FORMULAS

d d d
sin x = cos x, cos x = − sin x, tan x = sec2 x
dx dx dx

d d d
cot x = − csc2 x, sec x = sec x tan x, csc x = − csc x cot x
dx dx dx

d 1 d −1
sin−1 x = √ , cos−1 x = √
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2

d 1 d 1
tan−1 x = , sec−1 x = √
dx 1 + x2 dx |x| x2 − 1

d 1 d 1
ln x = , loga x =
dx x dx x ln a

d x d x d a d x
e = ex , a = ln aax , x = axa−1 , x = xx (1 + ln x)
dx dx dx dx

d d d
sinh x = cosh x, cosh x = sinh x, tanh x = sech2 x
dx dx dx

d d d
coth x = − csch2 x, sechx = − sechx tanh x, cschx = −cschx coth x
dx dx dx

d 1 d 1
sinh−1 x = √ , cosh−1 x = √
dx 1 + x2 dx x2 − 1

d 1 d −1
tanh−1 x = , sech−1 x = √
dx 1 − x2 dx x 1 − x2
 2
 r+1
 u
R R r 6 −1
+ C, if r =
1. k du = ku + C, 2. u du = r+1
ln |u| + C, if r = −1


au
eu du = eu + C, 4. au du =
R R
3. + C, a 6= 1, a > 0
ln a

R R
5. sin u du = − cos u + C, 6. cos u du = sin u + C

sec2 u du = tan u + C, 8. csc2 u du = − cot u + C

R R
7.

R R
9. sec u tan u du = sec u + C, 10. csc u cot u du = − csc u + C

R R
11. tan u du = − ln | cos u| + C, 12. cot u du = ln | sin u| + C

R du −1 u
  R du 1 −1 u
 
13. √ = sin + C, 14. = tan +C
a2 − u2 a a2 + u2 a a

 
du 1 |u| 1 a
= sec−1 cos−1
R
15. √ +C = +C
u u2 − a2 a a a |u|

R R
16. sinh u du = cosh u + C 17. cosh u du = sinh u + C

1
18. sin mx cos nx = [sin(m + n)x + sin(m − n)x]
2

1
19. sin mx sin nx = − [cos(m + n)x − cos(m − n)x]
2

1
20. cos mx cos nx = [cos(m + n)x + cos(m − n)x]
2