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LECTURE 3 - Shear Stresses
LECTURE 3 - Shear Stresses
In Diagram 2a, we have cut a section dx long out of the left end of the
beam, and have shown the internal horizontal forces acting on the
section.
In Diagram 2b, we have shown a side view of section dx. Notice that
the bending moment is larger on the right hand face of the section by
an amount dM. (This is clear if we make the bending moment diagram
for the beam, in which we see the bending moment increases from a
value of zero at the left end to a maximum at the center of the beam.)
In Diagram 2c, we have shown a top slice of section dx. Since the
forces are different between the top of the section and the bottom of
the section (less at the bottom) there is a differential (shearing) force
which tries to shear the section, shown in Diagram 2c, horizontally.
This means there is a shear stress on the section, and in terms of the
shear stress, the differential shearing force, F, can be written as F
= times the longitudinal area of the section (b dx). A second way of
expressing the shear force is by expressing the forces in terms of the
bending stress, that is F1 = (My/I) dA, and F2 = (M+dM)y/I dA,
then the differential force is (dM y/I)dA. If we now combine the two
F = expressions, we have:
Example 1
In Diagram 1, we have shown a simply supported 20 ft. beam with a
load of 10,000 lb. acting downward at the center of the beam. The
beam used is a rectangular 2" by 4" steel beam. We would like to
determine the maximum Horizontal Shear Stress which develops in the
beam due to the loading. We will also determine the Horizontal Shear
Stress 3 inches above the bottom of the beam at the position in the
beam where the shear force is a maximum.
Step 2: The second step is to draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam.
Step 2: The second step is to draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams for the beam
Beam Table for WT 8 x 25
- A d bf tf tw d/tw I S r y
WT 8x25 7.36 8.13 7.073 0.628 0.380 21.40 42.20 6.770 2.400 1.890
Step 3. For the WT 8 x 25 T-beam (table above) we will now apply
the Horizontal Shear Stress formula:
We wish to find the shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the
beam cross section, where the shear force is a maximum. (See
Diagram 6)\
- A d bf tf tw I S r I S r
W 10 x 45 13.20 10.12 8.022 0.618 0.350 249.0 49.1 4.33 53.20 13.30 2.00
We have already done the statics, and the shear force and bending
moment diagrams are shown in the first part of this example above, so
we continue at the point where we apply the horizontal shear stress
formula to find the values we desire.
For the WT 8 x 25 T-beam we apply the Horizontal Shear Stress
formula: Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib, however since we are looking for
the maximum shear stress in the I-Beam, we can use the
approximate formula for I-beam, Maximum Horizontal Shear
Stress = Vmax/Aweb. This says the approximate maximum shear stress
in an I - Beam is equal to the maximum shear force divided by the
area of the web of the I-Beam. Applying this we have:
Vmax = maximum shear force = 6,000 lb. (from the shear force
diagram)
Amax = area of web: A = (.35" * 8.88" )= 3.11 in2. (See Diagram 7)
V = maximum shear force = 6,000 lb. (from the shear force diagram)
y' = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of the area "a" Notice
that in this case, for an I-Beam, this is not a entirely simple matter.
The area we wish to find the centroid of is not a simple rectangle, but
rather two rectangles. To find the centroid of this compound area we
use: y' = (A1 y1 + A2 y2)/(A1 +A2); where A1 and A2 are the two
areas, and y1 and y2 are the distances from the neutral axis of the
beam to the centroid of each of the respective areas. (Which is simply
the distance from the neutral axis to the center of each of the
respective areas, since for a rectangle the centroid is at the center.)
Using the values shown in Diagram 9, we have:
y' = (A1 y1 + A2 y2)/(A1 +A2) = (4.96 in2 x 4.75 in + .834 in2 x 2.94
in)/(4.96 in2 + .834 in2) = 4.49 in.
Then the horizontal shear stress 3 inches above the bottom of the
beam is:
Horizontal Shear Stress = Vay'/Ib = (6000 lb)*(5.794 in2)*(4.49 in)/
(249.0 in4)(.35 in)= 1790 lb/in2
Notice, as we expect, the horizontal shear stress value becomes
smaller as we move toward an outer edge of the beam cross section.