TEST 5 • Reading Comprehension

Section 3: Reading Comprehension

This section of the Test assesses your ability to read 1 Why, according to the first paragraph, do drugs
and comprehend written passages. Each passage is not affect the respiratory system directly when
followed by a number of questions, sorne of which causing poisoning?
require you to select the best of four suggested A Because they end up in the stomach rather than
answers. Other questions have special directions. the lungs.
On the day of your test, you will have between 75 and B Because they are not air pollutants.
90 minutes to complete this section. The exact time C Because they cause anorexia, nausea and
that you will have will appear on your computer screen. vomiting.
D Because gastrointestinal irritation is not drug-
Click on IPROCEEDI to begin with passage 1. related.

2 The word irritation highlighted below is c10sest in

Passage 1
meaning to which of the suggested words?

Unlike air pollutants, drugs affect the respiratory Unlike air pollutants, drugs affect the respiratory system
system indirectly when causing poisoning, since they indirectly when causing poisoning, since they enter the
enter the organism mostly through the mouth. Anorexia, organism mostly through the mouth. Anorexia, nausea and
nausea and vomiting, however, are very commonly vomiting, however, are very commonly caused by drug-
caused by drug-related gastrointestinal irritation. related gastrointestinal irritation.
Painkillers are responsible for a large percentage of
poisoning cases, since drugs like aspirin are among the A anger
most widely used. Large doses of aspirin interfere with B wrath
the conversion of fuel to energy normally effected by C malfunction
cells, forcing them to generate a lot of heat in their D provocation
intensified effort to produce energy. This can lead to
dehydration. Narcotic painkillers such as morphine 3 What is the effect of an aspirin overdose?
depress the central nervous system, in particular the A Too much energy
center controlling respiration. Large doses of morphine
B Loss of cells
. can cause death from respiratory failure.
Tranquilizers, sleeping pills and antipsychotic drugs C Respiratory failure
also block the function of the central nervous system. D Increased body temperature and loss of liquid
Sleeping pills containing barbiturates are particularly
dangerous when consumed in quantities, causing severe 4 Which of the folIowing is NOT caused by an
depression of the central nervous system and leading to overdose of barbiturate sIeeping pills?
respiratory and cardiovascular failure. A Breathing prob1ems
Mind-altering drugs such as cocaine and heroin are B Heart problems
toxic to the central nervous system; cocaine causes over- C Psychotic behavior
stimulation, leading to hallucinations and delirium, while
D Central nervous system depression
heroin depresses it, causing respiratory insufficiency and
coma. Amphetamines, on the other hand, are biphasic,
producing depression of the system in the beginning and 5 The word failure highlighted below is c10sest in
stimulation later. They also affect the function of the meaning to which of the suggested words?
gastrointestinal tract, leading to anorexia, nausea,
vomiti ng and diarrhea. Tranquilizers, sleeping pills and antipsychotic drugs also
Contrary to popular misconception, vitamins can be block the function of the central nervous system. Sleeping
harmful when the dosage is too high. Too much vitamin pills containing barbiturates are particularly dangerous when
A in the bloodstream can result in skin lesions and liver consumed in quantities, causing severe depression of the
damage. Excess amounts of vitamin C have been linked central nervous system and leading to respiratory and
With the formation of kidney stones. lron also has specific cardiovascular failure.
safety limits. In high concentrations, it can result in
intestinal bleeding because of its corrosive properties. A omission
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
B frustration
C deficiency
D crash
253
 TEST 5 • Reading Comprehension

6 What do amphetamines do? tongue. When this happens the pidgin becomes a creo/e.
A Over-stimulate the central nervous system Pidgin languages are primarily spoken and rarely
B Depress the central nervous system written, but creoles can evolve to feature standard
e Depress the central nervous system, then over- orthographies. These are not plain transpositions of the
stimulate it source language (the language a creole or pidgin comes
D Over-stimulate the central nervous system, from) but are governed by their own rules of spelling.
Because creo les start as exclusively oral means of
then depress it communication, when they begin to be written, spellings of
words are formed with vocalized sound in mind rather than
7 The following sentence can be added to the passage: other linguistic considerations such as etymology 01'
spelling convention. In Melanesian pidgin English, for
Popular diet supplements su eh as calcium and zinc can instance, the phrase "Why did you marry this crazy
cause gastrointestinal irritation when ingested in large woman?" would beco me "belong what name you take her
quantities. this girl no head?", but would be written "bilong wonem yu
taik ir disgel nohed?
Where would it best fit?

Contrary to popular misconception, vitamins can be 9 What is the main topic of this passage?
harmful when the dosage is too high .• Too much vitamin A Diplomacy in various countries
A in the bloodstream can result in skin lesions and liver B Pidgin and creo le languages
damage .• Excess amounts of vitamin C have been linked e Grammatical correctness
with the formation of kidney stones .• Iron al so has specific D Lingua franca in history
safety limits. • In high concentrations it can result in
intestinal bleeding because of its corrosive properties. 10 What is a lingua franca?
A A system of grammar
8 The word corrosive highlighted below is closest in B Alanguage
meaning to which of the suggested words? e A pidgin language
D An ancient language
Contrary to popular misconception, vitamins can be
harmful when the dosage is too high. Too much vitamin A in 11 What is the most important difference between a
the bloodstream can result in ski n lesions and liver damage. lingua franca and a pidgin?
Excess amounts of vitamin C have been linked with the
A A lingua franca is simpler.
formation of kidney stones. lron al so has specific safety limits.
In high concentrations it can result in intestinal bleeding
B Pidgin languages are used in diplomacy.
because of its corrosive properties. e A lingua franca is a complete language.
D Pidgin languages have a wider vocabulary.
A incisive
B biting 12 When do pidgin languages emerge?
e caustic A When urgent communication takes priority
D destructive over speaking properly
B When there is no great depth in a language
Passage 2
e In circumstances where one language is
superior to another
When two people of different native tongues have a third D When a mother tongue is underdeveloped
language as the only available mean s of communicating,
this third language becomes the lingua franca. For
13 Which of the following is NOT true about a
example, 18th-century international diplomacy used
French as its lingua franca. When a lingua franca features
pidgin language?
simplified grammar and a limited vocabulary it beco mes a A It disappears when one of the two groups
pidgin. speaking it learns the other group's language
Pidgin languages emerge when quick communication is better.
more important than correctness. With time, one of the two B It can, in cases, replace a mother tongue.
groups willlearn the other's language in greater depth, and e It is a type of creole.
the pidgin language will disappear. In some D It survives only if one of the two groupS
circumstances, however, because one of the groups speaking it is reluctant to abandon it.
insists on using it (usually the one considering its native
language to be "superior"), the pidgin survives and can, in
cases, develop enough to replace a previous mother
254 Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
 TEST 5 • Reading Comprehension

What is a creole? 17 What is the main topic of this passage?

A A lingua franca. A Trade unions
B A simplified pidgin. B Where and how people are employed and
C A pidgin that has disappeared. how they are paid
D A pidgin that has become the main language. C Particularities in national economies
D Industrialization
15 The word primarily highlighted below could best
be replaced by which of the suggested words? 18 Look at the word their highlighted below. Click
on the word or phrase in the same paragraph
Pidgin languages are primarily spoken and rarely which their refers too
written, bút creoles can evolve to feature standard
orthographies. Labor economics researches the allocation of workers
among jobs, the ways in which their pay is determined and
the factors which affect workers' efficiency positively or
A mostly negatively.
B firstly
C initially
D highly 19 What is the labor force of a country?
A AH people who have a job
16 Which of the following sentences could be written B The country's population multiplied by four
Melanesian pidgin English? C People who are working and people who are
A What is your name? looking for work
B Belong what name you? D People out of work
C What's your name?
D Bilong wonem yu? 20 Which of the following factors does NOT affect
allocation and pay of labor?
A Educationallevel
Passage 3
B Population size
Labor economics researches the allocation of workers C Availability of training
among jobs, the ways in which their pay is determined and D General economic structure
the factors which affect workers' efficiency positively or
negatively.
AII people who work in whatever capacity, along with
21 The word composition highlighted below could
those not working but officially seeking work, constitute the best be replaced by which of the suggested
labor force of a country. In most developed countries, the words?
labor force is about one-fourth of the total population.
Pay is also affected by the composition of a country's
Factors affecting the allocation and pay of labor include the
economic structure, meaning the degree to which the
educationallevel of the population, the specialized training
economy is based on industry or services.
available to the labor force and the labor force 's mobility,
Le. people's willingness and ability to change their place of
residence for professional reasons. Pay is al so affected by A essay
the composition of a country's economic structure, B compound
meaning the degree to which the economy is based on C form
industry or services. The internal organization of the labor D mixture
force (institutions such as trade unions) is also of
importance, as is governmental attitude towards an 22 How, according to the passage, can a
employment regime. This attitude may be expressed by government intervene in the employment
intervention in such issues as minimum wages or
maximum working hours per day or week.
regime?
Constantly occurring particularities in national A By advocating minimum pay
economies (polítical changes, acts of God such as natural B By dictating the length oía working day
disasters, etc.) make it difficult to generalize about aspects C By expressing its attitude c1early
of labor economics. However, wage levels tend to be D By altering the country's economic structure
higher in work which demands high levels of education or
Specialized training. Strong trade unions al so tend to force
higher wages. On the other hand, economies with low
levels of industrialízation are generally characterized by
lower wages.
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.

255
-''''~'
 TEST 5 • Reading Comprehension
23 Look at this extraet from the passage:
Constantly occurrin g particularities in national
economies (political changes , acts of God such as natural
disasters, etc.) make it difficult to general ize about aspects
of labor economics.
What does the writer mean?
A Labor economics is not a reliable way to
generalize.
B Formulating comprehensive labor economics
theories is hard because of the frequent
occurrence of special circumstances.
C Generalizing about labor economics is as
difficult as predicting acts of God.
D National economies do not trust labor economics
because it is so difficult to generalize about.
24 Which of the foIlowing situations would probably
result in low wage levels?
A High demand foi specialized training
B High levels of illiteracy in the labor force
C Strong trade unions
D High levels of industrialization in the economy
Passage 4
Rainwater carries significant amounts of carbon dioxide.
When it falls in limestone regions, it penetrates the porous
and calcacerous rock, finds its way into caves and results
in the creation of cave formations. As it slowly seeps down
through the cracks in the limestone, it collects minute
quantities of rock. When this water eventually surfaces in
an underground air cavity, it releases some of its carbon
dioxide into the airo This reduction in the amount of carbon
dioxide in the water causes some of the dissolved rock it is
carrying to become cal cite crystals. When a drop of the
water seeps through a cave roof, it will leave a microscopic
ring of calcite around the opening before it falls. The next
drop adds to this, and so on. With time, a delicate, hollow
sta/actite is created. When a falling drop of water lands on
clay or rock rather than water, it releases yet more calcite .
As the deposit builds up, it becomes a sta/agmite. Over
many thousands of years, when a descending stalacite
meets and fuses with an ascending stalagmite, a co/umn is
formed.
The strangest and least common cave formations are
he/icites . These appear to defy gravity, twisting and
winding sideways along passages like billowing flags ,
frozen in the wind. They are probably created by the
circulation of weak air currents underground.
It is difficult to estimate the rate at which stalactites,
stalagmites and helicites grow but, from studies of man-
made tunnels and mines where the age of the "cave" is
known, we can calculate that it would take around 4,000
yearsTaylor,
forJ. &aMoore,
two-meter-high
P. (2001). Prepare and practice stalagmite
for the computer-based TOEFL
256
Cave structures can form either in th e pu re white of
unadulterated calcite, or in any of the colors of the rainbow.
Coloring occurs when the water carrying the calcite has
been ti nted by mineral deposits. It is the large amounts of
sulphu r deposits, for example, which make the Lechuguilla
cave in Mexico such an incredibly bright yellow.
25 What is this passage mainly about?
A Chemical elements in rainwater
B The formation of caves
C The creation of internal cave structures
D Stalagmites
26 What is rainwater rich in?
A Limestone
B Carbon dioxide
C Ca1cite
D Rock
27 Look at the word minute highlighted below. Cliek
on the word or phrase in the same paragraph
which is c10sest in meaning lo minute.
Rainwater carries significant amounts of carbon dioxide.
When it falls in limestone regions, it penetrates the porous
and calcacerous rock, finds its way into caves and results in
the creation of cave formations. As it slowly seeps down
through the cracks in the limestone, it collects minute
quantities of rock. When this water eventually surfaces in an
underground air cavity, it releases some of its carbon
dioxide into the air. This reduction in the amount of carbon
dioxide in the water causes so me of the dissolved rock it is
carrying to become calcite crystals. When a drop of the
water seeps through a cave roof, it will leave a microscopic
ring of cal cite around the opening before it falls. The next
drop adds to this, and so on. With time, a delicate, hollow
sta/actite is created . When a falling drop of water lands on
clay or rock rather than water, it releases yet more calcite. As
the deposit builds up, it beco mes a sta/agmite. Over many
thousands of years, when a descending stalacite meets and
fu ses with an ascending stalagmite, a co/umn is formed.
28 What are ealcite erystals in the water eaused by?
A A sharp decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide
B Underground air cavities
C Water seeping through a cave roof
D Microscopic rings
29 What is a helicite?
A A kind of flag
B A kind of stalagmite
C A kind of stalactite
D A kind of internal cave formation
to form
o Express Pub.
Test. Newbury
 TEST 5 • Reading Comprehension

Passage 6 42 Look at the word miniature highlighted below.

A Victorian dictum says: children should be seen and not A Victorian dictum says: children should be seen and riot
heard. For much of human history, they have been just that,
heard. For much of human history, they llave been just that,
if, indeed, they were even seen. Until the first stirrings of the
if, indeed, they were even seen. Until the first stirrings of the
Industrial Revolution , the child was viewed as a miniature
Industrial Revolution, the child was viewed as a miniature adult. Ch ildhood was to be endured as a temporary phase
adult. Childhood was to be endured as a temporary phase rather than celebrated for itself. There was, therefore, no
rather than celebrated for itself. There was, therefore, no apparent need for separate chi ldren's literature.
apparent need for separate children's literature.
Although a picture book intended for children had been Click on the word or phrase in paragraph 2 which
published as early as 1658· (The Wor/d of Pictures by is c10sest in meaning to miniature.
Moravian educator Comenius) , ch ildren's literature as such
does not predate the mid-eighteenth century. This is Although a picture book intended for children had been
because the economic and social factors necessary for its published as early as 1658 (The World of Pictures by
development had not existed befo re then . With the advent of Moravian educator Comenius), child ren 's literature as such
mass literacy came the justification of a specialized reading does not predate the mid-eighteenth century. Th is is
market. Another factor was the Enlightenment, although it because the economic and social factors necessary for its
development had not existed before then. With the advent of
may be noted that the central character in Rousseau 's Emi/e
mass literacy came the justification of a specialized reading
(1 762), wh ile a child in his own right rather than a scaled-
market. Another factor was the Enlightenment, although it
down adult, was perm itted no read ing matter except may be noted that the central character in Rousseau's Emite
Robinson Crusoe, a book much loved by children but, like (1762) , while a child in his own right rather than a scaled-
the equally enjoyed Gu/liver's Trave/s, originally written for an down adult, was permitted no reading matter except
adult audience. Robinson Crusoe, a book much loved by children but, like
Initially, children's literature had a hidden - or perhaps the equally enjoyed Gu/liver's Trave/s , originally written for an
not so hidden - agenda, that of "moral betterment" or of adult audience.
education. This is evident from what is perhaps the first well-
known book in English that was written with children in mind, 43 What is stated about Robinson Crusoe and
The Ta/e of Litt/e Goody Two Shoes (1765) right up to works Gulliver's Travels?
such as Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies (1863) and A They were scaled-down versions of adult books.
beyond. Lewis Carroll's Atice in Wonder/and, published in B They were both written for adults.
1865, was perhaps the first children's book aimed at C They were not enjoyed by children.
entertainment
Taylor, J. & Moore, for itsPrepare
P. (2001). own sake.
and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
D They were not permitted reading matter for
eighteenth-century children.

40 What is the main topic of this passage? 44 Look at this extract from the passage:
A Picture books for children
B T he Industrial Revolution Initially, chi ldren's literature had a hidden - or perhaps
not so hidden - agenda, that of "moral betterment" or of
C The beginnings of children's literature
education.
D The necessity of children's literature
. What does the writer mean?
41 With which of the following statements would the A Early children's literature did not intend to
writer of this passage probably agree? educate children.
A Victorians treated children as immature adults. B Children's literature started with the aim of
B There is little need for separate children's educating children and teaching morality.
literature. C Early children'i; literature was not entertaining.
C Ch i l dren's literature should ai m at moral D Children's literature offered children better
betterment or education.
education.
D Children's literature should be didactic.
45 What is stated about Atice in Wonderland?
A It was the first children's book.
B It intended to amuse children.
C It was not written with children in mind.
D It was written for its own sake.

259
~<J

Section 3: Reading Comprehension
This section of the Test assesses your ability to read
and comprehend written passages. Each passage is
followed by a number of questions, sorne of which
require you to select the best of four suggested
answers. Other questions have special directions.
On the day of your test, you will have between 75 and
90 minutes to complete this section. The exact time
that you will have will appear on your computer screen.
Click on IPROCEEDI to begin with passage 1.
Passage 1
In cultures where they are utilized in ceremonies and
rituals, masks are as important as the very content of the
traditions they are aspects of. They usually represent
supernatural forces or beings, members of the society or
tribe that have passed away, god-figures and natural
elements. The making and wearing of a mask, as well as
the act of watching a mask-wearer perform, are bound by
long-adhered to conventions. Abiding by these ancient
rules is considered to be essential for the ritual petitions,
supplications and offerings carried out by the mask wearer
to be meaningfuland effective.
The maker of the mask is required to establish a form of
contact with the being or element the mask will represent,
in order for some of the power of that being or element to
be present in the mask. In this way the making of the mask
is a ritual in its own right, executed in certain ways and only
when certain conditions (appropriate time of year,
prescribed phase of the moon, suitable weather) are
satisfied. In many societies, each material is considered to
contain elements of a certain spirit, force or god; therefore
each mask requires the correet combination of materials in
order to be functional. Aesthetically, the mask maker is
allowed to use his individual talent and imagination in order
to give the mask a more vivid expression or a more
recognizable appearance, but must respect the traditional
imagery associated with the force or being he wants his
mask to represent. Many societies are known to
completely reject a mask maker who has been
disrespectful to the traditional concept of the appearance
of a god, whereas others strongly believe that such
disrespect unavoidably brings the wrath of the god upon
the mask maker.
The wearer of the mask in the ritual is even more directly
associated with the force or being he represents. A large
part of the sanctioned procedure he follows has to do with
his own protection, since his total exposure to the
represented force or being is considered to be dangerous
in that the wearer may be entirely taken over by the mask.
The spectátors watch him undergo a real psychic change
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
TEST 6 • Reading Comprehension
as he performs - one not completely dissimilar to the
psychic change undergone by a western theatrical actor
when he steps into character before going on stage, but
much more profound due to the religious symbolism and
element of religious faith often involved in the ritual.
The role of the spectator in a masked ritual is not as
simple as that of the audience of a western theatrical
performance, since spectators fully participate in the
petition or supplication and wish to be recipients of a god's
favor. In certain cases, the audience participates so
wholeheartedly that the psychological association with the
ritualleads to a state of complete absorption or even near-
frenzy.
1 Look at the word they highlighted below. Click on
the word or phrase in the same paragraph which
they refers to.
In cultures where they are utilized in ceremonies and
rituals, masks are as important as the very content of the
traditions they are aspects of. They usually represent
supernatural forces or beings, members of the society or tribe
that have passed away, god-figures and natural elements.
2 Which of the following is NOT said to be
represented by ritual masks?
A God
B Ancestors
C Wind and rain
D Living members of the tribe
3 Look at this extract from the passage:
Abiding by these ancient rules is considered to be essential
for the ritual petitions, supplications and offerings carried
out by the mask wearer to be meaningful and effective.
What does the writer mean?
A An unconventional ritual is not an effective ritual.
B Ancient rituals have ancient rules.
C Not all petitions are essentially rituals.
D A meaningful mask-weaver is always essential
for ritual petitions, supplications and offerings.
267
 TEST 6 • Reading Comprehension

13 What happens when the body is exposed to hot

Passage 2
temperatures for a long period of time?
Heatstroke is a serious condition which may, if
A The body stop s to sweat.
unchecked, prove fatal. It occurs when normal
perspiration is inhibited by prolonged exposure to heat B The body sweats more and more.
and high humidity, preventing sweat from evaporating e The mechanism regulating body temperature
and causing the body temperature to rise dramatically. stops functioning.
The same condition, when the main culprit is exposure to D The mechanism regulating body temperature
direct sunlight, is termed sunstroke. becomes tired.
On average, the human body produces 70 calories of
heat per hour in repose and as many as eight times that
14 The word unreversed highlighted below could best
figure when engaged in strenuous physical activity. In
moderate temperatures, heat produced by the body be replaced by which of the suggested words?
escapes into the environment by means of radiation and
convection from the skin and lungs, while sweating If unreversed, heatstroke can lead to collapse,
contributes by cooling the body down through convulsions, coma and even death. Because of the very
evaporation. However, as the environment becomes high body temperature that may develop in heatstroke, the
hotter, no method of moderating body heat remains central nervous system can be harmed. In such cases
effective except for evaporation of sweat. Even this heatstroke can cause long-term damage to the brain or the
function, however, beco mes less efficient. Controlled circulatory system.
experiments have shown that, when working for
prolonged periods of time in hot surroundings, the human A uninverted
body sweats less and less, as the physical mechanism B untreated
regulating body temperature runs out of resources whén e uncared for
having to cope with prolonged exposure to heat. D encouraged
The main symptom of heatstroke is a rapid rise in
body temperature to over 106°F (41°C). Dizziness,
headache, nausea, weakness, restlessness and a 15 elick on the paragraph which does NOT discuss
confused mental state may al so be indicative of heatstroke.
heatstroke, together with hot, dry, flushed skin and
increased heart rateo Heatstroke is a serious condition which may, if
If unreversed, heatstroke can lead to collapse, unchecked , prove fatal. It occurs when normal perspiration
convulsions, coma and even death. Because of the very is inhibited by prolonged exposure to heat and high
high body temperature that may develop in heatstroke, humidity, preventing sweat from evaporating and causing
the central nervous system can be harmed. In such
the body temperature to rise dramatically. The same
cases, heatstroke can cause long-term damage to the
condition, when the main culprit is exposure to direct
brain or the circulatory system.
sunlight, is termed sunstroke.
Heat exhaustion or heat prostration is not as serious
On average, the human body produces 70 calories of heat
as heatstroke, although it can develop into heatstroke if
per hour in repose and as many as eight times that figure
untreated. It does not normally cause a high temperature
or hinder sweating, but it leads to loss of salt, causing when engaged in strenuous physical activity. In moderate
temperatures, heat produced by the body escapes into the
heatTaylor,
cramps.
J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
environment by means of radiation and convection from the
ski n and lungs, while sweating contributes by cooling the
11 What is sunstroke? body down through evaporation. However, as the
environment becomes hotter, no method of moderating
A Another name for heatstroke body heat remains effective except for evaporation of sweat.
B Exposure to direct sunlight Even this function, however, becomes less efficient.
e Heatstroke caused by exposure to sunlight Controlled experiments have shown that, when working for
D A condition which prevents sweat from prolonged periods of time in hot surroundings, the human
evaporating body sweats less and less, as the physical mechanism
regulating body temperature runs out of resources when
12 When the body is engaged in strenuous physical having to cope with prolonged exposure to heat.
The main symptom of heatstroke is a rapid rise in body
activity
temperature to over 106°F (41°C) . Dizziness, headache,
A it produces 70 calories of heat per hour nausea, weakness , restlessness and a confused mental
B it moderates the surroundings' temperature state may al so be indicative of heatstroke, together with
e it receives radiation from the environment hot, dry, flushed skin and increased heart rateo
D it cools itself down in various ways

269
~,
 TEST 6 • Reading Comprehension
Language Language Example
If unreversed, heatstroke can lead to collapse, Acquisition Device
convulsions, coma and even death. Because of the very
high body temperature that may develop in heatstroke, the
central nervous system can be harmed. In such cases,
Base Component - - . . IDeep Structure I John (PAST) =
leave - work
heatstroke can cause long-term damage to the brain or the
circulatory system. ISurface Structurel John left +
for work
Heat exhaustion or heat prostration is not as serious as
heatstroke, although it can develop into heatstroke if ----. I Vocalization I d30n left b: w3:k
untreated. It does not normally cause a high temperature
or hinder sweating, but it leads to loss of salt, causing heat [Understanding
cramps. ~ of previously
unencountered
language]

Passage 3
One of the most influential men of the twentieth century
16 Which of the following would be the most
in the fields of linguistics and education is Noam
Chomsky, the leading exponent of transformational
appropriate title for this passage?
generative grammar. His contributions have been little A Chomsky's life
short of revolutionary and it may be said without B Influential Men of the Twentieth Century
exaggeration that language since Chomsky has never C Chomsky's TG grammar
been the same. D Language Structures
Chomsky considers language to be the product of an
innate facility present in all humans which he calls
language acquisition device. AII human beings are born
17 Look at this extract from the passage:
with this facility, which is activated by mere exposure to
language and the behavior associated with it. In the initial His contributions have been little short of revolutionary and
stages of language acquisition, therefore, language does it may be said without exaggeration that language since
not have to be learned. This "innatist hypothesis", as Chomsky has never been the same.
Chomsky called it, is diametrically opposed to the earlier
behaviorist schools of thought, which maintained that What does the writer mean?
language is gained through experience and that it has to
be learned (the process of "Iearning" involving conscious
A It is an exaggeration to say that alllanguage is
mental effort on the learner's behalf). the same.
In 1957, Chomsky formulated his theory of B Chomsky chose to work in sorne revolutionary
transformational generative grammar, often referred to as fields .
TG grammar. His aim was a model which would describe C Chomsky changed the way people think about
how all languages of the world work. Chomsky has re- language.
formulated his theory several times over the years, but the
D Chomsky's con tribu tion s to his chosen fields
best known version of it appeared in his Aspects of the
Theory of Syntax, in 1965. In that text, he outlines the
have been a little short.
language acquisition device as consisting of four main
parts: The base component, which gives us the ability to 18 Which of the following is NOT true about the
understand and construct basic syntactic structures language acquisition device according to Chomsky?
called deep structures, the transformational component, A We all have one.
which enables us to transform deep structures into B We are born with it.
sentences called surface structures, the phonological C It is activated when we are exposed to
component, which deals with the process of vocalizing a
language.
surface structure, and the semantic component, which
interprets the language we are exposed to and enables D It is activated when we need to learn language.
us to form new base structures from it. To understand this
categorization, one needs to remember that these four
above-mentioned components are parts of the language
acquisition device, and not parts of the actual language.
Language itself is divided into structures, which are
expressions of the components discussed aboye.
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.

I .

270

The word diametrically highlighted below could
best be replaced by which of the suggested words?
Chomsky considers language to be the product of an
nate facility present in all humans which he calls language
t3cauisition device. AII human beings are born with this
lity, which is activated by mere exposure to language
the behavior associated with it. In the initial stages of
acquisition, therefore, language does not have to
learned. This "innatist hypothesis", as Chomsky called it,
diametrically opposed to the earlier behaviorist schools
thought, which maintained that language is gained
h experience and that it has to be learned (the
I~'~sess of "Iearning" involving conscious mental effort on
learner's behalf).
A completely
B solidly
C quite
D perfectly
What did Chomsky hope his TG grammar would
do?
A Transform grammar
B Help him reformulate his theory
C Help him learn alllanguages
D Account for the way in which languages
function
What are deep structures?
A Part of the language acquisition device
B Part of language
C Part of a surface structure
D Part of the transformational component
22 The following sentence can be added to the passage:
A schematic representation of Chomsky's theory of
transformational grammar follows.
Where would it best fit?
In 1957, Chomsky formulated his theory of transformational
generative grammar, often referred to as TG grammar. His aim
was a model which would describe how all languages of the
world work .• Chomsky has reformulated his theory several
times over the years, but the best known version of it appeared
in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1965.• In that text he
outlines the language acquisition device as consisting of four
main parts: The base component, which gives us the ability to
understand and construct basic syntactic structures called
deep structures, the transformational component, which
enables us to transform deep structures into sentences called
surface structures, the phonological component, which deals
with the process of vocalizing a surface structure, and the
semantic component, which interprets the language we are
exposed to and enables us to form new base struc1ures from
it. • To understand this categorization one needs to
TEST 6 • Reading_Comprehension
remember that these four above-mentioned components are
parts of the language acquisition device, and not parts of the
actual language. Language itself is divided into structures,
which are expressions of the components discussed aboye .•
Language Language Example
Acquisition Device
IBase Component I ~ I Deep Structure I John (PAST) =
leave - work
ISurface Structurel John left
lorwork
+
IVocalization I d30n left lo: w3:k
I [Understanding
~
01 previously
unencountered
lanauaae
23 The word expressions highlighted below could best
be replaced by which of the suggested words?
To understand this categorization, one needs to remember
that these four above-mentioned components are parts of
the language acquisition device, and not parts of the actual
language. Language itself is divided into structures, which
are expressions of the components discussed aboye.
A phrases
B products
C words
D idioms
Passage 4
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, and
accounts for 2% of its total mass. Most of it is sto red in the
bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite, a hard
crystalline substance that makes the skeleton strong. A
small amount of the calcium in the body (about 7%) is
necessary for various body functions, including muscle
contraction, normal heart action and blood clotting.
The bones act as a calcium reservoir, releasing the
element into the bloodstream on demando If the amount of
calcium in the diet is not sufficient to replace the released
calcium, serious weakening of the skeleton can result.
Dairy products are the best source of dietary calcium. A
large glass of milk, a bowl of yoghurt, or three to four
ounces of cheese provide about 700 mg of calcium - a
healthy daily intake for most adults, although developing
children and pregnant women have larger requirements.
Vitamin D - which is found in milk, butter, eggs and fish
oils - plays an essential role in the absorption of calcium.
Shortage of vitamin D can cause brittle bone disease -
rickets in children or osteoporosis in adults - because
calcium is unable to reach the skeleton .
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
271
ó¡., ~ ~'.'
 TEST 6 • Reading Comprehension
24 Calcium
A makes up 2% of the human body.
B makes up 2% of the bones and teeth.
C is made up of hydroxyapatite.
D is a hard crystalline substance.
25 Which of the following processes does calcium
NOT playa part in?
A Strengthening of the bones
B Muscle contraction
C Muscle expansion
D Heart function
26 Look at this extract from the passage:
The bones act as a calcium reservoir, releasing the
element into the bloodstream on demando If the amount of
calcium in the diet is not sufficient to replace the released
calcium, serious weakening of the skeleton can result.
What does the writer mean?
A If the bones do not produce enough calcium,
the skeleton will weaken.
B The skeleton has to have the spent calcium
replaced, so as not to become weak.
C A sufficient amount of calcium in the diet
means that the bones do not need to release
calcium into the bloodstream.
D The body's calcium supply is not sufficient to
weaken the skeleton.
27 Click on the paragraph which discusses the foods
in which calcium can be found.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, and
accounts for 2% of its total mass. Most of it is stored in the
bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite, a hard
crystalline substance that makes the skeleton strorig. A small
amount of the calcium in the body (about 7%) is necessary
fer various body functions, including muscle contraction ,
normal heart action and blood clotting.
The bones act as a calcium reservoir, releasing the
element into the bloodstream on demando If the amount of
calcium in the diet is not sufficient to replace the released
calcium , serious weakening of the skeleton can result.
Dairy products are the best source of dietary calcium. A
large glass of milk, a bowl of yoghurt, or three to four ounces
of cheese provide about 700 mg of calcium - a healthy daily
intake for most adults, although developing children and
pregnant women have larger requirements.
Vitamin O - which is found in milk, butter, eggs and fish
oils - plays an essential role in the absorption of calcium.
Shortage of vitamin O can cause brittle bone disease -
rickets in children er osteoporosis in adults - because
calcium is unable to reach the skeleton.
1¿
!., 272
-1
I
28 The word found highlighted below could best be
replaced by which of the suggested words?
Vitamin O - which is found in milk, butter, eggs and fish
oils - plays an essential role in the absorption of calcium .
A discovered
B encountered
C contained
D gained
29 What does vitamin D do?
A It helps the body to digest milk, butter and
eggs.
B It helps the body to use calcium.
C It makes the skeleton strong.
D It causes brittle bone disease.
Passage 5
Classicism and, in particular, 18th century
Neoclassicism was characterized by a deep appreciation
of order, calm and harmony. Romanticism came as a
reaction to these concepts, emphasizing the role of the
individual, the importance of subjectivity, the creativity of
imagination and the necessity of spontaneity in art.
Romanticism moved away from strict adherence to formal
rules and procedures and sought to function as a revival of
interest in folk culture, the exotic, the mysterious, even the
weird.
In 1790, a collection of poems by William Wordsworth
and Samuel Taylor Coleridge was published under the title
Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth wrote a preface for its second
edition in 1800. There, he described poetry as "the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ", a phrase
which became the manifesto of the Romantic movement in
England . Wordsworth and Coleridge, along with William
Blake, were the main voices of early English Romanticism.
From 1805 to 1830, in the period often referred to as the
second phase of Romanticism, a sharply increased interest
in national origins and folklore in ballads and poetry was
noted, culminating in the invention ofthe historical novel by
Sir Walter Scott, with Waverley in 1814. Scott's work
defined and projected national identity through detailed
accounts of historical heritage. 18th century rationalism
and physical materialism in general had labeled defining
the self through finding out about ancestors illogical, but
Romanticism was now officially (and artfully) objecting .
Researching the human soul through study of what the
Enlightment had considered irrational might have begun
with Romanticism , but it was fully employed by a school of
writing considered by many to have been one of its by-
products, the Gothic movement. Mary Shelley wrote
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
 TEST 6 • Reading Comprehension

38 Look at the word it highlighted below. Click on 39 What is this passage mainly about?
the word or phrase in the last paragraph which it A Computers
refers to. B Computer programs
C Computer viruses
Researching the human soul through study of what the D Computer problems
Enlightment had considered irrational might have begun
with Romanticism , but it was fully employed by a school of 40 What do computer viruses and biological viruses
writing considered by many to have been one of its by-
have in common?
products, the Gothic movement. Mary Shelley wrote
Frankenstein in 1818. She used a story of the supernatural A They can both reproduce independently.
to explore issues such as the understanding of identity, the B They can both infect humans.
concepts of beauty and ugliness, and, of cou rse, the C They can both infect computers.
potential dangers inherent in uncontrolled science. It was, D They are both unable to reproduce independently.
perhaps, the ultimate objection to the rationalism of the
previous century, which was based on the assumption that 41 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way
scientific thought was the only road to truth and progress. in which a virus can damage a computer?
A The computer can be made to perform at
slower than normal speeds.
Passage 6 B Information stored in the computer can disappear.
C The computer can be stopped from starting up.
A computer virus is a program that "infects" other D The computer can stop working.
computer programs, altering them so that they include a
version of itself. Like a biological virus, which has no
reproductive system of its own and "borrows" those of
42 Click on the paragraph where "Trojan Horse"
I organisms it infects, a computer virus uses the host viruses are described.
machine 's normal processes (Iike starting up and
loading programs) to spread itself. Then it can hinder the A computer virus is a program that "infects" other
function of a computer by slowing it down, or even computer programs, altering them so that they include a
destroy data and make the computer crash. version of itself. Like a biological virus, which has no
. A virus can infect a computer without the user's reproductive system of its own and "borrows " those of
inadvertent participation, as in cases where viruses are organisms it infects, a computer virus uses the host
downloaded from the Internet or hidden in files which are machine 's normal processes (Iike starting up and
regularly used - e.g. stockmarket share values. In other loading programs) to spread itself. Then it can hinder the
cases, viruses advertise themselves as being something function of a computer by slowing it down, or even
useful or interesting, in order to encourage the user to destroy data and make the computer crash .
install them on his computer. This particular type of virus A virus can infect a computer without the user's
is known as a "Trojan Horse". inadvertent participation, as in cases where viruses are
One of the world's worst computer virus disasters downloaded from the Internet or hidden in files which are
crashed hundreds of thousands of computers across the regularly used - e.g. stockmarket share values. In other
Internet in 1988. The "Internet Worm" , written by 21 year- cases , viruses advertise thetnselves as being something
old Robert Morris, made several industrial and military useful or interesting, in order to encourage the user to
projects come to a halt as the viral code replicated on install them on his computer. This particular type of virus
their machines. Robert Morris wrote the program as a is known as a "Trojan Horse".
display of intellect. It was supposed to demonstrate his One of the world 's worst computer virus disasters
thorough knowledge of the Unix operating system. He crashed hundreds of thousands of computers across the
designed a program which would gain access to Internet in 1988. The "Internet Worm", written by 21 year-
computers linked over a network, hide itself, then copy old Robert Morris, made several industrial and military
itself and travel to the next computer. The virus, however, projects come to a halt as the viral code replicated on their
went on to replicate itself more times than Morris had machines. Robert Morris wrote the program as a display of
planned, overloaded the computers it was attacking, and intellect. It was supposed to demonstrate his thorough
shut them down. He received three years' probation and knowledge of the Unix operating system. He designed a
a fine. program which would gain access to computers linked
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
over a network, hide itself, then copy itself and travel to the
next computer. The virus, however, went on to replicate
itself more times than Morris had planned, overloaded the
computers it was attacking, and shut them down. He
received three years' probation and a fine.

11

l·'
274
 TEST 7 • Reading Comprehension
12 What did Antonio Snider-Pellegrini suggest?
A That plants are identical in North America and
Europe
B That similar coal deposits in North America
and Europe show that the two continents were
once joined
e That there was evidence that North America
and Europe were once joined
D That European plant fossils were different
from American ones
13 Frank B. Taylor
A disagreed with Humboldt and Snider-
Pellegrini.
B tried to account for the formation of mountains.
e did not think that continents had collided.
D opposed the idea of continental collision.
14 The word constructed highlighted below could best
be replaced by which of the suggested words?
Humboldt observed that eastern South America has a
bulge which seems to fit into the long curve of Africa,
thereby postulating that the lands rimming the Atlantic
Ocean had once been one continent. About half a century
later, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini put forward the hypothesis
that identical plant fossils in both North American and
European coal deposits suggested an ancient closeness or
even oneness of the continents . Then, in 1908, Frank B.
Taylor posited the idea of continental collision to explain
how mountain ranges had been formed.
It was in 1912 that Alfred Wegener, a German
meteorologist, constructed the first detailed and all-
inclusive theory of continental drift.
A built
B assembled
e formulated
D completed
15 What did Alfred Wegener call Pangaea?
A The earth
B The once-unified continents
e The geological and palaeontological data he
had used
D The Triassic period
16 Alexander L Du Toit
A completely rejected Wegener's theory.
B modified his theory to make it more
comprehensive.
e said that there once had been two major land
masses.
D thought that Laurasia was the same as
Gondwanaland.
284
17 The word primitive highlighted below is closest in
meaning to which of the suggested words?
In 1937, a modification was made to this theory, when
South African geologist Alexander L Du Toit, suggested that
there had been not one but two primitive continents,
Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south. The
evidence of glaciation from 380 to 250 million years ago in
Antarctica, South America, Southern Africa, India and
Australasia, does suggest that these lands were once joined
around the southern polar region, forming one land mass.
A uncivilized
B early
e unsophisticated
D rough
Passage 3
Gregorian or plain chants are named after St. Gregory,
otherwise known as Gregory the Great, pontiff from AD
590 to 604. IlIustrations found in early manuscripts depict
the saint seated on his throne, with a celestial dove on his
shoulder which appears to be whispering the chants to
him; according to legend , the chants are a result of
heavenly intervention .
Plain chants are monophonic, consisting of one single
melody that does not have any accompaniment or
harmonizing parts. Sung in unison, it is the liturgical music
of the Roman Catholic Church , and its use is to
accompany the text of the mass and the canonical hours,
in other words the eight fixed times of daily prayer: Matins,
Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline.
The Ordinary of the mass is the part of the service that
remains unchanged from day to day. It includes those
texts that are the same for each mass. The choir sings the
Kyrie, the Gloria, the Credo, the Sanctus and the Agnus
Dei. The chant of the Kyrie may be neumatic, with
patterns of between one and four notes to each syllable,
or melismatic, with an unlimited number of notes to each
syllable. The Gloria, which is neumatic in style, was
originally a simple psalmic recitation and dates back to
the seventh century. The Credo, which was incorporated
in the mass around the eleventh century, is melismatic
and features melodies resembling psalm tones. The
Sanctus probably originates from apostolic times, with
the usual Sanctus chants being neumatic. The Agnus Dei
came into the Latin mass from the Eastern Church in the
seventh century, and is also fundamentally neumatic. The
mass concludes with /te Missa Est or the Benedicamus
Domino, using the melody of the opening Kyrie as a
finale.
The Proper of the Mass includes the scriptural texts
which change daily according to the liturgical calendar.
The choir and the soloists sing the texts, which comprise
the Introit, the Gradual , the Alleluia or Tract, the
Sequence, the Offertory and the Communion. Originally a
psalm with a refrain sung between verses, the Introit is a
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
 TEST 7 • Reading Comprehension

processional chant with a neumatic refrain. The Gradual, 21 The Ordinary of the mass
which was introduced as early as the fourth century, also
A changes from day to day.
evolved from a refrain between psalm verses, later
becoming an opening melody sung by the chorus. The B features texts that appear in every service.
Alleluia, al so dating from the fourth century, originated in C does not involve a choir.
the East and is structurally similar to the Gradual. The D has four notes to each syllable.
Sequence originated in the ninth century, but assumed its
modern form in the sixteenth century. It consists of sacred 22 AH of the foHowing parts of the Ordinary of the
poems with double-line stanzas that have the same
mass are neumatie EXCEPT
accentuation and number of syllables for each pair of
lines. The Offertory originally comprised a psalm and a A The Credo
refrain, but, by the twelfth century, only the refrain of the B The Sanctus
processional chant remained. Its music is melismatic and
this part of the Proper has the unique feature of repetition
e The Benedictus
of the texto The Communion, which is al so processional, D The Agnus Dei
is neumatic and concludes the mass.
23 Whieh of the following is NOT true about the
Introit?
18 What is the main topie of this passage?
A It is a processional chant.
A Church music
B lt is part of the Proper of the mass.
B The life of St. Gregory
C Illustrations of chant manuscripts
e It is part of the Ordinary of the mass.
D It has a neuma tic refrain.
D The history of the Catholic Church
24 What is unique about the Offertory?
19 Look at this extraet from the passage: A It comprises a psalm and a refrain.
IlIustrations found in early manuscripts depict the saint
B Its music is melismatic.
seated on his throne, with a celestial dove on his shoulder C It uses several parts of the text more than once.
which appears to be whispering the chants to him; D It is a processional chant.
according to legend, the chants are a result of heavenly
intervention.
Passage 4

Wbat does the writer mean? Robert Julius Oppenheimer was born in New York City
A Drawings found in early manuscripts suggest on April 22, 1904, the son of a German textile merchant.
As an undergraduate student at Harvard, Oppenheimer
that God took part in the creation of the chants.
excelled at physics and chemistry, but also at Latin and
B A dove helped St. Gregory to intervene in the Greek. After his graduation in 1925, he moved to
creation of the chants. England to work in the Cavendish Laboratory,
C St. Gregory did not write any chants. Cambridge University. He received a PhD in Physics in
D St. Gregory did not really exist. 1928 from G6ttigen University in Germany, and returned
to the United States to teach Physics at the University of
California and the California Institute of Technology.
20 The word heavenly highlighted below eould best be The 1920s was the era of the new quantum and
replaeed by whieh of the suggested words? relativity theories. The brand-new ideas of mass being
equivalent to energy and matter being able to take both
Gregorian or plain chants are named after St. Gregory, wavelike and corpuscular forms influenced
otherwise known as Gregory the Great, pontiff from AD 590 Oppenheimer. He immersed himself in research on the
to 604. IIlustrations found in early manuscripts depict the energy processes of subatomic particles, exploring and
saint seated on his throne, with a celestial dove on his developing the then recently formulated quantum theory.
shoulder which appears to be whispering the chants to him; The 1930s saw the rise of Nazism in Germany and the
according to legend, the chants are a result of heavenly Spanish Civil War in 1936. Becoming increasingly
intervention. interested in politics, Oppenheimer espoused the cause
of the Republic in the Spanish Civil War, and befriended
A blissful communist students in California, although he was never
a member of the Communist party himself. In 1939, Hitler
B divine
invaded Poland. Einstein warned the US Government
C beautiful that Germany was working on the construction of a
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.
D glorified
285
-~
 TEST 7 • Reading Comprehension

nuclear bomb, and Oppenheimer was told to begin

27 The word immersed highlighted below is closest
searching for a process to separate uranium 235 from in meaning to which of the suggested words?
natural uranium and ascertain the initial mass of uranium
required to make a bombo The Manhattan Project was The brand-new ideas of mass being equivalent to energy
set up in 1942 in New Mexico to harness nuclear energy and matter being able to take both wavelike and corpuscular
for military use, with British and American scientists forms influenced Oppenheimer. He immersed himself in
working under the auspices of the US Army . research on the energy processes of subatomic particles,
Oppenheimer was put in charge. exploring and developing the then recently formulated
The first nuclear explosion took place in Alamogordo, quantum theory.
New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, after the formal surrender
of Nazi Germany. In October of the same year, A involved
Oppenheimer resigned. B sunk
In 1947, Oppenheimer was made head of the Institute
for Advanced Study, Princeton. From 1947 until 1952, he
e dipped
served as chairman of the General Advisory Committee
D drowned
of the Atomic Energy Commission, which in October
1949 opposed the development of the hydrogen bombo 28 Which of the following did Oppenheimer NOT
On December 21, 1953, Oppenheimer was advised of a do?
military security report that was to his detriment. Accused A Search for a method to separate uranium 235
of communism, Oppenheimer was deprived of access to from natural uranium
classified military information and his contract as advisor
B Supervise the Manhattan Project
to the Atomic Energy Commission was canceled.
The Federation of American Scientists took up the
e Chair the General Advisory Committee of the
case with a protest against Oppenheimer's trial, and his Atomic Energy Commission
became a cause célebre comparable to that of the D Become a member of the Communist party
Dreyfus case in the nineteenth century. At stake was the
freedom of conscience of the scientist who, in 29 The Federation of American Scientists
endeavoring to resolve the moral problems which A were opposed to Oppenheimer's ideas.
scientific discovery creates, comes up against major
B felt that the US Government ha'd treated
political issues. Oppenheimer was seen by many people
as the victim of a witch-hunt.
Oppenheimer unfairly.
Oppenheimer spent his declining years examining the e suspected Oppenheimer of endangering the
relationship between science and society. In 1963, by freedom of the conscience of the scientist who
way of reinstating him, President Lyndon B. Johnson questions the morality of discoveries.
presented him with the Enrico Fermi Award of the Atomic D did not support Oppenheimer.
Energy Commission. He retired from Princeton in 1966,
andTaylor,
died theP. (2001).
J. & Moore, foliowing year.
Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub. 30 Look at tbis extract from the passage:

25 Which of the following best summarizes the ideas In 1963, by way of reinstating him, President Lyndon B.
expressed in this passage? Johnson presented him with the Enrico Fermi Award of the
Atomic Energy Commission.
A Oppenheimer's work lead him into having to
make moral decisions of sorne political
importance. What does the writer mean?
B Oppenheimer taught in Britain, Germany and A President Johnson did not want Oppenheimer
America. reinstated.
e Oppenheimer resigned after the first B The Enrico Fermi Award was not enough fo
experimental nuclear explosion in New Mexico. Oppenheimer.
D Oppenheimer died in 1967. e By 1963, the' US Government's opinion o
Oppenheimer seemed to have changed.
26 Which of the following statements about D The US Government would not have give
Oppenheimer is NOT stated or implied in the Oppenheimer the Enrico Fermi Award if h
passage? hadn't been reinstated first.
A He was of German descent.
B He discovered the quantum and relativity theories.
e He did research on subatomic particles.
D He researched the quantum theory.
286
 TEST 7 • Reading Comprehension

31 The word declining highlighted below eould best 32 Whieh of the following would be the most
be replaeed by which of the suggested words? suitable title for this passage?
Oppenheimer spent his declining years examining the
A The technique of J ohn Singer Sargent
relationship between science and society. In 1963, by way B The Life and Work of John Singer Sargent
of reinstating him, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented e Famous American Painters
him with the Enrico Fermi Award of the Atomic Energy D Society Portrait Painters
Commission. He retired from Princeton in 1966, and died
the following year. 33 Look at this extraet from the passage:
A decaying John Singer Sargent is best known as a society portrait
B late painter who captured on canvas the leisured affluent drawing-
e falling room society of the late nineteenth and early twentieth
D crashing centuries. The faces loo k out from his paintings, apparently
secure in the knowledge that theirs was an unchanging place
in an unchanging world.
Passage 5
What does the writer mean?
John Singer Sargent is best known as a society portrait A John Singer Sargent was a member of the
painter who captured on canvas the leisured affluent drawing-room society.
drawing-room society of the late nineteenth and early
B John Singer Sargent did not like to paint his
twentieth centuries. The faces look out from his paintings,
apparently secure in the knowledge that theirs was an subjects' faces.
unchanging place in an unchanging world. e The leisured affluent drawing-room society
Born of American parents in 1856 in Florence, Italy, he rejected John Singer Sargent.
was brought úp in Europe and only took his first trip to the D John Singer Sargent was interested in
United States at the age of twenty, when he claimed capturing the social character of his subjects.
American citizenship. He had been to Paris to study
painting with Carolus-Duran, a society portrait painter who 34 Which of the following is NOT true about John
was then in vogue. Later Sargent visited Madrid and Singer Sargent?
Harlaam, to study the works of Diego Velasquez and Frans
Hals respectively. In 1880 he settled in Paris. A He was raisedin Italy.
One of Sargent's early and most famous works is B His parents were both American.
'Madame X', a portrait of the celebrated Parisian beauty e He obtained American citizenship at the age of
Madame Gautreau. It depicts her wearing a black evening twenty.
gown, leaning against atable with her head mysteriously
turned away. Her evening gown leaves a large part of her
D He studied with Carolus-Duran.
upper chest exposed. The painting was favorably accepted
by the critics, who viewed it as eccentrically erotic. The 35 Sargent's 'Madame X'
public, however, found it scandalous. Sargent was A is a portrait of a woman.
disappointed, and decided to move to London. His work, B was not appreciated by critics.
however, received as unfavorable a reception there as it had
in Paris.
e was favorably received by the pub lic.
D was painted in London.
The breakthrough óccurred in 1887, with the exhibition of
'Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose', a study of two little girls lighting
Japanese lanterns. The painting, which was purchased by 36 The writer implies that 'Madame X' was not liked
the Chantrey Bequest, captivated the sentimental heart of by the Parisian publie beeause
the British public. Sargent went from strength to strength, A the woman looked too mysterious.
receiving great acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. B the woman was leaning against atable.
His style involved bold, slashing brushwork, giving rise to
the 'Slashing School' of painting. His eye for color produced
e it hadn't been liked by the London public
interesting flesh tints in his portraits, as well as subdued dull either.
tones of ochre, brown and grey. Considering the limited D they found it provocative.
social circle from which his sitters were drawn, his work was
quite remarkably unrepetitive, since each new situation and
sitter elicited a fresh response from the artist. Interestingly,
the finest of his portraits seem to catch the subject slightly
off-guardo
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.

287
 TEST 8 • Reading Comprehension-- - - -- - -- - - - -

Section 3: Reading Comprehension

This section of the Test assesses your ability to read Ghurchill Falls hydro-electric plant in Labrador is one of
and comprehend written passages. Each passage is the world's most important, supplying electricity to
followed by a number of questions, some of which Quebec and, indirectly, to the Northeastern United States.
require you to select the best of four suggested The ethnic composition of Newfoundland is
answers. Other questions have special directions. remarkably homogeneous, with 95% of the total
On the day of your test, you will have between 75 and population of 568,474 (census of 1991) being of British
90 minutes to complete this section. The exact time and Irish descent. Around 3% of the population are of
that you will have will appear on your computer screen. French origino The relative isolation of the province has
resulted in the preservation of archaic seventeenth-
Click on!PROCEED! to begin with passage 1.
century West Gountry and other British dialects in
Newfoundland speech.
Passage 1

In AD 999, Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, missed 1 Which of the following would be the best title for
Greenland and instead landed on the coast of Labrador, this passage?
in what is now Newfoundland, Ganada. Archaeological A Viking Achievements
excavations of artifacts that were made by the Vikings
B The Geographical Location of Newfoundland
would appear to testify to the fact that they were the first
C Characteristics of the Inhabitants of
Europeans to reach the New World. Officially, however,
the province is considered to have been discovered Newfoundland
almost exactly five hundred years after that, in 1497, when D The Geography, History and People of
John Gabot claimed it for England. At the time, the only Newfoundland
inhabitants were Indians and Inuit Eskimos.
Newfoundland is now one of the four Atlantic provinces 2 Look at the word they highlighted below. Click on
of Ganada. Extending to the North Atlantic Ocean, it is the the word or phrase in the same paragraph which
easternmost point of the entire North American continent. they refers too
Its total area is 156,649 square miles, 43,548 square miles
of that being the island of Newfoundland. This is In AD 999, Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, missed
separated from mainland Labrador by the Strait of Belle Greenland and instead landed on the coast of
Isle. Labrador is itself bounded by Quebec to the south Labrador, in what is now Newfoundland, Ganada.
and west and makes up almost three quarters of the Archaeological excavations of artifacts that were
province's total area. Newfoundland's rugged coastline made by the Vikings would appear to testify to the fact
extends for more than 10,000 miles and is famous for that they were the first Europeans to reach the New
so me of the world's best fishing grounds, the Grand World. Officially, however, the province is considered
Banks. to have been discovered almost exactly five hundred
Historically, the province developed separately from years after that, in 1497, when John Gabot claimed it
the rest of Ganada, as Britain's policy towards it for England. At the time, the only inhabitants were
discouraged colonial settlement in order to keep Indians and Inuit Eskimos.
possession of the fisheries. However, in 1824 a colony
headed by a governor was finally accepted and, eight 3 Which of the following is NOT true
years later, after demands from the population, a Newfoundland?
democratically-elected assembly was created. In 1927,
A It was discovered by John Cabot five
protracted negotiations with Ganada resulted in Labrador
becoming part of Newfoundland, and in 1949 the people
years before Vikings landed on it.
of the province voted in favor of entering the Ganadian B Evidence that Vikings were once there
union. been discovered.
I . C Inuit Eskimos were there befare J ohn Cabot.
Newfoundland's geographical position has long made
it important in transportation and communications D John Cabot found it inhabited by Indians
between North America and Europe. In addition to the Eskimos.
cod fisheries, there is iron mining in West Labrador, a
major forestry industry and hydro-electric production.
Taylor, J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.

296
 TEST 8 • Reading Comprehension

10 Why have archaic British dialects survived in 11 Which of the following is NOT true about Yale?
Newfoundland? A It was initially called "The Collegiate School".
A Because the population is homogeneous B It was founded in 1701 in New Haven.
B Because the area hasn't been exposed to many e It was named after a British benefactor.
other languages D Early classes took place at Killingworth and
e Because the area only has a population of elsewhere.
568,474
12 The word held highlighted below could best be
D Because there aren't many people of French
replaced by which of the suggested words?
descent there
Initially, the institution was chartered by the coloniallegislature
of Connecticut as "The Collegiate School", with classes being
Passage 2
held at Killingworth and various other locations.
Yale University, which is situated in New Haven ,
Connecticut, is the third oldest university in the United
States, having been founded in 1701. Together with A caught
Harvard , Pennsylvania, Princeton , Columbia, Brown, B conducted
Dartmouth and Cornell, it is one of the prestigious e executed
universities in the Ivy League group. Initially, the institution D kept
was chartered by the colonial legislature of Connecticut as
"The Collegiate School ", with classes being held at
13 The institution's early curriculum
Killingworth and various other locations. It was moved to
New Haven in 1717. It was renamed Yale College in 1718, A did not feature the Classics.
in honour of wealthy British merchant and philanthropist, B did not offer studies in medicine.
Elihu Yale, who had aided the school with generous
donations.
e only offered courses in Puritan belief.
D only taught Theology.
Being founded at a time when classics were highly
prized and in a place where Puritan values prevailed , Yale
started with a curriculum that was based on classical
14 The following sentence can be added to the
studies and strict compliance with orthodox Puritan belief. passage:
However, in 1810 it branched out into medicine, and a
Yale also became the first US educational institutionto own
department of Theology was established in 1822. Its law
an art exhibition.
department started operating in 1824, and the Yale
Sheffield Scientific School was inaugurated in 1852, soon Where would it best fit?
becoming one of the principal scientific and engineering
centers in the United States in the nineteenth century. In
1832, Colonel John Trumbull donated to Yale a gallery to Being founded at a time when classics were highly
accommodate his paintings of the American Revolution . prized and in a place where Puritan values prevailed, Yale
In 1886, the college was renamed Yale University, and started with a curriculum that was based on classical
six years later it began accepting women students to its studies and strict compliance with orthodox Puritan belief.
graduate school, although it took until 1969 for the • However, in 1810 it branched out into medicine, and a
university to become fully coeducational. department of Theology was established in 1822. • Its law
Although it by no means matches the 10,000,000 department started operating in 1824, and the Yale
volumes that Harvard University now possesses, Yale Sheffield Scientific School was inaugurated in 1852, soon
University Library, with 6,000,000 volumes, is one of the becoming one of the principal scientific and engineering
largest university libraries in the United States. In addition centers in the United States in the nineteenth century. _In
to its art gallery, Yale has the Peabody Museum of Natural 1832, Colonel John Trumbull donated to Yale a gallery
History, with significant collections of paleontology, to accommodate his paintings of the American
archaeology and ethnology. Revolution .•
Among the distinguished graduates of Yale University In 1886, the college was renamed Yale University, and
have been US presidents such as William Howard Taft, six years later it began accepting women students to its
Gerald Ford and George Bush, as well as the inventors Eli graduate school, although it took until 1969 for the
Whitney and Samuel F.B. Morse and the lexicographer university to become fully coeducational.
NoahTaylor,
Webster.
J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.

-
 TEST 8 • Reading Comprehension

10 Why have archaic British dialects survived in 11 Which of the following is NOT true about Vale?
Newfoundland? A It was initially called "The Collegiate School".
A Because the population is homogeneous B It was founded in 1701 in New Haven.
B Because the are a hasn't been exposed to many e It was named after a British benefactor.
other languages D Early c1asses took place at Killingworth and
e Because the area only has a population of elsewhere.
568,474
12 The word held highlighted below could best be
D Because there aren't many people of French
replaced by which of the suggested words?
descent there
Initially, the institution was chartered by the coloniallegislature
of Connecticut as "The Collegiate School ", with classes being
Passage 2
held at Killingworth and various other locations.
Vale University, which is situated in New Haven ,
Connecticut, is the third oldest university in the United
States, having been founded in 1701 . Together with A caught
Harvard , Pennsylvania, Princeton , Columbia, Brown , B conducted
Dartmouth and Cornell , it is one of the prestigious e executed
universities in the Ivy League group. Initially, the institution D kept
was chartered by the colonial legislature of Connecticut as
"The Collegiate School ", with classes being held at
13 The institution's earIy curriculum
Killingworth and various other locations. It was moved to
New Haven in 1717. It was renamed Vale College in 1718, A did not feature the Classics.
in honour of wealthy British merchant and philanthropist, B did not offer studies in medicine.
Elihu Vale, who had aided the school with generous
donations.
e only offered courses in Puritan belief.
D only taught Theology.
Being founded at a time when classics were highly
prized and in a place where Puritan values prevailed, Vale
started with a curriculum that was based on classical
14 The following sentence can be added to the
studies and strict compliance with orthodox Puritan belief. passage:
However, in 1810 it branched out into medicine, and a
Vale also became the first US educational institutionto own
department of Theology was established in 1822. Its law
an art exhibition.
department started operating in 1824, and the Vale
Sheffield Scientific School was inaugurated in 1852, soon Where would it best fit?
becoll'ling one of the principal scientific and engineering
centers in the United States in the nineteenth century. In
1832, Colonel John Trumbull donated to Vale a gallery to Being founded at a time when classics were highly
accommodate his paintings of the American Revolution. prized and in a place where Puritan values prevailed, Vale
In 1886, the college was renamed Vale University, and started with a curriculum that was based on classical
six years later it began accepting women students to its studies and strict compliance with orthodox Puritan belief.
graduate school, although it took until 1969 for the • However, in 1810 it branched out into medicine, and a
university to become fully coeducational. department of Theology was established in 1822. • Its law
Although it by no means matches the 10,000,000 department started operating in 1824, and the Vale
volumes that Harvard University now possesses, Vale Sheffield Scientific School was inaugurated in 1852, soon
University Library, with 6,000,000 volumes , is one of the becoming one of the principal scientific and engineering
largest university libraries in the United States. In addition centers in the United States in the nineteenth century .• In
to its art gallery, Vale has the Peabody Museum of Natural 1832, Colonel John Trumbull donated to Vale a ga/lery
History, with significant collections of paleontology, to accommodate his paintings of the American
archaeology and ethnology. Revolution .•
Among the distinguished graduates of Vale University In 1886, the co/lege was renamed Vale University, and
have been US presidents such as William Howard Taft, six years later it began accepting women students to
Gerald Ford and George Bush, as well as the inventors Eli graduate sChool , although it took until 1969 for
Whitney and Samuel F.B. Morse and the lexicographer university to beco me fu/ly coeducational.
NoahTaylor,Webster.
J. & Moore, P. (2001). Prepare and practice for the computer-based TOEFL Test. Newbury Express Pub.

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