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Amplitude Modulation
◊ 3.1 Introduction
◊ 3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ 3.3 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation
◊ 3.4 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
◊ 3.5 Single-Sideband
g and Vestigial-Sideband
g Methods of Modulation
◊ 3.7 Frequency Translation
2
Chapter 3.1
Introduction
4
3.1 Introduction
◊ A common form of the carrier is a sinusoidal wave, in which case
we speak of continuous-wave
continuous wave modulation
modulation.
◊ CW: continuous-wave.
5
Chapter 3.2
Amplitude Modulation
9
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
Ac k A
S( f )= ⎡⎣δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c ) ⎤⎦ + a c ⎡⎣ M ( f − f c ) + M ( f + f c ) ⎤⎦ ( 3.5
3 5)
2 2
10
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ From the spectrum of S( f ), we note the following:
◊ 1. As a result of the modulation process,
1 process the spectrum of the message signal
m(t) for negative frequencies extending from –W to 0 becomes completely
visible for positive frequencies, provided that the carrier frequency satisfies the
condition
diti fc >W.
>W
11
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Example 3.1 Single-Tone Modulation (1/3)
◊ Consider a modulating wave: m(t) = Amcos(2πfmt)
◊ carrier wave: c(t) = Accos(2πfct)
s ( t ) = Ac ⎡⎣1 + μ cos ( 2πf mt ) ⎤⎦ cos ( 2πf c t ) ( 3.7
3 7)
where μ = ka Am μ :modulation factor
(or percentage modulation)
◊ To avoid overmodulation Î |μ|<1
◊ E l
Envelope off s(t):
(t) Ac[1+ μcos(2πf
(2 fmt)]
12
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Example 3.1 Single-Tone Modulation (2/3)
◊ Eq (3.7)
Eq. (3 7) can be represented in this form: cos A cos B =
1
2
{cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B )}
1 1
s ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2π f c t ) + μ Ac cos ⎡⎣ 2π ( f c + f m ) t ⎤⎦ + μ Ac cos ⎡⎣ 2π ( f c − f m ) t ⎤⎦
F 2 2
1 1
S ( f ) = Ac ⎡⎣δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c ) ⎤⎦ + μ Ac ⎡⎣δ ( f − f c − f m ) + δ ( f + f c + f m ) ⎤⎦
2 4
1
+ μ Ac ⎡⎣δ ( f − f c + f m ) + δ ( f + f c − f m ) ⎤⎦
4
13
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Example 3.1 Single-Tone Modulation (3/3)
1 2
Carrier power = Ac
2
1
Upper side-frequency power= μ 2 Ac2
side frequency power
8
1
Lower side-frequency power= μ 2 Ac2
8
◊ In any case, the ratio of the total sideband power to the total
power in the modulated wave is equal to
μ2 (2 + μ2 )
◊ Depend only on the modulation factor μ. μ
◊ If μ=1, the total power in the two side frequencies of the resulting AM
wave is only one-third of the total power in the modulated wave.
◊ When the percentage modulation is less than 20 percent, the power in one
side frequency is less than 1 percent of the total power in the AM wave.
14
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Switching Modulator (1/4)
◊ O way to generate an A
One AM wave: Switching
S h Modulator.
d l
◊ Assume carrier wave c(t) is large in amplitude and the diode acts as an
ideal switch
switch.
v1 ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2πf c t ) + m ( t ) ( 3.8)
⎧v1 ( t ) , c (t ) > 0
v2 ( t ) ≈ ⎨ ( 3.9
3 9)
⎩0, c (t ) < 0
15
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Switching Modulator (2/4)
◊ From Eq.
Eq (3.9),
(3 9) load voltage v2(t) varies periodically between the
values v1(t) and zeros at a rate equal to the carrier frequency fc.
◊ Byy assumingg a modulating g wave that is weak compared p with the
carrier wave, we have effectively replace the nonlinear behavior
of the diode by an approximately equivalent piecewise-linear
time-varying operation.
◊ We may express Eq. (3.9) mathematically as
v2 ( t ) ≈ ⎡⎣ Ac cos ( 2πf c t ) + m ( t ) ⎦⎤ gT0 ( t ) ( 3.10 )
period
T0=1/f
1/fc
16
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Switching Modulator (3/4)
⎛ n ⎞ ⎞ a = 1 − 4 dt = 1
T0
∞
⎛ n ⎞ ⎛
gT0 ( t ) = a0 + ∑ ⎜ an cos ⎜ 2π t ⎟ + bn sin ⎜ 2π t ⎟ ⎟ 0 T ∫−T 2 0
n =1 ⎝ ⎝ T0 ⎠ ⎝ T0 ⎠ ⎠ 0 4
T 0
1 T0 2 n 4
a0 = ∫ gT0 ( t ) dt 2 −
T
n 0
2
sin 2π
T
t
T0 −T0 2 an = ∫ T4 cos 2π tdt = 0
T0 − 4 T0 0
T0 2π n
2 T0 2 ⎛ n ⎞
an = ∫ gT0 ( t ) cos ⎜ 2π t ⎟ dt T0 −T
4
0
T0 −T0 2 ⎝ T0 ⎠
1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ 2 ⎛ nπ ⎞
⎛ = sin ⎜ ⎟ − sin ⎜ − ⎟⎥ = sin ⎜ ⎟
2 T0 2 n ⎞ nπ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠
bn = ∫ gT0 ( t ) sin ⎜ 2π t ⎟ dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠
T0 −T0 2
⎝ T0 ⎠ 2 ⎛ ( 2m − 1) π ⎞
= sin ⎜
T0
( 2m − 1) π ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ n ⎞ 4
cos ⎜ 2π t⎟ 2
2
T0
⎛ n ⎞ 2 T = ⎡⎣ − cos ( mπ ) ⎤⎦
−
bn = ∫ T04 sin
i ⎜ 2π
2 t ⎟ ddt = − ⎝ 0 ⎠ ( 2m − 1) π
T0 − 4 ⎝ T0 ⎠ T0 n
2π 2 ⎡ − ( −1)m ⎤ = 2
( −1)
m +1
T0 =
−
T0 ( 2m − 1) π ⎣ ⎦ ( 2m − 1) π
4
2
( −1)
m −1
1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ =
= − ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ − cos ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = 0 ( 2m − 1) π
nπ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 17
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Switching Modulator (4/4)
1 2 ( −1)
n−1
∞
gT0 ( t ) = + ∑ cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t ( 2n − 1) ⎤⎦ ( 3.11)
2 π n=1 2n − 1
◊ Substituting Eq. (3.11) in (3.10), v2(t) consists of two component
◊ A desired AM wave: v2 ( t ) ≈ ⎡⎣ Ac cos ( 2πf c t ) + m ( t ) ⎤⎦ gT0 ( t ) ( 3.10 )
Ac ⎡ 4 ⎤ 4
⎢1 + m ( )⎥ ( c )
t cos 2πf t , k a =
2 ⎣ πA c ⎦ πAc
19
3.2 Amplitude Modulation
◊ Envelope Detector (2/2)
Envelope detector circuit diagram,
assuming the diode is ideal, having a
constant resistance rf when forward
biased and infinite resistance when
reverse-biased.
A sinusoidal
i id l AM wave with
ith 50 percentt
modulation.
20
Virtues, Limitations, and Modulations of
Amplitude Modulation (1/2)
◊ AM is the oldest method of performing modulation.
◊ Its biggest virtue is the ease with which it is generated and reversed.
reversed
◊ In the transmitter: a switching modulator or a square-law modulator (Problem 3.4).
◊ In the receiver: an envelope detector or a square-law detector (Problem 3.6).
◊ It system
Its t isi relatively
l ti l cheap
h to
t build.
b ild
◊ The reason that AM radio broadcasting has been popular for so long.
21
Virtues, Limitations, and Modulations of
Amplitude Modulation (2/2)
◊ To overcome these limitations, we trade off system complexity for improved
utilization of communication resources.
◊ Three modified forms of amplitude modulation:
◊ Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, in which the
23
Chapter 3.3
3 3
Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed
Carrier Modulation
1
S( f )= Ac ⎣⎡ M ( f − f c ) + M ( f + f c ) ⎦⎤ ( 3.15)
2
limited to the interval Bandwidth:
-W ≤ f ≤ W 2W
25
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
26
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
29
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
s ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2π f c t ) m ( t )
υ ( t ) = Ac' cos ( 2πf c t + φ ) s ( t )
= Ac Ac' cos ( 2πf c t ) cos ( 2πf c t + φ ) m ( t ) ( 3.18)
1 1
= Ac Ac cos ( 4πf c t + φ ) m ( t ) + Ac Ac' cos φ m ( t )
'
2 2
31
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
⎧ 1
⎪⎪ o _ max 2 c c m ( t ) , when φ =0
= '
v A A
⎨
⎪v π
= 0, when φ = ± (quadrature null effect)
⎪⎩ o _ mim 2
◊ When the phase error φ is constant
constant, the detector provides an undistorted
version of the original baseband signal m(t).
32
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
◊ Provision
P i i must be b made d in
i the
h system to maintain
i i the h local
l l
oscillator in the receiver in perfect synchronism, in both
frequency and phase,
phase with the carrier wave used to generate the
DSB-SC modulated signal in the transmitter.
◊ The resulting system complexity is the price that must be paid for
pp
suppressingg the carrier wave to save transmitter power.
p
33
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
A multiplier
followed by a
low-pass filter.
34
3.3 Double Sideband
Sideband--Suppressed Carrier Modulation
◊ Output of Multiplier
⎧1 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫ 1 2
⎨ Ac m ( t ) cos φ ⎬ ⋅ ⎨ Ac m ( t ) sin φ ⎬ = Ac ⎡⎣ m ( t ) ⎤⎦ sin 2φ
2
⎩2 ⎭ ⎩2 ⎭ 8
36
Chapter 3.4
Quadrature-
Quadrature -Carrier Multiplexing
◊ In actual fact, it can be shown that due to the symmetry of the DSB
g about the carrier frequency,
signal q y the same information is
transmitted in the upper and lower sidebands, and only one of the
sidebands needs to be transmitted.
40
Single--sideband modulation
Single
◊ The generation of a SSB signal is straightforward.
◊ First,
Fi t generate
t a double-sideband
d bl id b d signal
i l
◊ Then apply an ideal pass-band filter to the result with cutoff frequencies of
fc and fc +W (or fc – W) for the upper sideband (or lower sideband).
◊ Practically, the approximate construction of an ideal filter is very difficult.
Voice Signal
41
VSB Modulation(1/3)
◊ A vestigial-sideband system is a compromise between DSB and
SSB It inherits the advantages of DSB and SSB but avoids their
SSB.
disadvantages.
◊ VSB signals are relatively easy to generate and their bandwidth is
only slightly (typically 25 percent) greater than that of SSB signals.
◊ In VSB,, instead of rejecting
j g one sideband completely
p y as in SSB,, a
gradual cutoff of one sideband is accepted. All of the one sideband
is transmitted and a small amount (vestige) of the other sideband is
transmitted
i d as well.
ll
◊ The filter is allowed to have a nonzero transition band.
◊ The roll-off characteristic of the filter is such that the partial
suppression of the transmitted sideband in the neighborhood of the
carrier is exactly compensated for by the partial transmission of the
corresponding part of the suppressed sideband.
42
VSB Modulation(2/3)
◊ Our goal is to determine the particular H( f ) required to produce a
modulated signal s(t) with desired spectral characteristics
characteristics, such
that the original baseband signal m(t) may be recovered from s(t)
byy coherent detection.
S( f ) =U ( f )H ( f )
Ac
= ⎡⎣ M ( f − f c ) + M ( f + f c ) ⎤⎦ H ( f ) ( 3.21)
2
◊ m(t) F M( f ) , u(t) F U( f )
46
3.7 Frequency Translation
◊ Due to frequency translation performed by the mixer : We may set
⎧ f 2 = f1 + fl assume f2 >f1
⎨ translated upward
⎩ fl = f 2 − f1
⎧ f 2 = f1 − fl assume f1 >f2
or ⎨ translated downward
⎩ fl = f1 − f 2
◊ The band-pass filter rejects the unwanted frequency and keeps the desired one.
◊ Mixing is a linear operation.
operation
47