PHYSICS NOTES

KINEMATICS
"Kinematics is the branch of Physics in which we discuss bodies at rest or
motion
without the reference of external agent that causes motion or rest."
OR
"The branch of physics which deals with the description of motion of objects
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reference to the force or agent causing motion in it, is called Kinematics."
REST
"If a body does not change its position with respect to its surroundings then
the body is said to be in a state of rest."

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MOTION
"If a body continuously changes its position with respect to its surrounding
than it is said to be in a state of motion."
TYPES OF
MOTION

(i) TRANSLATIONAL MOTION

(ii) ROTATIONAL MOTION
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Motion of objects can be divided into three categories.
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(iii) VIBRATIONAL MOTION
TRANSLATIONAL
MOTION
"Motion of a body in which every particle of the body is being
displaced by the same amount is called Translational Motion".
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EXAMPLE:
(i) Motion of a person on a road.
(ii) Motion of a car or truck on a road.
ROTATIONAL
MOTION
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"Type of motion in which a body rotates around a

fixed point or axis is called Rotational Motion."
EXAMPLE:
(i) Motion of wheel
(ii) Motion of the blades of a fan
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VIBRATIONAL
MOTION
"Type of motion in which a body or particle moves to and fro
about a fixed point or mean position is called Vibratory Motion."
EXAMPLE:
(i) Motion of simple pendulum
(ii) Motion of the wires of guitar
(iii) Motion of swing
DISPLACEMENT
"Distance between two points in a particular direction is called Displacement."
OR
Displacement may also be defined as "the minimum distance between two points in a
particular direction."
It is a vector quantity and is always directed from the initial point to the terminal
 point.
It is denoted by "d".
SPEED
"Distance covered by a moving body in one second is called its Speed".
OR
"Distance covered by a body in unit time is called Speed".
Speed is a scalar quantity.
FORMULA
Speed = Distance traveled/Time taken
OR
v = S/t

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UNIT
Unit of speed in S.I system is "m/sec".
VELOCITY
"Distance covered by a body in a particular direction in one second is called

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Velocity".
OR
"Displacement of a body in unit time is called Velocity".
OR

FORMULA
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"Change of position of a body per second in a particular direction is called
Velocity."

velocity = displacement/time
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UNIT
In S.I system unit of velocity is meter/second.
It is a vector quantity.
ACCELERATION
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"The rate of change of velocity of a body is called Acceleration."

OR
"Change in velocity of a body in unit time is called its acceleration."
It is denoted by "a".
It is a vector quantity.
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If a body moves with uniform velocity or constant velocity then its acceleration will be
zero.
UNIT: m/sec2.
FORMULA
Acceleration = change in velocity/time
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OR
a = V/t

EQUATIONS OF MOTION EQUATIONS OF MOTION

FIRST EQUATION OF MOTION

Vf = Vi + at
Consider a body initial moving with velocity "Vi". After certain interval of time "t", its
velocity becomes "Vf". Now
Change in velocity = Vf - Vi
 OR
V =Vf – Vi
Due to change in velocity, an acceleration "a" is produced in the body. Acceleration is
given by
a = V/t
Putting the value of "V"
a = (Vf – Vi)/t
at = Vf – Vi
at + Vi =Vf
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SECOND EQUATION OF
MOTION
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S = Vit + 1/2at2
Consider a car moving on a straight road with an initial velocity equal to ‘V i’. After an
interval of time ‘t’ its velocity becomes ‘Vf’. Now first we will determine the average
velocity of body.

OR
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Average velocity = (Initial velocity + final velocity)/2

Vav = (Vi + Vf)/2

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but Vf = Vi + at
Putting the value of Vf
Vav = (Vi + Vi + at)/2
Vav = (2Vi + at)/2
Vav = 2Vi/2 + at/2
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Vav = Vi + at/2
Vav = Vi + 1/2at(i)
we know that
S = Vav x t
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Putting the value of ‘Vav’

S = [Vi + 1/2at] t

THIRD EQUATION OF MOTION

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OR
2aS = Vf2 – Vi2
Initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and distance are related in third equation of
motion.
Consider a body moving initially with velocity ‘Vi’. After certain interval of time its
velocity becomes ‘Vf’. Due to change in velocity, acceleration ‘a’ is produced in the
body. Let the body travels a distance of ‘s’ meters.
According to first equation of motion:
Vf = Vi + at
OR
Vf – Vi = at
OR
(Vf – Vi)/a = t....................(i)
Average velocity of body is given by:
 Vav = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/2
Vav = (Vi + Vf)/2.................. (ii)
we know that :
S = Vav x t.................. (ii)
Putting the value of Vav and t from equation (i) and (ii) in equation (iii)
S = { (Vf + Vi)/2} { (Vf – Vi)/a}
2aS = (Vf + Vi)(Vf – Vi)
According to [ (a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2]

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