2.

Literature Review

Method of … /
Authors Model Assumptions Advantages / Disadvantages
Validation Method
− crack surface as a regular array of
− limited to plane problems
Bazant and trapezoidal asperities
− appropriate for nonlinear finite element analysis
Gambarova − smeared crack approach Paulay & Loeber’s tests
neglecting the dowel action
(1980) − crack properties considered as material
Rough Crack properties
Model − unloading & cyclic loading are not considered
Gambarova − introduction of the crack strain softening & Walraven & Reinhardt’s
− not validated with their own experimental
(1981) the reinforcement tension stiffening tests
program
Gambarova &
− considering of the maximum aggregate size − better formulation for tangent shear modulus Daschner & Kupfer tests
Karakoç (1983)
− uniformly distributed cracked finite elements
smeared over a certain width Paulay & Loeber’s,
Bazant and − neglect of shear stiffness

Empirical Models
Crack Band − microcracks on weak planes of various Walraven & Reinhardt’s,
Gambarova − adequate general applicability of this model for
Microplane Model orientations Mattock’s, Laible,White &
(1984) fully and partially formed cracks
− material behavior characterized by normal Gergely’s tests
stress and strain
Harries, Zeno − friction is applied as a force − tests with high-strength steel reinforcement
Experimental program –
and Shahrooz - − aggregate interlock arises by roughness of − modification proposals for ACI & AASHTO
pushoff tests
(2012) concrete surfaces models
− appropriate for cyclic loading
Walraven − two phase model for concrete Experimental program –
(1980) − better insight in the aggregate distribution, role pushoff tests
− crack along the periphery of the aggregates
of friction
Fundamental − rigid-plastic stress-strain relation
Experimental program –
Walraven Analysis of − statistical analysis gives the aggregate − improved formulation for shear resistance for
pushoff tests for plain and
(1981) Aggregate Interlock distribution reinforced concrete
reinforced concrete
Walraven Briseghella & God’sand
− fracture of some particles − realistic conditions such as earthquake loading
(1994) Laible’s tests)
bilinear simplification of the flexural crack

Physical Models
−
Yang, Den Uijl Critical Shear
profile − extending the Walraven’s theory in HSC Various experimental
and Walraven Displacement
− aggregate interlock is responsible for the − further validation is needed results from the literature
(2016) Theory (CSDT)
crack’s contribution in the shear resistance

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 2. Literature Review

Modified Experimental program -

Vecchio and − not suitable for concrete without transverse
Compression Field − reinforced concrete membrane elements pure shear / shear with
Collins (1986) reinforcement.
Theory (MCFT) axial stress
Various experimental
Bentz, Vecchio Simplified Modified
− eliminating the normal stresses − is applicable for members with and without results from the
and Collins Compression Field
− aggregate fracture is considered transverse reinforcement literature (pure shear /
(2006) Theory (SMCFT)
shear with axial stress)
− studies the shear transfer without using University of Toronto
Calvi, Bentz Pure Mechanics empirical parameters tests (cyclic/reverse
and Collins Crack Model − normal stress is included − suitable for monotonic, cyclic, reversed cyclic cyclic shear and axial
(2017) (PMCM) shear and axial loads tension)- panel
− restrictions in its applicability elements
− crack surface consists of a few infinitesimal
Li and contact planes
Maekawa − distribution can be described by a − limited to normal strength concrete Experimental program
(1987) Contact Density probabilistic contact density function

Physical Models
Model − elasto - plastic stress strain behavior
Bujadham, Li − frictional slip − extended the existing model to high strength
and Maekawa − contact fracture mechanism and lightweight concrete Experimental program
(1989) − the anisotropy of plasticity − in repeated cyclic loading
Bujadham and
− high effect of the friction
Maekawa − need verification by numerous experiments Experimental program
− non-linearity of transfer stress
(1992) Universal Model
Maekawa and − dowel action and the aggregate interlock − existence of the reinforcement introduced Experimental program-
Qureshi (1997) − reinforced concrete some aspects HSC

Table 2.1: Overview of the related models

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