Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering NUCE 2018.

12 (5): 1–9

BEHAVIOUR AND PUSH-OUT TEST OF

CONCRETE DOWEL CONNECTORS FOR LONGITUDINAL SHEAR
IN SHALLOW-HOLLOW COMPOSITE BEAMS

Han Ngoc Duca,∗, Vu Anh Tuana , Nguyen Tuan Datb

a
Faculty of Building and Industrial Construction, National University of Civil Engineering,
55 Giai Phong road, Hai Ba Trung district, Hanoi, Vietnam
b
Consultancy Company Limited of University of Civil Engineering,
55 Giai Phong road, Hai Ba Trung district, Hanoi, Vietnam
Article history:
Received 23 July 2018, Revised 25 August 2018, Accepted 29 August 2018

Abstract
The shear transferring mechanisms of shallow-hollow composite beams with concrete slab cast in place are
different with conventional headed shear studs and have not been investigated previously. In this study, the
behavior and push-out test of concrete dowel connectors for longitudinal shear in shallow-hollow composite
beams are described. The theory prediction for concrete dowel connectors without tie-bars adopted in this
study was based on EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1994-1-1. Push-out tests of three specimens were conducted and the
results were compared with theory prediction and published formula to identify longitudinal shear resistance.
The failure of specimens and the ultimate failure load values of push-out test were proved that the behavior of
concrete dowel in shallow-hollow composite beams was not under pure shear stress.
Keywords: steel-concrete composite beam; shallow-hollow composite beam; concrete dowel connectors; longi-
tudinal shear resistance; shallow floor structure.
https://doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2018-12(5)-01 c 2018 National University of Civil Engineering

1. Introduction

In recent years, the increasing demands on composite floor-beams systems in steel building have
led to the development of steel and concrete structures. Although steel and concrete composite beams
have outstanding advantages in comparison with concrete or steel beam such as bigger moment re-
sistance strength, higher stiffness, shorter and more effective in construction manner [1], it still has
some weaknesses such as low fire resistance, large beam-floor structure height, more cost for headed-
shear stud connectors. Hence, many types of shallow floor as Slimflor, Slimdek Asymmetric Slimflor
Beam [2], Delta beam [3] and Ultra Shallow Floor Beam with precast concrete slab [4] are developed
to overcome such problems. Typically, these steel sections of innovative composite beams are partial
embedded in concrete slab to increase the fire resistance, the structure height will be reduced and
concrete dowel connectors play a role as headed-shear studs in conventional composite beams.
In Vietnam, the shallow-hollow floors composite structures are new type of composite beam
in building construction. The steel section of the composite shallow-hollow beam is fabricated by
welding trapezoidal-hollow section with flat or U-shaped steel plate together. Along the web of

∗
Corresponding author. E-mail address: duchn@nuce.edu.vn (Duc, H. N.)

1
composite beam in building construction. The steel section of the composite shallow-
hollow beam is fabricated by welding trapezoidal-hollow section with flat or U-shaped
steel plate together. Along the web of trapezoidal-hollow section, the circular openings
are perforated. The profiled steel decking is supported by the flat flange plate, creating a
Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering
shallow-hollow floor construction system, as illustrated in Fig.1. The overall floor depth
trapezoidal-hollow
will be reduced section,
by steelthesection
circular embedded
openings are in perforated.
slab. The The moment
profiled steel decking of
resistance is sup-
the
ported by the flat flange plate, creating a shallow-hollow floor construction system, as illustrated in
composite beams could be optimized by sizes and shape of the steel parts. The circular
Fig. 1. The overall floor depth will be reduced by steel section embedded in slab. The moment resis-
web openings provide passage for the concrete and reinforcing tie-bars to create the
tance of the composite beams could be optimized by sizes and shape of the steel parts. The circular
concrete dowel
web openings shearpassage
provide connectors.
for theBy resisting
concrete longitudinal
and reinforcing sheartoatcreate
tie-bars the steel and concrete
the concrete dowel
interface, the composite
shear connectors. section
By resisting act as single
longitudinal shear atunit. The hollow
the steel steelinterface,
and concrete section istheexposed to
composite
sectionheat
direct act as
in single unit. The
fire while hollowconcrete
not only steel section
part isinside
exposed
the tohollow
direct section
heat in fire
butwhile not only
also the slab
concrete part inside the hollow section but also the slab
behaves as “heat sink”, so the fire resistance can be archived [1]. behaves as “heat sink”, so the fire resistance
can be archived [1].

Figure
Figure 1. 1. Cross-section
Cross-section of drawingof
of drawing of the
theshallow-hollow
shallow-hollowcomposite beam beam
composite
The studies based on EN 1992-1-1 [5]; EN 1994-1-1 [6] presented in this paper have provided
The studies
information based onof EN
on the behavior 1992-1-1
concrete dowel [5]; EN 1994-1-1
connectors [6] presented
in shallow-hollow in this
composite paper
beams. A
have
series provided
of push-outinformation onofthe
tests consisting threebehavior
full-scaleof
testconcrete
specimensdowel connectors
were performed in shallow-
to investigate the
shear connection
hollow compositeunder the direct
beams. longitudinal
A series shear force.
of push-out tests consisting of three full-scale test
specimens were performed to investigate the shear connection under the direct
2. Longitudinal
longitudinal shear
shear resistance of shallow-hollow composite beams
force.
One of the most important characteristics of shallow floor composite structures is identify the
shear
2. connection level.
Longitudinal shearTheresistance
behavior ofof
longitudinal shear hascomposite
shallow-hollow been mentioned in many articles since
beams
2004. Peltonen S. and Leskelä M. V. pointed out the shear behavior of shallow floor structures with
precast concrete slab [7]. Huo. B. Y and D’Mello. C. A implemented the push-out test and published
One of the most important characteristics of shallow floor composite structures is
the shear mechanism on composite shallow cellular floor beams in 2013 [8]. The longitudinal force
identify the shear connection level. The behavior of longitudinal shear has been
transferring mechanism, load bearing capacity and failure behavior of the shear connections under di-
mentioned in many
rect longitudinal articles
shear forces since
were 2004. Peltonen
investigated S. and
by numerical Leskelä
simulation M. V.
in 2017 pointed
[9, 10]. out the
However, the
behavior of shallow-hollow composite beams with concrete slab cast in place still has not mentioned.
The longitudinal shear resistance of shallow-hollow composite beam depends on shear resistance of
concrete dowels with or without tie-bars along the beam and friction (bond) force at outer interface
of hollow steel section and concrete slab. The tie-bars arrangement in concrete dowel are excluded in
this study.

2.1. Shear resistance of concrete members by design code EN 1992-1-1

In EN 1992-1-1 [5], shear resistance of concrete members without reinforcement is mentioned
relying on shear failure of reinforced concrete beams. Shear force in a concrete beam causes cracks
2
 Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering

on incline planes near the support where magnitude of shear force is high. The cracks are formed by
principle tensile stress and compressive stresses of the same magnitude as the shear stress and inclined
45◦ to the neutral axis. An accurate analysis for shear strength is impossible because of complex state
of stress and many mechanisms of concrete material. The problem has been solved by testing beams
of the type normally used in practice. Simplified equation to determine the shear strength of concrete
members was provided in design code [5] as:
 
VRd,c = max k1 σcp bw d; (vmin + k1 σcp )bw d (1)

σcp = NEd /Ac < 0.2 fcd (MPa) (2)

vmin = 0.035k3/2 fck 1/2
p (3)
k = 1 + 200/d ≤ 2.0
where bw is the smallest width of the cross section in the tensile area (mm); d is the height of member
under shear force (mm); NEd is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading, the influence of
imposed deformation on NEd may be ignored; Ac is the area of concrete section (mm2 ); fck is the
cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days (MPa); The recommended value for k1 is 0.15.

2.2. Interface bond resistance between steel and concrete

The friction resistance between steel and concrete material is normally calculated as contact shear
strength τRd by area of interface as shown in following formula:

VRd, f = τRd A (4)

The shear strength provided in Table 1 [6] for outer surface of steel section contact with the
concrete is unpainted and free from oil, grease and loose scale or rust.

Table 1. Design contact shear strength

Type of cross section τRd (N/mm2 )

Completely concrete encased steel sections 0.30
Concrete filled circular hollow sections 0.55
Concrete filled rectangular hollow sections 0.40
Flanges of partially encased sections 0.20
Web of partially encased sections 0.00

These values τRd given in Table 1 for completely concrete encased steel section apply to section
with a minimum concrete cover of 40 mm. For greater concrete cover and adequate reinforcement,
higher values of τRd may be used. Unless verified by test, for completely encased sections, the in-
creased value of βc may be used. With βc given by:

βc = 1 + 0.02cz (1 − 40/cz ) ≤ 2.5 (5)

where cz is the nominal value of concrete cover in mm.

In this research the given values in Table 1 were used to estimate shear bond strength between
steel and concrete of composite specimens.
3
 Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering

2.3. Analytical study of previous experimental test

A similar configuration of shear connectors relying on shear strength of perfobond rib shear con-
nections has been investigated by Ahn et al. [11]. A series of push-out test including 24 specimens
were conducted to obtain a calculation design method of shear resistance for the shear connection.
The proposed design shear resistance of the shear connector is given by:

Q = 2.76h sc t sc fck + 1.06Atr fy + 3.32nπ(d/2)2 fck (N) (6)

where Atr is the area of the transverse rebars in the rib holes (mm2 ); fy is the yield strength of the
transverse rebar (MPa); n is the number of rib holes; h sc is the height of the rib; d is the diameter of
the rib (mm) and t sc is the thickness of the rib (mm).
If the reinforcement is omitted, the web thickness is thin then in this study the shear strength of
perfobond rib shear connections could be rewritten as:

Q = 3.32nπ(d/2)2 fck (N) (7)

3. Push-out test

3.1. Test specimen

The push-out test aimed to identify the shear resistance of concrete infill only shear connector, so
the test specimens consisted of a steel hollow section and concrete slab without any reinforcement.
There were three opening holes in each web of the steel beams. Concrete infilled the hollow section
of steel beam passed through the web opening to form the shear connection subjected to longitu-
dinal shear force. There were three similar composite beams including two de-bonding specimens
with greased and one nature bond specimen. The designed shape with dimensions of steel part and
specimen is shown in Fig. 2.

Figure Figure
2. Dimensions and
2. Dimensions andshape ofpush-out
shape of push-outtesttest specimens
specimens

The steel section of the test was a short4 trapezoidal hollow section with 550mm in
length. Three couple of 70mm circular openings were perforated on the web post. The
trapezoidal section was used to investigate shear connections in some innovative
composite beams which are embedded in concrete slabs. The steel beams are fabricated
 Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering

The steel section of the test was a short trapezoidal hollow section with 550 mm in length. Three
couple of 70 mm circular openings were perforated on the web post. The trapezoidal section was used
to investigate shear connections in some innovative composite beams which are embedded in concrete
slabs. The steel beams are fabricated by SS400 steel material follow EN 1993-1-1 [12] that have 245
MPa yield strength; 400 MPa ultimate strength. The total depth of the steel beams was 114 mm, and
the total width was 220 mm. The concrete slabs in the push-out test used concrete grade C25/30
following [5] specification. The overall width of concrete slabs was 420 mm. The concrete cover of
trapezoidal hollow section was 40 mm which is similar to actual working conditions. The concrete
batch of each specimen was extracted to do unit test that was conducted to test concrete compressive
strength.
Two of three steel beams were applied with greased to prevent the development of the bond be-
tween concrete and steel and then, they were put in formwork for concreting. All the push out test
specimens were casted in the laboratory LAS-XD 125 of National University of Civil Engineering.
Some pictures of construction of composite specimens are shown in Fig. 3. Time for concrete hard-
ening was 28 days. After concrete hardening, three specimens were marked as Table 2.

Figure 3: Formwork
Figure 3. Formworkand finishing
and finishing of theof the specimens
specimens

Table 2.Table
Name ofofspecimens
2. Name specimens andand their features.
their features

No No Specimens
Specimens Holediameter
Hole diameter Feature
Feature
1 TN-C1-G 70 mm Circularhole,
Circular hole, un-bond
un-
2 1 TN-C1-G
TN-C2-G 7070mm
mm Circular hole, un-bond
3 TN-C3-F 70 mm
bond
Circular hole, friction
Circular hole, un-
2 TN-C2-G 70 mm
bond
3.2. Test set up and procedures Circular hole,
3 TN-C3-F 70 mm
Test specimens were put into a rig 200-ton capacity vertically. Basedfriction
on prediction of failure
load, a hydraulic jack 50 ton was used to apply load. There were four linear variable differential
transformers (LVDTs) attached in steel part and concrete part to measure slip. These loaded jacks and
3.2. Test setwere
LVDTs up and procedures
connected to a data logger which wrote and saved data of load and slip in each second.
Test specimens
Some pictures of test were putshown
set up are intoina Fig.
rig 4.200-ton capacity vertically. Based on prediction
of failure load, a hydraulic jack 50ton was5 used to apply load. There were four linear
variable differential transformers (LVDTs) attached in steel part and concrete part to
measure slip. These loaded jacks and LVDTs were connected to a data logger which wrote
variable differential transformers (LVDTs) attached in steel part and concrete part to
measure slip. These loaded jacks and LVDTs were connected to a data logger which wrote
and saved data of load and slip in each second. Some pictures of test set up are shown in
Fig.4.
Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering

The push-out test was carried out following specification Appendix B [6]. The load
were first applied increments up to 40% of the expected failure load. Subsequent load
increments then were imposed such that failure does not occur in less than 15 minutes.
Thepush-out
The push-outtest testwas
was carried
carried out following specification Appendix B [6].
[6]. The load
Thepush-out
Longitudinal
The push-out testwas
slip between
test was
steel and out
carried
carried following
out
out
concrete
out following
followingspecification
specification
specification
was measured
following specification Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
continuously
Appendix B [6].
[6].
B
during
B The
B The
[6]. loadload
The
The
loading.
load load
were
were first
first
werefirst applied
applied
firstapplied
applied increments
increments
increments up up
to
up to
40%
to 40%
40% of of
the
of the expected
expected failure
failure load.
load. Subsequent
Subsequent loadload
were
were
After first
failure applied increments
increments
of specimens, up
dataupof to
toload
40%40% thethe
of the expected
expected
of displacements
and expected failure
failure
were load.load.
failure load. Subsequent
Subsequent
Subsequent
collected load load
automatically load
increments
increments
increments then
then
then were
were
were imposed
imposed
imposed such
such
such that
that
that failure
failure does
failure does
doesnotnot occur
occur
not in
occur in
less
in less
than
less than
15
than 15 minutes.
minutes.
15 minutes.
increments
increments
and analysisthenthenwere
later. wereimposed
imposed such
such thatthat failure
failure does does
notnot occur
occur in less
in less thanthan 15 minutes.
15 minutes.
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Longitudinalslip slipbetween
slip betweensteel
slipbetween
between steel
Figure
steel and
and
Figure
and concrete
4.concrete
Push-out
concrete was
4. Push-outwas
test set measured
up
measured
test set up continuously
continuously during
during loading.
loading.
Longitudinal
Longitudinal slip between steel
steel and
and concrete waswas
concrete was measured
measured
measured continuously
continuously
continuously during
during
during loading.
loading.
loading.
After
After
After failure
failure
failureof of specimens,
specimens,
ofspecimens,
specimens, data
data of
data of load
load and
and displacements
displacements were
were collected
collected automatically
automatically
After
After failure
failure
The ofof
push-out specimens,
test data
was carried of of
data
out of load
load andand
load
followingand displacements
displacements
displacements
specification
were
were
were
Appendix
collected
collected
collected
B [6].
automatically
loadautomatically
Theautomatically
were first
3.3.
and
and
and Test result
analysis
analysis
analysis later.
later.
later.
and
and analysis
analysis
applied later.up to 40% of the expected failure load. Subsequent load increments then were
later.
increments
Aftersuchthree
imposed tests does
that failure havenotconducted,
occur in less some
than 15 pictures of specimen
minutes. Longitudinal failure steel
slip between are
3.3. Test
demonstrated
andTest
3.3.
3.3. result
concrete
Testresult in measured
was
result Table 3; continuously
the ultimateduring
failure loadAfter
loading. and failure
maximum relativedata
of specimens, slipofof three
load and
3.3.
3.3. Test
Test result
result
displacements were collected
After three tests automatically and analysis
have conducted, somelater. pictures of specimen failure
are
After
specimens arethree
After
After
After listedtests
three
three
three intests
tests have
Table
tests 4. conducted,
have
have
have some
conducted, some
conducted,some
conducted, pictures
somepictures of of
pictures
pictures
of specimen
of failure
specimen
specimen
specimen are are
failure
failure
failure are are
demonstrated
demonstrated
3.3. Test resultin
demonstrated in Table
inTable
Table3;3; the
3;the
the ultimate
ultimate
ultimate failure
failure load
failure load
andand
load maximum
maximum
and maximum relative
relative slip
slip slip
relative of three
of threethree
three
of
demonstrated
demonstrated inin Table
Table 3;3;thethe ultimate
ultimate failure
failure loadload
andand maximum
maximum relative
relative slip slip
of of three
specimens
specimens
specimens are
are listed
arelisted in
listed in Table
Table
in Table 4. 4.
specimens
specimens are
are
After three listed
listed
tests inin
have Table
Table 4. 4.
Table
conducted, 4. 3. Failure
some of of
pictures thespecimen
specimens
failure are demonstrated in Table 3;
the ultimate failure load and maximum relative slip of three specimens are listed in Table 4.
No Specimens
Table
Table Steel
3.
Table 3. partof of
Failure
Failure thethe Concrete part
specimens
specimens
Table 3. 3.
Table
Table3. Failure
3. Failure
Failure
Failureof
of
of the
the the
of the
specimens
specimens
specimens
specimens
No
No Specimens
Specimens
No Specimens
Specimens Steel
Steel part
part
Steel Concrete
Concrete part
partpart
No
NoNo Specimens
Specimens Steel
Steel partpart
Steel
partpart Concrete
Concrete
Concrete part
Concrete part
part
1 TN-C1-G
1
11111 TN-C1-G
TN-C1-G
TN-C1-G
TN-C1-G
TN-C1-G
TN-C1-G

TN-C2-G
2 TN-C2-G
TN-C2-G
TN-C2-G
2
2 222
2 TN-C2-G
TN-C2-G
TN-C2-G

3 3333 TN-C3-F
TN-C3-F
TN-C3-F
TN-C3-F
TN-C3-F
33 TN-C3-F
TN-C3-F

6
Table 4.
Table4. Ultimate
4.Ultimate
Ultimate failure
failure load
load and maximumslipslip value of the specimens
Table
Table
Table4.4.
Ultimate
Ultimatefailure
failure load
load
failure andand
and
load maximum
maximum
maximum
and slip
maximum slip value
value
value
slip of
value of
of the
the the specimens
specimens
of specimens
the specimens
Ultimate
Ultimate
Ultimate failure
failure
failure Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Hole
Hole
Hole Ultimate
Ultimate failure Maximum
failure Maximum
No
NoNo Specimens
Specimens
Specimens Hole
Hole
Hole loadload
load Slip
SlipSlip
 Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering

Table 4. Ultimate failure load and maximum slip value of the specimens

No Specimens Hole diameter Ultimate failure load (kN) Maximum Slip (µm)
1 TN-C1-G 70 mm 176.6 805
2 TN-C2-G 70 mm 141.3 665
3 TN-C3-F 70 mm 160.6 905

A load-slip curve was drawn from the result of data logger. These curves illustrate the charac-
teristic behavior of the shear connection in response to direct longitudinal shear force. Three graphs
corresponding to three specimens are shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5. Load-slip curve

Figure 5. Load-slip curve

It is worth
It is worth to notetothat
notetest
thatresult
test result
shownshown
that thethat the concrete
concrete filled infilled in trapezoidal
trapezoidal space ofspace
the steel
of the
beams havesteel
not beams have notand
been damaged been
stilldamaged and still
filled in hollow filled in hollow section.
section.

4. Analysis
4. Analysis of test
of test result
result datadata

During the test,

During thethree
test,specimens were ruptured
three specimens suddenlysuddenly
were ruptured with no warning or ductileordeformation.
with no warning ductile
Thedeformation.
failure modeThe of shear connection could be confirmed that was brittle failure
failure mode of shear connection could be confirmed that was brittle for de-bonding
specimen
failureand
for bonded
de-bondingspecimen
specimenwith maximum
and bonded displacement
specimen withweremaximum
approximate 1 mm whichwere
displacement is much
smaller than required slip in [6] for ductile connector 6 mm.
approximate 1mm which is much smaller than required slip in [6] for ductile connector
After doing unit test, characteristic strength of concrete was obtained to determine ultimate failure
6mm.
load. The mean value of concrete cubic specimen and cylinder specimen were 33.4 and 26.7 MPa,
After doing unit test, characteristic strength of concrete was obtained to determine
respectively. Based on the detail dimension of test specimens and Eqs. (1) to (7) the ultimate failure
ultimate failure load. The mean value of concrete cubic specimen and cylinder specimen
load of the specimen has been calculated. Those values were compared to mean value of ultimate
were
failure 33.4
load and 26.7
obtaining MPa,
from test respectively.
result as shown Based on the
in Table 5. detail dimension of test specimens
and Eq. (1) to Eq. (6) the ultimate failure load
While calculation of shear resistance by Eq. (1) given muchof the specimen
lower has been
value thancalculated. Those
test result with nearly
values were compared to mean value of ultimate failure load obtaining
2.5 times, Eq. (7) slightly overestimate shear resistance of the concrete dowel with 16%. from test result as
shown
Based onin Table 5. of test specimen, the stress state of concrete dowel is illustrated in Fig. 6. The
the failure
flat surface of concrete could be seen, so the shear connectors have been cut by shear stress along the
steel beam length. Table 5. Comparison of ultimate failure loads
Prediction of
Test result Ratio
shear strength 7
(kN) (Test/prediction)
(kN)
Eq. (1) 60.6 263%
159.5
Eq. (6) 191 84%
 Duc, H. N. et al. / Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering

Table 5. Comparison of ultimate failure loads

Based on Prediction
shear failure of strength
of shear test specimen,
(kN) the
Test stress state of Ratio
result (kN) concrete dowel is
(Test/prediction)
illustrated in Fig.6. The flat surface
Eq. (1) 60.6
of concrete could be seen, so the shear263% connectors
have been 159.5
Eq. (7)cut by shear stress191.0
along the steel beam length. 84%

Figure Figure
6: Stress state
6. Stress of ofconcrete
state dowel
concrete dowel

5. Conclusion
5. Conclusion
In order to investigate behavior of concrete dowel shear connectors for longitudinal
In order to investigate behavior of concrete dowel shear connectors for longitudinal shear in
shear in shallow-hollow composite beams, the experimental test presented brittle failure
shallow-hollow composite beams, the experimental test presented brittle failure mode of the con-
mode of the
nectors. Theconnectors. The failure
failure of specimens of specimens
and the andload
ultimate failure the values
ultimate failure load
of push-out values
test are provedofthat
push-out test are
the behavior proved that
of concrete the
dowel in behavior of concrete
shallow-hollow compositedowel in is
beams shallow-hollow composite
not under pure shear stress. So,
beams is notinunder
the stress pure
the shear shear stress.
connectors So,only
were not theshear
stressstress
in the shear
along connectors
the steel werebutnot
beam length only
also possi-
ble compressive stress of concrete in slab. From this study, future research
shear stress along the steel beam length but also possible compressive stress of concrete may be prepared properly
to develop
in slab. Fromcalculation
this study,method
futureforresearch
shear resistance
may beofprepared
this type properly
of shear connection.
to develop calculation
method for shear resistance of this type of shear connection.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
The study presented in this paper was financially supported by National University of Civil Engi-
The study presented
neering through in this paper wasThe
Grant 149-2017/KHXD-TĐ. financially supported
financial support by National
is greatly University
appreciated.
of Civil Engineering through Grant 149-2017/KHXD-T!. The financial support is greatly
appreciated.
References
[1] Tuan, V. A. (2017). Steel-concrete composite structure: Slabs, beams and columns for buildings. Con-
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