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Session 1 Packet - Thursday, 5-16-2019 - Main - Carlos Ortiz PDF
Session 1 Packet - Thursday, 5-16-2019 - Main - Carlos Ortiz PDF
Course: MCAT PREPARATION Delivered: Thursday, May 16, 2019 father. He’s a plastic surgeon.
Instructor: Mr. Carlos Ortiz TBCB: Next Session
Student: CARLOS ORTIZ/VIC POPP ETC: 180-300 Groucho Marx
# of Elements: 60
Topics: PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY
Time: Will vary: Anywhere from 180-300 minutes
TBCB: NEXT SESSION
Notes/Instructions: PrePacket 1 Review
Check these off as we
complete them. OPENING QUIZ
M1
OPENING QUIZ - REVIEW
H2CO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
occurs spontaneously
(dissociation)
H+ + HCO3− A. I only
hydrogen cation B. II only
( a.k.a. a proton ) bicarbonate
anion
C. I and II
Figure 1: CO2 & H20 are substrates of carbonic anhydrase
D. II and III
The bicarbonate anion accumulates inside the
RBC, becoming so concentrated that it will
diffuse through the semipermeable RBC
Q2 A TOTAL
membrane down its concentration gradient and
out into the watery, polar plasma milieu. a Approximately how many molecules of oxygen
Plasma water can transport enormous can one billion erythrocytes carry?
quantities of carbon dioxide gas in the form of
A. 2.5 x 106
this POLAR bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) that is
initially formed inside the RBC. The proton B. 1 x 1018
released will, in turn, allosterically modulate the
C. 1 x 109
Hb molecule.
D. 2.5 x 1018
Q4 CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
a According to the passage, it can reasonably be inferred that if carbonic anhydrase were allosterically
enhanced,
A. the RBC interior would increase in pH and oxygen delivery to tissues would occur faster.
B. the RBC interior would decrease in pH and oxygen delivery to tissues would occur faster.
C. the RBC interior would become replete with bicarbonate anion (HCO 3-) and the RBC would lyse.
D. the RBC interior would fill with chloride anions resulting in a drop in pH.
Q5 RBCs
a Red blood cells lose all their organelles during erythropoietic maturation. What is the most likely reason
for this?
A. Red blood cell cytoplasm has a low pH which does not allow any other organelles to function. They
subsequently are eliminated via autophagy processes triggered by the low pH.
B. Organelle loss prevents red blood cells from becoming oncogenic because of the lack of DNA.
C. The loss of organelles makes space for hemoglobin.
D. Red blood cell organelles become unstable upon cell maturity, dying shortly after.
Q6 GAS EXCHANGE
a Carbon dioxide moves from a red blood cell into an alveolus via
Q7 GAS EXCHANGE
a An experiment was performed to measure gas exchange rates across a red blood cell membrane. A
normal biconcave red blood cell allows oxygen to pass through its membrane at a rate of 2 x 10-4 mL
per square mm per second. In one experiment, a red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution allowed
oxygen to pass through its membrane at a rate of 8 x 10 -5 mL per square mm per second. The most
likely reason for the difference in rates is that
A. the hypotonic solution dissolved extracellular oxygen and carried it into the red blood cell.
the hypotonic solution increased the size of the biconcave cell, resulting in a greater surface area
B.
which is subsequently accompanied by increased gas exchange amounts and rates
C. the hypotonic solution is polar so it forces oxygen into the RBC at a faster rate.
D. the biconcave cell, by virtue of its shape, “squeezes” oxygen past its membrane faster
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 9
A. the speed of blood in the capillaries increases since the capillaries are smaller in diameter,
increasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
B. the speed of blood in the capillaries increases since the capillaries are smaller in diameter,
decreasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
C. the speed of blood in the capillaries decreases since capillaries collectively have a larger total
diameter (compared to individual capillaries), increasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
D. the speed of blood in the capillaries decreases since the capillaries collectively have a smaller total
diameter (compared to individual capillaries), decreasing gas exchange with the surroundings.
A. 100 K
B. 200 K
C. 50 K
D. 600 K
------------------------------------------------
True or False
T Phospholipids are bipolar (charged
Figure 1: A Generic Lipid Bilayer “phospho” head, uncharged FA tail) which
makes them amphipathic.
Any introductory discussion of a lipid bilayer F Phospholipids are symmetrically distributed in
merits an initial treatment of the polar the two “halves” or leaflets of a lipid bilayer.
phospholipids or GLYCEROphospholipids
to denote the importance of the glycerol T Glycerol molecules hydrogen bond to each
backbone moiety. Glycerol is simply the 3- other and as such, glycerol is soluble in water.
carbon alkane known as propane with three
substituted H atoms (replaced with OH
MCAT PREPARATION – QUANTITATIVE REASONING/PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY
Mr. Carlos Ortiz | VICTORIA POPP PLEASE CONTINUE ON THE NEXT PAGE
Copyright © 2019 Carlos Ortiz | 305.785.5005 | www.mrcarlosortiz.com | carlos@mrcarlosortiz.com page 5 of 13
1 LIPID BILAYERS
a The plasma membrane is perhaps the most thoroughly studied of all cell membranes, and it is largely
through investigations of the plasma membrane that current concepts of membrane structure have
evolved. A student wishing to learn more about plasma membrane contents would find which of the
following models to be most useful?
2 LIPID BILAYERS
a In addition to phospholipids, plasma membranes of animal cells contain glycolipids and cholesterol. The
glycolipids are found exclusively in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The primary reason for
this is because
A. glycolipids are more soluble with extracellular water than intracellular cytosol
B. glycolipid oligosaccharide moieties are involved in several cell-to-cell recognition processes
C. leaflet asymmetry dictates that the larger surface area outer leaflet contain more “glyco” entities
D. glycolipid oligosaccharide chains are generated in inside the bilayer which is capable of attaching
them only to the extracellular end of transmembrane lipids
3 LIPID BILAYERS
a Which of the following is most accurate about cell membrane bilayers?
4 LIPID BILAYERS
a In addition to phospholipids, plasma membranes of animal cells contain glycolipids and cholesterol.
Unlike glycolipids which are relatively minor membrane components (they constitute only about 2% of
the lipids of most plasma membranes), cholesterol is a major membrane constituent of animal cells.
Cholesterol is present in about
A. I and III
B. I only
C. II only
D. I, II, and III
True or False
F Cholesterol contributes to lipid bilayer fluidity because of its loose structure/shape.
T The composition of the saccharide moiety of glycolipids is cell type specific, depends on the
developmental stage of the organism, and can change with the oncogenic state of the cell.
F Certain proteins form “channels” via which certain substances can pass (i.e. ions). These proteins
must be extrinsic.
T The outer leaflet of a lipid bilayer has a larger surface area than the inner leaflet.
8 ION COMPOSITION
a A difference of concentration between two compartments is called a concentration gradient.
Measurements of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- concentrations have shown that concentration gradients for
ions are in an “equilibrium” constant state in the external and cytosolic compartments, at the
macroscopic level, during the entire neuronal life. This is most consistent with which of the following
hypotheses?
I. Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions cannot cross the neuronal plasma membrane: the neuronal plasma
membrane is effectively impermeable to these inorganic ions. In that case, concentration
gradients need to be established only once in the lifetime of the neuron.
II. A neuronal plasma membrane is permeable to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions, but there are
mechanisms that continuously reestablish the gradients when they have been dissipated;
these mechanism maintain constant the unequal distribution of ions.
III. A neuronal plasma membrane is semipermeable to Na +, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions; concentration
gradients are in a constant flux but over the life of the neuron appear to remain constant.
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I and III
D. II and III
9 TESTING A HYPOTHESIS
a When proteins are absent from a synthetic lipid bilayer, no movements of ions occur across this purely
lipidic membrane. Which of the following is the best explanation for this result?
The energy from the breakdown of ATP molecules cannot be utilized by proteins that are not
A.
present; therefore, ions cannot be shuttled into or out of the cell.
Membrane proteins “coat” ions before they are transported across the membrane. In the absence of
B.
this “coating,” ions cannot be transported through a hydrophobic barrier.
Membrane proteins temporarily neutralize ions, allowing them to be transported across the
C.
membrane. Without the proteins, the lack of neutralization prevents them from being transported.
D. Owing to its central hydrophobic region, the lipid bilayer has a low permeability to hydrophilic
substances such as ions, water, and other polar molecules; i.e. the lipid bilayer is a barrier for
diffusion of ions and other charged species.
10 A DISRUPTION
a A neuron is injected with an agent that causes selective destruction of organelle membranes. Which of
the following is most accurate regarding the concentration of intracellular Ca 2+?
14 INTERPRETING RESULTS
a According to the figure, the injection of ATP reverses the diminished efflux of radioactive sodium
(*Na+) at about how long after efflux measuring began?
A. 190 min
B. 150 min
C. 100 min
D. 230 min
15 PREDICTING RESULTS
a According to the results of experiment 2, what should experimenters observe if DNP and ATP are
introduced into the squid giant axon at the same time after letting the exon absorb *Na+?
16 CONCLUSION
a Which of the following is most accurate based on the results of both experiments?
A. Ions alternate between passive and active transport when moving into and out of neurons.
B. Ionic compositions of cytosol and extracellular compartments are maintained at the expense of a
continuous basal cellular metabolism that provides energy used to power active transport that
compensates for passive movements.
C. Ionic transport into a cell cannot be inhibited by an energy pathway inhibitor indicating that all
transport into a cell is passive.
D. Toxins that disrupt basal cellular metabolism necessary to provide energy to power active transport
of ions ultimately prevent active transport of ions into the cell as well thereby completely stopping
movement of ions into or out of the cell.
True or False
F Electron movement from the mitochondrial matrix out to the cytoplasm is the driving force for ATP
synthesis in a mitochondrion.
T ATP synthesis in a mitochondrion is the result of protons moving down a concentration gradient.
Figure 8: Effects of glycolytic inhibition on intracellular Na+ and K+ content and lactate production
with cellular viability measured by LDH release. (Note: The * indicates p < 0.05 versus control.
17 EXPERIMENT DECISIONS
a The researchers chose a concentration of 0.3 mM IAA as the working concentration for any additional
studies instead of 1 mM or 2 mM. What is the likely reason for this?
A. the greater the concentration of IAA, the lower the concentration of intracellular Na+
B. the greater the concentration of IAA, the higher the concentration of intracellular K+
C. the greater the concentration of IAA, the higher the concentration of intracellular Na+
D. the lower the concentration of IAA, the lower the concentration of intracellular K+
20 INTERPRETING RESULTS
a The researchers’ findings on the relationship between oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic levels of
Na+ and K+ most support the idea that
21 MAKING A CONNECTION
a Glycolysis is a multi-step process by which a glucose molecule is used to generate two pyruvate
molecules. In one step, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate serves as the substrate for Glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase which turns it into 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate. In the same step, the
Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase generates the strong reducing agent NADH. Based on the
passage, which of the following is most likely in the presence of enough IAA?
22 INTERPRETING RESULTS
a If the effects of IAA treatment in nerve cells are the same as those observed in myocytes, which
feature of an action potential would be most affected by IAA treatment?
A. Initiation of depolarization
B. Rising phase of depolarization
C. Falling phase to undershoot
D. Return to resting potential