
determine the depth of water? vessel
 ______________ is a recommendation for slowing or adjustment of SOA

increasing the ship’s speed as much as practicable intended
to avoid or limit the effect of adverse weather conditions.
 This is a fog resulting primarily from the movement of advection fog

warm, humid air over a cold surface, or the movement of
very cold air over a relatively warm water surface.
 Lines on the magnetic chart where the variation is zero agonic lines
wherein the magnetic meridian and the true meridian
coincides are called _______.
A. agonic lines
B. lines of equal magnetic force
C. lines of equal dip
D. lines of equal magnetism
NOTE: Zero Variation >>> Agonic

Equal Variation >>> ISOgonic
Zero Magnetic Dip >>> Aclinic
Equal Magnetic Dip >>> ISOclinic
Zero = with prefix “A”

Equal = with prefix “ISO”
 As the South Equatorial Current approaches the east coast Agulhas Current
of Africa, it divides with the main part flowing south to form
the warm _______.
A. Agulhas Current C. Benguela Current

B. Canary Current D. Sahara Current
 Storms that enter the Great Lakes Basin from the west and Alberta Lows
northwest in October are the products of pressure systems
known as _______.
A. Alberta Lows C. Westerners

B. Fata Morgana D. Polar Highs
108
 Mean low water is the average height of _______. all low waters
A. all low waters

B. high waters and low waters
C. the surface of the sea
D. the lower of the two daily tides
NOTE: The other word for “MEAN” is Average.
 On a weather map, a stationary front is represented as : alternating red and blue

lines with half circles and
triangles
 An azimuth determined by solution of the navigational altitude azimuth

triangle with altitude, declination and latitude, it is called :
 A body at the observer’s zenith will have a/an ____. Altitude of 90°
 The error in refraction increases as the _______. altitude of the body

decreases
A. altitude of the body decreases
B. humidity decreases
C. horizontal parallax decreases
D. observer’s eye increases
 The intercepted arc of a vertical circle between the celestial Altitude of the celestial
horizon and the almucantar is called the _____. body
 When the azimuth is measured from east or west and amplitude

labeled accordingly, it is called:
 With respect to failure warnings and status indications, an alarm if a new

GPS receivers should provide, at a minimum, _____. position has not been
calculated within the last
two seconds
 Which condition exists in the eye of a hurricane? An extremely low

barometric pressure
 This is the angle, which the wind makes with the isobars. angle of indraught
 The magnetic flux lines enter the surface of the earth at angle of magnetic dip
different angles to the horizontal, at different magnetic
Latitudes. This angle is called ______.
109
 When the moon is at apogee, _______ occurs. apogean tide
A. apogean tide C. lagging tide

B. priming tide D. semi-diurnal range
 In a moon’s orbit, the point farthest from the sun is called: apogee
NOTE: “GEE” also refers to the MOON.

APO means Away or Far
PERI means Near
 The GHA tabulated in the Nautical Almanac is for the: apparent sun
A. apparent sun C. true sun

B. mean sun D. mean and apparent sun
 When the time is based on the movement of the visible Sun apparent time
along the ecliptic the time is known as __________.
 ______ is the vector sum of the true wind and the reciprocal apparent wind
of the vessel’s course and speed vector.
 The velocity of a rotary tidal current will be decreased at apogee

when the Moon is______________.
 The planet Mars will not be visible___________. at or near conjunction
 The Moon appears larger in diameter at the zenith than Augmentation

when near the horizon. What is this called?
 Luminous phenomena due to electrical charges in the Aurora

atmosphere is called _______.
A. aurora C. aureole
B. corona borealis D. corona
NOTE: “AURORA” means Light
BOREALIS refers to North
AUSTRALIS refers to South
Hence, Aurora Borealis is Northern Light
Aurora Australis is Southern Light
110
 The southern lights are also called _______. Aurora Australis
A. Aurora Australis C. Aurora

B. Aurora Borealis D. Corona
 Northern lights are also called _______. aurora borealis
A. aurora borealis C. aurora australis

B. corona D. aurora
 The horizontal direction of a celestial point from a Azimuth

terrestrial point expressed as the angular distance from a
reference direction is called ______
 In weather analysis, the approach of a storm is through atmospheric pressure

observation of wind, waves, swell and the ______.
 The intercepted arc of the horizon between the principal azimuth

vertical circle and the vertical circle passing through the
body when rising or setting is called_____.
 When the azimuth is measured from north or south and azimuth angle
labeled accordingly, it is called:
 This is a deviation error caused by the miscalculation of A error

azimuth or by physical misalignments rather than magnetic
effects of soft iron.
 ______ results from both the fore-and-aft permanent B error

magnetic field across the compass.
 _____ results from the athwartship permanent magnetic C error

field across the compass.
 This error is due only to induction in the symmetrical D error

 This error is caused by induction in the unsymmetrical E error

111
 Waves reflected from obstruction, running seaward are Backwash
called _______.
A. backwash C. barrier wave

B. surf D. bluff
 A wedge of water building up between the bow and nearer bank cushion
bank which forces the bow out and away describes:
A. bank cushion C. combined effect

B. bank suction D. bend effect
 The inner cloud bands in a hurricane viewed from a distance bar of the storm
from a mass of dense black cumulonimbus clouds is called
the:
A. bar of the storm C. funnel

B. eye of the storm D. tower of the storm
 _______ is a local strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet Barber

and spray that freezes upon contact with objects.
A. barber C. katabatic wind

B. abroholos D. anabatic wind
 Ice without snow cover is called _______. Bare
A. bare C. shiny
B. plain D. slip
 Atmospheric pressure is measured by a _____. Barometer
 What do the numbers on isobars indicate? barometric pressure
 Very Low Frequencies used by Omega is ______. Between 10 to 14 kHz.
 This is the current which generally flow northward along the Benguela current
west coast of Africa.
A. Benguela current C. Brazilian current

B. African current D. North Atlantic current
112
 ______ consist of innumerable tiny droplets of water, or Clouds
ice crystals formed by condensation of water vapor
around microscopic particles in the air.
TYPES OF CLOUD AND ITS ALTITUDE:
1. High Clouds ---------------- Above 20,000 Feet

(All Clouds with “CIRRUS” Ex. Cirrus,
Cirrocumulus and Cirrostratus)
2. Middle Clouds ---- Between 6,500 and 20,000 Feet

(All Clouds with “ALTO” Ex. Altocumulus and
Altostratus)
3. Low Clouds ------------------ Below 6,500 Feet

(Any other Cloud without “Cirrus or Alto” Ex. Cumulus,
Stratus, Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus, Cumulonimbus)
( See F1 Book page METEO – 3 and METEO – 4 )
 High clouds have a mean lower level above ______. 20,000 ft
 Middle clouds have a mean level ______. between 6,500 ft and

20,000 ft
 Low clouds have a mean level of less than ______. 6,500 ft
 Cirrus and cirrostratus belong to the ______ high clouds
 Altocumulus and altostratus belong to the _____. middle clouds
 Cumulus and cumulonimbus belong to the _____. low clouds
 High clouds, composed of small white flakes or scaly Cirrocumulus

globular masses, and often banded together to form a
“mackerel sky”, would be classified as ________.
A. cirrus
B. cirrocumulus
C. altocumulus
D. cumulonimbus
113
 The form of cloud often known as “mackerel sky” which is Cirrocumulus
generally associated with fair weather is ________.
A. nimbostratus
B. stratus
C. cirrocumulus
D. cumulonimbus
 The thin, whitish, high clouds composed of ice crystals, Cirrostratus

popularly known as “mare’s tails” are ________.
A. cirrostratus
B. cirrocumulus
C. cumulonimbus
D. nimbostratus
 Which cloud commonly produces a halo about the Sun or Cirrostratus

Moon?
A. Cirrostratus
B. Cirrocumulus
C. Altostratus
D. Altocumulus
 Clouds commonly produce a halo form, thin and whitish Cirrostratus

high clouds:
A. Altostratus
B. Altocumulus
C. Cirrocumulus
D. Cirrostratus
 From those listed, which is the highest cloud? Cirrus
A. Altocumulus
B. Cirrus
C. Stratus
D. Cumulus
 A cloud of marked vertical development (often anvil- Cumulonimbus

shaped) would be classified as ________.
A. cirrus
B. cirrocumulus
C. altocumulus
D. cumulonimbus
114
 Towering Clouds Cumulonimbus
 What are the typical thunder shower clouds that appears Cumulonimbus
in great masses in the form of mountains or towers?
A. Cumulonimbus
B. Nimbostratus
C. Nimbus
D. Cumulus
 Thunder clouds Cumulonimbus
 The tabulated times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise and between latitudes 72

moonset are based: degrees North and 60
degrees South
 Kuroshio current is also known as: Black Stream
A. Black Stream C. Tsushima Current

B. Tsurumi Current D. Tsunami Current
 What is the term used to identify the violent intense cold blizzard
wind laden with snow mostly or entirely picked up from the
ground?
 By Convention, the earth’s north magnetic pole is colored: Blue
A. blue C. red
B. black D. green
NOTE: North Pole South Pole

MAGNET Red Blue
EARTH Blue Red
Just Remember: MAGNET – North - Red
( See F1 Book page MC – 3)
 By convention, the south seeking ends of a compass Blue

magnets are colored _______.
A. blue C. white
B. red D. black
115
 On weather maps, cold front is colored: Blue
A. blue C. purple
B. red D. green
 When a light is first seen on the horizon it will disappear bobbing a light
again if the eye is immediately lowered several feet. When
the eye is raised is immediately lowered several feet.
When the eye is raised to its former height the light will
again be visible. This process is called:
 When an observer sees a light and reduces his height, the bobbing a light
light disappears; when the observer goes to his original
height, the light appears. This is called:
 In some river mouths and estuaries the incoming high-tide Bore

wave crest overtakes the preceding low-tide trough. This
results in a wall of water proceeding upstream, and is
called a _______.
A. bore C. boundary wave

B. seiche D. surge
 This is high tide wave that abruptly move up to the river of Bore
peculiar configuration or location and may present hazards
to shipping.
A. bore C. boggies
B. eddies D. backwash
 In shallow water, waves too steep to be stable, causing the Breakers

crests to move forward faster than the rest of the wave are
called:
A. breakers C. white caps

B. rollers D. surfers
 The northeast monsoon in the Philippines is called _______. Briza
A. Briza C. Bora
B. Habagat D. Buru
 This is a relatively cold current flowing along the northwest Canary current
coast of Africa.
A. Canary current C. Ahlean current

B. Morrocan current D. African current
116
 The azimuth of the sun is best taken at the: center of the sun
 What publication contains information regarding the Channel Pilot Guide

dangers to navigation in the English Channel?
 Which Chapter of the Planning Guide describes Chapter 4

recommended steamship routes?
 A conventional representation usually on a plane surface chart

of all or part of the physical features of the earth surface
intended primarily for navigation is called ______.
 All depths indicated on charts are reckoned from some chart sounding datum
selected levels of the water called______.
 This term refers to a heavenly body which has two meridian circumpolar
passages one above and one below the elevated pole.
 A convenient way of keeping a record of updated latest Chart/Publication

correction of chart is: Correction Record Card
System
 The average long term meteorological condition of a place climate

or region is called _____.
 WIND CIRCULATION:
“ NLCC” >>> N.H. > L.P. > Counter Clockwise
N.H. > H.P. > Clockwise
S.H. > L.P. > Clockwise
S.H. > H.P. > Counter Clockwise
Low Pressure (L.P.) > Inward
High Pressure (H.P.) > Outward
117
 The circulation around a Low Pressure (L.P.) center in the Counterclockwise
Northern Hemisphere (N.H.) is:
A. Counterclockwise
B. Variable
C. Clockwise
D. Anticyclone
 The wind circulation around a high pressure center in the clockwise moving
northern hemisphere is: outward from high
A. clockwise moving outward from high

B. counterclockwise and moving outward from the high
C. clockwise and moving towards the high
D. counterclockwise and moving towards the high
 The wind circulation around a low pressure area in the Counter clockwise and
Northern Hemisphere is: inward
A. clockwise outward C. counterclockwise inward

B. clockwise inward D. counterclockwise outward
 The flow of air around an anticyclone in the Southern Counter clockwise and
Hemisphere is: outward
A. clockwise and outward

C. counterclockwise and inward
B. clockwise and inward
D. counterclockwise and outward
 What is the wind circulation around a high pressure center Clockwise and moving
in the N. hemisphere? outwards from the high
A. Counterclockwise and moving outwards from the high

B. Counterclockwise and moving outward from high
C. Clockwise and moving outwards from the high
D. Clockwise and moving towards from the high
 The wind circulation around a high pressure area in the counterclockwise

Southern Hemisphere is: outward
A. counterclockwise outward C. clockwise outward

B. counterclockwise inward D. clockwise inward
 In the Northern Hemisphere, an area of counterclockwise Low pressure

wind circulation surrounded by higher pressure is a:
A. Low pressure C. Warm front

B. High pressure D. Cold front
118
 The dense black cumulonimbus clouds surrounding the eye cloud walls
of a hurricane are called:
 The inter-tropical convergence zone is generally associated cloudy skies and showers
with _______.
A. cloudy skies and showers

B. very hot and dry weather
C. clear skies and sunny weather
D. windy and humid air
 The radius of the almucantar is equal to the ______. co-altitude
 Chart intended for inshore coastwise navigation where the coast chart
course may lie inside outlying reefs and shoals, for
entering and leaving harbours is called _______.
 You are entering a harbor for the first time which of the Coast pilot
publications would
 The Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) contain Coastal features

information on all of
 _______ is a relatively low pressure neck between two Col

cyclones.
A. col C. wedge
B. through D. ridge
 In the Celestial Equator System of coordinates, when the co-Latitude

body’s diurnal circle coincides with the celestial equator,
the altitude during upper transit will be equal to the:
 The value of the intercepted arc of a meridian between the co-Latitude

elevated pole and the observer’s zenith is known as ____.
 On weather maps, blue color indicates: cold front
A. cold front C. occluded front

B. warm front D. stationary front
 In the northern hemisphere, winds veering sharply to the cold front has passed
west or northwest with increasing velocity are indications
that a:
119
 An occluded front is usually caused by a ______. cold front overtaking a
warm front
 On a weather map, the half circles in a stationary front are colder air
pointing towards _____.
 ______ refers to any change of permanent magnet or soft compass adjustment

iron correctors to reduce normal compass errors.
 Deviation is eliminated as nearly as practicable by: compass adjustment
A. compass adjustment C. compass weighing

B. degaussing D. compass compensation
 The method used when finding the compass error when the Compass error by
compass bearing of a body is observed at the moment of amplitude
rising or setting?
A. Compass error by amplitude

B. Compass error by azimuth angle
C. Compass error by azimuth
D. Compass error by true bearing
 The ratio expressed in tenths describing the mean areal Concentration

density of ice in a given area is called _______.
A. concentration C. ablation
B. okta D. accumulation
 Which of the following statements is TRUE? consult the chart for

the location and light
characteristics of all
navigational aids;
consult the Light Lists
for their detailed
description
 Which type of GPS receiver has at least four channels to Continuous

process information from several satellites simultaneously?
 Ascending and descending air masses with different Convection

temperature is part of an important heat transmitting
process in our atmosphere called ________.
 ______ diverts the air from a direct path between high and Coriolis force
low pressure areas.
120
 _______ are colored rings around the sun or moon covered Corona
by a thin cloud.
A. corona C. aureole
B. halo D. aurora borealis
 When the sun or moon is seen through altostratus clouds Corona

and appears surrounded by a glow of light, this glow is
called:
A. corona C. halo
B. aurora D. parantiselene
 The relative motion line, when extended past the CPA

represented position of the observer’s ship, shows:
 What type of cloud formation would you expect to see to the cumulus cloud lined up
west of an approaching tropical wave? in rows extending in a
northeast to southwest
direction
 It is the atmosphere in the vicinity of a low pressure area. cyclone
 This is an outside force from the center of high or low cyclostrophic forces
pressure:
A. cyclostrophic forces C. pressure gradient force

B. geostrophic force D. coriolis force
 A good chart can be distinguished from indifferent one by: date of correction
A. date of correction C. its edition

B. date of printing D. date of survey
 The angular distance measured along the hour circle to the Declination of the point
diurnal circle of the celestial point is known as:
 Which of the following conditions does not indicate an Decrease in wind velocity
approaching tropical storm?
A. Decrease in wind velocity

B. Cirrus clouds
C. Halos about the sun or moon
D. Long, high swells
121
 Satellites are located within the confines of: deep space
A. deep space C. the inner space

B. the outer space D. the universe
 Which star is at the head of the Northern Cross? Deneb
 The distance between any two meridians measured along Departure

a parallel of latitude and expressed in miles is the
_______.
 This is the celestial pole below the horizon of opposite depressed pole
name of the latitude.
 The recording fathometer produces a graphic record of the: depth underneath the
keel against a time base
 The primary use of apparent time in marine navigation is determine the time of
to________. meridian transit
 The angle between the magnetic meridian and the axis of a deviation
compass card expressed in degrees east or west to indicate
to indicate which direction is the compass card offset from
the magnetic north is called ______.
 What is the most elusive factor of a magnetic compass Deviation

which change with every direction given to the ships
heading?
 The highest level of commercial navigational accuracy is DGPS, within a coverage

provided by________. area
122
 The height of the tide is the _______. difference between the
depth of the water and
A. difference between the depth of the water and area’s tidal area’s tidal datum
datum
B. depth of water at specific time due to tidal effect
C. difference between the depth of the water and high water
tidal level
D. difference between the depth of the water at high tide and
the depth of the water at low tide
≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ (c ) Level of water
(b) to ( c ) = ( e ) Height of Tide
___________________ (b) Tidal Datum or Chart Datum
( a) to (b) = ( d) Charted Depth
================== (a) Sea bed or bottom
( See F1 Book page TC – 4 )
 The range of the tide is the _______. difference between the

heights of high and low
A. difference between the heights of high and low tide tide
B. distance the tide moves out from the shore
C. duration of time between high and low tide
D. maximum depth of the water at high tide
≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ (b) High Water or High Tide
( a ) to ( b ) = Range of Tide
≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ (a) Low Water or Low Tide
 The distance between the surface of the water and the tidal height of tide
datum is the:
A. height of tide C. range of tide

B. chartered depth D. actual water depth
123
 What is the definition of height of tide? The vertical distance
from tidal datum to the
A. The vertical distance from tidal datum to the level level
B. The vertical difference between the heights of low and
high water
C. The vertical difference between a datum plane and the
ocean bottom
D. The vertical distance from the surface of the water to
the ocean floor
 “Stand” of the tide is that time when _______. the vertical rise or fall of
the tide has stopped
A. the vertical rise or fall of the tide has stopped
B. slack water occurs
C. tidal current is at a maximum
D. the actual depth of the water equals the chartered depth
 Pressure Gradient is a _______________. difference in pressure

in unit distance
measured at right
angles to the isobars
 In a _______ mode of Omega, the receiver measures the direct range

distance between it and two or more transmitting stations
to determine lines of position.
 What will cause a variable error in the gyro? Dirty mercury and
points
 Swell is the rise and fall of the ocean’s surface due to: distant winds
A. distant winds C. fetch

B. local storms D. the pull of the Moon
 ______ is an underway adjustment in track and is intended diversion

to avoid or limit the effect of adverse weather conditions.
 A belt of low pressure at the earth’s surface near the Doldrums

equator is called _____.
 The diurnal pressure variation is most noticeable in the doldrums

_____.
124
 Where is the diurnal pressure variation most noticeable? Doldrums
A. Doldrums C. Polar regions

B. Horse latitude D. Roaring forties
 During the middle of the high water period, there is often double high water tide
slight fall, the effect of which is to create a longer period of
stand at high water and is called:
A. double high water tide C. perigean tide

B. apogean tide D. bore
 Which of the following will act to dissipate fog? Downslope motion of an

air mass along a coast
 One of the two stars pointing to Polaris in the Ursa Major Dubhe
is:
 In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of E: N

coordinates, when the body rises to the left of the Prime
Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named _____.
 In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of E: S

coordinates, when the body rises to the right of the Prime
Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named:
 What are the relative positions of the Sun, the Earth, and a Earth is between the Sun
planet when the planet is at opposition? and the Planet
A. Earth is between the Sun and the Planet

B. Sun is between the Earth and the Planet
C. Planet is between the Earth and the Sun
D. The Planet, the Sun and the Earth are not in line
 The movement of water away from shore or downstream is ebb current

called a(n):
A. ebb current C. flood current

B. reversing current D. slack current
 When using a recording depth finder in the open ocean, Echoes from a deep
what phenomena is most likely to produce a continuous scattering layer
trace that may not be from the actual ocean bottom?
 The path of the sun appears to take among the stars due to ecliptic
the annual revolution of the earth in its orbit is called:
125
 At meridian passage, the bearing of the body will be: either North or South
 The difference between local apparent time (LAT) and local equation of time
mean time (LMT) is indicated by the_______.
 The sun crosses the upper branch of the celestial meridian Equator
of the observer at a position 15º South of his zenith. If the
sun declination is 15º S. What is the latitude of the
observer?
 The hour circle that passes through the First Point of Equinoctial Colure
Aries is known as the _______________.
 The points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial Equinoxes

equator are called_______.
 A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens outside the galaxy Extragalactic nebula
is called _____.
 Frost smoke will occur when ___________. extremely cold air from
shore passes over
warmer water
 The cumulonimbus cloud which is dense and dark Eye

surrounding the typhoon is called _______.
A. eye C. spiral bands

B. cyclonic spiral D. funnel clouds
 On the approach of a warm front, barometric pressure falls

usually ______.
 A tropical wave is located 200 miles due west of your farther away to the
position, which is north of the equator. Where will the west
wave be located 24 hours later?
 Ice which is attached to the ground is called ________. fast ice
A. fast ice C. icelands

B. ground ice D. growler
 The speed of sound through ocean water is nearly always faster than the speed of
____. calibration for the
fathometer
126
 Squall lines with an almost unbroken line of threatening fast-moving cold front
black clouds and sharp changes in wind direction, generally
a/an __________.
 _______ is the identification of complex mirage due to fata morgana

objects generally magnified and distorted.
A. fata morgana C. inferior mirage

B. spectrum mirage D. superior mirage
 This is a complex mirage characterized by marked fata morgana

distortion on objects, magnified and at times, even
multiplied generally in the vertical and even appeared
towering.
 The original date of issue of a new chart is shown on top first edition
center margin written with ______.
 The sidereal day begins when the___________. first point of Aries is

over the upper branch of
the reference meridian
 In the Horizon system of coordinates, the arc of the horizon First Quadrant
measured from the East point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North
Celestial Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
 In the Horizon System of coordinates, the arc of the horizon Fourth Quadrant
measured from the West point of the horizon in a direction
towards the Principal Vertical circle through the North
Celestial Pole will give an amplitude in which quadrant?
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises about noon and First quarter
sets about midnight?
 What describes an accurate position that is NOT based on fix

any prior position?
 When adjusting a compass with induced magnetism in Flinder’s bar

vertical soft iron, which corrects this coefficient of the
deviation?
A. Flinder’s bar C. heeling magnet

B. quadrantal spheres D. bar magnets in the binnacle
127
 What kind of component is Parameter P? fore and aft component
A. fore and aft component C. vertical component

B. athwartship component D. horizontal component
 Which can be set while the vessel is heading magnetic east fore and aft magnets
or west?
A. fore and aft magnets C. heeling magnet

B. quadrantal spheres D. athwartship magnets
 The largest waves or swells created by a typhoon or forward and to the right
hurricane will be located: of its course
 Which theoretical minimum number of measurements from Four

satellites does a GPS receiver need in order to provide an
exact three-dimensional position?
 A boundary between two masses is a _______________. front
 This is the resultant of the commencement of the air when it frontal depression
forces its way to the cold air.
A. frontal depression C. quasi-frontal

B. occluded front D. cyclonic front
 What would occur when an extremely cold air from shore frost smoke
passes over warmer water?
A. frost smoke C. convection fog

B. advection fog D. ground fog
 The moon is rising while sun is setting. What is the Full moon
approximate phase of the moon?
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises about sunset? full moon
 When the moon is at opposition, the phase of the moon is: Full moon
 The moon will wane from____________. Full Moon to Last

Quarter
128
 Which is TRUE about Light Lists? furnishes complete
information about
navigation lights and
other navigational aids
 A cloudy patch of matter in the heavens within the galaxy Galactic Nebula
of which the sun is a part is called:
 A vast collection cluster of stars and clouds of gas is called: Galaxy
 Milky Way is a term associated with___________. Galaxy
 Chart intended for coastwise navigation outside of general chart

outlying reefs and shoals is called______.
 Dashed lines in TSS, precautionary areas, two-way routes general maritime limits
and deep water routes are _______.
A. general maritime limits

B. limits of precautionary area
C. limits of fishing area
D. limits of recommended route
 The difference in apparent position as observed from the Geocentric Parallax

surface of the Earth and the center of the Earth is ______.
 If the surface of the spheroid is altered so as to be geoid

everywhere perpendicular to the direction of gravity, the
Earth is considered a/an _____.
 You plot a fix using three lines of position and find they geometric center of the
intersect in a triangle. The actual position of the vessel is triangle
the :
 If the isobars are straight, the wind blowing is called : geostrophic wind
 If the isobars are curve, the wind blowing is called : gradient wind
 A position of the Earth has a longitude of 74º 10' E. Its GHA of 285º 50'
celestial counterpart would have a ________.
129
 What part of the gyro compass is use to support the Gimbals
gyroscope in such a manner that it remains horizontal even
when the support is tilted?
A. Gimbals C. South component

B. East component D. West component
 The proximity of pack ice may be indicated by _______. glare on clouds on the
horizon
A. glare on clouds on the horizon
B. changes in seawater salinity
C. changes in air temperature
D. cooling of sea water
 GPS means ________. Global Positioning

System
 A projection where points on the earth are transferred gnomonic

directly to a plane and the origin of the projecting rays is
the center of the earth is called _______.
 Which statement is TRUE with respect to ship handling in go astern with extreme
ice? care with rudder
amidships
A. go astern with extreme care with rudder amidships
B. never go astern because it might damage the propeller
C. approach ice at moderate speed to reduce impact
D. navigate in zigzag to crack the ice
 A low HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) number good fix

such as 2 indicates a ____.
 A tropical wave is usually preceded by _________. good weather
 Often expressed in time units, it is the arc between the hour Greenwich Apparent
circle of the apparent sun and the lower branch of the Time
Greenwich meridian.
 The geographical position (GP) of a celestial body is Greenwich Hour Angle

determined from its declination and the _______.
A. Greenwich Hour Angle C. right ascension

B. sidereal hour angle D. observe altitude
130
 A strong northeast wind of the central Mediterranean is Gregale
called _______.
A. Gregale C. Scirocco
B. Mistral D. Harmattan
KEY WORD: Centrale >>> Gregale
 The error in a compass which indicates the direction in gyro error

which the axis of the compass is offset from true north is the
____.
 A compass which is north-seeking depends upon gyrocompass

gyroscopic inertia, gyroscopic precession, the earth’s
rotation, and gravity is ______.
 An automatic device for steering a vessel by means of gyropilot

control signals received from a gyro compass is called
_____.
 A rapidly rotating mass free to move about one or both gyroscope

axes perpendicular to the axis of rotation and to each
other is called ______.
 The horizontal rotation of the spin axis of a gyroscope gyroscopic drift

about the vertical axis is called:
 The property of a gyroscope of resisting any force which gyroscopic inertia

tends to change its axis of rotation is called _____.
 One of the stars pointing to the Southern Cross is the: Hadar
 The full moon nearest the autumnal equinox is Harvest moon

called____________.
 The typhoon track is the line which a typhoon _______. has already passed
A. has already passed C. will definitely pass

B. is forecasted to pass D. has stayed stationary
131
 Spring tides are tides that _______. have lows lower than
normal highs higher
A. have lows lower than normal highs higher than normal than normal
B. have lows higher than normal and highs lower than normal
C. are unpredictable
D. occur in the spring of the year
 Deviation changes with a change in _______. Heading

A. heading C. longitude
B. latitude D. sea conditions
 The compass deviation changes as the vessel changes : Heading

A. heading C. geographical position
B. speed D. longitude
 The vessel’s direction pointed at anytime is called _______. Heading
A. heading C. track line

B. course D. course over ground
 What kind of weather would you expect to accompany the heavy rain and
passage of a tropical wave? cloudiness
 This is a permanent magnet placed vertically in a tube heeling magnet

under the center of the magnetic compass:
A. heeling magnet C. fore and aft magnet

B. athwartship magnet D. flinders bar
 _______ is a compass corrector that cannot be et on a heeling magnets

heading of magnetic east or west.
A. heeling magnets C. Flinder’s bar

B. fore and aft tray D. fore and aft magnets
 Geographical range of a light depends upon the? height of both the light
and the observer
 The difference in apparent position as viewed from the Heliocentric parallax

Earth and the sun is known as _____.
 The first indications a mariner will have of the approach of high cirrus clouds
a warm front will be: gradually changing to
cirrostratus and then to
altostratus
132
 Conditions for crossing a bar would be best at: high water slack
A. high water slack C. low water slack

B. high water ebb D. low water ebb
 When the pressure gradient is closely spaced, it means that high winds
you expect to encounter:
A. high winds C. calm and smooth weather

B. overcast skies D. fog or heavy rainfall
 When navigating using GPS, what is an indicator of the Horizontal Dilution of

geometry of the satellites that your receiver is locked Precision
onto?
 Current refers to the _______. horizontal movement of

the water
A. horizontal movement of the water
B. vertical movement of the water
C. density changes in the water
D. none of these
 What describes an ebb current? Horizontal movement of

the water away from the
A. Horizontal movement of the water away from the land land following high tide
following high tide
B. Horizontal movement of the water away from the land
following low tide
C. Horizontal movement of the water toward the land
following the low tide
D. Horizontal movement of the water toward the land
following the high tide
 The diurnal pressure variation is commonly observed on horse latitude

the area of:
 Along the pole ward side of each trade wind belt and horse latitudes
approximately with the belt of high pressure in each
hemisphere is a region with weak pressure gradients and
correspondingly with light, variable winds. These winds
are called the ______.
 The area of high pressure with weak pressure gradients and horse latitudes
light variable winds on the pole side of the trade wind belt is
called _______.
A. horse latitudes C. doldrums

B. geostropic winds D. prevailing westerlies
133
 The region of calms and variable winds coinciding with the horse latitudes
subtropical high pressure belts on the pole ward side is
called _______.
A. horse latitudes C. doldrums

B. polar belt D. polar region
 The region of high pressure extending around the earth is horse latitudes
called _______.
A. horse latitudes C. troposphere

B. prevailing westerlies D. doldrums
 What kind of conditions would your observe as the eye of a Huge waves approaching
storm passes over your vessel’s position? from all directions,
clearing skies, light
winds and an extremely
low barometer.
 _______ is a measure of the atmosphere’s vapor content. humidity
 Which condition will occur after a cold front passes? Humidity decreases
 A swift current occurring in a narrow passage connecting hydraulic current

two large bodies of water, which is produced by the
continuous changing difference in height of tide at the end of
passage is called a:
A. hydraulic current C. rectilinear current

B. rotary current D. harmonic current
 Tides at the two ends of a strait are seldom in phase or hydraulic current
equal in range and the current is generated largely by the
continuously changing difference in height of water at the
two ends called _______.
A. hydraulic current C. resultant current

B. differential current D. semi-diurnal current
 In a _______ mode of Omega, the receiver measures the Hyperbolic

difference in phase between two transmitters.
134
 Which of the following is TRUE? I & II
I. Coriolis force tends to divert air toward the right in the

Northern Hemisphere
II. Coriolis Force tends to divert air toward the left in the
Southern Hemisphere
III. Coriolis Force tends to divert air toward the left in the
Northern Hemisphere, to the right in the Southern
Hemisphere
 Which of the following can be measured from the Horizon I, II, III
System of Coordinates?
I. Zenith Distance
II. Amplitude
III. Co-altitude
 Which statement is true when operating in area where sea Icebergs may travel in
ice and iceberg are present? direction very different
from sea ice
A. Icebergs may travel in direction very different from sea
ice
B. Both icebergs and sea ice move in same direction and
same speed
C. Icebergs and sea ice move in same direction but of
different speed
D. Icebergs and sea ice move in same direction but iceberg
slower due its volume
 Sidereal time is NOT used____________. in sight reduction of

planet observation
 The diurnal variation of pressure is most noticeable: in the doldrums
 In a tropical cyclone, in the Northern Hemisphere, a vessel in the navigable

hove to with the wind shifting counterclockwise would be: semicircle
A. in the navigable semicircle

B. ahead to the storm center
C. in the dangerous semicircle
D. directly in the approach path of the storm
135
 Where is the vessel located in a tropical cyclone in the S. In the navigable
Hemisphere if a vessel hove to with the wind shifting semicircle
clockwise?
A. In the navigable semicircle

B. Directly behind the storm center
C. Ahead of the storm center
D. In the dangerous semi circle
 In the Southern Hemisphere, a vessel hove to with the wind in the navigable semi-
shifting clockwise would be _______. circle
A. in the navigable semi-circle C. ahead of the storm track

B. in the dangerous semi-circle D. behind the storm center
 The principle of a sextant is that, when a plane surface incidence

reflects a light ray, the angle of reflection equals the angle
of:
 The movable arm of the sextant is the: index arm
 The error remaining in the sextant after the navigator has index error
removed side error perpendicularity error and collimation
error is:
 Which of the four adjustable errors in the sextant is the index mirror and
principal cause of index error? horizon glass not
parallel
A. index mirror and horizon glass not parallel
B. index mirror not perpendicular to the frame
C. horizon glass not perpendicular to the frame
D. telescope not parallel to the frame
 Magnetism under the influence of an external field is called: induced magnetism

A. induced magnetism C. residual magnetism
B. permanent magnetism D. sub-permanent magnetism
 Elongation becomes zero at ________________. inferior conjunction
 In low latitudes, trade winds converge in an area called : Inter tropical

convergence zone
A. Inter tropical convergence zone
B. temperature zone
C. inter tropical divergence zone
D. torrid zone
136
 Trade winds converge in an area in low latitudes called : Inter tropical
A. inter tropical convergence zone convergence zone
B. inter tropical divergence zone
C. torrid zone
D. temperate zone
 The normal variation between the actual depth of water is extremely cold
and the indicated depth on an electronic depth sounder due
to water conditions is on the side of safety. This would NOT
be true in a case when the water______________.
 At some distance above the earth’s surface, the wind tends Isobars
to blow along lines connecting points of equal pressure
called:
 The line joining all places having the same temperature on Isotherm
weather maps is called:
A. isotherm C. isallobars
B. isobars D. col
 Reasons for correcting compass are the following it is more comfortable

EXCEPT: to use a corrected
compass in bad
weather
 Which statement concerning GPS is TRUE? It may be suspended

without warning
 The steepness of a cold front depends on_____________. its velocity
 The largest of the known planets is ______. Jupiter
 This is a fast moving current of air with strong lateral and jet stream
shears which is located immediately below the troposphere is
called _______.
A. jet stream C. warm front

B. cold front D. cold front
 One of the two pointers in the Ursa Minor pointing to Kochab

Polaris is:
137
 What do you call the current which is similar to the gulf Kuroshio current
stream predominantly flows on north-north-easterly
direction?
A. Kuroshio current C. Benguela current

B. California current D. Oyasho Current
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises about midnight Last quarter
and sets at about noon?
 The process of changing solid to liquid state is called : latent heat of fusion
A. latent heat of fusion

B. latent heat of sublimation
C. latent heat of accumulation
D. latent heat of vaporization
 The process of changing solid state to vapor state is called : latent heat of
sublimation
A. latent heat of sublimation C. latent heat of accumulation
B. latent heat of fusion D. latent heat of vaporization
 The change from liquid to vapor requires: latent heat of

vaporization
A. latent heat of vaporization C. latent heat of deposition
B. latent heat of sublimation D. latent heat of fusion
 The amplitude will be numerically equal to the declination Latitude is zero

only when _____.
 What line of position can you derive foremost during latitude line
meridian passage?
 In the Celestial Equator system of coordinates, when the latitude of the observer
the meridional zenith distance is equal to the _____.
 The intercepted arc along the observer’s celestial meridian latitude of the observer
between the celestial horizon and the elevated pole is equal
to the:
 If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90 degrees, the ______. Latitude of the observer
is at the pole
138
 The earth’s rotation affects the direction of the current in Left
the Southern Hemisphere by deflecting the set towards the :
A. left C. center
B. right D. outside
 Local sidereal time is equal to the_________. LHA of Aries
 T-shaped dashes in areas to be avoided and defined ends of limits of restricted

inshore traffic zones are _______. areas
A. limits of restricted areas

B. limits of recommended track
C. limits of inshore traffic
D. limits of recommended route
KEYWORD: T-shaped >>> restricTed areas
 Isallobar is a ________________. line joining places having

an equal change of
pressure
 The line connecting Vernal Equinox to Autumnal Equinox Line of equinoxes

is called:
 The angle at the pole between the body’s hour circle and LMT
the observer’s lower meridian:
 The data for sunrise and sunset in the Nautical Almanac is LMT
given in ______.
 The time of meridian passage in the Nautical Almanac is LMT

given in:
A. LMT C. LAN
B. GMT D. ZT
 Your vessel is an ice-reinforced about to enter pack ice. You look for areas of rotten
should _______. ice and enter the edge
perpendicularly
A. look for areas of rotten ice and enter the edge perpendicularly
B. take maximum advantage of coastal leads caused by
offshore winds
C. trim to an even keel or slightly down by the bow
D. enter the pack ice on the windward side
139
 _______ is a glow observed from a light below the horizon or Loom
hidden by obstacles.
A. loom C. corona
B. halo D. aurora borealis
 The accuracy of Loran position is within ______. 0.25 nautical miles
 _______ is a hyperbolic system of navigation using a long Loran A

range medium frequency.
 _______ is a hyperbolic system of navigation using a long Loran C

range low frequency.
 What kind of pressure system travel in tropical waves? low pressure
 Your vessel goes aground in soft mud. You would have the low water spring
best chance of refloating it on the next tide if it grounded at:
A. low water spring C. low water neap

B. high water neap D. high water spring
 New edition is marked on the chart ________. lower left hand corner
 When a first edition of a chart is printed, the original date lower left hand corner
of issue of a new chart
 The revision date of a chart is printed on what area of the lower-left corner
chart?
 What is the maximum range at which an observer sees a luminous range

light under existing visibility conditions?
 An irregularity in the motion of the Earth due to the lunar pertuberance

disturbing effect of other celestial bodies, principally the
moon is called ______.
NOTE: “ LUNAR” refers to the MOON
 An instrument for indicating a horizontal difference magnetic compass

relative to the earth depending upon the magnetic
attraction of the earth is called ______.
140
 Deviation and variation are applied to the _____. magnetic compass
 The curve that passes thru the places of zero DIP and magnetic equator
WITHOUT inclination on the compass needle is called
________.
A. magnetic equator C. magnetic north
B. magnetic meridian D. magnetic field
 This phenomenon occurs when a stream of charged particles Magnetism

around the nucleus of an atom is called:
A. magnetism C. magnetic charges

B. electron D. magnetic disturbance
 Variation in a compass is caused by____________. magnetism from the

earth magnetic field
 Compass deviation is caused by__________. magnetism within the

vessel
 A conventional representation usually on a plane surface Map

is called _______.
 A conventional representation usually on a plane surface marine chart

intended primarily for marine navigation is called :
 During meridian passage, the LHA and meridian angle of maximum altitude
the body is zero. What is its altitude?
 The reference datum used in determining the heights of land mean high water
features on most charts:
A. mean high water C. mean sea level

B. mean low water D. half-tide level
 The average height of all low waters at a given place is called mean low water
_______.
A. mean low water C. mean lower low water

B. low water datum D. tropic lower low water
 The correction table for GHA of planets is based upon the: mean rate of the sun
141
 The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of mean sea level
the tide over a 19 year period is called _______.
A. mean sea level C. mean high water

B. mean low water D. half-tide level
 The GMT in the Nautical Almanac is based on the reference mean sun
point of:
A. mean sun C. apparent sun

B. true sun D. mean and apparent sun
 A conic projection upon a plane, the cylinder conceived as mercator

being tangent along the equator is a _______.
 Superior conjunction is possible for___________. Mercury
 Which two planets are inside the orbit of the earth? Mercury and Venus
 The term “gegenschein” is associated with_________. meteors
 Zodiacal light is related to_____________. meteors
 A Pulse length is expressed in: micro-seconds
 Asteroids lie chiefly between Mars and Jupiter and are Minor Planets
considered _____.
 What do you call the type of tide where the presence of a mixed tides
diurnal wave is conspicuous by a large inequality in the
heights of either the two high tides or two low tides usually
occurring each tidal day?
 The process in which an air mass changes in temperature Modification

and or moisture characteristics is called:
 This is a seasonal wind blowing from a large land mass to Monsoon

the ocean in winter and in the opposite direction in summer:
A. Monsoon C. Gradient
B. Front D. Climate
142
 Tropic tides are caused by the _______. Moon being at its
maximum declination
A. Moon being at its maximum declination
B. Moon crossing the equator
C. Sun and Moon both being near 0-deg. declination
D. Moon being at perigee
 Loran-C uses the multi pulse system because: more signal energy is
available at the
A. more signal energy is available at the receiver receiver
B. less signal energy is necessary for receiver operation
C. it significantly increases the peak power
D. it increases the signal capacity
 The period between the time prior to sunrise is called_____. morning twilight
 In the relatively calm area near the hurricane center, the mountainous and
seas are___________. confused
 The apparent wind speed can be zero only when two must be from dead
conditions are present. One condition is that the true wind astern
_____________.
 The graphic presentation of the earth’s surface that is nautical chart

constructed to include known dangers and aids to
navigation is called _______.
A. nautical chart C. general chart

B. coastal chart D. pilot chart
 What represents part of the spherical earth on a plane nautical chart

surface?
 In a tropical cyclone, if you are in the northern hemisphere navigable semi-circle

and experience backing winds, it would mean that you are
in the _______.
A. navigable semi-circle C. eye of the storm

B. dangerous semi-circle D. track of the storm
 The edge of a hurricane has overtaken your vessel in the navigable semi-circle
Gulf of Mexico and the northwest wind of a few hours ago
has shifted to the west. This is an indication that you are
located in the:
A. navigable semi-circle C. dangerous semi-circle

B. low pressure area D. eye of the hurricane
143
 When planning and conducting a voyage, the navigator uses navigational charts
many information sources that includes the following
EXCEPT:
 Prior to getting the ship underway, the navigator should navigational check list
make a/an:
 ____________ is a maritime radio warning system NAVTEX

consisting of a series of coast stations transmitting radio
teletype safety messages .
 When the moon is at first quarter or third quarter phase, Neap

what type of tides will occur?
A. neap C. perigean
B. spring D. apogean
 The west wind drift is located _______. near 60 deg S
A. near 60 deg S C. between Greenland and Europe

B. near 5 deg S D. on the Equatorial Current
 Tropical cyclone does not occur in the doldrums due to: negligible coriolis force
A. negligible coriolis force C. lack of frontal areas

B. always with high humidity D. due to high temperature
 Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? neither I and II
I. The body rises at the Prime Vertical when the Declination

is greater than the Latitude and same names
II. The body will set at the Prime vertical when the Latitude
is numerically equal to declination and same names
 Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Neither I nor II
I. Meridian Passage of the sun occurs before 1200 LMT

if mean sun is ahead of apparent sun.
II. Meridian Passage of the sun occurs after 1200 LMT if
apparent sun is ahead of the mean sun.
 Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? Neither I nor II
I. Night is longer than day when the sun’s declination is

numerically equal and same name as your latitude
II. Day is longer than night when the sun’s declination is
north and you are in south Latitude.
144
 Ship A observed in his radar ship B on her own portside to neither of the ships
be on a collision course on a dense for, which ship has the
right of way?
A. neither of the ships C. ship B

B. ship A D. both ships
 Ship A observed in his radar ship B on her own starboard neither of the two vessels
side to be on a collision course, on a dense fog, which ship
has the right of way?
A. neither of the two vessels

B. Ship A
C. Ship B
D. both ships
 At the time of printing, correction are too numerous new edition

making previous printing obsolete, a printing is made
called______.
 What is the phase of the moon when it rises and sets with New moon
the sun?
 What is the phase of the moon when it seems to rise and new moon
set with the sun?
 When the moon is in conjunction, the moon phase is : New moon
 When the moon is in inferior conjunction the moon phase new moon
is:
 The moon will wax from : New Moon to First

Quarter
 The maximum distance at which a light can be seen in nominal range

weather conditions where the visibility is 10 miles is
known as:
 Which current flows westward in the general area of the North Equatorial
northeast trades. Current
A. North Equatorial Current C. Davidson Current

B. Cape Horn Current D. Labrador Current
145
 If your weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure north to northwest
area to be 100 miles due east of your position, what winds
can you expect in the northern hemisphere?
 According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the northeast

Northern Hemisphere experiences a northwest wind, the
center of the low pressure is located to the ____ .
 The prevailing winds from approximately 5 deg N to 30 deg northeast trade winds
N are the _______.
A. northeast trade winds C. southeast trade winds

B. prevailing westerlies D. doldrums
 Because of the low temperatures near the geographical northeasterlies in the

poles of the earth, the surface pressure tends to remain Arctic
higher than in surrounding regions since cold air is denser
than warm air. Consequently, winds blow outward from
the poles called:
 The Humboldt current flows: Northerly
A. northerly C. easterly
B. southerly D. westerly
 If the gyro compass is operating properly, the rotor shaft is North-South

aligned to:
A. North-South C. Vertical
B. East-West D. Horizontal
 The pressure gradient between the horse latitudes and north-south

doldrums runs _________:
 The southeast trade winds blow toward _______. Northwest
A. northwest C. south
B. southeast D. northeast
 _______ is the least signal or complete absence of signal Null

where this varies with direction.
A. null C. out of range

B. blind spot D. 180 deg out of phase
146
 Sailing Directions contain: numbered sections along
a coast or through a
strait
 This is a rocky crag or small mountain projecting from and Nunatak

surrounded by glacier or ice sheet.
A. Nunatak C. Nilas
B. Rime D. Sastrugi
 The sun changing declination is caused by: obliquity of the ecliptic
 On weather maps, purple color indicates: occluded front
A. occluded front C. cold front

B. stationary front D. warm front
 This is a kind of front which appears on weather maps as occluded front

a solid purple line with at alternating triangles and half
circles.
 What cyclone is in its final stage of development? occluded front
A. occluded front C. anticyclone

B. polar cyclone D. tornado
 In the last stages of extratropical cyclone, the closing of its Occlusion

warm sector by an overtaking cold front which races about
the system’s center is called _______.
A. occlusion C. frontogenesis
B. frontolysis D. through
 Tropical cyclones do not form within 5° of the Equator of negligible Coriolis

because _____________. force
 _______ is a radio navigation system which operates in the Omega

very low frequency.
 The navigational triangle is NOT formed when the body is: on the observer’s
meridian
147
 If the vessel is in the dangerous semi-circle in the Southern on the port bow and
Hemisphere, the best action is to have the wind _______. make as much headway
as possible
A. on the port bow and make as much headway as possible
B. on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible
C. on the port quarter and make as much headway as possible
D. on the starboard quarter and make as much headway as
possible
 If the vessel is in the dangerous semi-circle in the Northern on the starboard bow
Hemisphere, the best action is to have the wind _______. and make as much
headway as possible
A. on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible
B. on the port bow and make as much headway as possible
C. on the starboard quarter and make as much headway as
possible
D. on the port quarter and make as much headway as possible
 If the vessel is in the navigable semi-circle in the Northern on the starboard quarter
Hemisphere, the best action is to have the wind _______. and make as much
headway as possible
A. on the starboard quarter and make as much headway as
possible
B. on the port quarter and make as much headway as possible
C. on the starboard bow and make as much headway as possible
D. on the port bow and make as much headway as possible
 You are attempting to locate your position with reference to on the storm track
a hurricane center in the Northern Hemisphere. If the wind behind the center
direction remains steady, but with diminishing velocity, you
are most likely.
 A tide is called diurnal when _______. only one high and one
low water occur during a
A. only one high and one low water occur during a lunar day lunar day
B. the high tide is higher and the low tide is lower than usual
C. the high tide and low tide are exactly six hours apart
D. two high tides occur during a lunar day
 After passing the First Quarter phase, the moon becomes Opposition
full moon at _____.
 If the age of the moon is approximately 14 &1/2 days, it is opposition

said to be at:
 If the moon reaches a point wherein it is completely Opposition

illuminated, it is at:
148
 The sun rises exactly at the time when the moon is setting. Opposition
The moon is at _____.
 The superior planets are brightest and closest to the earth Opposition
at_____________.
 When the moon sets during sunrise, it is at _____. Opposition
 When the moon’s R.A. is 12 hours different with that of opposition

the sun, the moon is said to be at:
 This is the type of rain that falls on the weather side of a orographic rain
mountain ranges and give some of the heaviest rain known:
NOTE: “ORO” refers to Mountain
 In making compass adjustments at sea, which international Oscar Quebec

flag signal is hoisted?
 The altitude correction that compensates for the equivalent Parallax

reading to the center of the earth is:
A. parallax C. index
B. dip D. semi-diameter
 _______ is a form of halo consisting of an image of the sun at anthelion

the same altitude and some distance from it.
A. parhelion C. anthelion
B. paranthelion D. anti-helion
 When the moon is at perigee, _______ occurs. perigean tide
A. perigean tide C. lagging tide

B. priming tide D. semi-diurnal range
 In a moon’s orbit, the point nearest the sun is called: Perigee
 A ship has a ______ magnetism. permanent magnetism
149
 The ratio of the strength of the magnetic field inside the Permeability
metal to the strength of the external field is:
A. permeability C. coercivity
B. retentivity D. remanence
 A pulse feature designed to eliminate sky wave is ______. phase coding
 The sun’s surface is called ______. photosphere
 Which of the following should be consulted to obtain Pilot chart

information about
 The SOA chosen for each track leg in voyage planning is PIM speed
the:
 The Sailing Directions are published in the Enroute format Planning Guide
and the _____.
 Which of the following statements is TRUE? Planning Guides are

relatively permanent
 The best position of the bow of the vessel when you are pointing to seaward
maneuvering on ice and intend to stop in ice close inshore is:
A. pointing to seaward C. pointing to the ridge

B. pointing to inwards D. pointing to shore
 In voyage planning, PIM means: points of intended

movement
 The angle measured from the elevated pole along the hour Polar Distance
circle to the diurnal circle passing by the body is called:
 Any piece of metal on becoming magnetized will develop Poles

regions of concentrated magnetism called ______.
 Along the coast of Australia, a current called Darwin poleward

current flows:
A. poleward C. northward
B. eastward D. westward
150
 In order for the gyro to have its North-South axis maintain Precession
its position in line with the Meridian, it must be capable of:
 The reaction of a gyro compass to an applied force is Precession

called:
A. precession C. gyroscopic inertia

B. counter effect D. gravity effect
 This is the property of a gyroscope of resisting any force Precession

which tends to change its axis of rotation.
 Any or all forms of water particles whether liquid or solid precipitation

that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground is
_____.
 Military users use the ______ which provides extremely Precise Positioning
accurate positioning. System
 Pressure gradient is a measure of ______________. pressure difference over

horizontal distance
 A change in pressure with horizontal distance is called pressure gradient

____.
 On the poleward side of the high pressure belt in both prevailing westerlies
hemispheres, the atmospheric pressure again diminishes.
The wind in motion moves towards the poles and diverted
by the earth’s rotation toward the east. This wind system
is called _______.
 What is the airflow along the poleward side of the high Prevailing westerlies
pressure belt in each hemisphere diverted by the earth’s
rotation towards the East?
A. Prevailing westerlies C. Geostrophic winds

B. Doldrums D. Horse latitude
 The charts _______ reflects the latest Notice to Mariners print date
used to update the chart.
 When the faces of the sextant shade glasses and mirrors prismatic error
are not parallel, the error is called:
151
 ____________ in GPS is the true distance between the pseudorange
satellite and the plus an offset due to frequency error of the
user’s clock.
 The characteristics on which range resolution depends is: Pulse length
 Occluded front is colored _______. Purple
A. purple C. red
B. blue D. green
 On weather maps, occluded front is colored: purple
A. purple C. blue
B. red D. green
 The 8-mm radar uses the: Q-Band
 Which deviation change signs approximately each 90 Quadrantal deviation

degrees change of headings caused by induced magnetism
in horizontal soft iron?
 This is a gyro error caused by the rolling of the vessel quadrantal error
whose effect can reach a maximum on inter-cardinal
heading:
A. quadrantal error C. damping error

B. ballistic error D. tilting error
 The component of space motion in the line of sight is Radial motion

called _____.
 A type of deformed ice formed by one piece of ice rafted ice

overriding another.
 Spoking would be indicated on the radar receiver by: Random, pie-shaped

wedges on the PPI
 If the rotor on a gyro is turning in the wrong direction it Read reciprocal

will cause the gyro to: directions
152
 When using an echo sounder in deep water, it is NOT receive a strong return at
unusual to _____. about 200 fathoms (366
meters) during the day,
and one nearer the
surface at night
 A dashed outlined arrow applied on precautionary areas, recommended direction

two-way routes, recommended routes and deep-water routes of traffic flow
is called _______.
A. recommended direction of traffic flow

B. recommended track
C. established direction of flow
D. recommended route
 Dashed line and dashed outlined arrows in recommended recommended routes

routes are ________.
A. recommended routes
B. recommended traffic flow
C. recommended track
D. recommended direction of traffic
 Dashed lines with arrowheads generally reserved for use recommended tracks
by charting authorities are _______.
A. recommended tracks C. recommended routes

B. recommended flow D. recommended two way area
 Cold front is colored _______. red
A. red C. purple
B. blue D. green
 On weather maps, warm front is colored: red
A. red C. purple
B. blue D. green
 On weather maps, stationary front is colored: red/blue
A. red/blue C. blue
B. purple D. red
 Planetary aberration is due, in part, to______________. refraction of light as it

enters the Earth
atmosphere
153
 The ratio of the pressure of water vapor present in the relative humidity
atmosphere to the saturation vapor pressure at the same
temperature is called ______.
 It is the deviation of a magnetic compass after adjustment residual deviation

or compensation.
 The remaining value that cannot be eliminated in deviation residual deviation

is called:
A. residual deviation C. minimal deviation

B. constant deviation D. all of these
 After attempting to neutralize magnetism of the vessel, the residual magnetism

remaining is called _______.
A. residual magnetism C. sub-permanent magnetism

B. sub-permanent magnetism D. permanent magnetism
 A print which does not supersede a current edition is revised print

called _______.
 The elongated area of high pressure extending outwards ridge

from an anticyclone area is called _______.
A. ridge C. through
B. col D. doldrums
 The earth’s rotation affects the direction of the current in right

the Northern Hemisphere by deflecting the set towards the
_______.
A. right C. center
B. left D. lower latitude
 The date of a revised print is on the charts ______. right of the edition date
 As a cold front passes an observer, pressure _______. rises and winds become
variable
 After a cold front passes the barometric pressure usually rises, often quite
____. rapidly, with clearing
skies
154
 In the Southern Hemisphere, the westerlies blow roaring forties
throughout the year steadily approaching that of the trade
winds. These are called the ______.

continue their progress across the oceans till they reach
shallow water when they abruptly steepen, increase in height
and sweep to the shore.
A. rollers C. surf
B. tidal wave D. tsunami
 Diurnal aberration is due to_______________. rotation of the Earth on

its axis
 What is a region between two highs and two lows? Saddle
A. Saddle C. V-shaped low

B. Secondary law D. Parallel isobars
 Charts used for planning , fixing position at sea on a long sailing charts
voyage are called _______.
 Which nautical publication gives an information if there sailing directions

will be a chance to meet an iceberg during the course of the
voyage.
A. sailing directions C. pilot chart

B. coast pilot D. coastal chart
 A 10-cm radar uses the: S-Band
 This is the result when the sea is warm compared with the sea smoke
air which flows over the surface of the sea.
 Which feature, when set to zero, might allow a GPS unit Selective Availability
to have an accuracy equivalent to Precise Positioning
Service receiver capability?
 Which feature, when set to zero, might allow a GPS unit Selective Availability
to have an accuracy equivalent to Precise Positioning
Service receiver capability?
155
 With regard to GPS, a civilian receiver may be capable of selective availability is
achieving the same accuracy as a military receiver set to zero
when________.
 The class of tide that prevails in the greatest number of semi-diurnal

important harbors on the Atlantic Coast is:
A. semi-diurnal C. mixed
B. interval D. diurnal
 When there are small differences between the heights of semi-diurnal

two successive high tides or two low tides, in a tidal day,
the tides are called _______.
A. semi-diurnal C. solar
B. diurnal D. mixed
 The radar control that reduces weak echoes out to a limited sensitivity time control
distance from the ship is the _______.
 The radar control used to reduce sea return at close ranges sensitivity time control
is the __________.
 A tint, 3 mm wide in TSS and between TSS and inshore separation line
traffic is _______.
A. separation line C. boundary line

B. limit line D. demarcation line
 A tint, any shape in TSS and between TSS and inshore separation zone
traffic is _______.
A. separation zone C. boundary zone

B. limit zone D. demarcation zone
 Which of the following will not contribute to the Ship's speed

commercial GPS receiver position error?
 The celestial coordinate of a star that is relatively constant in Sidereal hour angle
value is the:
A. Sidereal hour angle C. Greenwich Hour Angle

B. Local hour angle D. Meridian angle
156
 What do you call the snow and rain falling together, frozen sleet
consisting of transparent, rounded, hard rain-drop sized
grain of ice?
A. sleet C. frozen drizzle

B. hail D. frost
 Which instrument is the most useful in forecasting fog? sling psychromotor
 A line on Earth parallel to the equator is a __________. small circle
 A parallel of latitude other than the equator is a ______. small circle
 The earth receives 1,360 watts per square meter of the solar constant
solar energy. This is called:
A. solar constant C. solar wave

B. solar energy D. radiation
 The sun continuously emits charge particles called _____. solar wind
 An electronic depth finder operates on the principle that sound waves travel at a
____. constant speed through
water
 In the area of prevailing westerlies, and ocean current that South Atlantic Current
generally flows in the easterly direction to a point west of
Cape of Good Hope is called _______.
A. South Atlantic Current C. South American Current

B. North Atlantic Current D. Argentinian Current
 Tropical storms occur in all oceans EXCEPT in the: South Atlantic Ocean
A. South Atlantic Ocean C. Western South Pacific Ocean

B. South Indian Ocean D. Arabian Sea
 _______ flows westward in the general direction of the South Equatorial

southeast trades. Current
A. South Equatorial Current C. Davidson Current

B. Cape Horn Current D. Labrador Current
 In magnetism, it is the region in which the lines of force south pole

enter the iron.
157
 Because of the low temperatures near the geographical southeasterlies in the
poles of the earth, the surface pressure tends to remain Antarctic
higher than in surrounding regions since cold air is denser
than warm air. Consequently, winds blow outward from
the poles called:
 According to Buys Ballot law, when an observer in the south-southeast

northern hemisphere experiences a northeast wind the
center of low pressure is located to the __________.
 According to Buys Ballot Law, when an observer in the south-southwest

southern hemisphere experiences a northwest wind, the
center of the low pressure is located to the______.
 If a weather bulletin shows the center of a low pressure south-southwesterly

system to be 100 miles due east of you, what winds can
you expect in the southern hemisphere?
 Kamchatka current flows: southward
A. southward C. westward
B. northward D. eastward
 The usual sequence of directions in which a tropical cyclone southwest, south and
moves in the Southern Hemisphere is ________________. southeast
 In which direction does the Brazil Current flows? southwesterly
A. southwesterly C. southerly
B. northwesterly D. northerly
 Most GPS receivers use the Doppler shift of the carrier Speed
phase to compute ____.
 _______ is the gyro compass error introduced by the ship’s speed error
forward motion along its track.
A. speed error C. track line error

B. latitude error D. deflection error
 In voyage planning SOA means: speed of advance
158
 When the moon is new or full, what type of tides occur? Spring
A. Spring C. Diurnal
B. Neap D. Apogean
 Temperature decreases with height called _____. standard lapse rate
 These are stars in the galaxy that tend to congregate in Star clouds
groups arranged in long spiral arms.
 In the Nautical Almanac, are tabulated GHA of both the stars 57

sun and Aries, and also the declination of ______.
 On weather maps, alternate red and blue color indicates: stationary front
A. stationary front C. cold front

B. occluded front D. warm front
 Which of the following is a characteristic of the weather steadily falling

preceding an approaching warm front? barometric pressure
 Which of the following is typical of warm front weather steady precipitation

conditions?
 Monsoons are characterized by _______. steady winds that

reverse direction semi-
A. steady winds that reverse direction semi-annually annually
B. light, variable winds with little or no humidity
C. strong, gusty winds
D. strong, cyclonic winds
 A projection where points on the earth are transferred stereographic

the point opposite the plane point of tangency is
called______.
 It is a single crest wave and has no period or wavelength storm surge

called:
A. storm surge C. swell

B. tsunami D. ripples
 Fetch is the _____________. stretch of water over

which wave-forming
wind blows
159
 When solid particles is changed to water vapor, the process sublimation
is:
A. sublimation C. vaporization
B. condensation D. convection
 If a layer of cold, moist air over rides a shallow layer of Sub-refraction

warm, dry air, which of the following may occur?
 _______ is a squall with violent thunder, lightning, and Sumatra

rain, which blows at night in the Malacca Straits especially
during the southwest monsoon.
A. Sumatra C. Malaccan
B. Javaean D. Taku
 The star nearest to the earth is: sun
A. sun C. Sirius
B. Vega D. Altair
 The path followed by the sun towards Vega is called : Sun’s way
 Azimuth of the sun for compass error is best taken at: sun's low altitude
 An upper layer of warm, dry air over a surface layer of a Super-refraction

cold, moist air causes which of the following?
 It is a motion with a period intermediate between that of the surge

ordinary wind wave and that of the tide:
A. surge C. swell
B. bore D. seiche
 The sequence of tropical cyclone in the Southern SW, S and SE

Hemisphere is:
A. SW, S and SE C. N, NW and E

B. NW, W and S D. W, NW and N
 This is wave motion caused by meteorological disturbance swell

which persists after the disturbance has move away.
A. swell C. seiches
B. surge D. sea current
160
 This is the gyro compass error applicable in which tangent latitude error
damping is accompanied by offsetting the point of
application of the force from a mercury ballistic.
A. tangent latitude error C. ballistic error

B. damping error D. quadrantal error
 Fog forms when the air: Temperature equals or is

below the dew point
temperature
 The line separating the illuminated and darkened portions Terminator

of the moon is called:
 If it is impossible to avoid a hurricane in the Northern that half of the storm

Hemisphere, the most favorable place to be when storm lying to the left of the
passes is in ____________. storm path
 Little or no change in the barometric reading over a twelve that present weather
hour period indicates________. conditions will continue
 Planetary aberration is due in part, to______________. the body orbital motion

during the time required
for its light to reach the
earth
 The diurnal inequality of the tides is caused by _______. the declination of the
moon
A. the declination of the moon
B. changing the weather conditions
C. the Moon being at apogee
D. the Moon being at perigee
 Fog forms when the air temperature is at or below: The dew point
 The longitude of the GP of a celestial body will be East if : The Greenwich Hour
Angle is more than 180

larger as the elevation
increases
 Who has the con while navigating when the Master is on the OIC
the bridge?
161
 Which of the following statements is TRUE? the OIC must never
leave his post in the
bridge if not properly
relieved
 The same side of the moon is always turned towards the the period of rotation is
Earth because_______. equal to the period of
revolution
 What are the relative positions of the Sun, the earth, and a the Planet is between
planet when the planet is at inferior conjunction? the Earth and the Sun
A. the Planet is between the Earth and the Sun

B. the Sun is between the earth and the Planet
C. the Earth is between the Planet and the Sun
D. the Planet is between the Earth and Mercury
 The gyro compass has the least directional power at the : the sensitive element
 The term “velocity of escape” means____________. the speed at which the

molecules of the gas
making up the
atmosphere should
attain in order to
overcome the force of
gravity
 If the Earth’s rotation were stopped, which of the following The sun will rise from
conditions will happen? the West and sets to the
East due to revolution
 Apparent time is based on______________. the visible sun moving

along the ecliptic
 The area of lowest pressure along a line with minimum trough

cyclonic curvature in the isobars on surface charts is called:
A. trough C. wedge
B. ridge D. low pressure
 The lowest intervening part of the wave is called : trough
A. trough C. fetch
B. crest D. range
162
 A cold front moving in from the northwest can produce : Thunderstorms, hail,
and then rapid clearing
 _______ is a periodic motion of the sea due to gravitational tidal phenomenon

forces of various celestial bodies.
A. tidal phenomenon C. tidal current

B. tidal effect D. tidal stream
 An azimuth determined by solution of the navigational time and altitude

triangle with meridian angle, declination and altitude, it is azimuth
called _________________.
 An azimuth determined by solution of the navigational time azimuth

triangle with meridian angle, declination and latitude, it is
called ____________________.
 The equation of time measures the___________. time between the passage

of the mean sun and the
apparent sun over a
meridian
 When the equation of time is taken from the Nautical time of local apparent
Almanac for use in celestial navigation, it is used to noon
determine _______.
 You are steaming west in the North Atlantic in an extra- to the north of you
tropical cyclonic storm, and the wind, and the wind is
dead ahead. According to Buy Ballots Law, the center of
the law pressure lies _________.
 A dangerous semi-circle in the Northern Hemisphere is that to the right of the storm
area of the storm: track
A. to the right of the storm track

B. between the ship’s heading and the eye
C. to the left of the storm track
D. between the ship’s heading and the left of the storm
 In the Southern Hemisphere, the navigable semi-circle is: to the right of the
storm track
A. to the right of the storm track
B. in the dangerous semi-circle
C. ahead of the storm track
D. behind the storm center
163
 The navigable semicircle of a typhoon in the Southern to the right of the
 Original date of issue of a new chart is shown at the : top center margin
 The strength of the field at any point, measured in a total intensity

direction parallel to the field is called _______.
A. total intensity C. horizontal intensity

B. parallel intensity D. vertical intensity
 This is the belt of light and variable winds and fine clear trade wind belt
weather marking the central regions of the sub-tropical
high pressure belt.
 The winds blowing consistently from the horse latitudes to trade winds
the doldrums are called _______.
A. trade winds C. roaring forties

B. polar easterlies D. prevailing westerlies
 The winds that has the greatest effect on the set, drift, and trade winds
depth of the equatorial currents are the:
A. trade winds C. prevailing westerlies

B. doldrums D. equatorial winds
 Winds that blow from the belts of high pressure towards trade winds
the equatorial belts of low pressure are the ______.
 A device which converts electrical energy into sound energy transducer

and vice versa is called:
 In modern fathometers the sonic sound waves are produced transducer

electrically by means of a/an____.
 When the Moon’s declination is maximum north, which of Tropic tides

the following will occur?
A. Tropic tides
B. Higher high tides & lower low tides
C. Mixed-type tides
D. Equatorial tides
164
 Which of the following weather disturbances is classified by Tropical disturbance
from and intensity and which does not have closed isobars?
 Low pressure disturbances, which travel along the inter- tropical waves
tropical convergence zone, are called__________.
 The velocity of the apparent wind can be less than the true true wind from dead
wind and from the same direction, if certain conditions are astern
present. One condition is that the ___________.
 The velocity of the apparent wind can be more than the true wind must be from
true wind, and come from the same direction, if certain dead ahead
conditions are present. One condition is that the ______.
 A strong tidal wave is called _______. tsunami
A. tsunami C. cyclonic wave

B. tsurami D. tsushima
 When operated over a muddy bottom, a fathometer may two depth reading
indicate _____
 Which factor has the greatest effect on the amount of gain Type of bottom
required to obtain a fathometer reading?
 If a navigational computer is not available for constructing use of gnomonic chart to

a track in voyage planning, the easiest method is the: plot a great circle route
 The angle between the magnetic and geographic meridians variation

at any place east or west to indicate the direction of
magnetic north from the true north is called :
 Conjunction is not possible for ___________. Venus
 Inferior conjunction is possible for ____________. Venus
 Which of the planet in the Solar System has almost the same Venus
size as the Earth?
A. Venus C. Pluto
B. Neptune D. Mars
165
 What is the point on the track of a tropical cyclone where vertex
the curvature is greatest?
A. vertex C. vortex
B. trough D. eye
 What does the term “tide” refer to? Vertical movement of the
water
A. Vertical movement of the water
B. Horizontal movement of the water
C. Mixing tendency of the water
D. Salinity constant of the water
 The extreme horizontal distance at which prominent objects visibility

can be seen and identified by the unaided eye.
 Clouds appearing in the following order: cirrus, warm front

cirrostratus, altostratus, status, and nimbostratus usually
indicate the approach of a (n) ______________.
 If the cloud is observed to appear in the following order: warm front

cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus stratus and nimbostratus,
this would indicate the approach of a/an:
A. warm front C. occluded front

B. cold front D. thunderstorm
 On weather maps, red color indicates: warm front
A. warm front C. occluded front

B. cold front D. stationary front
 Fog is most commonly associated with a (an). Warm front at night
 On a weather map, triangles are pointing toward the : warmer air
 On mid-ocean waters, the height of a wind-generated wave water depth exceeding

is not affected by the: 100 feet
 Fog is most commonly associated with a/an: water front at night
166
 A small whirling storm over the ocean or inland waters and waterspout
is like a funnel-shaped cloud dropping to the ocean is called
_______.
A. waterspout C. depression
B. whirlwind D. tornado
 This is the vertical distance between the trough and the wave height
crest.
A. wave height C. wave range

B. altitude D. wave length
 This is the vertical distance between the trough and the wave height
crest.
 A Loran receiver’s major advantage is its ability to store : waypoints
 The state of the atmosphere with respect to temperature, weather

humidity, precipitation, visibility, cloudiness, and other
factors is called ______.
 Which gyro pilot adjustment is set to zero except when it weather adjustment
is desirable to allow the ship to respond to the temporary
action of heavy seas?
 ______ is a transmission sent to the ship advising the weather advisory

master of expected adverse conditions, duration and
geographic extent.
 Charts through Notice To Mariners are updated: Weekly
 Light Lists through Notice To Mariners are updated: weekly
 Notice To Mariners is published: weekly
 The Local Notice to Mariners is usually published _____. weekly
 Because of the earth rotation, the moving air is deflected west

toward the ______.
167
 The North Equatorial Current flows to the _______. west
A. west C. northeast
B. east D. southwest
 In the middle latitudes, wind travels generally from: west to east
A. west to east C. south to north

B. north to south D. east to west
 Current that flows easterly around Antarctica is termed as West wind drift
_______.
A. West wind drift C. Antarctic Current

B. Falkland Current D. Gulf Stream
 In the Antarctic the circulation is generally from west to east West Wind Drift
in a broad, slow-moving current extending completely
around Antarctica, this is called the _______.
A. West Wind Drift C. East Wind Drift

B. Circumpolar Wind Drift D. Antarctica Current
 The precession of the equinoxes occurs in a(n) _______. westerly direction
A. westerly direction C. easterly direction

B. northerly direction D. southerly direction
 Agulhas current generally flows: westward
A. westward C. eastward
B. northward D. southward
 Neap tides occur only _______. when the Moon is at

quadrature
A. when the Moon is at quadrature
B. at a new or full moon
C. when the Sun, Moon and Earth are in line
D. at approximately 28-day intervals
168
 Priming of the tides occurs _______. when the Moon is
between new and first
A. when the Moon is between new and first quarter and quarter and between
between third quarter and new third quarter and new
B. at times of new and full Moon
C. when the Earth, Moon and Sun are lying approximately
on the same line
D. when the Moon is between first quarter and full and
between third quarter and new
 Spring tides occur _______. when the Sun, Moon and

Earth are nearly in line,
A. when the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly in line, in any in any order
order
B. at the start of spring, when the Sun is nearly over the
equator
C. only when the Sun and Moon are on the same side of the
earth and nearly in line
D. when the Sun and Moon are at approximately 90-deg. to
each other as seen from the Earth
 In a river subject to tidal currents, the best time to dock a when there is a head
ship without the assistance of tugs is____________. current
 A warm front marks the region _________________. where a warm air is

replacing cold air
 Two generating forces of ocean currents are: wind and density

differences
A. wind and density differences
B. water depth and ocean contour
C. density and water depth
D. temperature and salinity
 The wind in the dangerous semi-circle of a tropical cyclone wind circulation and
is higher in velocity due to the: forward motion of the
storm
A. wind circulation and forward motion of the storm
B. extension of the low pressure ridge
C. direction of circulation and pressure gradient
D. recurvature effect
 The wind velocity is higher in the dangerous semi-circle of a wind circulation and
tropical cyclone because of the _______. forward motion of the
storm
A. wind circulation and forward motion of the storm
B. extension of the low pressure ridge
C. direction of circulation and pressure gradient
D. recurvature effect
169
 The apparent wind speed can be zero only when two wind speed equals the
conditions are present. One condition is that the true ship speed
_____________.
 Capricorn is the point of: winter solstice
 What publication contains information about the port World Port Index
facilities in Cadiz, Spain?
 The difference of latitude between the GP and your position, zenith distance
at the time when the celestial body is on the meridian, is
represented by:
A. zenith distance C. altitude

B. co-latitude D. declination
 When the moon is at New Moon its elongation is ______. zero
 A circular band of the sky extending 8 degrees on each side zodiac

of the ecliptic is called:
 A faint glow observed extending upward along the ecliptic zodiacal light
before sunrise and after sunset is called ______.
 This is a faint cone of light which extends upward from the zodiacal light
horizon along the ecliptic after sunset or before sunrise.
 You are using a racetrack turn to recover a man 180°

overboard. The vessel is first steadied when how many
degrees away from the original heading?
A. 60° to 70° C. 135°

B. 90° D. 180°
 In a racetrack turn, to recover a man overboard, the vessel 360°

is steadied for the SECOND time after a turn of how many
degrees from the original heading?
A. 60° C. 180°
B. 135° D. 360°
170
 The axis of precession describes an angle of inclination as 41,000 years
the earth moves towards the direction of star VEGA,
caused by a force which tends to rotate the earth axis
perpendicular to plane of the ecliptic. This physical
character has a cycle of:
 Tropical cyclones normally form within which of the 5° to 15°

following belts of latitude?
A. 5° to 15°
B. 15° to 30°
C. 30° to 45°
D. 45° to 60°
 In the Celestial Equator System of coordinates, when the 90°

body is along the Pn-Ps line, therefore the Meridian Angle
is:
 Which of the following should NOT be used as an indicator a dark appearance of

that ice may be nearby? the sky
A. a dark appearance of the sky

B. A gradual drop in sea water temperature to below 32° F
C. A yellowish glare in the sky
D. The presence of seals or certain type birds
 The Coordinator Surface Search (CSS) in a SAR situation a distinctive signal

should display by night: promulgated by the
CSS
 What is an “Anticyclone”? A system of high

atmospheric pressure
A. A system of high atmospheric pressure
B. A system of low atmospheric pressure
C. A secondary depression in the rear of a low pressure
system
D. It is the correct meteorological name for a
typhoon/hurricane
NOTE: “CYCLONE” = Low Pressure
“ANTI-CYCLONE” = High Pressure

171
 What classification of tropical cyclone would have closed A tropical storm
isobars, counter clockwise rotary circulation, and sustained
winds between 34 and 63 knots?
A. A tropical disturbance
B. A tropical depression
C. A tropical storm
D. A hurricane
 What level of development of a tropical cyclone has a A tropical storm

hundred mile radius of circulation, gale force winds, less
than 990 millibars of pressure and vertically formed
cumulonimbus clouds?
A. A tropical disturbance
B. A tropical depression
C. A tropical storm
D. A typhoon
 As the South Equatorial Current approaches the East Agulhas current

Coast of Africa, it divides with the main part flowing South
to form the warm:
A. Agulhas current
B. Benguela current
C. Canary current
D. Madagascar current
 What will occur when relating to humidity at 100%? AIR is saturated or

there will be RAIN
 Major category(ies) of NAVTEX is/are _______. all of these
A. all of these
B. meteorological warnings
C. meteorological forecasts
D. navigational warnings
 Fog is formed when: all of these conditions

are correct
A. all of these conditions are correct
B. the moisture in the air condenses into small droplets
C. air is cooled to its dew point
D. the base of a cloud is on the ground
172
 A stationary front on a weather chart is colored: alternating red and blue
A. red
B. alternating red and blue
C. purple
D. blue
 Which of the following when subtracted from 90 ° will give Altitude

the radius of almucantar?
 It is a small circle parallel to the sensible horizon and Altitude circle

passes through the body.
 What can you find in the last pages of the NAUTICAL altitude correction of
Almanac? the moon
A. altitude corrections for sun, stars and planet

B. altitude correction of Mercury and Venus
C. altitude correction of the moon
D. dip table
 A body at the observer’s zenith will have a/an: Altitude of 90°
 The angular distance between the prime vertical and the Amplitude
hour circle of the body with prefix sign is otherwise known
as:
 It is the angular distance between the prime vertical and Amplitude

the sun during rising and setting.
 With respect to failure warnings and status indications, an alarm if a new

GPS receivers should provide, at a minimum: position has not been
calculated within the
last two seconds
 A submerged ice attached to the bottom irrespective of the anchor ice

nature of its formation is called:
A. anchor ice
B. iceberg
C. compact ice
D. polynya
173
 The optical principle of a marine sextant is when a ray of Angle of incidence
light is reflected from a plane surface, the angle of
reflection is equal to the_________.
 What is Right Ascension? angular distance of a

celestial body east of
Aries
 It is the altitude of the centre of a heavenly body when Apparent altitude

measured from the sensible horizon.
 A relatively thin shell of air, water vapor, and suspended Atmosphere

particulates surrounding the earth is called:
A. Stratosphere C. Troposphere
B. Ionosphere D. Atmosphere
 The intercepted arc of the horizon between the principal Azimuth

vertical circle and the vertical circle passing through the
body when rising or setting is called:
 It is the arc of the horizon measured either clockwise or Azimuth angle

counter clockwise through 180º starting at the North point
of the horizon in the North latitude and the South point of
the horizon the South latitude
 Developed with tangent plane. With the result that bearing Azimuthal projection
of a point from the centre are correctly represented.
 The inner cloud bands of a hurricane, when viewed from a bar of the storm
distance, form a mass of dense, black cumulonimbus clouds
called the ________.
A. bar of the storm

B. eye of the storm
C. funnel
D. front
174
 This is a local strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet and Barber
spray that freezes upon contact with objects:
A. barber
B. katabatic wind
C. anabatic wind
D. abroholos
 The passing of a low pressure system can be determined by Barometer

periodically checking the____________.
A. Barometer C. hygrometer
B. thermometer D. anemometer
 Which do the numbers on isobars indicate? barometric pressure
A. barometric pressure C. rain in inches

B. temperature D. wind speed
 Parallax is caused by : Being on the surface of

the earth rather at its
center
 On a voyage from Cape Town to London, the favorable Benguela current

ocean current off the coast of Africa is the:
A. Canary current
B. Agulhas current
C. Benguela current
D. South Atlantic current
 Which current would you encounter on a direct passage Benguela current

from London, England to Cape Town, South Africa?
A. Falkland current
B. Norway current
C. Brazil current
D. Benguela current
 A cold front on a weather chart is colored: Blue
A. blue
B. purple
C. red
D. alternating red and blue
175
 If Declination plus the latitude equals 90° and of the same Body is tangent to the
names, the: horizon at lower transit
A. Body passes exactly at the zenith of the observer

B. Body does not rise anymore
C. Body is exactly to the horizon at upper transit
D. Body is tangent to the horizon at lower transit
 What current flows southward along the west coast of the California Current
United States and causes extensive fog in that area?
A. Davidson Current
B. North Pacific Current
C. Alaska Current
D. California Current
 Chart legends which indicate a conspicuous landmark are capital letters

printed in:
 The imaginary sphere of infinite radius with the earth at its Celestial sphere
centre.
 Zenith is the point on the ___________ vertically overhead celestial sphere

of the observer.
 Equinoctial is formed by projecting the earth’s equator to celestial sphere

the:
 The imaginary sphere of infinite radius with the earth at its Celestial sphere
center.
 A sextant error where the pivot of the index bar is not at Centering error
the center of the arc.
 Chart symbols and abbreviations are shown in _______. Chart No.1
 Earth’s representation on a surface either plane or curved Chart projection

according to a definite plan.
176
 In the Northern Hemisphere, the major ocean currents clockwise around the
tend to flow: North Atlantic and
North Pacific oceans
A. clockwise around the North Atlantic and North Pacific
oceans
B. clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on whether it
is a warm or a cold current
C. counter-clockwise except in the Gulf Stream
D. counter-clockwise around the North Atlantic and North
Pacific Oceans
 The radius of the almucantar is equal to the: co-altitude or zenith

distance
 You are entering a harbor for the first time, which of the Coast pilot
publications would you consult?
 Neck of low pressure between two highs. Col
 In the celestial equator system of coordinates, when the Co-latitude

the altitude during upper transit will be equal to the:
 When cold air displaces warm air you have a (n) _______. cold front
A. cold front
B. occluded front
C. stationary front
D. warm front
 An occluded front is usually caused by a: cold front overtaking a

warm front
 A sextant error when the axis of the telescope is not parallel Collimation error
to the plane of the instrument.
 ________ is a sailing in which you take a parallel sailing to composite sailing

limit the altitude of your track.
177
 The heat transfer from particle to particle is known as: Conduction
A. radiation
B. conduction
C. convection
D. induction
 Developed on a tangent or secant cones or cones. Conic projection
 When the air is warmed, it tends to rise. This heat transfer Convection
is called:
A. Advection C. Convection
B. Conduction D. Radiation
 Ascending and descending air masses with different Convection

temperature is part of an important heat transmitting
process in our atmosphere called ____.
A. Convection C. conduction
B. radiation D. barometric inversion
 The direction in which a vessel is steered is the course the Course over the ground
path actually followed is the:
 What do you call the relatively low pressure area which is Cyclone
generally circular.
A. Anticyclone C. Col
B. Cyclone D. Squall
 It is developed on a tangent cylinder, which is then spread Cylindrical projection

out to form a plane.
 A good chart can be distinguished from indifferent one by: date of correction
 The angular distance of a celestial body north or south of Declination

the celestial equator measured along the hour circle of the
body is known as:
 The polar distance of the body is said to be equal to 090º Declination of the body
when is 0º
178
 “Ease the rudder” means to: Decrease the rudder
angle
 The highest level of commercial navigational accuracy is DGPS, within a

provided by ____. coverage area
 It is the angle between the horizontal plane through Dip

observer’s eye.
 This is the correction to the sextant altitude applied to the Dip

visible horizon to obtain the sensible horizon.
 The daily path of a celestial body that is parallel to the Diurnal circle
equinoctial.
 Katabatic wind blows: Down an incline due to

cooling of air
A. Up an incline due to surface heating
B. In a circular pattern
C. Down an incline due to cooling of air
D. Horizontally between a high and a low pressure area
NOTE: Katabatic = Down
Anabatic = Up
 This is the wind blowing up on an incline as a result of anabatic wind

surface heating.
A. anabatic wind C. katabatic wind

B. foehn D. fall wind
 What kind of wind which blows up an incline usually as a Anabatic wind

result of surface heating?
A. Katabatic wind
B. Foehn
C. Fall wind
D. Anabatic wind
 PrimE vertical: E/W (East/West)
 PrinNcipal vertical circle: N/S (North/South)
179
 In mid-oceans, the characteristics of a wave are determined effect of the moon’s
by three factors. What is NOT one of these factors? gravity
A. effect of the moon’s gravity

B. fetch
C. wind velocity
D. length of time the wind is blowing
 If a celestial body is at your meridian the azimuth is: Either North or South
 The hour cycle that passes through the First Point of Aries equinoctial colure
is known as the:
 It is the term used when the ecliptic intersects the celestial Equinoxes
equator.
 The points of intersection of the ecliptic and the celestial Equinoxes

equator are called_______.
 In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of E-N

coordinates, when the body rises to the left of the Prime
Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named.
 In the orthographic projection of the horizon system of E-S

coordinates, when the body rises to the right of the Prime
Vertical (PV), the amplitude is named:
 Salinity in the Mediterranean is increased by: Evaporation
 You are proceeding to the area of reported distress. When Expanding square
you arrive at the reported position, the vessel in distress is
not sighted. What type of search should be conducted?
A. Sector search
B. Expanding square
C. Track crawl
D. Parallel track search
 At the top of the center of the chart is the date of ______. first edition of the chart
180
 What describes an accurate position that is not based on Fix
any prior position?
A. Dead-reckoning position
B. Estimated position
C. Fix
D. Running fix
 The height of a wave is the vertical distance: from the crest to trough
A. from the still water plane to the crest

B. from the still water plane to the trough
C. from the crest to trough
D. between the water levels at one quarter of wave’s
length
 Which of the following would occur when an extremely cold Frost smoke
air from shore passes over warmer water?
A. Advection fog C. Convection fog

B. Frost smoke D. Land breeze
 Chart with a natural scale of 1:180,000 is classified as a: General chart
 ________ are intended for coastwise navigation outside of general charts

outlying reefs and shoals.
 What distance of visibility is that which light may be seen in Geographical range
clear weather computed in nautical miles for a height of the
observer’s eye of 15 feet above sea level?
A. Visible range
B. Geographical range
C. Computed range
D. Luminous range
 It is the angular distance measured from the Greenwich GHA

meridian to the body.
 A projection where points on the earth are transferred gnomonic

the center of the earth is called:
181
 Which is commonly used for planning great circle track? gnomonic chart
 Which chart is commonly used for planning great circle gnomonic chart
track?
 All lines represent a great circle tracks on a chart. Gnomonic projection
 It is based on a plane tangent at one point. Gnomonic projection
 All parallels except the equator appear as curved lines. Gnomonic projection
 The projection in which the meridians appear as straight gnomonic projection

lines converging toward the nearer pole is called _______.
 Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to Go astern in ice with
ship handling procedures in ice? extreme care-always
with rudder amidships
A. Never go “full astern” at any time while in ice
B. Go astern in ice with extreme care-always with rudder
amidships
C. Enter ice at medium speeds to reduce impact
D. The presence of a snow cover on the ice assists a
vessel’s progress through an ice field
 A low HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) number good fix

such as 2 indicates a:
 Which is NOT a contributing cause of ocean currents? gravitational effects of

celestial bodies
A. surface winds
B. density differences in water
C. underwater topography
D. gravitational effects of celestial bodies
 It is a circle on the surface of the sphere, where plane Great circle

passes through the center of the sphere.
 _____________ involves a solution of courses, distances, great circle sailing

and points along a track between two points.
182
 An ocean current that generally flows along the coast of Gulf Stream
Florida towards the North Atlantic is called:
A. Gulf Stream
B. Guinea Current
C. North Stream
D. Florida Current
 ________ are intended for navigation and anchorage in harbor charts

harbor and small waterways.
 A great circle through the celestial poles and a point or Hour circle
body on the celestial sphere
 Vertical circle is to the horizon system, what Great circle is Hour circle
for celestial equator system of coordinates?
 The hillock of a broken ice is: Hummock
A. floe
B. hummock
C. moraine
D. nunatak
 Which of the following can be measured from the Horizon I, II and III
System of Coordinates?
I. Zenith distance
II. Amplitude
III. Co-altitude
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. II only
D. I, II and III
 This is composed of ice crystals and reduces visibility. ice fog
A. haze
B. ice fog
C. sleet
D. frost
 It is the sextant error when the horizon and index mirror Index error
are not parallel.
183
 You plot a fix in three lines of position and find they Is the geometric center
intersect in a triangle, this actual position of the vessel: of the triangle
A. Is outside of the triangle

B. May be anywhere in a triangle
C. May be inside or outside of the triangle
D. Is the geometric center of the triangle
 The current that, in many respects, is similar to the Gulf Kuroshio

Stream is the:
A. Kuroshio
B. Oyashio
C. California current
D. Benguela current
 Which current is “warm” based on the latitude in which it Kuroshio current

originates and on the effect it has on climates?
A. Kuroshio current
B. Peru current
C. Benguela current
D. California current
 The cold ocean current which meets the warm Gulf Stream Labrador current
between latitudes 40° and 43° N to form the “cold wall” is
called the _________.
A. North Cape current

B. Greenland current
C. Labrador current
D. North Atlantic current
 Which current is responsible for the movement of the Labrador current

icebergs into the North Atlantic shipping lanes?
A. Iceland current
B. Labrador current
C. Baltic current
D. Baffin current
 It is a conic projection chart features straight lines, which Lambert conformal

closely approximates a great circle.
 It is the practical charts used in very high latitudes. Lambert conformal
184
 It is a conic projection with two standard parallels. Lambert conformal
Developed on a cone which intersects the sphere or projection
spheroids at two standard parallels.
 In the daily pages of the Nautical Almanac, a circle with the Last quarter
right hand side fully shaded indicates:
 The amplitude will be numerically equal to the declination Latitude is zero

only when:
 If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90 degrees, the: Latitude of the observer
is at the pole
 It is the angular distance measured westerly from the LHA

observer’s meridian to the hour circle passing through the
body.
 It is the angular distance measured from the local celestial LHA

meridian westward through 360º .
 What do you call the line connecting perihelion and the Line of apsides
aphelion?
 For sunrise and sunset in the Nautical Almanac given. . . LMT
 In the lower right hand column of the daily pages of the LMT
Almanac, the time of Meridian Passage (M.P.) is given in:
 This cannot be used as a standard time since it differs from LMT

every meridian. Its principal use in rising, setting and
twilight tables.
 In the time diagram, the time-arc of the celestial equator Local Sidereal Time
between the hour circle of the vernal equinox to the
observer’s Meridian is called:
 New edition on the chart is found on the: Lower left hand corner
185
 When a first edition of a chart is printed, the original date lower left hand corner
of issue of a new chart is shown at the top center margin
and;
 The revision date of a chart is printed on what area of the lower-left corner
chart?
 During meridian passage, the LHA and meridian angle of Maximum altitude
the body is zero. What is its altitude?
 The length of a wave is the length: measured from crest to

crest
A. of the wave’s crest
B. of the wave’s trough
C. measured from crest to trough
D. measured from crest to crest
 It is a cylindrical projection. Mercator chart
 It is a conformal map projection. Mercator projection
 A cartographer cannot transfer a sphere to a flat surface Mercator projection

without distortion, he must project the surface of a sphere
onto a plane surface. An example of this projection is that
the cylinder tangent along the Equator called :
 ________________ is similar to plane sailing but uses Mercator sailing

meridional difference and difference in longitude in place
of difference of latitude and departure.
 The angle measured from the observer’s meridian either Meridian angle
eastward or westward to the body and named East if rising
and West if setting.
 ________ uses the mean latitude for converting departure middle latitude sailing
to difference of longitude when the course is not due east or
west.
186
 Small “v” in the nautical almanac. Moon
A. Moon
B. Stars
C. Sun
D. Sun/Moon
 ________ represents part of the spherical earth on a plane nautical chart

surface.
 The maximum distance that a light be seen when the nominal range
weather is clear is called:
A. nominal range C. geographic range

B. luminous range D. computed range
 When the Gulf stream decreases speed until it becomes North Atlantic Current
slow, it is called:
A. Florida Current
B. North Atlantic Current
C. Labrador Current
D. Norwegian Current
 Sailing Directions contain: numbered sections

along a coast or through
a strait
 What type of projection is formed if a plane is tangent to Oblique gnomonic

the earth, and the points are geometrically form the center
of the Earth?
 A cyclone in its final stage of development is called a (n) : occluded cyclone or

occluded front
A. tornado
B. anticyclone
C. occluded cyclone or occluded front
D. polar cyclone
187
 Tropical cyclones do not form within 5° of the Equator of negligible Coriolis
because : force
A. there are no fronts in that area

B. it is too hot
C. it is too humid
D. of negligible Coriolis force
 The navigational triangle is NOT formed when the body is: on the observer’s
meridian
 If the GHA of the moon differs by 180° by that of the sun, Opposition
it said to be at:
NOTE: OPPOSITION means 180 degrees difference or

exactly opposite
 If the moon reaches a point wherein it is completely Opposition

illuminated, it is at:
 The sun rises exactly at the time when the moon is setting. Opposition
The moon is at__________.
 After passing the first Quarter phase, the moon become full Opposition
moon at:
 If the age of the moon is approximately 14 & 1/2 days, it is Opposition

said to be at:
 Which of the following is NOT a function of the Ice Organize and equip the
Navigation Center? Ice Patrol
A. Schedule Coast Guard ice reconnaissance

B. Keep abreast of merchant vessel movement
C. Keep abreast of Coast Guard icebreaker movement
D. Organize and equip the Ice Patrol
 If terrestrial points are projected geometrically from orthographic projection

infinity to a tangent plane, the projection is called :
188
 Emanating from a point at infinity, are perpendicular to a Orthographic
tangent plane. projection
 Projecting lines are parallel to each other. Orthographic

projection
 Cold water flowing southward through the western part of Oyashio current
the Bering Sea between Alaska and Siberia is joined by
water circulating counter-clockwise in the Bearing Sea to
form the:
A. Alaska current
B. Kuroshio current
C. Subartic current
D. Oyashio current
 These are circular pieces of ice called: pancake ice
A. ice cake
B. frazil ice
C. pancake ice
D. ice floes
 This correction is not applicable when taking the sight of Parallax

the star.
 What correction to the altitude of the moon but not to the Parallax
altitude of the sun is taken from the daily pages of the
almanac?
A. Refraction
B. Parallax
C. Coriolis
D. Semi-diameter
 _________ is the interconversion of departure and parallel sailing

difference of longitude when a vessel is proceeding due east
or west.
189
 What is the search pattern system called using more than Parallel System
one ship?
A. Parallel System
B. Cross System
C. Circle System
D. Triangle System
 It is the sextant error on the index mirror when not Perpendicularity error
perpendicular to the plane of the instrument.
 Which of the following should be consulted to obtain Pilot chart

information about the general current circulation in the
North Atlantic Ocean?
 _______ solves problems involving a single course and plane sailing

distance, difference of latitude
 Water in the air, except: Plasma
A. Water vapor
B. Water droplet
C. Ice particle
D. Plasma
 It is the distance measured from the hour circle from the Polar distance
elevated pole to the body.
 Are the points on the sphere which are 90º removed from Poles of great circle
all points on the great circle.
 Suitable for marine surveying. Polyconic Chart
 Distance is measured by parallel lines. Polyconic chart
 Developed on a series of tangent cones, which is then spread Polyconic projection

out to form a plane.
 Series of cones tangent at selected parallels. Polyconic projection
190
 The great circle that passes through the Zenith and Nadir Prime vertical
 Vertical circle with passes through the East and west point PrimE vertical circle
of the horizon
 An occluded front on a weather chart is colored: Purple
A. red
B. red and blue
C. purple
D. blue
 What will act to dissipate Fog? Radiation

A. convection
B. evaporation
C. radiation
D. conduction
 A warm front on a weather chart is colored: Red
A. purple
B. blue
C. alternating red and blue
D. red
 This is the result when the rays of light passes from one Refraction
medium to another of different density
 The angular distance measured from vernal equinox Right ascension (RA)
eastward and usually expressed in unit of time
 It is the angular distance measured easterly from the first Right ascension (RA)
point of Aries to the body.

continue their progress across the oceans till they reach
shallow water when they abruptly steepen, increase in
height and sweep to the shore.
A. rollers C. surf
B. tidal wave D. tsunami
191
 The smallest scale chart used for planning, fixing position sailing chart
at sea and for plotting the dead reckoning while proceeding
on a long voyage is the _____.
 Which nautical publication gives an information if there sailing directions

will be a chance to meet an iceberg during the course of the
voyage?
 The ratio of a given distance on the chart to the actual Scale

distance it represents on the earth
 While you are on watch, you learn that a crewman has not Scharnow
been seen on board for the past three hours. What type of
turn is best in this man overboard situation?
A. Round C. Racetrack
B. Scharnow D. Single turn 180 degrees
 The most probable position of the search target at a given Search Datum
time taking into consideration the effect of DRIFT since the
initial position of the incident was established.
 Any circle which passes through the poles of another great Secondary great circle
circle
 A man was sighted as he fell overboard. After completing a Sector search

Williamson turn, the man is not sighted. What type of
search should be conducted?
A. Expanding circle
B. Sector search
C. Parallel track pattern
D. Datum-drift search
 Which feature, when set to zero, might allow a GPS unit to Selective Availability
have an accuracy equivalent to Precise Positioning Service
receiver capability?
 It is the angle actually measured between the body and the Sextant altitude
visible horizon
192
 It is the angular distance measured from the first point of SHA
Aries to the star.
 Angle at the pole measured from 000º to 360º westward SHA

from the meridian of the star.
 It is the sextant error if the horizon mirror is not Side error

perpendicular to the plane of the instrument
 The scale is correct along any meridian Simple conic projection
 Any circle on the surface of the sphere which does not pass Small circle
through the centre of sphere and therefore does not divide
the sphere into two equal halves
 Which current would you encounter on a direct passage South Atlantic Current
from South Africa to Argentina, South America?
A. South Atlantic Current

B. Agulhas
C. South Equatorial
D. Guinea
 An ocean current that generally flows in the easterly South Atlantic Current
direction to a point west of Cape of Good in the arc of
prevailing westerlies is called:
A. South Atlantic Current

B. South American Current
C. North Atlantic Current
D. Argentinian Current
 The usual sequence of directions in which a tropical cyclone southwest, south and
moves in the Southern Hemisphere is _______. southeast
A. northwest, west, and south

B. southwest, south and southeast
C. north, northwest and east
D. west, northwest and north
 ________ results from projecting points on the surface of stereographic

the Earth onto a tangent plane, from a point on the surface projection
of the Earth opposite the point of tangency.
193
 Radial lines from any point on the surface to a plane to the Stereographic
antipode of the point of the projection. projection
 Projecting rays is the point opposite the planes point of Stereographic

tangency. projection
 The horizontal area covered by cyclonic condition is the: storm field
A. stormy area
B. vertex
C. storm field
D. vortex
 On top of the tropopause is the layer ______. stratosphere
 Layer between thermosphere and exosphere. Thermopause
 The layer of the atmosphere between the troposphere and Tropopause

the stratosphere is the:
A. Stratopause C. Exosphere
B. Mesopause D. Tropopause
 The top of the troposphere is marked by a transition layer tropopause

called:
 A layer in the atmosphere with a negligible quantity of gas, thermosphere

whose temperature increases with increase in height.
A. thermosphere C. stratosphere
B. ionosphere D. mesosphere
 As altitude increases, air pressure decreases due to troposphere

decreased weight of air above. More than of the air is
concentrated within a layer called _____.
 The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere is mesosphere

called:
194
 Fetch is the: stretch of water over
which a wave forming
A. distance a wave travels between formation and decay wind blows
B. stretch of water over which a wave forming wind blows
C. time in seconds required for two crests to pass a given
point
D. measurement of a wave steepness
 A sea breeze is a wind: That blows towards an

island during the day
A. That blows towards the sea at night
B. That blows towards an island during the day
C. Caused by cold air descending a coastal incline
D. Caused by the distant approach of a hurricane
 What wind results from a land mass cooling more quickly Land breeze
at night than the adjacent water area?
A. Coastal breeze
B. Sea breeze
C. Land breeze
D. Mistral
 The Geographical longitude of the body will be numerically the body is setting
equal to the Meridian angle only when:
 The Coordinator Surface Search in a SAR situation should The code flags FR
display by day:
A. The code flags FR

B. Code flag Quebec over a black ball
C. A black ball over a black diamond shape
D. Two black diamond shapes in a vertical line
 If the altitude of the elevated pole is 90°, therefore: The latitude of the
observer is at the pole
A. The Polar distance is also 90°
B. The Declination is indeterminate
C. The latitude of the observer is at the pole
D. The Polar distance equals the declination
 The ecliptic is: the path the Sun

appears to take among
the stars
195
 What are the relative positions of the Sun, the Earth and a the Planet is between
Planet when the planet is at inferior conjunction? the Earth and the Sun
 Which of the following is NOT an indication that pack ice The presence of
may be nearby? icebergs
A. The presence of icebergs

B. Ice blink
C. Absence of wave motion
D. Sighting a walrus in the Arctic
 Your ship is navigating independently in heavy ice when it The propeller is more
becomes beset. Which of the following statements is NOT susceptible to ice
true? damage when turning
slowly than when
A. The vessel will most likely require an icebreaker to free stopped
her
B. The vessel may be able to free herself by pumping
ballast from side to side
C. The propeller is more susceptible to ice damage when
turning slowly than when stopped
D. It is advisable to clear the rudder area of ice by using
ahead turns before backing down
 The date of the chart-Nautical charts bear three dates This issue contains all
which are important to persons using them. The first up to date which are
edition date (month year) printed centrally in the upper hand corrected in the
margin. old issues.
 The date of the chart-Nautical charts bear three dates This issue contains all
which are important to persons using them. The first up to date which are
edition date (month year) printed centrally in the upper hand corrected in the
margin. old issues.
 The path of intended travel between three or more points is Track

the:
 ________ combines plane sailing solutions when there are traverse sailing
two or more courses and determines the equivalent course
and distance made good by a vessel steaming along a series
of rhumblines.
196
 The angular distance of the body above the rational True altitude
horizon. An arc of the vertical circle which passes through
the body contained between the rational horizon and the
body is called:
 What are leaning type of letters in Nautical charts used underwater and floating
for? features
 One of the factors which affects the circulation of ocean Varying densities of
current is: water
A. Humidity C. Vessel traffic

B. Varying densities of water D. The jet stream
 This is defined as the speed the molecules making up the velocity of escape
atmosphere in order to overcome the force of gravity.
 It is a great circle passing through the observer’s zenith Vertical circle

which is perpendicular to the rational horizon.
 When a warm air mass overtakes a cold air mass, the warm front
contract surface is called a:
A. line squall C. cold front

B. water spout D. warm front
 What is the distance from the bottom of a wave trough to wave height
the top of a wave crest?
A. wave length C. wave height

B. wave breadth D. wave depth
 Weather system in the middle latitudes generally travel West to East

from:
 Which publications can give you an accurate information World port index
on the availability of repairs you need in a particular port?
 What publication contains information about the port World Port Index
facilities in Cadiz, Spain?
197

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Happy Sailing… Enjoy Reviewing…

A ship on course of 253° T at 14 knots. At 2329 a lighthouse was

1. Find first Angles ―A‖, ―B‖ and ―C‖ :

a.)Co = 253° T b.) Co = 253° T c.) Angle B = 47° R

AB = ( Time 2 – Time 1 ) x Speed

= ( 2345 – 2329 ) x 14 knots

AB = 3.73 nautical miles

BC = Sin 29° x 3.73 / Sin 18°

BC = 5.9 nautical miles (Distance off at 2nd bearing)

4. Solve for Distance at Abeam (CD) : (By SOH – CAH – TOA)

CD = 5.9 x Sin 47°

CD = 4.3 nautical miles ( Distance at Abeam)

If the Sun is at the Zenith it means that Altitude( Ho) = 90°

 What is the latitude of a place where the observer is stepping on his

Ho = 90° and ZD = 0°.

TO FIND LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN PASSAGE

PX (Polar Distance) = 90° – Declination

RULE: Latitude is named according to the name of Declination.

What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

Declination of Sun on June 21 = 23° 27’ N

Polar Distance (PX) June 21 = 66° 33’ N >>> (90° - Dec)

 What is the latitude of a place where the sun is at the horizon at

Declination of Sun on Dec. 21 or 23 = 23° 27’ S

Polar Distance (PX) Dec21/23 = 66° 33’ S >>> (90° - Dec)

TO FIND AMPLITUDE (AMP):

Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

= Sin 21° 7.8’ / Cos 47° 18.6’

AMPLITUDE = E 32° 7.1’ N

NOTE: Prefixed ―E‖ >> Body is Rising [―W‖ if Body is Setting]

Suffixed ―N‖ >> Declination is North [―S‖ if DEC is South]

TO FIND TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):

1.) First find Amplitude:

Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

= Sin 12° 40’ / Cos 55° 53’

NOTE: Prefixed ―W‖ >> Body is Setting [ ―E‖ if Body is Rising ]

Suffixed ―S‖ >> Declination is South [ ―N‖ if DEC is N ]

2.) Then convert Amplitude to True Azimuth:

To convert AMPLITUDE (AMP) to TRUE AZIMUTH (Zn):

1. E x N >>> 90° – AMP = Zn

TO FIND GYRO ERROR (G/E):

Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

= Sin 14° / Cos 45°

Suffixed ―N‖ >> Declination is North

To convert Amp E 20° N to True Azimuth: 90° – 20° = 070° T

True Bearing = 070° (T) > > Obtained by calculation

Or you can apply the OLD RULE:

Compass BEST, Error WEST… Compass LEAST, Error EAST

TO FIND DECLINATION by AMPLITUDE FORMULA:

Sin AMP = Sin DEC / Cos LAT

Sin DEC = Sin AMP x Cos LAT [ Formula 1 ]

Sin DEC = Cos Azimuth x Cos LAT [ Formula 2 ]

Sin DEC = Cos 78° 28’ x Cos 38° 08’

TO FIND ETA or LZT of ARRIVAL:

a.) By GMT METHOD:

LZT departure = 0600 16th May

ZD departure = (+)4 (W) + >>> [ LEG –: E – / W + ]

+ Steaming Time = 2009 15days >>> [ Steaming Time: always + ]

ZD arrival = (+)7 (W) – >>> [ GEL +: E + / W – ]

Bunkering = 32 + >>> [ Any Delays: always + ]

Panama Canal Transit = 14 + >>> [ Any Delays: always + ]

b.) By TIME DIFFERENCE (TD) METHOD:

ZD arrival = (+) 7 ( – ) >>> Note: always subtract ( – )