(Unit I) FOURIER TRANSFORM

PART-A
1. State Integral Theorem.
If f ( x ) is piece wise continuously differentiable and absolutely on
∞
1
∫ f (t ) e
( i x −t ) s
( −∞, ∞ ) then, f ( x) = dt ds .
2π −∞

2. State and prove Modulation theorem.

1
F f ( x ) cos ax =  f ( s + a ) + f ( s − a ) 
2
Proof:
1
∞
1
∞
 eiax + e− iax  isx
F  f ( x ) cos ax  =
2π −∞
∫ f ( x ) cos ax eisx dx =
2π
∫
−∞
f ( x)
 2
 e dx

∞ ∞
1 1 1 1
∫ f ( x ) ei ( s + a ) x dx + ∫ f ( x) e
i( s−a) x
= dx
2 2π −∞ 2 2π −∞

1 1
= f ( s + a) + f ( s − a)
2 2
1
F f ( x ) cos ax =  f ( s + a ) + f ( s − a ) 
2

3. State Parseval’s Identity.

If F ( s ) is an fourier transform of f ( x ) , then
∞ ∞
2 2
∫
−∞
F ( s ) ds = ∫ f ( x)
−∞
dx

4. State Convolution theorem.

The fourier transform of Convolution of f ( x ) and g ( x ) is the product of
their fourier transforms.
F { f ∗ g} = F ( s ) G ( s )
∞
1
f ∗g =
2π
∫ f ( t ) g ( x − t )dx ;
−∞
F { f ( x )} = F ( s ) and

F { g ( x )} = G ( s ) .

5. State and prove Change of scale of property.

1
If F ( s ) = F { f ( x )} , then F { f ( ax )} = F ( sa)
a
∞
1
F { f ( ax )} = ∫ f ( ax ) e
isx
dx
2π −∞
∞
1 ( )t dt
∫ f ( ax ) e
i s
= a
; where t = ax
2π −∞
a
1
For a > 0, F { f ( ax )} = F ( s a ) and
a
 1
For a < 0, F { f ( ax )} = − F ( s a )
a
1
F { f ( ax )} = F ( s a )
a

dn
6. Prove that if F[f(x)] = F(s) then F { x f ( x)} = ( −i) F ( s) n n

ds n
∞
1
F (s) = ∫ f ( x) e
isx
dx
2π −∞
∞ ∞
d d 1 1 ∂
F (s) = ∫ f ( x ) eisx dx = ∫ f ( x ) ∂s e
isx
dx
ds ds 2π −∞ 2π −∞
∞ ∞
1 1
∫ f ( x )( ix ) eisx dx = ( i ) ∫ f ( x ) xe
isx
= dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞
∞ ∞
d2 d 1 1 ∂
F (s) = ∫ f ( x )( ix ) eisx dx = ∫ f ( x ) ∂s ( ( ix ) e ) dx
isx
2
ds ds 2π −∞ 2π −∞
∞ ∞
1 1
∫ ∫ f ( x) x e
2 2
= f ( x )( ix ) eisx dx = ( i ) 2 isx
dx
2π −∞ 2π −∞
∞
dn 1
In general n F ( s ) = ( i )n ∫ x f ( x)e
n
n isx
dx = ( −i ) F  x n f ( x ) 
ds 2π −∞

1 dn
(ie), F  x n f ( x )  = n
F ( s)
(i ) ds n
n
n d
(ie), F  x n f ( x )  = ( −i ) F (s)
ds n

∫ f ( x) cos sxdx = e
−s
7. Solve for f(x) from the integral equation
0
∞

∫ f ( x) cos sxdx = e
−s

0
∞
2
π ∫0
Fc  f ( x )  = f ( x ) cos ax dx

2 −s
Fc  f ( x )  = e
π

∞
2
f ( x) = ∫ F  f ( x ) cos ax dx ∞
a
∫e
c − ax
π 0 cos bx dx =
∞ ∞ 0
a + b2
2

2 2 2
∫ ∫
−s −s
= e cos ax dx = e cos ax dx
π 0
π π 0
∴ a = 1, b = x
2 1  2
=  2  =
π  x +1 π ( x 2 + 1)
 1 x <a
8. Find the complex Fourier Transform of f ( x ) = 
0 x >a>0
∞
1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ f ( x)e
isx
dx
2π −∞
∞
1
∫ f ( x)e
isx
= dx ∵ x < a; − a < x < a
2π −∞

a
1  eisx 
a
1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ ( ) isx
1 e dx =  
2π − a 2π  is  − a
1 1 isa −isa 1 1
=
2π is
( e −e ) =
2π is
2i sin as

2 sin as
=
π s

 x x <a
9. Find the complex Fourier Transform of f ( x) = 
0 x >a>0
∞ a
1 1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ f ( x ) eisx dx = ∫ xe
isx
dx
2π −∞ 2π −a
a ∵ x < a; − a < x < a
1   eisx   eisx  
= x − 
2π   is   ( is )   − a
2
 
1  ae isa
e isa
ae − isa
e −isa 
=  + 2 + − 2 
2π  is s is s 
1   eisa + e −isa  1 isa − isa  1  2cos as 1 
= a 
2π   is
+ 2 e −e =
2π
( )  a is + s 2 2i sin as 
 
 s 
2  a cos as i sin as  2  as cos as − sin as 
=  +  =
π  is 2
s  π  is 2 

2  sin as − as cos as 
=i
π  s2 

10. Write Fourier Transform pair.

If f ( x ) is defined is ( −∞, ∞ ) , then its fourier transform is defined as
∞
1
F ( s) = ∫ f ( x) e
isx
dx
2π −∞

If F ( s ) is an fourier transform of f ( x ) , then at every point of

∞
1
Continuity of f ( x ) , we have f ( x ) = ∫ F (s) e
− isx
ds .
2π −∞
11. Find the Fourier sine Transform of f(x) = e-x & f(x) = e − x

eimx , a < x < b

12. Find the Fourier Transform of f ( x ) = 
∞
0, b otherwise
1 1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ f ( x) e ∫e
isx imx isx
dx = e dx
2π −∞ 2π a
b
1
b
1  ei( m + s ) x 
∫e
i( m+ s ) x
= dx =  
2π a 2π  i ( m + s )  a
1 1  ei ( m + s ) b − ei ( m + s ) a 
=
2π i ( m + s )  

1
13. Find the Fourier sine Transform of .
x
∞ ∞
2 2 sin sx 2 π
Fs  f ( x )  =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) sin sx dx = ∫
π 0 x
dx =
π 2
π
Fs  f ( x )  =
2

14. Find the Fourier sine transform of e-x

∞
2
Fs  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin sx dx
0
∞ ∞
2 b
Fs  e− x  = ∫ e sin sx dx ∵ ∫ e − ax sin bx dx =
−x

π 0 0
a + b2
2

2
s
Fs  e− x  = 2
π s +1
Using inverse Fourier sine transforms
∞ ∞
2 2 2 s
f ( x) =
π ∫ ( )
0
f s e− x sin sx ds =
π ∫
0
2
π s +1
sin sx ds

∞
2 s
π∫
e− x = 2
sin sx ds
0
s +1
∞
π s sin sx
e− x = ∫ ds
2 0
s2 + 1

15. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e-2x +2 e-x

∞
2
Fc  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos ax dx
0
 ∞
2
Fc e −2 x + 2e− x  = ∫ (e )
−2 x
+ 2e − x cos ax dx
π 0

2  −2 x 
∞ ∞
= ∫ e cos ax dx + 2 ∫ e − x cos ax dx 
π  0 0 
2  2 1  2  1 1 
=  2 +2 2  =2  2 + 2 
π  s +4 s + 1 π  s + 4 s + 1

1 , 0 ≤ x ≤1
16. Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x) = 
0 x >1
∞
2
Fs  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin sx dx
0

2  
1 ∞
 
Fs  f ( x )  =  ∫ f ( x ) sin sx dx + ∫ f ( x ) sin sx dx 
π  0 1 
2  
1 1
2  cos sx 
π  ∫0
=  1sin sx dx + 0  = −
 π  s  0
2 1 − cos s 
=
π  s 
 x, o < x < 1

f ( x ) =  2 − x, 1 < x < 2
17. Obtain the Fourier sine transform of 0, .
 x>2

∞
2
Fs  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin sx dx
0

2  
1 2
= ∫ x sin sx dx + ∫ ( 2 − x ) sin sx dx 
π  0 1 
2   cos sx sin sx   cos sx sin sx  
1 2

=  − x + + − ( 2 − x ) − 
π   s s 2  0  s s 2 1 
2  cos s sin s sin 2 s cos s sin s 
Fs  f ( x )  = − + 2 − 2 + + 2 
π  s s s s s 
2  2sin s − 2sin 2 s 
=  
π  s2 

18. Define Self reciprocal and give example.

If the transform of f ( x ) is equal to f ( s ) , then the function f ( x ) is called

x2
self reciprocal. In e − 2
is self reciprocal under fourier transform.

x 0< x <π
19. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of f ( x) = 
0 x ≥π
 ∞ π
2 2
Fc  f ( x )  =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) cos sx dx =
π ∫ x cos sx dx
0
π
2   sin sx  cos sx  2 π cos sπ 1 
=  x + 2  =  sin sπ + − 2
π   s  s 0 π s s2 s 
2  π s sin sπ + cos sπ − 1 
=
π  s2 


x
20. Find the Fourier sine transform of .
x + a2
2

f ( x ) = e− ax

2 s
Fs  f e− ax  =
( )
π s + a2
2

Using Inverse formula for Fourier sine transforms

∞
2 2 s
e − ax =
π ∫
0
π s + a22
sin sx ds

∞
s π
(ie) ∫ 22
sin sx ds = e − ax , a > 0
0
s +a 2

Change x and s , we get

∞
x π
∫x
0
2
+a 2
sin sx dx = e− as
2

∞
 x  2 x 2 π − as π
Fs  2 2 
x +a 
=
π ∫x
0
2
+a 2
sin sx ds =
π 2
e =
2
e − as .

Unit V) PARTIAL DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART-A
1. Eliminate the arbitrary constants a & b from z = (x 2 + a)(y2 + b)
Solu:
z = (x2 + a)(y2 + b)
p = 2x(y2 + b) ; q = (x2 + a) 2y
=> (y2 + b) = p/2x ; (x2 + a) = q/2y
z = (p/2x)(q/2y)
=> 4xyz = pq
2. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = f(xy)
Solu:
z = f(xy)
 p = f ′( xy ). y q = f ′( xy ).x
p/q = y/x => px – qy = 0
3. Form the PDE by eliminating the constants a and b from z = axn + byn
Solu:
z = axn + byn
p = nax n-1 ; q = nbyn-1
p q
a= n −1
; b = n −1
nx ny
p q
∴z = n −1 x n + n −1 y n
nx ny
⇒ nz = px + qy

4. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f   and form the PDE

xy
 z 
Solu:
 xy 
z= f 
 z 

 xy   z − xp 
p = f ′  .y  
 z   z2
 xy   z − yq 
q = f ′  .x  
 z   z2
p y  z − xp 
∴ = . 
q x  z − yq 
⇒ pxz − pqxy = qyz − pqxy
⇒ px − qy = 0

5. Find the complete integral of p + q =pq

Solu:
Put p = a, q = b
a + b= ab => b – ab = - a
−a
=> b =
1− a

 −a 
∴z = ax +   y +c
 1− a 
6. Find the solution of p + q =1

Solu:
 z = ax+by+c ----(1) is the required solution
given p + q = 1 -----(2)

put p=a, q = b in (2)

a + b =1⇒ b =1 − a ⇒ b = (1 − a )2
∴ z = a x + (1 − a )2 y + c
7. Find the General solution of p tanx + q tany = tanz.
Solu:

dx dy dz
= =
ta n x tan y tan z
⇒ c o t x d x = c o t y d y = co t z d z
ta ke ∫ cot x dx = ∫ cot y dy ; ∫ cot y dy = ∫ c o t zd z
⇒ lo g sin x = lo g sin y + lo g c1 ⇒ lo g sin y = lo g sin z + lo g c 2
sin x sin y
⇒ c1 = ⇒ c2 =
sin y sin z
 sin x sin y 
∴Φ  , = 0
 sin y sin z 
8. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f ( x 2 − y 2 ) and form the PDE.

Solu:
z = f ( x2 − y2 )

p = f ′(x2 − y 2 )2x ; q = f ′ ( x 2 − y 2 ) (−2 y )

p 2x
= ⇒ py − qx = 0
q 2y
9. Find the equation of the plane whose centre lie on the z-axis
Solu: General form of the sphere equation is
2
x2 + y2 + ( z − c ) = r 2
(1)
Where ‘r’ is a constant. From (1)
2x+2(z-c) p=0
(2)
 2y +2(z-c) q = 0
(3)
x y
From (2) and (3) =−
p q
That is py - qx =0 Which is a required PDE.
10. Eliminate the arbitrary constants z = ax + by + a 2 + b2 and form the PDE.
Solu:

z = ax +by + a2 +b2
p = a;q = b
∴ z = px + qy + p2 + q2

11. Find the singular integral of z = px + qy + pq

Solu:
The complete solution is z = ax + by + ab
∂z ∂z
=0 = x+b ; = 0 = y+ a
∂a ∂b
⇒ b = −x ; a = −y
∴ z = (− y ) x + (− x) y + (− y. − x )
= − xy − xy + xy = − xy
∴ xy + z = 0

12. Find the general solution of px+qy=z

dx dy dz
Solu: The auxiliary equation is = =
x y z
dx dy
From =
x y

x
Integrating we get log x = log y + log c on simplifying = c1 .
y
dy dz y
= ⇒ = c2
y z z

x y
Therefore ϕ , =0 is general solution.
y z

13. Find the general solution of px2+qy2=z2

 dx dy dz
Solution: The auxiliary equation is 2
= 2 = 2
x y z
dx dy
From 2
= 2
x y
1 1
Integrating we get − = c1
y x
dy dz 1 1
Also 2
= 2 Integrating we get − = c2
y z z y

1 1 1 1
Therefore ϕ − , − =0 is general solution.
 y x z y

14. Solve ( D 2 − 2 DD′ + 3D′2 ) z = 0

Solution: Auxiliary equation is m 2 − 2m + 3 = 0
( m − 3)( m + 1) = 0
m = − 1, m = 3
The solution is z = f1 ( y − x ) + f 2 ( y + 3 x )
15. Solve ( D 2 − 4 DD′ + 3D′2 ) z = e x + y
Solution: Auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4m + 3 = 0
( m − 3)( m − 1) = 0
m = 1, m = 3
The CF is CF = f1 ( y + x ) + f 2 ( y + 3 x )
1
PI = 2 2
e x+ y
′
D − 4 DD + 3D ′
Put D = 1, D′ = −1 Denominator =0.
1 xe x + y
PI = e x+ y = −
2 D − 4 D′ 2

Z=CF + PI
xe x + y
= CF = f1 ( y + x ) + f 2 ( y + 3x ) −
2
16. Solve. ( D 2 − 3DD′ + 4 D′2 ) z = e x − y
Solution: Auxiliary equation is m 2 − 3m + 4 = 0
( m − 3)( m − 1) = 0 => m = 1, m = 3
CF = f1 ( y + x ) + f 2 ( y + 3 x )
1
PI = e x− y
(D 2
− 3DD′ + 4 D′ 2
)
1 x− y 1 x− y e x− y
= e = e =
1 − 3(1)( −1) + 4( −1) 2 1+ 3 + 4 8
17. Find P.I ( D 2 − 4DD′ + 4D′2 ) z = e 2 x − y
1
Solution: PI = e2 x− y
D − 4 DD′ + 4 D′2
2

Put D = 2, D′ = −1
1 1 e2 x − y
PI = 2
e2 x− y = 2
e2 x− y =
( D − 2 D′ ) ( 2 + 2) 16

18. Find P.I ( D 2 − DD′ − 6 D′2 ) z = x 2 y

1
Solution: PI = x2 y
 D′ 6 D′ 
2
D 2 1 − − 2 
 D D 
1  D′  2 1  2 x3  x4 y x5
=
D2
( )
1 + D  x y =
D2
 x y +
3
 = +
12 60

∂2 z ∂2 z
19. Find P.I − = sin ( x − y )
∂x 2 ∂x∂y
1
Solution: PI = Sin ( x − y )
2
Put D 2 = − 1, DD′ = −(1)( −1) = 1
D − DD ′
1 − Sin ( x − y )
= Sin ( x − y ) =
−1 − 1 2
20. Solve ( D − 3DD′ + 2 D′ ) Z = 0
3 3

Solution: Auxiliary equation is

3
m − 3m + 2 = 0 => ( m − 1) ( m 2 + m − 2 ) = 0
( m − 1)( m + 2)( m − 1) = 0 => m = 1,1 m = −2
The Solution is CF = f1 ( y + x ) + x f 2 ( y + x ) + f 3 ( y − 2 x )

(Unit III) FOURIER SERIES

PART-A
1. Define R.M.S value.
2. State Parseval’s Theorem.
3. Define periodic function with example.
4. State Dirichlets condition.
Solution: (i) f(x) is single valued periodic and well defined except possibly at a
Finite number of points.
(ii) f (x) has at most a finite number of finite discontinuous and no
finite
Discontinuous.
 (iii) f (x) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.
5. State Euler’s formula.
6. Write Fourier constant formula for f(x) in the interval (0, 2π )
7. In the Fourier expansion of
 2x
1 + π , −π < x < 0
f(x) =  in (-π , π ), find the value of bn
1 − 2 x , 0 < x < π
 π

Solution:

Since f(-x)=f(x) then f(x) is an even function. Hence bn = 0

8. If f(x) = x3 in –π < x < π, find the constant term of its Fourier series.
Solu:
Given f(x) = x3 => f(-x) = (- x)3= - x3 = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = ao = 0
9. What is the constant term a0 and the coefficient of cosnx in the Fourier
expansion f(x) = x – x3 in –π < x < π
Solu:
Given f(x) = x – x3 => f(-x) = -x - (- x)3= - [x - x3] = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = ao = 0
10. Find the value of a0 for f(x)=1+x+x2 in ( 0 ,2 π )
Solu:
2π
1
ao =
π ∫
0
f ( x)dx

2π 2π
1 1 x2 x3 
∫ (1 + x + x )dx =
2
= x + +
π 0
π  2 3  0
1 4π 2 8π 3   8π 2 
=  2π + +  =  2 + 2π + 
π 2 3   3 

11. (i)Find bn in the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in (−π , π )

(ii)Find bn in the expansion of xsinx a Fourier series in (−π , π )
Solu:
(i) Given f(x) = x2 => f(-x) = x2 = f(x)
 Hence f(x) is an even function
In the Fourier series bn = 0
(ii) Given f(x) = xsinx => f(-x) = (-x)sin(-x) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function
In the Fourier series bn = 0
 x 0≤ x≤l/2
12. Obtain the sine series for f ( x ) = 
l − x l / 2 ≤ x ≤ l
Solu:
 x 0≤ x≤l/2
Given f ( x ) = 
l − x l / 2 ≤ x ≤ l

Fourier series is f ( x) = ∑bn sin nx

l
2
bn = ∫ f ( x)sin nxdx
l0
2  
l2 l
=  ∫ x sin nxdx + ∫ (l − x)sin nxdx 
l  0 l2 
2   − cos nx   − sin nx  
l2 l
 − sin nx    − cos nx 
=  x   − (1)  2  + (l − x)   − (−1)  2  
l   n   n  0   n   n l 2 
2  −l cos nl 2 sin nl 2 sin nl l cos nl 2 sin nl 2 
=  + −0−0+0− 2 + +
l n n 2
n n n2 
2  2sin nl 2 sin nl 
=  − 2 
l  n2 n 

2 2sin nl 2 sin nl 
Fourier series is f ( x) = ∑  2
− 2  sin nx
l  n n 
13. If f(x) is odd function in ( −l , l ) . What are the value of a0 &an
Solu:
If f(x) is an odd function, ao = 0, an = 0
14. Expand f(x) = |x| as a Fourier series in (- π . π ) find the value of a0
Solu:

Given f(x) = |x| ⇒ f(-x) = |-x| = |x| = f(x)

Hence f(x) is an even function

 π
2  x2  2 π 2 
π
2
∴ ao = ∫ xdx =   =   = π
π0 π  2 0 π2
15. Explain half range cosine series of f(x) = x, in 0 < x < l
Solu:
l
1  x2  1 l 2  l
l
1
ao = ∫ xdx =   =   =
l0 l  2 0 l 2 2
l
1   − cos nx   − sin nx 
l
1
an = ∫ x sin nxdx =  x   − (1)  2 
l0 l  n   n 0
1  −l cos nl sin nl  1  −l cos nl sin nl 
=  + 2 − 0 − 0 =  + 2 
l n n  l n n 
ao l 1 −l cos nl sin nl 
Fourier series is f ( x) = + ∑an cos nx = + ∑  + 2  cos nx
2 4 l n n 
16. Find the RMS value of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 1
Solu:
Given f(x) = x2
R.M.S value
2l 1
1 1 2
y=
l0∫
2
( f ( x) ) dx =
120∫ ( x 2 ) dx

1
 x5  2
= 2  =
 5 0 5

17. Find the half range sine series of f ( x) = x in (0, π )

18. Find the value of a0 in the cosine series of f ( x) = x in (0, 5)
Solu:
5
1  x2  1  52  5
5
1
ao = ∫ xdx =   =   =
50 5  2 0 5 2  2
19. Define odd and even function with example.
(i) If f (− x) = f ( x) then the function is an even function.
(ii) If f (− x) = − f ( x) then the function is an odd function.
20. Write the first two harmonic.
 ao
f ( x) = + ∑ an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
⇒ The first two harmonics are
a
f ( x ) = o + a1 cos x + b1 sin x + a2 cos 2 x + b2 sin 2 x
2
Z – TRANSFORM
PART-A

1. Define Z transform
Solution: Let {f(n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, 1,2 … and f(n) = 0 for n < 0 then
its Z
– Transform is defined as
∞
Z {f (n)} = F (Z) = ∑ f ( n) z
n =∞
−n
(Two sided Z transform)

∞
Z {f (n)} = F (Z) = ∑ f ( n) z
n =0
−n
(One sided Z transform)

2. Find the Z Transform of 1

∞
Solution: Z  f ( n )  = ∑ f ( n )z
n =0
−n

∞
Z [1] = ∑ (1) z − n = 1 + z −1 + z −2 + ....
n=0
−1
= (1 − z −1 )
−1 −1
 1  z −1   z 
= 1 −  =   = 
 z  z   z −1 
 z 
Z (1) =  
 z −1 

3. Find the Z Transform of n

∞ ∞
Solution: Z ( n ) = ∑ nz − n = z ∑ nz −( n +1)
n =0 n =0

d  ∞
 d  z 
= −z  ∑
dz  n=0
z −n  = − z 


dz  z − 1 
z
= 2
, z <1
( z − 1)
4. Find the Z Transform of n2.
d
( )
Solution: Z n 2 = Z ( n n ) = − z
dz
( Z ( n ) ) , by the property,
d  z 
=−z  
dz  ( z − 1) 2 
 
5. State Initial & Final value theorem on Z Transform
Solution: Initial Value Theorem
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) then f (0) = lim F ( z )
z →∞
 Final Value Theorem
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) then lim f ( n) = lim( z − 1) F ( z )
t →∞ z →1

6. Define convolution theorem of Z Transform.

Solution: If Z[f(n)] = F(z) and Z[g(n)] = G(z) then Z{f(n)*g(n)} = F(z) · G(z)
7. Find Z –Transform of na n
d
Solution: ( )
Z na n = − z
dz
( ( )) , by the property,
Z an

d  z  az
=−z   =
dz  ( z − a )  ( z − a ) 2

nπ nπ
8. Find Z – Transform of cos and sin
2 2
z ( z − cos θ )
Solution: We know that Z ( cos nθ ) =
z − ( 2 cos θ ) z + 1
2

 π z ( z − cos π / 2 ) z2
Z  cos n  = 2 =
 2  z − ( 2 cos π / 2 ) z + 1 z 2 + 1

z sin θ
Similarly Z ( sin nθ ) =
z − ( 2 cos θ ) z + 1
2

 π z ( sin π / 2 ) z
Z  sin n  = 2 = 2
 2  z − ( 2 cos π / 2 ) z + 1 z + 1

1
9. Find Z – Transform of  
n
1 ∞ 1 ∞
1  1
Solution: Z   = ∑ z − n = ∑ z − n = − log 1 + 
 n  n= 0 n n =1 n  z
 z +1  z 
= − log   = log  
 z   z +1 
1
10. Find Z – Transform of  
 n! 
1
1 ∞ 1 ∞
1
Solution: Z   = ∑ z−n = ∑ z−n = e z
 n !  n =0 n ! n =0 n !

1
11. Find Z – Transform of
n +1
Solution:
 1  ∞ 1 −n ∞
1 − ( n+1)
Z  = ∑
 n + 1  n= 0 n + 1
z = z ∑
n= 0 n + 1
z

  1 
= z  − log 1 +  
  z 
 z 
= z log  
 z +1

12. Find Z – Transform of an

 Solution:
n
∞
an ∞  a 
Z an = ∑
( ) n
=∑ 
n=0 z n =0  z 

1 z
= =
a z−a
1−
z
13. State and prove First shifting theorem
( )
Statement: If Z f ( t ) = F ( z ) , then Z e − at f (t ) = F ze at ( ) ( )
∞
Proof: Z e − at f (t ) = ∑ e − anT f ( nT ) z − n (As f(t) is a function defined for discrete values of t,
( )
n =0
∞
where t = nT, then the Z-transform is defined as Z ( f (t ) ) = ∑ f (nT ) z
n =0
−n
= F ( z ) ).
∞ −n
Z e − at f (t ) = ∑ f ( nT ) ze aT
( ) ( ) = F ( ze at )
n= 0

14. Define unit impulse function.

Solution: The unit sample sequence is defined as follows:

1 for n = 0
δ ( n) = 
0 for n ≠ 0

15. Define unit step function.

Solution: The unit step sequence is defined as follows:

1 for n ≥ 0
δ ( n) = 
0 for n < 0

16. Find Z – Transform of Z e at ( )

Solution:
 z 
Z ( e at ) = Z ( e at .1) = Z (1) z = ze− aT =  
 z − 1  z = ze− aT
 ze − aT 
=  − aT 
 ze − 1 
17. Find Z – Transform of Z te −2 t ( )
Solution:

 Tz 
( )
Z te −2 t = Z ( t ) z = ze 2 T = 
 ( z − 1)2


  z = ze 2 T
 
Tze 2T
= 
 ze 2T − 1 2

 ( ) 
18. Find Z – Transform of Z e t cos 2 t ( )
Solution:
  z ( z − cos θ ) 
Z ( et cos 2t ) = Z ( cos 2t ) z = ze− T =  2
 z − ( 2 cos θ ) z + 1  −T
  z = ze
 ze−T ( ze−T − cos θ ) 
=  −2T 
 ze − ( 2 cos θ ) ze −T + 1  −T
  z = ze

19. Find Z – Transform of Z e ( )

2 t +T
( )
Solution:
2t
Let f (t) = e , b y second sifting theorem
Z e ( 2( t + T )
) = Z ( f (t + T ) ) = z ( F ( z) − f (0) )
 ze −2T   1 
= z  −2T − 1 = z  −2T 
 ze − 1   ze − 1 
20. Find Z – Transform of Z ( sin ( t + T ) )

Solution: Let f (t) = sin(t + T ) , by second sifting theorem

Z ( sin(t + T ) ) = Z ( f (t + T ) ) = z ( F ( z ) − f (0) )
 z sin t   z 2sin t 
=z 2
 z − ( 2 cos t ) z + 1   z 2 − ( 2 cos t ) z + 1 
−0 =
   

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT: TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
CODE: MA 2211 CLASS: II YEAR
B.E/B.TECH
2 MARKS WITH ANSWER

UNIT-
UNIT-I FOURIER TRANSFORM
21. State Integral Theorem.
Answer:

If f ( x ) is piece wise continuously differentiable and absolutely on ( −∞, ∞ )

∞
1
then, f (x) = ∫ f ( t ) ei(x−t )sdt ds .
2π −∞

22. State and prove Modulation theorem.

1
F f ( x) cos ax =  f ( s + a) + f ( s − a) 
2
Proof:
 ∞
1
F  f ( x) cos ax = ∫
2π −∞
f ( x) cos ax eisxdx

1
∞
 eiax + e−iax  isx
= ∫ f ( x)  2  e dx
2π −∞
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1
∫ ( ) ∫ f ( x) ei(s−a)xdx
i(s+a) x
= f x e dx +
2 2π −∞ 2 2π −∞
1 1
= f ( s + a) + f ( s − a)
2 2
1
F f ( x) cos ax =  f ( s + a) + f ( s − a)
2

23. State Parseval’s Identity.

If F ( s ) is an fourier transform of f ( x ) , then
∞ ∞
2 2
∫
−∞
F ( s ) ds = ∫
−∞
f ( x ) dx

24. State Convolution theorem.

The fourier transform of Convolution of f ( x ) and g ( x ) is the product of
their fourier transforms.
F{ f ∗g} = F( s) G( s)

25. State and prove Change of scale of property.

Answer:
1
If F( s) = F{ f ( x)} , then F { f ( ax )} = F ( sa)
a
∞
1
F{ f ( ax)} = ∫ f ( ax) eisxdx
2π −∞
∞
1 i( s a)t dt
= ∫
2π −∞
f ( ax) e
a
; where t = ax

1
a
( )
F { f ( ax)} = F s and
a
dn
26. Prove that if F[f(x)] = F(s) then F { x f (x)} = (−i) n F(s)
n n

ds
Answer:
 ∞
1
F (s) = ∫ f (x)e
isx
dx
2π −∞

Diff w.r.t s ‘n’ times

∞
dn d 1
∫
n isx
F ( s) = f ( x)( ix) e dx
dsn ds 2π −∞
∞
1
∫ f ( x) (i) (x) e
n n isx
= dx
2π −∞
n ∞
1 d 1
F ( s) = ∫ ( x) f ( x ) e
n isx
n n
dx
(i) ds 2π −∞
n ∞
d 1
(−i)n F ( s) = ∫ (x) f ( x) e
n isx
n
dx
ds 2π −∞

dn n
F  x f ( x )  = ( −i ) n F ( s )
n

ds

∫ f (x)cos sxdx = e
−s
27. Solve for f(x) from the integral equation
0
Answer:
∞

∫ f (x)cos sxdx = e
−s

0
∞
2
Fc  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x) cos ax dx
0

2 −s
Fc  f ( x )  = e
π

∞
2
π ∫0 c 
f (x) = F  f ( x) cos ax dx
∞
a
∫e
− ax
∞ cos bx dx =
2 2 a + b2
2

π∫
= e−s cos ax dx 0

0
π
∞ ∴ a = 1, b = x
2 2 1 
π ∫0
−s
= e cos ax dx =  2 
π  x +1

1 x <a
28. Find the complex Fourier Transform of f ( x ) = 
0 x >a>0
Answer:
 ∞
1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ f ( x) e
isx
dx
2π −∞
∞ ∵ x < a; − a < x < a
1
=
2π ∫
−∞
f ( x ) eisx dx

a
1
F  f ( x) = ∫ (1) e
isx
dx
2π −a
a
1
= ∫ (cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π −a
a a
2 2  sin sx 
2π ∫0
= (cos sx)dx =  
2π  s 0
2  sin as 
=
π  s 

[Use even and odd property second term become zero]

 x x <a
29. Find the complex Fourier Transform of f ( x) = 
0 x >a>0
Answer:

∞
1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ f ( x) e
isx
dx
2π −∞
a
1
∫ xe
isx
= dx
2π −a ∵ x < a; − a < x < a
a
1
=
2π ∫ x (cos sx + i sin sx)dx
−a
a
2i   −cossx   −sinsx 
a
2
= ∫
2π 0
(x(i sinsx)dx = x −(1) 2 
2π   s   s 0
2 −ascosas +sinas
=i
π  s2 

[Use even and odd property second term become zero]

30. Write Fourier Transform pair.
Answer:

If f ( x ) is defined in ( −∞, ∞ ) , then its Fourier transform is defined as

∞
1
F ( s) = ∫ f ( x) e
isx
dx
2π −∞
If F ( s ) is an Fourier transform of f ( x ) , then at every point of Continuity
∞
1
of f ( x ) , we have f ( x ) = ∫ F (s)e
− isx
ds .
2π −∞

31. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of f(x) = e-x

Answer:

∞
2
Fc  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos sx dx
0
∞
2
Fc e − x  = ∫e
−x ∞
cos sx dx a
π ∵ ∫ e − ax cos bx dx =
0
0
a + b2
2

21
Fc e − x  =
π s2 +1

eimx , a < x < b

32. Find the Fourier Transform of f ( x ) = 
0, otherwise
Answer:
∞
1
F  f ( x )  = ∫ f ( x) e
isx
dx
2π −∞
b b
1 1
∫ e e dx = ∫ e dx
imx isx i( m + s ) x
=
2π a 2π a
b
1  ei( m+s) x  1 1  i( m+s)b i( m+s) a 
=   = e −e
2π i ( m+s) a 2π i ( m+s)  

1
33. Find the Fourier sine Transform of .
x
Answer:
 ∞
2
Fs  f ( x)  =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin sx dx
0
∞
2 sin sx 2 π
π ∫0 x
= dx =
π 2
π
Fs  f ( x)  =
2
34. Find the Fourier sine transform of e-x
Answer:

∞
2
Fs  f ( x)  =
π ∫ f ( x) sin sxdx
0
∞
2
π ∫0
Fs e  =
−x
e−x
sin sxdx

2s
Fs e−x  =
π s 2 +1
∞
b
∵∫e−ax sinbx dx =
0
a2 +b2
Using inverse Fourier sine transforms

35. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e-2x +2 e-x

Answer:
∞
2
Fc  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos ax dx
0
∞
2
Fc e −2 x + 2e− x  = ∫ (e )
−2 x
+ 2e − x cos ax dx
π 0

2  −2 x 
∞ ∞

 ∫ e cos ax dx + 2 ∫ e cos ax dx 
−x
=
π  0 0 

2 2 1  2 1 1 
=  +2  =2  + 
π  s2 +4 s2 +1 π  s2 +4 s2 +1
1 , 0 ≤ x ≤1
36. Find the Fourier sine transform of f ( x) = 
0 x >1
Answer:
 ∞
2
Fs  f ( x )  =
π ∫ f ( x) sin sxdx
0

2  
1 ∞
Fs  f ( x )  =  ∫ f ( x) sin sxdx + ∫ f ( x) sin sxdx
π  0 1 
2  
1 1
2  cos sx 
π  ∫0
=  1sin sxdx + 0 = −
 π  s 0
2 1− cos s 
=
π  s 
 x, o < x < 1

f ( x ) =  2 − x, 1 < x < 2
37. Obtain the Fourier sine transform of 0, .
 x > 2

Answer:

∞
2
Fs  f ( x)=
 π ∫ f ( x) sinsxdx
0

2  
1 2

π ∫0 ∫1 ( )
=  xsin sxdx + 2− x sinsxdx 

2  cossx sinsx  cossx sinsx 
1 2

=  −x + 2  +−( 2−x) − 2 
π  s s 0  s s 1 
2  coss sins sin2s coss sins
Fs  f ( x)=
 π − s + s2 − s2 + s + s2 
 
2 2sins −2sin2s
=  
π  s2 

38. Define self reciprocal and give example.

If the transform of f ( x ) is equal to f ( s ) , then the function f ( x ) is

2
−x
called self reciprocal. e 2
is self reciprocal under Fourier transform.

x 0< x <π
39. Find the Fourier cosine Transform of f ( x) = 
0 x ≥π
Answer:
 ∞ π
2 2
Fc  f ( x) =
π ∫ f ( x) cos sx dx =
0
π ∫ xcos sx dx
0
π
2   sin sx  cos sx  2 π cos sπ 1 
=  x + 2  =  sin sπ + 2 − 2 
π   s  s 0 π s s s 
2 π ssin sπ + cos sπ −1
=
π  s2 


x
40. Find the Fourier sine transform of .
x + a2
2

Answer:
f ( x) =e−ax

2 s
Fs  f e−ax  =
( ) π s2 + a2
Using Inverse formula for Fourier sine transforms

∞
2 2 s
∫
−ax
e = sin sx ds
π 0
π s2 + a2
∞
s π −ax
(ie)∫ 2 2
sin sx ds = e , a >0
0
s + a 2
Change x and s, we get
∞
x π
∫ x +a sinsx dx = 2 e
−as
2 2
0

∞
 x  2 x
Fs  2 2  =
x +a  π ∫0 x2 + a2 sin sx ds
2 π −as π
= e = e− as
π 2 2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------

UNIT-II Z – TRANSFORM

PART-A
6. Define Z transform

Let {f(n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, 1,2 … and f(n) = 0

for n < 0 then its Z – Transform is defined as

∞
Z {f (n)} = F (Z) = ∑ f (n)z
n=∞
−n
(Two sided Z transform)
∞

Z {f (n)} = F (Z) = ∑ f (n)z

n=0
−n
(One sided Z transform)

7. Find the Z Transform of 1

∞

Answer: Z  f ( n )  = ∑ f ( n )z − n
n=0
∞
Z[1] = ∑(1)z−n = 1 + z −1 + z −2 + ....
n=0
−1
=(1−z−1)
−1 −1
 1  z −1   z 
= 1 −  =   = 
 z  z   z −1 
 z 
Z (1) =  
 z −1 

8. Find the Z Transform of n

Answer:
∞ ∞
Z ( n) =∑nz−n = z∑nz (
− n+1)

n=0 n=0

d  −n  ∞
d z 
=−z  ∑ z  =− z 
dz  n=0 

dz  z −1
z
= 2
, z <1
( z − 1)

9. Find the Z Transform of n2.

Answer:
d
( )
Z n2 =Z( nn) =−z
dz
( Z( n)) , by the property,
d z 
=− z  
dz  ( z −1)2 
 
10. State Initial & Final value theorem on Z Transform
Initial Value Theorem
If Z [f (n)] = F (z) then f (0) = lim
z →∞
F ( z)

Final Value Theorem

If Z [f (n)] = F (z) then lim f (n) = lim( z − 1) F ( z )
t →∞ z →1

6. Define convolution theorem of Z- Transform.

Z[f(n)] = F(z) and Z[g(n)] = G(z) then Z{f(n)*g(n)} = F(z) · G(z)

12. Find Z –Transform of nan

Answer:
d
( )
Z nan =− z
dz
( ( ))
Z an , by the property,

d z  az
=− z   =
dz  ( z − a )  ( z − a )2

nπ nπ
13. Find Z – Transform of cos and sin
2 2
Answer:
z ( z − cosθ )
We know that Z ( cos nθ ) =
z2 −( 2cosθ ) z +1
 π z( z −cosπ /2) z2
Z cosn  = 2 =
 2  z −( 2cosπ / 2) z +1 z2 +1

zsinθ
Similarly Z( sinnθ) =
z2 −( 2cosθ) z+1

 π z ( sinπ / 2) z
Z sin n  = 2 = 2
 2  z −( 2cosπ / 2) z +1 z +1
1
14. Find Z – Transform of  
n

Answer:

 1 ∞ 1 −n ∞ 1 −n  1
Z =∑ z =∑ z =−log1+ 
 n n=0 n n=1 n  z
  z +1   z 
= − log   = log  
 z   z +1 

1
15. Find Z – Transform of  
 n! 
Answer:
1
 1  ∞ 1 −n ∞ 1 −n z
Z   = ∑ z = ∑ z =e
 n! n=0 n! n=0 n!

1
16. Find Z – Transform of
n +1
Answer:
 1  ∞ 1 −n ∞
1 − ( n+1)
Z  ∑
= z = z ∑ z
 n + 1  n =0 n + 1 n =0 n + 1

  1 
= z  − log 1 +  
  z 
 z 
= z log  
 z +1 
12. Find Z – Transform of an
Answer:
n
∞
 a 
an ∞
Z a ( ) n
=∑ ∑   =
n=0 zn
n=0  z 

1 z
= =
a z−a
1−
z
21. State and prove First shifting theorem

( )
Statement: If Z f ( t ) = F ( z) , then Z e f (t) =F ze ( −at
) ( ) at

Proof:
∞
Z e f (t) =∑e−anT f (nT) z−n (As f(t) is a function defined for
( −at
)
n=0
discrete values of t, where t = nT, then the Z-transform is
∞

defined as Z ( f (t)) = ∑ f (nT ) z = F (z) ).

−n

n=0
∞ −n
Z e−at f (t) =∑ f (nT) zeaT
( ) ( ) = F(zeat )
n=0

22. Define unit impulse function.

 The unit sample sequence is defined as follows:
1 for n = 0
δ (n ) = 
 0 for n ≠ 0

23. Define unit step function.

The unit step sequence is defined as follows:

1 for n ≥ 0
δ (n) = 
0 for n < 0

24. Find Z – Transform of Z (e ) at

Answer:
 z 
Z ( eat ) = Z ( eat .1) = Z (1) z=ze− aT =  
 z −1z=ze−aT
 ze−aT 
=  −aT 
 ze −1

25. Find Z – Transform of Z ( te−2t )

Answer:
 Tz 
( )
Z te − 2 t = Z ( t ) z = ze 2 T = 
 ( z − 1) 2


  z = ze 2 T
 
 Tze 2T 
=
 ze 2 T − 1 2

( ) 

26.
t
Find Z – Transform of Z e cos 2 t ( )
Answer:
 z ( z − cos θ ) 
Z ( et cos 2t ) = Z ( cos 2t ) z = ze−T =  2
 z − ( 2 cos θ ) z + 1  −T
  z = ze
 ze−T ze−T − cosθ
(  )
=  
 ze−2T − ( 2cosθ ) ze−T +1  −T
 z =ze

27. Find Z – Transform of Z e

2( t +T )
( )
Answer:
 Let f (t) = e2t , by second sifting theorem
( )
Z e2(t +T ) = Z ( f (t + T )) = z ( F (z) − f (0) )
 ze−2T   1 
= z  −2T −1 = z  −2T 
 ze −1   ze −1 

28. Find Z – Transform of Z sin( t +T) ( )

Answer:
Let f (t) = sin(t +T) , by second sifting theorem

Z( sin(t +T)) =Z( f (t +T)) =z( F(z)− f (0))

 zsint   z2 sint 
=z 2
 z −( 2cost) z +1   z −( 2cost) z +1
−0= 2
   
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit III FOURIER SERIES
-------------

PART-A
1. Define R.M.S value.
If let f(x) be a function defined in the interval (a, b), then the R.M.S value of
b
1
b − a ∫a
2
f(x) is defined by y = [ f ( x)] dx

2. State Parseval’s Theorem.

Let f(x) be periodic function with period 2l defined in the interval (c, c+2l).
c+ 2l
1 ao2 1 ∞ 2 2
∫ + ∑( an + bn )
2
[ f (x)] dx =
2l c
4 2 n=1
where ao , an , bn are Fourier coefficient of f ( x)
3. Define periodic function with example.
If a function f(x) satisfies the condition that f(x + T) = f(x), then we say
f(x) is a periodic function with the period T.

4. State Dirichlets condition.

(i) f(x) is single valued periodic and well defined except possibly at a
Finite number of points.
 (ii) f (x) has at most a finite number of finite discontinuous and no
finite
Discontinuous.
(iii) f (x) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.
(iv) f(x) is piecewise continuous in (a, b)
(x + 0) + (x − 0)
(a) f (x) = , it is continuous
2
(b) Otherwise discontinuous.
5. State Euler’s formula.
Answer:

In (0,2π )
a
f ( x) = o + ∑an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
2π
1
w h ere ao =
π ∫ 0
f ( x)dx

2π
1
an =
π ∫0
f ( x ) cos n xdx

2π
1
bn =
π ∫
0
f ( x ) s in n x d x

6. Write Fourier constant formula for f(x) in the interval (0, 2π )

Answer:
2π
1
ao =
π ∫ f (x)dx
0

7. In the Fourier expansion of

 2x
1 + π , −π < x < 0
f(x) =  in (-π , π ), find the value of bn
1 − 2 x , 0 < x < π
 π

Since f(-x)=f(x) then f(x) is an even function. Hence bn = 0

8. If f(x) = x3 in –π < x < π, find the constant term of its Fourier series.
Answer:
Given f(x) = x3 ⇒ f(-x) = (- x)3= - x3 = - f(x)
 Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = ao = 0

9. What are the constant term a0 and the coefficient of cosnx in the
Fourier
Expansion f(x) = x – x3 in –π < x < π
Answer:
Given f(x) = x – x3 ⇒ f(-x) = -x - (- x)3= - [x - x3] = - f(x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function
The required constant term of the Fourier series = ao = 0

10. Find the value of a0 for f(x) = 1+x+x2 in ( 0 ,2 π )

Answer:
2π
1
ao =
π ∫
0
f ( x)dx

2π 2π
1 1 x2 x3 
= ∫ (1 + x + x )dx =  x + + 
2

π 0 π 2 3 0
1 4π 2 8π 3   8π 2 
= 2π + + = 2 + 2π +
π  2
 
3   3 


11. (i)Find bn in the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in (−π , π )

(ii)Find bn in the expansion of xsinx a Fourier series in (−π , π )
Answer:

(i) Given f(x) = x2 ⇒ f(-x) = x2 = f(x)

Hence f(x) is an even function
In the Fourier series bn = 0
(ii) Given f(x) = xsinx ⇒ f(-x) = (-x)sin(-x) = xsinx = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function
In the Fourier series bn = 0

 x 0≤ x≤l/2
12. Obtain the sine series for f ( x ) = 
l − x l / 2 ≤ x ≤ l
  x 0≤ x≤l/2
Given f ( x ) = 
l − x l / 2 ≤ x ≤ l

Answer:
Fourier series is f ( x) = ∑b sinnx
n

l
2
l ∫0
bn = f ( x)sin nxdx

2  
l 2 l
= ∫ x sin nxdx + ∫ (l − x)sin nxdx 
l  0 l 2 
2    − cos nx   − sin nx   
l 2 l
 − sin nx     − cos nx 
=  x   − (1)  2   + (l − x)   − (−1)  2  
l    n   n  0   n   n   l 2 

2  −l cos nl 2 sin nl 2 sin nl l cos nl 2 sin nl 2 

=  + −0−0+0− 2 + +
l n n 2
n n n2 
2  2sin nl 2 sin nl 
=  − 2 
l  n2 n 

2 2sin nl 2 sin nl 
Fourier series is f ( x) = ∑l  n2
− 2  sin nx
n 

13. If f(x) is odd function in ( −l , l ) . What are the value of a0 &an

Answer:
If f(x) is an odd function, ao = 0, an = 0

14. Expand f(x) = |x| as a Fourier series in (- π . π ) find the value of a0

Answer:
Given f(x) = |x| ⇒ f(-x) = |-x| = |x| = f(x)
Hence f(x) is an even function
π
2  x2  2 π 2 
π
2
∴ao = ∫ xdx =   =   = π
π0 π  2 0 π  2 

15. Explain half range cosine series of f(x) = x, in 0 < x < l

Answer:
l
1  x2  1 l2  l
l
1
ao = ∫ xdx =   =  =
l0 l  2 0 l2 2
 l
1   − cos nx   − sin nx 
l
1
an = ∫ x sin nxdx =  x   − (1)  2 
l0 l  n   n  0
1  −l cos nl sin nl  1  −l cos nl sin nl 
=  + 2 − 0 − 0 =  + 2 
l n n  l n n 
ao l 1 −l cos nl sin nl 
Fourier series is f ( x) = + ∑an cos nx = + ∑  + 2  cos nx
2 4 l n n 
16. Find the RMS value of f(x) = x2, 0 < x < 1
Answer:
Given f(x) = x2
R.M.S value
2l 1
1 1 2
y= ∫
l 0
2
( f ( x ) ) dx =
120∫ ( x 2 ) dx

1
 x5  2
= 2  =
 5 0 5

17. Find the half range sine series of f ( x) = x in (0, π )

Answer:
π
2
π ∫0
bn = f ( x)sin nxdx

π π
2 2   − cos nx   − sin nx 
= ∫ x sin nxdx =  x   − (1)  2 
l0 π  n   n  0
2  −π (−1)n  2(−1)n+1
= =
π  n  n

2(−1)n+1
Half range Fourier sine series is ( ) ∑
f x = sin nx
n
18. Find the value of a0 in the cosine series of f ( x) = x in (0, 5)
Answer:
5
1  x2  1  52  5
5
1
ao = ∫ xdx =   =   =
50 5  2 0 5 2  2
19. Define odd and even function with example.
Answer:
(i) If f (− x) = f ( x) then the function is an even function.
(ii) If f (− x) = − f ( x) then the function is an odd function.

20. Write the first two harmonic.

Answer:
ao
f ( x) = + ∑ an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
⇒ The first two harmonics are
a
f ( x ) = o + a1 cos x + b1 sin x + a2 cos 2 x + b2 sin 2 x
2

UNIT-IV BOUNDRY VALUE PROBLEMS

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
1. Classify the Partial Differential Equation i) =
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Answer:
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= here A=1,B=0,&C=-1
∂x 2 ∂y 2
B2 - 4AC=0-4(1)(-1)=4>0
The Partial Differential Equation is hyperbolic

∂ 2u  ∂u   ∂u 
2. Classify the Partial Differential Equation =     + xy
∂x∂y  ∂y   ∂x 
Answer:
∂ 2u  ∂u   ∂u 
=     + xy here A=0,B=1,&C=0
∂x∂y  ∂y   ∂x 

B2-4AC=1-4(0)(0)=1>0
The Partial Differential Equation is hyperbolic

3. Classify the following second order Partial Differential equation

2 2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂u   ∂u 
+ =  +  
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂y   ∂x 

Answer:
2 2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂u   ∂u 
+ =   +   here A=1,B=0,&C=1
∂x 2 ∂y 2  ∂y   ∂x 

B2-4AC=0-4(1)(1)=-4<0
The Partial Differential Equation is Elliptic
4. Classify the following second order Partial Differential equation
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂u   ∂u 
4 2
+ 4 + 2 − 6  − 8  = 0
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y  ∂x   ∂y 
Answer:
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u  ∂u   ∂u 
4 2
+ 4 + 2 − 6  − 8  = 0
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y  ∂x   ∂y 
here A= 4,B =4, & C = 1
B2-4AC =16 -4(4)(1) = 0
The Partial Differential Equation is Parabolic

5. Classify the following second order Partial Differential equation

i) y 2uxx − 2 xyuxy + x 2u yy + 2ux − 3u = 0

ii) y 2uxx + u yy + ux 2 + u y 2 + 7 = 0

Answer:
i) Parabolic ii) Hyperbolic (If y = 0)
iii)Elliptic (If y may be +ve or –ve)

∂2 y 2 ∂2 y
6. In the wave equation 2
=c 2
what does c2 stands for?
∂t ∂x

Answer:
∂2 y 2 ∂2 y
=c
∂t 2 ∂x 2

T
here a 2 = T-Tension and m- Mass
m

7. In one dimensional heat equation ut = α2 uxx what does α2 stands for?

Answer:-
∂u ∂ 2u
=α2 2
∂t ∂x
k
α2 = is called diffusivity of the substance
ρc

where k – Thermal conductivity

ρ - Density
c – specific heat

8. State any two laws which are assumed to derive one dimensional heat
equation
Answer:
i) Heat flows from higher to lower temp
ii) The rate at which heat flows across any area is proportional to
the area and to the temperature gradient normal to the curve.
This constant of proportionality is known as the conductivity of the
material. It is known as Fourier law of heat conduction

9. A tightly stretched string of length 2 ℓ is fastened at both ends. The

midpoint of the string is displaced to a distance ‘b’ and released from rest
in this position. Write the initial conditions.
Answer:
y(0 , t) = 0
y(2 ℓ ,t) = 0
 ∂y 
  = 0
 ∂t  t=0

b
 ℓ x 0≤ x≤ ℓ
y(x , 0 ) =

 b (2ℓ − x) ℓ ≤ x ≤ 2ℓ
 ℓ

10. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional Wave equation?
The possible solutions are

Answer:
y(x,t) = (A eλx + B e-λx) (C eλat + D e-λat)

y(x,t) = (A cos λx + B sin λx )( C cos λ at + D sin λat)

y(x,t) = (Ax + B) ( Ct + D)

11. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional head flow equation?
Answer:
The possible solutions are
2 2
u ( x, t ) = ( Aeλ x + Be−λ x )Ce−α λ t

2 2
u ( x, t ) = ( A cos λ x + B sin λ x)Ce−α λ t

u ( x, t ) = ( Ax + B)C

12. State Fourier law of heat conduction

Answer:
 ∂u
Q = − kA
∂x

(the rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance from one end of a
bar is proportional to temperature gradient)

Q=Quantity of heat flowing

k – Thermal conductivity

A=area of cross section

∂u
=Temperature gradient
∂x

13. What are the possible solutions of Two dimensional head flow
equation?
Answer:
The possible solutions are

u( x, y) = ( Aeλ x + Be−λ x )(C cos λ y + D sin λ y)

u( x, y) = ( A cos λ x + B sin λ x)(Ceλ y + De−λ y )
u( x, y) = ( Ax + B)(Cy + D)

14. The steady state temperature distribution is considered in a square

plate with sides x = 0 , y = 0 , x = a and y = a. The edge y = 0 is kept at a
constant temperature T and the three edges are insulated. The same state is
continued subsequently. Express the problem mathematically.
Answer:
U(0,y) = 0 , U(a,y) = 0 ,U(x,a) = 0, U(x,0) = T

15. An insulated rod of length 60cm has its ends A and B maintained 20°C
and
80°C respectively. Find the steady state solution of the rod
Answer:
Here a=20°C & b=80°C
In Steady state condition The Temperature u( x, t ) =
(b − a) x
+a
l
=
(80 − 20) x + 20
60

u ( x, t ) = x + 20
16. Write the D’Alembert’s solution of the one dimensional wave equation?
Answer:
x +at
1 1
2a x−∫at
y = η ( x + at ) +η ( x − at )  + v(θ )dθ
2
here η ( x) = f ( x ) + g ( x )
v ( x ) = ax′f ′ − ag′

17. What are the boundary conditions of one dimensional Wave equation?
Answer:
Boundary conditions
1. y(0,t) = 0 for t≥0

2. y( ℓ , t) = 0 for t≥0

3. y(x,0) = 0 for 0 < x < ℓ

4.   = f(x)
∂y
for 0<x< ℓ
 ∂t  t = 0

18. What are the boundary conditions of one dimensional heat equation?
Answer:

Boundary conditions

1.u(0,t) = 0 for t ≥ 0

2.u( ℓ ,t) = 0 for t ≥ 0

3.u(x,t) = f(x) for 0<x< ℓ

19. What are the boundary conditions of one dimensional heat equation?
Answer:

Boundary conditions

1.u(0,y) = 0 for 0<y<∞

2.u( ℓ ,y) = 0 for 0<y<∞

3.u(x,∞) = 0 for 0<x< ℓ

4.u(x,0) = f(x) for 0<x< ℓ

20.T he ends A and B has 30cm long have their temperatures 30c and 80c
until steady state prevails. If the temperature A is raised to40c and
Reduced to 60C, find the transient state temperature
Answer:
Here a=30°C & b=80°C
In Steady state condition The Temperature u( x, t ) =
(b − a ) x + a
l
Here a=40°C & b=60°C
( 60 − 40 ) x 2
ut = + 40 = x + 40
30 3

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Unit –V PARTIAL DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART-A
2. Eliminate the arbitrary constants a & b from
z = (x2 + a)(y2 + b)
Answer:
z = (x2 + a)(y2 + b)
p = 2x(y2 + b) ; q = (x2 + a) 2y
2
⇒ (y + b) = p/2x ; (x2 + a) = q/2y
z = (p/2x)(q/2y)
⇒ 4xyz = pq

2. Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary function from z = f(xy)

Answer:
z = f(xy)
p = f ′( xy ). y q = f ′( xy ).x
p/q = y/x ⇒ px – qy = 0

3. Form the PDE by eliminating the constants a and b from z = axn + byn
Answer:

z = axn + byn
p = naxn-1 ; q = nbyn-1
 p q
a= n−1
; b = n−1
nx ny
p q
∴z = n−1 xn + n−1 yn
nx ny
⇒ nz = px + qy

4. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f   and form the PDE

xy
 z 

Answer:
 xy 
z= f 
 z 


xy   z − xp 
p = f ′  .y  

z   z2 

xy   z− yq 
q = f ′  .x  

z   z2 
p y  z − xp 
∴ = . 
q x  z − yq 
⇒ pxz − pqxy = qyz − pqxy
⇒ px − qy = 0

5. Find the complete integral of p + q =pq

Answer:
Put p = a, q = b
p + q =pq ⇒ a+b=ab
−a a
⇒ b – ab = -a ⇒ b= =
1 − a a −1
a
The complete integral is z= ax+ y +c
a −1

6. Find the solution of p + q =1

Answer:
z = ax+by+c ----(1) is the required solution
given p + q = 1 -----(2)

put p=a, q = b in (2)

 a + b =1⇒ b =1− a ⇒ b = (1 − a )2
∴ z = a x + (1 − a )2 y + c
7. Find the General solution of p tanx + q tany = tanz.
Answer:

dx dy dz
= =
tan x tan y tan z
⇒ co t x dx = cot y dy = co t z d z
ta ke ∫ cot x dx = ∫ cot y dy ∫ cot y dy = ∫ cot zd z
⇒ log sin x = log sin y + log c1 ⇒ log sin y = log sin z + log c 2
sin x sin y
⇒ c1 = ⇒ c2 =
sin y sin z
 sin x sin y 
∴Φ  , = 0
 sin y sin z 

8. Eliminate the arbitrary function f from z = f ( x 2 − y 2 ) and form the PDE.

Answer:
z = f ( x2 − y2 )

p = f ′ ( x 2 − y 2 ) 2 x ; q = f ′ ( x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
p 2x
= ⇒ py − qx = 0
q 2y

9. Find the equation of the plane whose centre lie on the z-axis
Answer:
General form of the sphere equation is
2
x2 + y2 + ( z − c ) = r 2
(1)
Where ‘r’ is a constant. From (1)
2x+2(z-c) p=0
(2)

2y +2(z-c) q = 0
(3)
 From (2) and (3)
x y
= −
p q
That is py -qx =0 which is a required PDE.

10. Eliminate the arbitrary constants z = ax + by + a 2 + b2 and form the PDE.

Answer:
z = ax +by + a2 +b2
p = a;q = b
2 2
∴ z = px + qy + p + q

11. Find the singular integral of z = px + qy + pq

Answer:
The complete solution is z = ax + by + ab
∂z ∂z
=0 = x+b ; = 0 = y+a
∂a ∂b
⇒ b = −x ; a = −y
∴ z = (− y ) x + (− x) y + (− y. − x )
= − xy − xy + xy
= − xy
∴ xy + z = 0

12. Find the general solution of px+qy=z

Answer:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equation is = =
x y z
dx dy
From =
x y
x
Integrating we get log x = log y + log c on simplifying = c1 .
y
dy dz y
= ⇒ = c2
y z z
  x y
Therefore ϕ ,  = 0 is general solution.
y z

13. Find the general solution of px2+qy2=z2

Answer:
dx dy dz
The auxiliary equation is = 2 = 2
x2 y z
dx dy
From =
x2 y2
1 1
Integrating we get − = c1
y x
dy dz 1 1
Also = Integrating we get − = c2
y2 z2 z y
1 1 1 1
Therefore ϕ − , − =0 is general solution.
y x z y

14. Solve ( D 2 − 2 DD′ + 3D′2 ) z = 0

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m2 −2m+3=0
( m − 3)( m + 1) = 0
m = − 1, m = 3
The solution is z = f1 ( y − x ) + f 2 ( y + 3 x )

15. Solve ( D 2 − 4 DD′ + 3D′2 ) z = e x + y

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m 2 − 4m + 3 = 0
( m − 3)( m − 1) = 0
m = 1, m = 3
The CF is CF = f1 ( y + x ) + f 2 ( y + 3 x )
1
PI = 2 2
e x+ y Put D = 1, D′ = −1 Denominator =0.
′
D − 4DD + 3D ′

1
PI = ex+ y
2 D − 4 D′
 xe x + y
=−
2
Z=CF + PI
xe x + y
= CF = f1 ( y + x ) + f 2 ( y + 3x ) −
2

16. Solve. ( D 2 − 3DD′ + 4 D′2 ) z = e x − y

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m 2 − 3m + 4 = 0
( m − 3)( m − 1) = 0
C.F is = f1(y + 3x) + f2(y + x)

1 1 1
PI = 2 2
e x+ y = ex+ y = e x+ y
D − 3DD′ + 4 D′ 1− 3 + 4 2

17. Find P.I ( D 2 − 4DD′ + 4D′2 ) z = e 2 x − y

Answer:
1
PI = 2 2
e2 x− y
D − 4 DD′ + 4 D′
Put D = 2, D′ = −1
1
PI = 2
e2 x− y
( D − 2 D′ )
1 2 x− y e2x−y
= 2
e =
( 2 + 2) 16

18. Find P.I ( D 2 − DD′ − 6 D′2 ) z = x 2 y

Answer:
1
PI = x2 y
 D′ 6 D′ 
2
D 2 1 − − 2 
 D D 
1  D′  2
=
D2
( )
1 + D  x y

1  2 x3  x 4 y x5
=  x y +  = +
D2  3 12 60

∂2 z ∂2 z
19. Find P.I − = sin ( x − y )
∂x 2 ∂x∂y
Answer:
 1
PI = 2
Sin ( x − y ) Put D 2 = − 1, DD′ = −(1)(−1) = 1
D − DD′
1 − Sin ( x − y )
= Sin ( x − y ) =
−1 − 1 2

20. Solve ( D 3 − 3DD′ + 2 D′3 ) Z = 0

Answer:
Auxiliary equation is m3 − 3m + 2 = 0
( m − 1) ( m 2 + m − 2 ) = 0
( m − 1)( m + 2)( m − 1) = 0
m = 1,1 m = −2
The Solution is CF = f1 ( y + x ) + x f 2 ( y + x ) + f 3 ( y − 2 x )

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