CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual and research literatures which served

as significant tools in the enrichment and accomplishment of the study.

Conceptual Literature

I. Raw Materials

II. Sealing Process

A. Types of Heat Sealer

1. Hot bar sealer

Figure _ shows an example of a hot bar sealer. It is also called

direct contact thermal sealing and has heating tooling that is

maintained at a constant temperature.

Figure _. Hot Bar Sealer

Source: www.packingindia.com

These hand sealers are power efficient and highly durable.

These products are used to seal polythene bags and other

thermoplastic material manually. Designed using innovative

 technology, our products have in-built electronic timer to control

the sealing time of different material. These machines can cut,

seal, trim and tub in one single step, which reduces packaging

time.

https://www.packingindia.com/index.php?route=product/product

&product_id=1202

Hishiruma (2009) stated that it is appropriate for bags that are

made of heat sealable material such as barrier films, coated

paper and coated aluminum. The purpose of barrier material is to

make sure that the packed contents in the bags are totally

protected so that the bags are free from leaks and different

foreign materials that can get it.

2. Continuous heat sealer

Figure _ shows a model of continuous heat sealer that is used for

sealing bag. The SC-500 continuous sealer closer is designed to

enable semi-automated sealing and closing of pre-glued fold-top

bags in low volume production plants.

Figure _. Continuous Heat Sealer

 Source: www.gea.com

Having a continuous motion closing system means that the

operator can present the bag to the closer and allow it to be

processed whilst he is then free to continue with filling or other duties.

This means that the overall throughput of the plant can be increased

by having multiple operations carried out simultaneously. This also

means that the labor requirement is reduced when compared with

fully manual systems.

https://www.gea.com/en/products/gea-sealer-closer-

sc500.jsp

3. Impulse heat sealers

It can be seen in Figure _, a heavy-duty foot operated impulse

heat sealer that seals plastic bags. This sealer, equipped with a

foot pedal activator, frees the user’s hands to feed the machine.

Figure _. Impulse heat sealers

Source:
 An impulse heat sealing machine for forming a liquid leakproof

seal joining flexible thermoplastic resin films includes a platen

which compresses the films under pressure, an etched foil heater

carried by the platen and protected by a non-sticking sheet, and

timers which determine the timing for the platen to compress the

films, impulse heat seal the films, cool the joined films under

pressure, and release the platen pressure.

4. Induction sealer

Figure _ shows a portable induction sealer. This induction sealing

system includes at least two ferrite cores mounted which are

channel-shaped and arranged so that the open ends of the

channels are aligned either perpendicular or parallel to a

workflow direction established as the objects to be heated pass

beneath the unit.

Figure _. Induction sealers

Source:

A litz wire coil is disposed proximate to each ferrite core which

produces an electromagnetic field within the ferrite core. The

 ferrite cores and litz wire coil are adapted to direct the

electromagnetic field toward an object to heat it.

B. Machines used in Sealing Process

Sealing machines close a single package and deliver an extensive

and continuous vertical or horizontal seal. There are various types of

sealers. Sealing machinery that combines fill, seal and form

functions also exists. Some sealing machines convey the plastic

vertically, while others convey them horizontally

1. Vertical Form Fill Sealing Machine

Figure _ shows a model of a vertical form fill seal machine. A

vertical form, fill and seal machine is disclosed which makes

recloseable bags having a safety seal exterior to a recloseable

seal and also produces durable, substantially air-tight bags at

high speed and provides for the production of different size bags

and different amounts of product in the bags.

Figure _. Vertical Form Fill Sealing Machine

 Source:

The disclosed machine includes a drive and pinch roll pair for

pulling plastic film off of a plastic film supply roll, a pair of film pull

belts biased against the plastic film wrapped around the fill tube

and driven to pull the plastic film down along the side of the fill

tube, and a pair of drive rollers for pulling the zipper strip through

the machine.

The production of different size bags is facilitated by having

the plastic film drive roll, endless film pull belts, and zipper strip

drive rollers all driven by a common drive source which is

operated in bag length increments. Also, to accommodate the

production of different size bags, a vertically adjustable ejector

paddlewheel is located at the base of the machine. Further, the

vertical form, fill and seal machine of the present invention

ensures reliable seals along the edges of each product-filled bag

by having the zipper drive rollers elongate or stretch the bag

material prior to cross-sealing the bag material. Also, the ejector

paddlewheel serves to support the base of the bag is a manner

which reduces wrinkles in the bag material along the upper edge

during cross-sealing.

According to Yam (2009), the machine creates plastic bags

out of a flat roll of plastic film, while at the same time filling the
 bags with product and sealing the filled bags. Both liquids and

solids can be packed using this packaging system.

2. Horizontal Form Fill Sealing Machine

Figure _ shows a model of a horizontal form fill sealing machine.

In a horizontal form-fill-and-seal (FFS) machine, a continuous

length of packaging film is folded lengthwise over the consumer

products to be packaged. The lateral edges of the packaging film

are separately and independently aligned with one another by

edge sensing and control devices.

Figure _. Horizontal form fill sealing machine

Source:

A zipper is in place or fed between the aligned lateral edges

of the packaging film. The lateral edges are sealed to one

another, and the zipper, if unattached, is sealed to the folded

packaging film. Side seals are produced by conventional

apparatus, which also separate completed packages from one

 another. Apparatus for driving the packaging film though the

machine in a balanced and symmetrical manner are also

provided.

3. Uniform Case Sealer

Figure _ shows a model of uniform case sealer. Boxes

or cases made of corrugated paperboard or the like are widely

used to package cans or similar articles. The blank of an end-

closing (or opening) case normally is smaller, and therefore

less expensive, than the blank of a corresponding top-closing

(or opening) case.

Figure _. Uniform Case Sealer

Source:

This difference in the amount of board required arises

from the fact that the flaps on the ends of an end-closing case

are smaller than the flaps on the top and bottom of a

corresponding top-closing case, since many cases today are

long and flat, thus making the area of the end of the case

considerably smaller than the area of the top or bottom.

4. Random Case Sealer

Figure _ shows a model of uniform case sealer. A random case

sealer has a frame with a conveyor for moving boxes into a pair

of spaced-apart lateral conveyors. The lateral conveyors have

converging centering conveyor belts that center the boxes and

first advancing conveyor belts that open to the width of the box to

be sealed.

Figure _. Random Case Sealer

Source:

A floating head located over the lateral conveyors folds the box

end and side flaps into a closed position. The box is then picked

up by a pair of second advancing conveyors that adjust to the

width of the box. The second advancing conveyors are mounted

on a seal dispensing platform carrying a tape dispenser for

sealing the box flaps shut.

5. Stand-up Pouch Filling Machine

Figure _ shows a model of a stand-up pouch filling machine.

It is an in-line, continuously operating stand-up pouch forming,

filling and sealing apparatus and process contemplates a

continuously moving web and pouch train operating at rates in

excess of 150 pouches or 500 to 600 web inches per minute, and

at to at least about 1500 pouches or 4000 web inches per minute.

Seal facilitating holes are continuously punched in a continuously

moving web and side seams are formed by continuously sealing

a continuous web.

Figure _. Stand – up pouch filling machine

Source:

The stand-up pouches are positively opened by a continuous

Coanda-Effect application or alternately by a combined

vacuum/mechanical operation. Stand-up pouches are

continuously formed, filled and sealed without intermittent web

stops for web or pouch operations.

Cam (2011) stated that individual bags are used and that they are

fed into the machine. Stand - up sealers are used to fill liquids,

powders or granules into the pouch.

 6. Induction Sealing Machine

Figure _ shows a model of an induction sealing machine. An

apparatus for induction-sealing a package having sides formed

of overlaying flaps with a thermoplastic material between the

flaps serving as the adhesive has independently adjustable

platens that bear against counter-rotating conveyor belts for

applying varying pressure to the package sides to be sealed.

Figure _. Induction Sealing Machine

Source:

A special package wrapper is also disclosed which is formed of

a laminate having the thermoplastic material printed on a layer of

printing ink. When heated, the thermoplastic material seeps

through the ink to bond with a polyolefin layer below and thereby

seals overlying package flaps together.

III. Capping Process

A. Methods of Capping

B. Machines used in Capping Process

Research Literature

A study entitled “Design and Development of an Automated Packaging

Machine” (Abanes, R. et al., 2015) used an impulse sealer to seal the pouches

after it had been filled with coconut water. Photoelectric and capacitive sensors

sere used in sensing the objects in the process. Several types of pneumatic

actuators were used for the motion of the sealer and conveyors were used to

transport the sealed pouches into the next room for the pasteurization facility.

The cited study of Araguas, D. et al. (2008), entitled “Automatic Refilling,

Sealing and Packaging of Plastic Glasses using Rotating Disk” utilized the

combination of heat sealer and puncher to seal the plastic glassed and was

operated by a PLC program. The study also used a rotating disk as a medium of

transporting materials.

An invention entitled “Induction Foil Cap Sealer” (Terano, R., 2001) includes

a sealing head module ad power supply module that can be separately mounted

and replaced. Both modules are convention air – cooled, without a requirement for

forced air – cooling or water cooling.

An invention entitled “Air Cooled Induction Foil Cap Sealer” (Herzog, K.

2000) related to an induction sealing apparatus which seals a foil sheet or liner to

the opening of a container and, more particularly, to an induction sealing apparatus

which is air cooled and which does not require the use of thermally conductive

material disposed within ferrite cores of the apparatus to facilitate heat removal.
Synthesis

In the year 2015, the study of Abanes, R. et al. used an impulse sealer

however; the study used capless induction sealer in sealing glass bottles. On the

other hand, the study also used a conveyor to transport the products, pneumatic

actuators to aid the motion of the sealing head and photoelectric sensor to detect

the presence of the bottle.

In the year 2008, the study of Araguas D. et al. used a rotating disk, while

the study was operated by a conveyor to transport the bottles. The study also

utilized the combination of heat sealer and puncher to seal the plastic glasses and

was operated by a PLC program while the study used capless induction sealer and

die cutting system that was operated by a microcontroller.

An invention made by Terano, R. in 2001 included sealing head module and

power supply module which are convection air cooled that can be separately

mounted and replaced.

An invention made by Herzog, K. in the year 2000 was air cooled induction

sealing apparatus while the study is a capless induction sealing machine. The

study also used a foil sheet or liner to seal the container which is the same for the

cited invention.
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