Evaluation of Microstructural and Mechanical Behaviours of

Tempered 2.25Cr–1Mo Steel Through Electromagnetic

Characterization.

Abstract

The effect of tempering treatment has been investigated on water quenched

P22 steel with the chemical composition of 0.13C, 0.24Si, 0.47Mn, 0.012P,
0.005S, 2.19Cr, 0.93Mo and balance Fe (all in wt%) within the temperature
ranges of 650–900°C. The microstructural, mechanical and magnetic
properties of as-quenched and tempered steels have been investigated
through optical and scanning electron microscopy, hardness and universal
tensile testing, electromagnetic sensor (Magstar), respectively. The water
quenched sample consists of fine martensitic structure with a hardness of
381 HV. With the progress of tempering, the martensite becomes coarse till
800°C, decreasing the hardness of steel samples. The tempering at 700°C
results in martensite coarsening and precipitation of rod and globular shaped
carbides; while a fraction of globular carbide is observed to increase in the
matrix after 750°C of tempering. Beyond 800°C, the ferrite and bainite phases
gradually form by replacing martensite, and the ferrite structure is prevalent
after 900°C. Due to microstructural changes, the magnetic properties are also
affected as a function of tempering temperature. The coarsening of martensite
causes the decrease in coercivity with increasing tempering temperature,
leading to magnetic softening.

Keywords : Microstructures , Tempering , Magnetic Barkhausen emission ,

Coercivity , Hardness , Tensile strength.
Hybrid Car and its Utilities

Abstract

The utility of renewable resources has been studied. Non-Conventional means

of resources have been introduced in the study. Solar , wind and suspension
methods have been inducted to demonstrate the harness of energy by
environmental friendly means.

Solar panel was mounted on the hybrid car assembly model, responsible for
harnessing the most sustainable form of energy present around us. The
principle of Photovoltaic effect has been used in the concept.
Likewise the concept of frictional drag has been used to extract the wind
power using the principle of wind turbines. Turbulence is created on the wind
when a vehicle passes through it. Energy can be extracted from this wind by
capturing it and harnessing the power which is generally used in overcoming
the drag.
Regenerative suspension system was attached in the assembly , aiming to
extract the power which is generated while passing over rough roads or
experiencing vibration. Suspension velocity variation was monitored in the
model. Calculations were made on considering average suspension travel of
±10mm per decimetre of distance travelled suspension can be taken
approximately about 200m per wheel and 800m considering all the four
wheels. Weight of vehicle taken as 5000 N approximately , resulting in 4MNm
generation of kinetic energy per kilometre which can be taken as 1.1kWh.
assuming energy losses of 50 % still 0.5kWh/km is achievable through this
method which can be buffer stored in batteries or capacitors.

Keywords : Photovoltaic effect, regenerative suspension system, solar energy,

hybrid vehicle.