Nanoscience primarily deals with synthesis, characterization, exploration nanostructured

materials. Science of nanotechnology is supposed to have started by lecture of Richard feyman

on there is plenty of room at annual meeting of American physical society of California Institute
of technology in 1959 (1). This expands the borders of material science by adding biology and
biochemistry to the mix. Nanoscience is thus a horizontal integrating interdisciplinary science
that cuts across all vertical sciences and engineering disciplines (2). These materials are
characterized by a least one dimension in the nanometer range. On Nanoscale, nanotechnology is
a new area of research that are known to be from centuries (3).

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at nanoscale to create new and
(4)
unique materials and products with enormous potential to change society . Nanotechnology
literally means any technology on a nanoscale that has applications in the real world. The
Application of nanocience to practical devices is called nanotechnology. Nanotechnology as
defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as diverse as surface science,
organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, energy storage, microfabrication,
molecular engineering, etc. The associated research and applications are equally diverse, ranging
from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon
molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to
direct control of matter on the atomic scale. It has the ability to control or manipulate on the
atomic scale. Nanotechnology is proposed presently to define as the complex of fundamental and
engineering sciences that integrates a chemistry, physics, biology of nanostructures with a
material science, electronics and possess technologies focused on a development of self and
automatic assembly of nanomaterials using complex probe microsobes and manufacturing of
nanodevices, nanomachines, ultra-low integrated circuits, nanobiorobots etc.

(a) Application of nanotechnology:

 Figure 1: Showing the application of nanotechnology

It has the potential to revolutionize a series of medical and biotechnology tools and procedures
so that they are portable, cheaper, safer, and easier to administer.Nanotechnology has created
potential impact in various fields like medicine including immunology, cardiology,
endocrinology, ophthalmology, oncology, pulmology etc. In addition it’s highly utilized in
specialized areas like brain targeting, tumor targeting, and gene delivery. Nanotechnology also
provides significant systems, devices and materials for better pharmaceutical applications.

Nanobiotechnology
Nanotechnology, on the otherhand, refers to the ways that nanotechnology is used to create
devices to study biological systems i.e. Nanobiotechnology (5). Nanobiotechnology are terms that
refer to the intersection of the nanotechnology and biology (6). Nanobiotechnology is combination
of engineering and molecular biology that is leading to a new class of multifunctional devices
and systems for biological and chemical analysis. Nanobiotechnology is the field of science and
technology providing tools serving as platform for the investigaton and transformation of
biological system and it offer inspiration models and bio assembles components of
nanotechnology.
Nanoparticles
As we know nanotechnology refers to an emerging field of science that includes the synthesis of
various nanomaterials. The term Nanoparticle is not usually applied to individual molecules; it
usually refers to inorganic material. Nanoparticles can be defined as objects ranging in size from
1-100 nm that due te their size differ from the bulk material. Presently, different metallic
nanomaterial are being produced using copper, zinc, titanium, magnesium, gold, alginate,and
silver nanoparticles are being used for diverse purposes, from medical treatments, using in
various branches of industry production such as solar and oxide fuel batteries for energy storage
(7)
to wide incorporation into diverse materials of everyday use such as cosmetics or clothes .
Nanoparticles are being used for diverse purposes, from medical treatments, using in various
branches of industry production such as solar and oxide fuel batteries for energy storage, to wide
incorporation into diverse materials of everyday use such as cosmetics or clothes, optical
devices, catalytic, bactericidal, electronic, sensor technology, biological labelling and treatment
of some cancers. Due to their exceptional properties including antibacterial activity, high
resistance to oxidation and high thermal conductivity, nanoparticles have attracted considerable
attention in recent years.
 Figure 2: Showing brief description of Nanoparticles

In this review, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles are being carried out. So the biological
synthesis can be done by various different macromicroscopic organisms such as plant, bacteria,
fungi, seaweeds and microalgae. The biosynthesized nanomaterials have been effectively
controlling the various endemic diseases with less adverse effect. Plant contains abundant natural
compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and other nutritional
compounds. These natural products are derived from various parts of plant such as leaves, stems,
roots shoots, flowers, barks, and seeds. Recently, many studies have proved that the plant
extracts act as a potential precursor for the synthesis of nanomaterial in non-hazardous ways.
Since the plant extract contains various secondary metabolites, it acts as reducing and stabilizing
agents for the bioreduction reaction to synthesized novel metallic nanoparticles.
In addition, the biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, single step and eco-
friendly methods. The plants are used successfully in the synthesis of various greener
nanoparticles such as cobalt, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide and magnetite.
Also, the plant mediated nanoparticles are potential remedy for various diseases such as malaria,
cancer, HIV, hepatitis and other acute diseases (8),The use of plant and plant extract in nanoparticle
synthesis is considered advantageous over microbial based system because it reduces the elaborate
process of maintaining cell cultures. Present review focuses on plants based green synthesis of Cu
NPs and their potential applications.

Copper Nanoparticles: Cu-Nps are one of the promising material for the advancement of
nanoscience and technology. Among all the nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps)
attracted considerable attention due to their interesting properties and potential applications in
diverse fields, including energy conversion, energy storage, chemical manufacturing, biological
application, and environmental technology.

IMPORTANCE OF COPPER IN PLANTS

Copper (Cu) of block D and period 4 of the periodic table is a microelement required for the
development of plant. It exists as Cu 2+ and Cu+ under physiological condition. Concentration
required for normal development of plant is from 10-14 to 10-16 M [28], below which deficiency
occurs. However higher concentration than optimum showed toxicity in uptake of nutrients [28].
It acts as a structural element in protein regulation, participates in photosynthetic electron
transport, mitochondrial respiration, cell wall metabolism, hormone signaling, oxidative stress
response, cofactor for many enzymatic reactions carried out by enzymes such as polyphenol
oxidase, amino oxidase, plastocyanin, laccase, super oxide dismutase. At the cellular level, it
plays an important role in oxidative phosphorylation, signal trafficking machinery and iron
mobilization. The Cu deficiency in plants is expressed as curled leaves, petioles bent downwards
and light chlorosis along with permanent loss of turgor in the young leaves. Chronic Cu
deficiency develops a rosette form of growth [28, 50 -51]. Fig 1 shows the effect of Cu on
plant.Higher concentration of Cu leads to toxicity, growth inhibition, photosynthesis
interferences, photo respiration and increases oxidative stress. Diagnosis of Cu deficiency in
plants is an important as it results in yield losses, with little evidence of the characteristic
symptoms [52-53]. Cu deficiency may become more prevalent in coming future, the applications
made 10 to 30 years ago would be running out and increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers will
lead to severity of Cu deficiency.

Methods of Nanoparticles:

Nanosized metallic particles are unique and can considerably change physical, chemical, and
biological properties due to their surface-to-volume ratio therefore, these nanoparticles have been
exploited for various purposes (9). In order to fulfill the requirement of CuNPs, various methods
have been adopted for synthesis of copper nanoparticles. Generally, conventional physical and
chemical methods seem to be very expensive and hazardous (10).
Generally, the synthesis of nanoparticles has been carried out using three different approaches,
(11)
including physical, chemical, and biological methods . In general, nanomaterials can be
obtained by two methods, classified as “top-down” and “bottom-up” (12).

(a)Top down approach

The “top-down” method is the mechanical grinding of bulk metals with subsequent stabilization
using colloidal protecting agents. It is becoming increasingly apparent, for example, that
miniaturization in computer technology, which relies on silicon-based chips. An alternative and
most promising strategy to exploit science and technology at the nanometer scale is offered by
the bottom-up approach, which starts from nano- or subnano-scale objects (namely, atoms or
molecules) to build up nanostructures.

(b)Bottom up approach

The bottom-up approach is largely the realm of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The “bottom-
up” methods include bioreduction, chemical reduction, electrochemical methods, and sono-
decomposition. This is the reason why chemists, being able to manipulate atoms and molecules,
are in the ideal position to contribute to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In
the bottom-up approach to miniaturization, one can distinguish two different, limiting cases In
the second approach that is the Top down approach, the nano objects are made from the large
entities without involving the control at the atomic level. The miniaturization of components for
the construction of useful devices and machines has been and still is pursued by the top-down
approach. This approach, which leads physicists and engineers to manipulate progressively
smaller pieces of matter by photolithography and related techniques, has operated in an
outstanding way up until now. It is becoming increasingly apparent, for example, that
miniaturization in computer technology, which relies on silicon-based chips, is rapidly
approaching the upper limits of its capabilities.
 Metal
Nanoparticle
Synthesis

Bottom Up Top Down

Approach Approach

Green synthesis Etching,

Sol Gel Process, ( Plants, Algae, Mechanical
Chemical Vapor Bacteria, Fungi, Milling,
Deposition Yeasts) lithography,
Thermal
Decomposition

Figure 3: Showing different approaches of nanotechnology

Generally, the synthesis of nanoparticles has been carried out using three different approaches,
including physical, chemical, and biological methods (13). But there is a proposed mechanism for
the synthesis of nanoparticles from plants:

 Generalized flow Chart of the biosynthesis of nanoparticles

 Bioreduction
depends on Nanoparticle
Bioreduction Formation ( UV-VIS
from plants (reaction rate, pH,
temperature, Spectrophotometer)
incubation time)

Purification Physiochemical
(doesnot meet Characterization
shape, size (TEM, SEM, FTIR,
criteria) XRD)

Application of Nanoparticles:
Scientific research on nanoparticles is intense as they have many potential applications in
medicine, physics,optics, and electronics. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative offers
government funding focused on nanoparticle research.

(a)Targetted Drug Delivery:

A key area in drug delivery is the accurately targeting of the drug to cells or tissue of choice.
Drug targeting systems should be able to control the fate of a drug entering the body.
Nanotechnology is expected to bring a fundamental change in manufacturing in the next few
years and will have an enormous impact on Life Sciences, including drug delivery, diagnostics,
nutriceuticals and the production of biomaterials. Therefore, two most important aspects of
nanoparticle drug delivery must be:
•The specific targeting of the diseased tissue with nanoparticles (appropriate size and
functionalization with antibodies—or other means of selective binding—provides means of
enhanced delivery of drugs and reduced non-
specific toxicity).
•The timed release of the drug (to prevent non-specific toxicity the drug must not diffuse out of
the particle while it is still in the circulatory system, and must remain encapsulated until the
particle binds to the target) (14)

(b)Advantages in Drug discovery:

Nanoparticles overcome the resistance offered by the physiological barriers in the body because
efficient delivery of drug to various parts of the body is directly affected by particle size.
 Nanoparticles aid in efficient drug delivery to improve aqueous solubility of poorly
soluble drugs that enhance bioavailability for timed release of drug molecules, and
precise drug targeting.
 The surface properties of nanoparticles can be modified for targeted drug delivery for
e.g. small molecules, proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids loaded nanoparticles are not
recognized by immune system and efficiently targeted to particular tissue types.
 Targeted nano drug carriers reduce drug toxicity and provide more efficient drug
distribution.
 Nanocarr 5iers holds promise to deliver biotech drugs over various anatomic extremities
of body such as blood brain barrier.

(C) Container uses nanoparticles to extend shelf life :

A plastic container that uses silver nanoparticles to keep foods fresher longer, points the way
forward for processors looking to incorporate the technology into their packaging. The
technology is attractive to the food industry as it promises to yield new solutions to key
challenges. Research and development underway includes the development of functional food,
nutrient delivery systems and methods for optimizing food appearance, such as colour, flavour
and consistency.
(a) Nanoparticles target ovarian cancer:
Tiny particles carrying a killer gene can effectively suppress ovarian tumor growth in mice, The
findings could lead to a new treatment for ovarian cancer, which now causes more than 15,000
deaths each year in the United States. Because it is usually diagnosed at a relatively late stage,
ovarian cancer is one of the most deadly forms of the disease.The new treatment, issue of the
journal Cancer Research, delivers a gene that produces the diphtheria toxin, which kills cells by
disrupting their ability to manufacture proteins.

(b) Stem cell therapy:

Nanoparticles may prove effective tools for improving stem cell therapy, new research suggests.
Chemical engineers have successfully used nanoparticles to enhance stem cells' ability to
stimulate regeneration of damaged vascular tissue and reduce muscle degeneration in mice.

(c) Anthrax Vaccine Uses Nanoparticles to Produce Immunity:

A vaccine against anthrax that is more effective and easier to administer than the present vaccine
has proved highly effective in tests in mice and guinea pigs, Infection and Immunity. The
scientists were able to trigger a strong immune response by treating the inside of the animals'
noses with a "nanoemulsion" a suspension of water, soybean oil, alcohol and surfactant
emulsified to create droplets of only 200 to 300 nanometers in size. It would take about 265 of
the droplets lined up side by side to equal the width of a human hair. The oil particles are small
enough to ferry a key anthrax protein inside the nasal membranes. A nasal nanoemulsion based
anthrax vaccine, if it proves effective in humans, could be given easily to people even after they
are exposed in an anthrax attack, along with antibiotics. With some diseases, vaccines given after
exposure are used to boost the speed of the immune response.

(d) Cancer therapy:

Photodynamic cancer therapy is based on the destruction of the cancer cells by laser generated
atomic oxygen, which is cytotoxic. A greater quantity of a special dye that is used to generate the
atomic oxygen is taken in by the cancer cells when compared with a healthy tissue. Hence, only
the cancer cells are destroyed then exposed to a laser radiation. Unfortunately, the remaining dye
molecules migrate to the skin and the eyes and make the patient very sensitive to the daylight
exposure. This effect can last for up to six weeks.

(e) Multicolour optical coding for biological assays:

The ever increasing research in proteomics and genomic generates escalating number of
sequence data and requires development of high throughput screening technologies.
Realistically, various array technologies that are currently used in parallel analysis are likely to
reach saturation when a number of array elements exceed several millions. A three-dimensional
approach, based on optical "bar coding" of polymer particles in solution, is limited only by the
number of unique tags one can reliably produce and detect.

(f) Protein detection:

Proteins are the important part of the cell's language, machinery and structure, and understanding
their functionalities is extremely important for further progress in human well being.
Nanoparticles are widely used in immunohistochemistry to identify protein-protein interaction.
However, the multiple simultaneous detection capabilities of this technique are fairly limited.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy is a well-established technique for detection
and identification of single dye molecules. By combining both methods in a single nanoparticle
probe one can drastically improve the multiplexing capabilities of protein probes.

(g) Commercial nanoparticles applications:

The majority of commercial nanoparticle applications in medicine are geared towards drug
delivery. In biosciences, nanoparticles are replacing organic dyes in the applications that require
high photo-stability as well as high multiplexing capabilities. There are some developments in
directing and remotely controlling the functions of nano-probes, for example driving magnetic
nanoparticles to the tumour and then making them either to release the drug load or just heating
them in order to destroy the surrounding tissue.
LITERATURE ON COPPER NANOPARTICLES

Green Chemistry Approach for the Synthesis of nanoparticles (Biological method)

Recently, biologically-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles have been shown to be simple, cost

effective, dependable, and environmentally friendly approaches and much attention has been
given to the high yield production of nanoparticles of defined size using various biological
systems including bacteria, fungi, plant extracts, and small biomolecules like vitamins and amino
(15)
acids . Bio-sorption of metals by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria provided an
indication for the synthesis of nanoparticles before the flourishing of this biological method;
however, the synthesized nanomaterials were as aggregates not nanoparticles (16).

Preparation of Biological extracts for Copper Nanoparticle synthesis

Preparation of Microbial extracts: Studies have shown the general method which includes
culturing microorganism on suitable broth medium, incubating on a rotary shaker at suitable rpm
and temperature specific for microorganism for set number of days. The cultures were than
centrifuged at required rpm and time. The supernatants obtained were used for the synthesis of
Cu Nps[58] and bacteria is incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours in an incubator shaker at 1550-200
rpm [59].

Preparation of Botanical extracts: It is reported by the researchers that plant of interest was
collected from the available place, were washed & cleaned thoroughly with tap water and
distilled water to remove debris. The plant broth preparation was made by a known gram of the
dried powder boiled at 70-800C for 2-3 minutes with known volume of distilled water. The
resulted infusion is filtered and used as a reducing agent and stabilizer [60].

Characterization methods for CuNPS:

UV-Visible: Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy is based on the dissolution of
nanoparticles in a suitable solution and the absorption of wavelength surface
plasmon resonances.
FT-IR: Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy is used to the presence of various
functional groups and bonds on the synthesized CuNPs and it also explains the
surface chemistry of nanomaterials.
XRD: X-ray diffraction techniques are used to observe the interatomic distances
between nanoparticles by using Bragg’s equation. It is based on the reflected X-rays
which pass through the powdered nanomaterials.
SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method is related to morphological
behavior of nanoparticles and the surface characteristics of nanosurfaces.
TEM: Transmission electron microscopy is used in the characterizations of all
nanoparticles and provides compositions, morphology, particles size and crystal
behaviors.
AFM: Atomic force microscopy explains the dispersion and aggregation of
nanoparticles with their size.

Antimicrobial Activity: Copper used as an antimicrobial agent for decades has revealed a strong
antibacterial activity and was able to decrease the microorganism concentration by 99.9% [3,
60]. The US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] has approved registration of copper as an
antimicrobial agent that is able to reduce specific harmful bacteria linked to potentially deadly
microbial infections [81]. Cu Nps are known to exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity
against different strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

 Hyo-Jeoung Lee took Magnolia kobus leaves which is used for weight loss, problems
with digestion, constipation, inflammation, anxiety, stress, depression, fever, headache,
stroke, and asthma. These leaves were collected and dried for 2 days at room
temperature. The plant leaf broth solution was prepared by taking 25 g of thoroughly
washed and finely cut leaves in a 1 L beaker with 500 ml of sterile distilled water.
Typically, 30 ml of leaf broth was added to 170 ml of 1 mM aqueous CuSO4∙5H2O
solution for the reduction of Cu ions. The effects of temperature on synthesis rate and
particle size of the prepared copper nanoparticles were studied by carrying out the
reaction in water bath at 25 – 950C with reflux. The structure were analyzed by scanning
electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Antibacterial
activity was tested against gram-negative E. coli strain.(1)
 Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, reports on the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (NPs)
using extract of the Euphorbia esula L leaves as reductant and stabilizer without any
surfactant. The Cu NPs were characterized with UV-vis, XRD and TEM methods.

 Madiha Batoool, experimented the reducing and capping activity of aqueous extract from
tomato juice for the preparation of copper nanoparticles. The extract with different
concentration reduced the aqueous solution at room temperature. A 500 mL of 0.01 molar
Copper (II) sulfate were (CuSO4) solution was prepared by dissolving in de-ionized
water. Solutions of 0.5 M, 0.1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M tomato juice were prepared in de-
ionized water. Flasks which were air tight took 50 mL of salt solution and heated
continuously at 70°C in water bath shaker. The solution of 0.5 M, 0.1 M, 1.5 M and 2.0
M tomato juice were added to each flask. Color change was observed. The concentration
of Cu NP was estimated using An AS. FT-IR spectrum was accomplished and recorded
with FT infrared spectrophotometer between 4000 and 370 cm-1. The size ofproduced
nanoparticles was characterized by XRD, SEM.
 P.Naga Padma, experimented, the aqueous solutions of different plant extracts were
mixed with CuSO4 solution and incubated for green synthesis of stable copper
nanoparticles. These were tested by UV-Visible spectroscopy and SEM analysis.
 Antibacterial tests of the biosynthesized nanoparticles were carried out on Gram-positive
Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus by Agar well assay.
 The present study outlines the development of a method to synthesize copper
nanoparticles (CuNPs) by mixing copper acetate solution with leaf extract of Eclipta
prostrata without using any surfactant or external energy. E. prostrata leaf extract
function as an excellent reducing agent of copper ions, and the biosynthesized CuNPs are
safer for the environment. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern provided
evidence for the formation of face-centered cubic structure ranging from 23 to 57 nm.
 Dinker Pawar, n adaptable technique was implemented for the synthesis of Copper
Nanoparticles using leaves extract of Gloriosa superbaL.For a reaction mixture 80 ml of
1mM CuSO4and 20 ml of Plant leaf extract was mixed and this reaction mixture was
kept for 24 hrs. Within a particular time the colour of solution was changed, which
indicates the formation of copper nanoparticles. Then the solution was centrifuged for 15
min at 10,000 rpm and dispersed in double distilled water to remove any unwanted
biological materials. he synthesized copper nanoparticles were confirmed by the change
of colour after addition of leaf extract into the Copper Sulfate solution. The bio reduction
of copper sulphate to copper nanoparticle was characterized by UV-Vis
Spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR).
 Jeevan Jyoti Mohindru eports green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extract
(tea leaf extract) with water as the medium for reduction and identifies their main
physical properties. The reaction mixture was heated using a kitchen microwave for
about 5 minutes. The pH of the solution was adjusted to alkaline using 5% solution of
NaOH. Formation of Copper Nanoparticles was indicated by change in colour from blue
to yellowish black which is supported by the UV absorption at 570nm. The
characterization of Nanoparticles was done by TEM and XRD. In addition to the X-ray
diffraction investigations and infrared spectroscopies confirmed the single phase of the
copper nanoparticles.
 G. Valli reporting a novel biological approach for the formation of copper nanoparticles
using leave. Copper sulphate was made to reduce with aqueous solution of Cassia
auriculata leave extracts. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the formation of
Copper nanoparticles, which shows crystallinity. Field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FESEM) suggested particles size and spherical shape in the range of 38.1-
43.5 nm. UV absorption studies of copper naoparticles showed that have absorbance in
the range 488.5 to 514.3 nm and FT-IR studies of copper nanoparticles were showed that
the stretching frequency of finger print region at 509.21 cm-1
for Cu-O bond.
 Vasudev D. Kulkarni In this study, biosynthesis of stable copper nanoparticles were done
using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. First we prepared leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum in
deionised water. This extract added to 1mMol of copper sulfate solution and we observed
the change in color of the solution from colorless to colored solution, this indicates that
 there is a formation of Cu nanoparticles. These biosynthesized Cu nanoparticles were
characterized with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). It was observed that the Ocimum sanctum leaf extract can reduce
copper ions into copper nanoparticles within 8 to 10 min of reaction time. Thus, this
method can be used for rapid and ecofriendly biosynthesis of stable copper nanoparticles.

 Ahtesham Ahmad Shad the emphasis has been shifting toward the synthesis of Cu-NPs
by using plants and plant extracts to gain the advantages of this method. He illustrated
that Cu-NPs were synthesized using leaf extract from Capparis zeylanica as a reducing
agent in aqueous CuSO4 solution. The NPs were fabricated for 12 h which were cubical
in shape with size range 50–100 nm. The antimicrobial study of the Cu-NPs was estab-
lished using both gram +ve and gram -ve pathogens (as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
 Subbaiya and Masilamani Selvam studied that Hibicus rosa-sinensis leaf extract can be
used to reduce the CuNO3 solution, then the solution was placed in a dark room for 48 h
and spherical Cu-NPs were prepared. Cu-NPs showed good antimicrobial activity against
clinically important pathogens like Bacillus subtilis and E. coli.
 Patil and coworkers[30]have considered important role of CuNPS in the
advancement of nano sciences. They have synthesised CuNPS by using a
novel reducing agent and characterised by using XRD, SEM and XPS. The
synthesised CuNPS were mixed with commercial CuNPS to observethe
optimum sintering energy.
 Bogoslovskaja[31]et al. reported the antimicrobial effect of CuNPS with
varyning their size and phase compositions. The CuNPS were found very
effective to inhibit gram positive and gram negative bacteria (Staphylococcus
albus and Escherihia coli).
 Gondwal and Pant [32]have synthesized CuNPS by using the leaves extract
of ofCassia occidentalis. The formations of CuNPS havebeen confirmedby
UV-Vis spectra. The morphological and other characteristics features of
CuNPS were determinedby using transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive
spectrophotometer (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The freshy synthesized
CuNPS showed effective antimicrobial activity for Escherichia
coliandSalmonella typhi.
 Mahmoodi[33]et al. considered the potential antimicrobial nature of copper
nanoparticles and revealed that the CuNPS possess potent antimicrobial
activities to treat infectious deseases.Collection of suitable plant materials, Washed
with distilled water and cut into equal and small piecesA homogeneous plant materials
mixed double distilled water and boiled at specific
 andava[34]has demonstrated the increased antimicrobial activity of some
conventional antibiotics i.e. ampicillin, amoxicillin, gentamicin and
ciprofloxacilin, when mixed with copper nanoparticles. He has evaluated the
 effectiveness of ampicillin with CuNPS and incorporated the mechanisms for
this activity of CuNPS.
 Gopinath[35]et al. has considered an efficient greener method for synthesis of
copper nanoparticles using leaf extract of leaf extract of Nerium oleander
coppersulphate. The nanoparticles have been well characterized by using
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and FT-IR.The potential antimicrobial activity of
CuNPS has been observed for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhiandBacillus subtilis.
 Jayandran[36]reported the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles by using
the lemon extract. The method was found cost effective and environment
friendly. The copper nanoparticles have been characterized by using the
analytical techniques like UV-Vis, IR, XRD, SEM and TEM. He had found a
higher antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles synthesized from lemon
extract to destroy different bacterial strains

Conclusions:

This review focused on the green synthesis and the characterization of Cu-NPs. It is
indispensable to and a process which is more reliable, eco-friendly, nontoxic and
environmentally benign as compared to the conventional methods. The green synthesis fulfills
and gives alternative route which is more reliable than other ones. The synthesized CuNPs using
green synthesis have potential use in different applications such as ecological areas, catalytic
properties, biomedical field, antimicrobial activities and drug delivery system. Different
characterization techniques are described in detail for the detail study of NPs and their effective
use in specific area of interest. The present study of green synthesis of CuNPs may provide
complete set of information about synthesis and characterization of those NPs for their efficient
use in future.
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