Microwave Devices and Circuits Third Edition SAMUEL Y. LIAO Professor of Electrical Engineering California State University, Fresno z= PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632Contents Chapter 0 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 PREFACE INTRODUCTION 0-1 Microwave Frequencies 1 0-2 Microwave Devices 2 0-3. Microwave Systems 3 0-4 Microwave Units of Measure 4 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELECTRONS AND FIELDS 1-0 Introduction 6 Vl Electron Motion in an Electric Field 6 1-2 Electron Motion in a Magnetic Field 10 1-3 Electron Motion in an Electromagnetic Field Suggested Readings 15 Problems 15 ELECTROMAGNETIC PLANE WAVES 2-0 Introduction 16 2-1 Electric and Magnetic Wave Equations 17 12 16vi Chapter 3 Contents 2-2 Poynting Theorem 19 2-3. Uniform Plane Waves and Reflection 21 2-3-1 Uniform Plane Waves, 21 2:3-2. Boundary Conditions, 23 2-33 Uniform Plane-Wave Reflection, 24 2-4 Plane-Wave Propagation in Free Space and Lossless Dielectric 29 2-4-1 Plane-Wave Propagation in Free Space, 29 2-4-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Dielectric, 32 2-5 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 32 2-5-1 Plane Wave in Good Conductor, 33 2:5-2 Plane Wave in Poor Conductor, 35 2.5.3 Plane Wave in Lossy Dielectric, 36 2-6 Plane-Wave Propagation in Metallic-Film Coating on Plastic Substrate 41 2-6-1 Surface Resistance of Metallic Films, 42 2-6-2. Optical Constants of Plastic Substrates and Metallic Films, 42 2-63 Microwave Radiation Attenuation of Metallic-Film Coating on Plastic Substrate, 44 2-6-4. Light Transmittance of Metallic-Film Coating on Plastic Sub- strate, 46 2.65 Plane Wave in Gold-Film Coating on Plastic Glass, 47 2.6.6 Plane Wave in Silver-Film or Copper-Film Coating on Plastic Substrate, 52 References 57 Suggested Readings 57 Problems 58 MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES 61 3-0 Introduction 61 3-1 Transmission-Line Equations and Solutions 61 3-1-1 Transmission-Line Equations, 61 3-1-2 Solutions of Transmission-Line Equations, 64 3-2 Reflection Coefficient and Transmission Coefficient 67 3-2-1 Reflection Coefficient, 67 3-2-2 Transmission Coefficient, 69 3-3 Standing Wave and Standing-Wave Ratio 71 3-3-1 Standing Wave, 71 3-3-2. Standing-Wave Ratio, 74 3-4 Line Impedance and Admittance 76 3-4-1 Line Impedance, 76 3-4-2. Line Admittance, 81Contents Chapter 4 3-5 3-6 3-7 vil Smith Chart 82 Impedance Matching 89 3-6-1 Single-Stub Matching, 90 3-6-2 Double-Stub Matching, 92 Microwave Coaxial Connectors 96 References 98 Suggested Readings 98 Problems 98 MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDES AND COMPONENTS 102 40 41 42 4-4 45 Introduction 102 Rectangular Waveguides 103 4-1-1 Solutions of Wave Equations in Rectangular Coordinates, 104 4-1-2. TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguides, 106 4-1-3 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguides, 111 4-1-4 Power Transmission in Rectangular Waveguides, 113 4-1-5 Power Losses in Rectangular Waveguides, 113 4-1-6 Excitations of Modes in Rectangular Waveguides, 116 4-1-7 Characteristics of Standard Rectangular Waveguides, 117 Circular Waveguides 119 Solutions of Wave Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates, 119 TE Modes in Circular Waveguides, 122 TM Modes in Circular Waveguides, 127 TEM Modes in Circular Waveguides, 129 Power Transmission in Circular Waveguides or Coaxial Lines, 131 Power Losses in Circular Waveguides or Coaxial Lines, 133 Excitations of Modes in Circular Waveguides, 133 Characteristics of Standard Circular Waveguides, 135 Microwave Cavities 135 4-3-1 Rectangular-Cavity Resonator, 135 4-3-2 Circular-Cavity Resonator and Semicircular-Cavity Res- onator, 136 4-3-3 Q Factor of a Cavity Resonator, 139 Microwave Hybrid Circuits 141 Waveguide Tees, 144 Magic Tees (Hybrid Trees), 146 Hybrid Rings (Rat-Race Circuits), 147 Waveguide Corners, Bends, and Twis 148 Directional Couplers 149 4-5-1 Two-Hole Directional Couplers, 151 4-5-2. § Matrix of a Directional Coupler, 151 4-5-3 Hybrid Couplers, 154vill Chapter 5 Chapter 6 4-6 Contents Circulators and Isolators 156 4-6-1 Microwave Circulators, 158 4-6-2 Microwave Isolators, 160 References 161 Suggested Readings 161 Problems 161 MICROWAVE TRANSISTORS AND TUNNEL DIODES 166 5-0 oa. 5-2 5-3 Introduction 166 Microwave Bipolar Transistors 169 5-1-1 Physical Structures, 170 5-12 Bipolar Transistor Configurations, 173 5-1-3 Principles of Operation, 178 5-1-4 Amplification Phenomena, 187 5-1-5 Power-Frequency Limitations, 190 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) 193 5-2-1 Physical Structures, 193 5-2-2. Operational Mechanism, 194 5-2-3 Electronic Applications, 197 Microwave Tunnel Diodes, 198 5-3-1 Principles of Operation, 198 5-3-2. Microwave Characteristics, 201 References 204 Suggested Readings 205 Problems 205 MICROWAVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 208 6-0 61 6-2 Introduction 208 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs) 209 6-1-1 Physical Structure, 209 6-1-2 Principles of Operation, 210 6-1-3 Current-Voltage (1-V) Characteristics, 211 Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFETs) 216 6-2-1 Physical Structures, 217 6-2-2 Principles of Operation, 218 6-2-3 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit, 221 6-2-4 Drain Current Iq, 223 6-2-5 Cutoff Frequency foo and Maximum Oscillation Frequency Smasy 228Contents Chapter 7 6-3 6-4 6-5 ix High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) 230 6-3-1 Physical Structure, 230 6-3-2 Operational Mechanism, 232 6-3-3 Performance Characteristics, 233 6-3-4 Electronic Applications, 236 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 237 6-4-1 Physical Structures, 237 6-4-2. Electronic Mechanism, 238 6-4-3 Modes of Operation, 238 6-4-4 Drain Current and Transconductance, 239 6-4-5 Maximum Operating Frequency, 243 6-4-6 Electronic Applications, 244 MOS Transistors and Memory Devices 245 6-5-1 NMOS Devices, 245 6-5-2 CMOS Devices, 248 6-5-3 Memory Devices, 252 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 254 6-6-1 Operational Mechanism, 255 6-6-2 Surface-Channel Charge-Coupled Devices (SCCDs), 258 6-6-3 Dynamic Characteristics, 259 References 261 Suggested Readings 262 Problems 263 TRANSFERRED ELECTRON DEVICES (TEDs) 269 7-0 71 7-2 73 7-4 15 Introduction 269 Gunn-Effect Diodes—GaAs Diode, 270 7-1-1 Background, 270 7-1-2 Gunn Effect, 271 Ridley-Watkins-Hilsum (RWH) Theory 273 7-2-1 Differential Negative Resistance, 273 7-2-2, Two-Valley Model Theory, 274 7-2-3 High-Field Domain, 280 Modes of Operation 284 7-3-1 Criterion for Classifying the Modes of Operation, 285 7-3-2 Gunn Oscillation Modes (10"icm? & (noL) < 10'*/em*), 287 7-3-3 Limited-Space-Charge Accumulation (LSA) Mode (fl > 2X 10” cm/s), 289 7-3-4. Stable Amplification Mode (nol < 10'/em?), 290 LSA Diodes 291 InP Diodes 2937-7 Contents. CdTe Diodes 296 Microwave Generation and Amplification 296 7-7-1 Microwave Generation, 296 7-7-2, Microwave Amplification, 298 References 300 Suggested Readings 301 Problems 302 Chapter 8 AVALANCHE TRANSIT-TIME DEVICES 303 8-0 8-1 8-4 8-5 Introduction 303 Read Diode 304 8-1-1 Physical Description, 304 8-1-2. Avalanche Multiplication, 305 8-1-3. Carrier Current I(t) and External Current 1.1), 306 8-1-4 Output Power and Quality Factor Q, 308 IMPATT Diodes 309 8-2-1 Physical Structures, 309 8-2-2 Negative Resistance, 309 8-2-3 Power Output and Efficiency, 311 TRAPATT Diodes 314 8-3-1 Physical Structures, 314 8-3-2 Principles of Operation, 314 8-3-3 Power Output and Efficiency, 316 BARITT Diodes 317 8-4-1 Physical Description, 317 8-4-2 Principles of Operation, 317 8-4-3 Microwave Performance, 319 Parametric Devices 320 8-5-1 Physical Structures, 320 8-5-2. Nonlinear Reactance and Manley-Rowe Power Relations, 321 8-5-3 Parametric Amplifiers, 326 8-5-4. Applications, 330 References 331 Suggested Readings 332 Problems 333 Chapter 9 | MICROWAVE LINEAR-BEAM TUBES (O TYPE) 335 9-0 9-1 Introduction 335 Conventional Vacuum Triodes, Tetrodes, and Pentodes 338 9-1-1 Lead-Inductance and Interelectrode-Capacitance Effects, 338Contents 9-4 9-5 9-6 xi 9-1-2. Transit-Angle Effects, 339 9-1-3 Gain-Bandwidth Product Limitation, 340 Klystrons 341 9-2-1 Reentrant Cavities, 342 9-2-2 Velocity-Modulation Process, 345 9-2-3 Bunching Process 9-2-4 Qutput Power and Beam Loading, 354 9-2-5 State of the Art, 360 Multicavity Klystron Amplifiers 362 9-3-1 Beam-Current Density, 363 9-3-2 Output Current and Output Power of Two-Cavity Klystron, 369 9-3-3 Output Power of Four-Cavity Kiystron, 371 Reflex Klystrons 373 9-4-1 Velocity Modulation 374 9-4-2 Power Output and Efficiency, 376 9-4-3 Electronic Admittance, 379 Helix Traveling-Wave Tubes (TWTs) 382 9-5-1 Slow-Wave Structures, 384 9-5-2. Amplification Process, 388 9-5-3 Convection Current, 391 9-5-4 Axial Electric Field, 392 9-5-5 Wave Modes, 394 9-5-6 Gain Consideration, 396 Coupled-Cavity Traveling-Wave Tubes 398 9-6-1 Physical Description, 398 9-6-2 Principles of Operation, 400 9-6-3 Microwave Characteristics, 402 High-Power and Gridded-Control Traveling-Wave Tubes 404 High Efficiency and Collector Voltage Depression, 406 Normal Depression and Overdepression of Collector Voltage, 407 9-7-3 Two-Stage Collector Voltage Depression Technique, 410 9-7-4 Stabilization of Cathode and Collector Voltages, 412 References 417 Suggested Readings 418 Problems 419 Chapter 10 | MICROWAVE CROSSED-FIELD TUBES (M TYPE) 425 10-0 10-1 Introduction 425 Magnetron Oscillators 427 10-I-1 Cylindrical Magnetron, 427 10-1-2 Linear Magnetron, 436