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Plant Start Up Preparations PDF
Plant Start Up Preparations PDF
Cover Story
Precommissioning Schedule
Week
Activity %
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mobilization and preparatory work 100
Blowing of plant air lines
Blowing of instrument air lines 90
Blowing of nitrogen lines
Flushing of plant water lines 80 sample coolers, lube oil cool-
Flushing of DM water lines ers at pumps, and cooling
Blowing of steam lines 70 water to case jackets of rota-
Mechanical cleaning and inspection of equipment
tional equipment should be
Final box-up of equipment 60
Hydraulic flushing of process lines disconnected from the sys-
Run in of rotating equipment 50 tem. The inlet lines should be
Power flushing of process lines flushed one at a time, using
Pickling or chemical cleaning operations 40
flow from the cooling-water
Test run of compressor
Drying out of fired heaters and reactors 30 pumps. Flushing is next done
Loading of chemicals through the users (the equip-
Loading of catalyst 20 ment) themselves. There-
Tightness test of process systems
Functional tests
after, flushing is done
10
Inerting through the users and
Target progress Actual progress Duration of activity % = Percent of precommissioning completion through the outlet line from
FIGURE 1. Proper planning is essential to make sure the different tasks are performed at the the users. Finally, the return
correct time. A schedule, such as the one shown here, should be drawn up in advance line is flushed.
The plant air lines should
Plant inspection blowing is generally performed for be blown thoroughly with plant air.
Before precommissioning operations about 10 minutes. Thereafter, the The instrument air lines should be
begin, it is important that all equip- valve is closed and the system al- blown with instrument air. Subse-
ment and pipes be thoroughly checked lowed to cool for at least an hour. quent service testing should be carried
to ensure that they confirm to the de- This cycle of warming up, blowing, out on these lines before putting them
tailed P&IDs and the project specifica- and cooling down of the pipe, is car- into service.
tions. In this manner, mistakes com- ried out a number of times, and the Potable-water lines to eyewash
mitted during construction can be repeated expansion and contraction and safety showers and drinking
found and rectified. Inspection of the of the pipe causes rust, weld slag or water fountains should be flushed
plant can be basically divided into the spatter to peel off the pipe surface. until debris and harmful substances
following areas: This leads to a more effective blowing are removed. The drinking water
• Personnel and safety • For superheated steam lines that must be analyzed at each point of
• Vessels and heat exchangers supply steam turbines, the “target- human consumption to ascertain
• Reactors and columns plate” method is applied. In this whether the water is suitable for
• Machinery method, in addition to the heating- human consumption.
• Piping blowing-cooling cycle described Regarding the fire-water system,
• Electrical and instrumentation above, a target plate is installed at each fire hydrant and turret should be
For each of these areas, a checklist of the blow-off end, usually after the flushed after removing all nozzles. Be-
the essentials is provided in the table third cycle. A final blowing cycle is fore flushing the sprinkler systems,
on pp. 40 and 41. This checklist can be done for 10 minutes after the all sprinkler heads should be re-
used as a “to do” list before commenc- warming step, and the target plate moved. Before reinstallation, the
ing preparations for startup. is removed and inspected. If the heads should be inspected to ensure
number of minute particles de- that they are clean.
Commissioning of utilities posited per unit area is not below a Condensate lines should be cleaned
Soon after the plant is constructed, pre-specified value, the steam with a strong flow of water from bat-
the utilities, such as steam, cooling blowing must be repeated tery limits.
water, and air, must be put in service. Before putting steam into the system,
Once steam is available at the battery all steam traps, control valves, tur- Cleaning lines and equipment
limits, the steam system can be bines, heaters, instruments, vacuum Pipelines must be cleaned to remove
warmed up and blown free of all de- ejectors and strainers should be re- any foreign material that may have
bris. Three different categories of moved or blanked off from the system. been left behind during the construc-
steam blowing are used, depending on Condensate must be drained manu- tion period or formed during piping
the lines involved: ally, as it forms, to prevent steam work. Naturally, generated rust also
• For steam-tracing lines and hose hammering. When blowdown of the needs to be removed. Otherwise, de-
stations, blowing steam through steam system is complete, the traps bris from uncleaned pipelines can
once (the “once-steaming” method) and other equipment that were re- lead to contamination, clogging of
is usually sufficient moved prior to the blow-off may be re- pipe or control valves, malfunction-
• For process-steam lines, the warm- connected. The system is then re- ing of equipment, or damage of rotat-
ing up operation is performed gradu- heated and placed in service. ing equipment.
ally, with the steam-supply valve Cooling-water lines should be Various types of cleaning methods
opened by a few turns before every flushed with cooling water, as is dis- exist. The common ones are hydraulic-
blowing cycle. In each cycle, steam cussed in detail below. All condensers, pressure and power flushing, pigging,
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Cover Story
air blowing or blasting, steam blow- downstream end is blown out by and the iron concentration measured
ing, oil flushing, acid cleaning, alka- opening the valve. This procedure is every half hour. When the iron con-
line boiling and manual (mechanical) commonly used for instrument-air, centration stabilizes, the circulation is
cleaning. One, or a combination, of plant-air, nitrogen, fuel-gas, hydro- stopped. The system is then drained
these methods is applied, depending carbon, and cold-service lines under a blanket of nitrogen.
upon how critical the process is, and • In the direct-blowing method, the When this cycle has been com-
other site requirements. pipe to be air-blown is connected to pleted, the system is filled with DM
Mechanical cleaning: Initially, the air supply source using a tempo- water and circulated. Draining and
equipment that is very dirty may need rary pipe or hose. The method often refilling is continued until the pH is
a round of mechanical cleaning with a is applied in chemical lines and in- neutral and the iron concentration is
wire brush or cloth to ensure that it is strument and plant-air lines less than 100 ppm.
free from weld spatters, construction • In large-diameter pipes (8 in. or This is followed by a rinse with 0.2%
debris, welding rods and so on. more), where it is difficult to get suffi- citric acid at 60°C. After stabilization of
Water flushing and air blowing: cient velocities for air blowing, the iron concentration, ammonia is added
After the initial round of mechanical “cardboard-blasting” method is ap- to the system till the pH is raised to 9.5.
cleaning, piping and equipment should plied. First, one end of the pipe is cov- Thereafter, sodium nitrite (0.5–1.0%)
be subjected to flushing or blowing op- ered by a thin polymer film. The pres- is added to the circulating solution, and
erations, similar to those outlined sure is slowly raised by connecting air circulation continued for 4–6 hours.
above for the utility systems. These through a hose or temporary connec- The system is then drained under a
methods utilize the kinetic energy of a tion. When the film bursts, the shock blanket of N2 and dried.
fluid to dislodge foreign materials, wave carries the dirt along with it. Finally, the chemically cleaned sur-
such as sand, rust and weld slag. In The blowing or blasting procedure is face should be visually inspected. The
general, water flushing may be applied repeated until foreign particles are no internal surfaces of pipes and equip-
at the intake of pumps (usually con- longer visible in the discharge. If nec- ment should be uniform and free of de-
nected to columns and vessels) as well essary, the thickness of the film can posits. If a steel-gray magnetite coating
as the discharge piping, which can be be gradually increased so that higher is observed on the surface, the chemical
flushed with the pump in operation. It pressures can be used. cleaning is deemed to be complete. The
can also be applied to piping and Chemical cleaning: For process rea- cleaned system should then be pressur-
equipment that can be conveniently sons, certain units demand further ized with N2 and maintained under N2
cleaned by water flowing under grav- cleaning beyond just flushing or blow- until startup.
ity, using a water or fire hose. Air ing. A good example is a butadiene ex- During chemical cleaning or pick-
blowing can be used where the pres- traction unit. The cleaning operation ling, care should be taken to ensure
ence of water is not permitted. Reac- is usually carried out by circulation of that all control valves, orifice plates,
tors, for example, are items of equip- appropriate solutions (described venturi meters and other instrumen-
ment where air blowing should take below) through the piping and equip- tation are removed and replaced by
preference over water flushing. ment. Such cleaning is usually sub- spool pieces.
For water flushing, any of the fol- contracted to specialists. As another
lowing methods may be adopted: example, suction lines of compressors Calibration of tanks and silos
• By injection of huge volumes of need to be pickled. Pickling of pipes is Level indicators must be calibrated
water (using any temporary device, carried out to remove piping scale, against the tanks and silos onto which
such as a hose connection and rust, weld slag, spatter and other for- they are mounted, in order to deter-
pump), pipes are water-flushed eign matter, which might, if dis- mine the relationship between the
• By discharge of water filled in the lodged, damage the compressors. level indication and the actual content.
column, drum, or vessel concerned, The cleaning procedure begins with For tanks, a measured quantity of
pipes connected downstream are a wash of cold water during which, the water is added stepwise, and the level
water-flushed system is filled with water and circu- readings recorded at each step. From
• By flushing (with the pump operat- lated. This is followed by a degreasing the recorded values, a calibration curve
ing with water), pipes connected cycle using measured quantities of is prepared. This calibration procedure
downstream of the pumps are caustic soda and detergent solution. also serves the additional function of
water-flushed. The pump used for In this cycle, oil, grease and lubricants flushing the vessel with water.
power flushing is a permanently in- that are insoluble in acid are removed. For levels in silos, three different
stalled piece of equipment An intermediate wash with dem- measuring principles can be used:
Air blowing, using air from a utility air ineralized (DM) water is then carried weighing, or capacitive or ultrasonic
supply or a temporary compressor, can out. Then, citric acid and corrosion in- measurement. When one is using ca-
be carried out in the following ways: hibitor are added to the circulating pacitive measurement, the chips used
• In the air-accumulation method, a water. The temperature is raised to for calibration must correspond to
column, drum, or vessel associated 60°C, and the pH is maintained at those used later in production. If dif-
with the pipe is filled with com- 3–3.5 by adding ammonia, as re- ferent material is used, differences in
pressed air. Then, the pipe at the quired. The circulation is continued display can be expected later.
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Precommissioning
manager
Precommissioning
Project secretary Document
Organization controller
Precommissioning Precommissioning
field supervisor Safety engineer Safety engineer field supervisor
(process) (technical)
Field supervisor Field supervisor Piping erection Compressor DCS vendor Vendor
(catalyt and (pickling and Field supervisor vendor vendor
(package units) representative representative
chemical loading) passivation) representative representative
Field supervisor Field supervisor Field supervisor Insulation vendor Turbine vendor PLC vendor
(heater drying) (package units) (functional checks) representative representative representative
FIGURE 2. The precommissioning team is made up of engineers from Turbine vendor F&G system
representative vendor
the different areas, including instrumentation, electrical, mechanical and representative
piping, as well as representatives from the equipment vendors
Inspection and boxup this stage. Often, pumps are used for tion and that the product conforms to
Process licensors normally like to water flushing of the discharge lines specifications.
carry out a check of the column inter- after flushing of the suction line. Dur-
nals, vessels, and heat exchangers be- ing that flushing procedure, the pump Process systems drying
fore final boxup since these internals runs for several minutes, which is Equipment and piping of the plant
are directly linked to their process often sufficient to serve as the test of may still hold residual water from
guarantees. The best time to involve the pump. However, one must be hydro testing, or moisture if blowing
the licensor is immediately after the aware that many high-head pumps are was carried out with air that was not
plant inspection has been carried out not designed to pump water. To do so dry. In either case, the moisture needs
by precommissioning personnel, and can result in damage to the pump or to be removed, especially from systems
cleaning of lines and equipment is in the motor, or both. Vendor’s specifica- where its presence could cause prob-
progress. The EPC contractor should tions should be checked before at- lems during normal operation. Typical
effectively coordinate with the owner tempting to run-in pumps with water. examples include refrigeration sys-
to have licensor’s personnel at the site Calibration is carried out for meter- tems, and carbon steel pipes that han-
on time, since several activities are ing pumps. At various pump speeds, dle dry chlorine; beyond a certain hu-
linked to each other at this stage. the pumping rates are measured by midity, Cl2 is aggressive to carbon
After each piece of equipment is me- the amount of liquid collected in a steel, and corrosion becomes rapid.
chanically cleaned, the licensor’s per- measuring vessel in a given time, The plant should be divided into sec-
sonnel are invited to carry out a check using a stop watch. Calibration curves tions and dried sectionwise using in-
of the internals to ensure compliance are generated for pumping rate strument air or N2. Dead corners and
with specifications. Any errors can be against the pumping speed. line ends should be dried with particu-
rectified at this stage. Thereafter, the In plants where handling of solid lar care. In cases where a fired heater is
equipment are boxed up and flushing materials is involved, the conveying part of the loop, the drying out becomes
or blowing continued. equipment, such as belt conveyors, very effective if a mild firing is main-
should be given trial runs. If possible, tained so that the hot air is available.
Run-in of rotating equipment these runs should be made with mate-
Before motors are coupled to their re- rial, to detect bottlenecks in chutes or Furnace drying
spective drives, they are usually run other critical points. This work should Furnaces need to be dried in order to re-
for three to four hours under the su- be started early to avoid unnecessary move water or moisture trapped inside
pervision of an electrical specialist to delays in plant startup. the refractories. This excess moisture
check and verify the machines for Other material handling equip- can be slowly expelled from the insulat-
smooth operation. The following ment, such as vibrating screens, is ing concrete or refractory by gradually
checks are carried out during mechan- also tested at this stage. The usual raising its temperature before any ap-
ical run-in: method begins with starting up the preciable load is put on the heater. This
• Rotational direction screen, following the manufacturer’s work must be done with extreme care to
• Bearing temperature instructions. While the material is be assured of a long heater life with
• Vibration poured, the product distribution and minimum maintenance.
• Other necessary gage readings vibrating behavior are observed, typi- Before commissioning the fuel-gas
Prior to a unit startup, all centrifugal cally over eight hours of operation. lines, the furnace firebox must be
pumps should be thoroughly checked Checks are performed to determine thoroughly purged with steam until a
and, if possible, properly run-in. Test whether the product has flowed, via steady plume of steam can be seen ris-
runs of agitators are also carried out at the screen, evenly in the proper direc- ing out of the stack. Thereafter, a gas-
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4.0 Emergency telephone numbers for accidents, Vortex breakers as Trays liquid tight
fire, etc. are displayed at important places per specifications
5.0 Fire extinguishers available Demisters correctly installed Type and height of
packings correct
6.0 Necessary safety clothing used Location and orientation of All boltings and clips tight
by all personnel at site instrument nozzles verified
7.0 All necessary safety equipment available Insides of tubes inspected to Catalyst bed correct height
check possible fouling
8.0 Guidelines for handling of dangerous Motor switches located near Feed pipe or distributor
materials are available exchangers for air coolers direction/orientation correct
9.0 Procedure for issue of work permits Proper motor rotation Type and size of
agreed with owner vortex breakers correct
10.0 Make spark-free tools available at site Tube fin surfaces in good condi- Distributor trays
tion with no construction debris leak tested
11.0 Gas and fire alarm systems For water-cooled exchangers, checked Support plates securely
functioning properly for location of thermal-relief valve, vent fastened
and drain inside the outlet block valve
12.0 Area demarcated for precommissioning Instrumentation easily accessible Valve caps and other contact
and commissioning cordoned off from grade devices move freely
13.0 Safety and eye wash showers Drains connected to safe location Instrumentation easily
functioning properly accessible from grade
14.0 All gratings firmly anchored Relief valves bench tested and Drains connected to
correctly installed safe location
15.0 All construction debris removed from site Insulation provided as specified Relief valves bench tested and
installed correctly
free test is carried out before lighting enough, the refractory is inspected tors and other internals are in-
the pilot burners. for any signs of failure. stalled and the procedure is re-
After the pilot burners are lit, the peated for successive beds.
arch temperature is raised to 120°C at Loading of catalysts High-density loading: The loading
the rate of 25°C per hour by lighting a Some process licensors prefer to be method described above is the technique
few main burners. The temperature is present to supervise the loading of the most industries follow. However, cata-
held at 120°C for about 24 hours. The catalyst. Generally two types of cata- lysts can be loaded using a high-density
temperature is next increased to lyst loading are followed, namely, low- loading technique, which enables oper-
200°C at the rate of 25°C per hour and density and high-density. ators to load, in a given volume, a higher
held for about 12 hours. At this tem- Low-density catalyst loading: A quantity of catalyst. A transportable kit
perature, steam, air or N2 is circu- stationary hopper fitted with a slide is used, which consists of a rotating dis-
lated through all process tubes in valve is mounted on top of the reac- tributor that is introduced into the reac-
order to prevent overheating. There- tor manhole. Fitted to the hopper is tor from the top flange. The function of
after, the temperature is increased to a canvas sleeve that extends down to the distributor is to sprinkle catalyst
400°C and held for 24 hours. Finally, the reactor bottom. A mobile hopper evenly over the bed, allowing it to be dis-
the temperature is increased to 500°C that can contain three or four drums tributed uniformly on the surface. This
and held for 12 hours. of the catalyst is kept at ground more uniform distribution reduces the
During the dry-out period, the oper- level and is lifted by a crane to the risk of channeling.
ation of the burners is rotated fre- top of the stationary hopper and its
quently in order to distribute the heat contents emptied. First, inert balls Technical audit, plant handover
evenly. Further, during the final dry- are added to the bottom of the reac- The concept of a technical audit has
out period, it is advisable to try out all tor through a canvas sleeve. There- become popular nowadays when large
instruments and controllers on auto- after, the catalyst is introduced into projects are handled on the basis of
matic control and see that all alarms, the reactor. For large reactors, a lump-sum-turnkey contracts. Before
warnings, and other safety features person is stationed inside the reac- handing over a plant to the owner, the
are functioning properly. tor who ensures that the correct lev- contractor is required to offer various
At the end of the dry-out period, els are maintained and that the lev- sections of the plant (normally in the
the temperature is reduced at a rate els of the bed are uniform. As the order of their completion) to the owner
of 50°C per hour. Flow through the catalyst height builds up inside the for an audit. In the course of this audit,
tubes is also reduced. At tempera- reactor, the length of the canvas the owner’s personnel carry out a thor-
tures of about 200°C, the firing may sleeve is progressively reduced by ough check of the unit before taking
be cut off and the fuel-gas lines are chopping off the extra portion. Once over. The check is mainly carried out
blinded. When the firebox is cool the lower bed is complete, distribu- with respect to the P&IDs. In addition,
40 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHE.COM JANUARY 2005
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they also check compliance with all pressurized with air or N2 to the test falls below the agreed specified value,
relevant specifications with respect to pressure, typically the operating pres- the test is normally deemed accepted.
piping, instrumentation, electrical, sure of the component. Possible leaks Tightness testing is usually per-
and structural requirements. Follow- through flanges, screw connections and formed on one section of the unit at a
ing an audit, the owner generates a list valves are checked with a soap solu- time rather than the whole plant at
of whatever defects, or areas of non- tion. Any leaking connections, which once. Otherwise it is difficult to pin-
compliance with respect to specifica- show up as tiny bubbles, are retight- point the source of a leak.
tions, were discovered during the ened until the foam disappears. Nor- During the leak check, it is impor-
audit. At this stage, defects (if any) are mally, such test results are deemed ac- tant that personnel be organized and
normally minor. For example, under- ceptable when the leakage rates fall ready to document any leaks found.
sized studs or bolts may have been below the agreed specified value. The best way is to start at one end of
used occasionally in some equipment, Service test: Such tests are performed the section and work through to the
or the painting may not be correct, or a for all N2, water, compressed air, and other end, checking flanges, valves, fit-
check valve may have been mounted in steam piping and equipment with nor- tings, instruments, and other equip-
the reverse direction. The contractor mal operating fluids. The system is first ment. Each leak is tagged, making it
should rectify any errors, after which, pressurized with operating fluids and easy for the maintenance team and
the owner performs a final check. Once then checked for leakage. For air and personnel of the next shift to continue
the owner is satisfied, the audit is con- N2 lines, leaks can be found using soap with the work. The maintenance crew
sidered complete. solution. For water and condensate should work together with the leak-
lines, the leakage can be observed visu- check team as far as possible.
Tightness test ally. Leakage points found during the It is preferable to do the leak check
Many process units handle com- test are retightened. The test is deemed shortly before startup. This minimizes
bustibles or toxic substances (or both), successful if no foam is observed from the chances of new leaks developing.
the leakage of which could result in soap solution, or if no water or conden- for example, after additional mainte-
disaster, damage, or economic loss. To sate is observed visually. nance has been performed.
prevent the occurrence of such inci- Vacuum hold test: All vacuum sys-
dents, it is necessary to confirm that tems must be leak tested. Air inside the Inerting
the plant complies with the required system is first evacuated to attain the This is an activity that is especially re-
tightness before startup. Tightness required vacuum. Then, the valve to quired when hazardous process materi-
test can be carried out by one of the the vacuum pump is closed and the sys- als, such as hydrocarbons, are involved,
following methods: tem’s pressure is monitored to deter- to prevent the formation of explosive
Air or nitrogen bubble test: In this mine the leak rate (in millimeters of mixtures. Once a system is mechani-
method, the system is isolated and mercury per hour). If the vacuum loss cally complete and all preliminary
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHE.COM JANUARY 2005 41
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Author
Siddhartha Mukherjee is a
senior process manager at
Lurgi India Company Ltd. (A-
Cover Story 30 Mohan Cooperative Indus-
trial Estate, Mathura Road,
New Delhi 110 044, India.
Phone: +91-11-2695-0035;
Fax: +91-11-2695-0042; Email:
checks have been carried out, purging six hours, depending on the system siddhartha_mukherjee@lurgi
.de). For the past five years,
is done to remove air (oxygen) from the volume. After this, the steam flow is he has been involved as a lead
engineer in the design, pre-
system before the introduction of reduced, the inlet and outlet valves commissioning and commissioning of chemical
process materials. The following meth- are closed, and N2 is introduced into and petrochemical plants in India and elsewhere.
He has also been involved in inorganic and oleo-
ods are normally used for inerting: the system until the desired pressure chemistry while at Lurgi. Prior to this, Mukher-
Evacuation and N2 filling: In this is reached. Periodically, any conden- jee worked as an environmental engineer with
the Development Consultants Ltd. (Calcutta),
method, air from the system is first sate that accumulates is drained. doing various environmental assessment projects
evacuated by means of a steam ejector Pressurization and depressuriza- involving thermal power plants. Mukherjee
earned his B.Tech. and Ph.D. chemical engineer-
and then N2 is introduced up to tion: In this method, N2 is introduced ing degrees from the Indian Institute of Technol-
ogy, Kharagpur. He holds lifetime memberships
slightly positive pressure. This evacu- into the system up to a pressure of 1 to in India’s Institution of Engineers and the Indian
ation-filling cycle is repeated until the 2 barg. The system is allowed to stand Institute of Chemical Engineers.
system’s O2 content in the system is for about 30 minutes to allow the References
reduced to acceptable limits. gases to homogenize. Then the system 1. Mosberger, E., others, “Ullmann’s Encyclo-
A simple way to assess this is to is vented (rapidly depressurized) pedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume B4,”
VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1992.
place the O 2 monitor inside a clear down to a pressure of 0.1–0.2 barg. 2. Bush, K., Gilmar, D., Andre, P., and Ademir,
plastic bag, and attach the bag to The cycle is repeated until the O2 con- D. Z., Hydrocarbon Proc., June 2000.
one of the vents in the system. A tent meets the specifications.
small hole at the end of the bag Nitrogen sweeping: In this method, centration in the system meets the
(which acts like a bellows) lets the N2 is continuously introduced from one specifications. This method consumes a
purge gas flow through while the O 2 end of the system or equipment and it large volume of N2, so it should be used
concentration within is monitored. displaces the air as it sweeps through as the last option, especially when the
Steam out: In this method, steam is the system to the other end. The vent N2 availability is limited.
introduced into the system, with the gas is composed of a N2-air mixture
vent-valves opened, to displace the with gradually decreasing O2 content. Commitment & communication
air. Steam out is continued for four to The process is stopped when O2 con- Aside from the technical issues just dis-
cussed, the successful completion and
timely handover of a plant to its owner
depends upon the following factors:
• Proper selection of team personnel
based on qualification and experience
• Preparing written procedures be-
fore commencing any precommis-
sioning activity
• Proper emphasis on personnel
safety, to minimize accidents and
maintain a high team morale
• Proper overlap between the con-
struction and the precommissioning
team to avoid repetition of work
• Active interest of members of the
management, without overriding
the responsibilities of the lead engi-
neers, and providing advisory help
wherever necessary
• Holding regular meetings between
the EPC contractor’s and the
owner’s personnel regarding the ac-
tivities planned on a day-to-day
basis. This ensures a smooth func-
tioning and unhindered progress
• Effective coordination with licensor
personnel, since activities may get
delayed if they are not at the site at
the right time
• Finally, maintaining a good relation
with owner’s personnel, to foster
good cooperation and a healthy
team spirit ■
Edited by Gerald Ondrey
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42 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHE.COM JANUARY 2005