IoT Based Automatic Street Lighning System PDF

2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System
CONTENTS
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iv
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 2
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective ............................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 5
2.1 Functional Description .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Block Diagram ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Flow Chart............................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DONE ............................. 8
3.1 Hardware Description ........................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Solar Panel ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.2 IR Sensors ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.3 Arduino ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) ................................................................................. 13
3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED) ............................................................................. 15
3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317) ......................................................................................... 16
3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair ............................................................................................ 17
3.1.8 Resistors........................................................................................................................ 20
3.1.9 Capacitors ..................................................................................................................... 21
3.1.10 Op-Amp 741 ............................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit ........................................................................................... 24
3.3 Input Module Working........................................................................................................ 26
3.4 Output Module Working ..................................................................................................... 27
3.5 Internet of Things (IoT) ...................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS .............................................................................. 32
4.1 Area of applications ............................................................................................................ 32
4.2 Advantages .......................................................................................................................... 32
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4.3 Disadvantages ..................................................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER 5 GANTT CHART ............................................................................. 34
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 34
5.2 Project schedule .................................................................................................................. 34
5.3 Cost estimation .................................................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................... 37
6.1 Results and Discussions ...................................................................................................... 37
6.2 Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 39
6.3 Limitations .......................................................................................................................... 39
FUTURE SCOPE .......................................................................................................................... 40
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 41
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................. 42
ii
List of Figures
Fig 2.1: Block Diagram ................................................................................................................... 6

Fig 2.2: Flow chart .......................................................................................................................... 7
Fig 3.1: Solar Panel ......................................................................................................................... 8
Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram .......................................................................................................... 10
Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor ............................................................................................................. 10
Fig 3.4: IR Sensor ........................................................................................................................ 11
Fig 3.5: Arduino Specification ...................................................................................................... 12
Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO .................................................................................................................. 13
Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR ............................................................................................................... 14
Fig 3.8: LDR ................................................................................................................................ 14
Fig 3.9: Power LED ...................................................................................................................... 15
Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram ................................................................................ 16
Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317 ...................................................................................... 17
Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2003 driver ..................................................................................... 18
Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagram .................................................................................................. 19
Fig 3.16: Resistor .......................................................................................................................... 20
Fig 3.17: Capacitors ...................................................................................................................... 21
Fig 3.18: Op-Amp 741 .................................................................................................................. 22
Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram ............................................................................................. 23
Fig 3.20: Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel ............................................................... 25
Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram .................................................................................................. 26
Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram ................................................................................................ 27
Fig 3.23: Internet of Things .......................................................................................................... 28
Fig 3.24: Firebase website ............................................................................................................ 29
Fig 3.25: Firebase application front view ..................................................................................... 31
Fig 3.26: Firebase application inside view.................................................................................... 31
Fig 6.1: Solar Smart Street Light without any vehicle .................................................................. 37
Fig 6.2: Vehicle present at 1st Sensor ............................................................................................ 38
Fig 6.3: Vehicle present at 2nd Sensor .......................................................................................... 38
Fig 6.4: IoT display on web browser ............................................................................................ 39
iii
List of Tables
Table 5.1: Gantt Chart…………………………………………………………………………35

Table 5.2: Cost estimation chart……………………………………………………………….36
iv
Abstract
The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption
and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent
systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal,
Hydro etc.) are getting diminished due to various reasons. As we all know that energy
consumption has increased a lot and sources of energy are limited so in order to meet the
increasing demand of energy use of renewable sources of energy is a must.
The project aims to describe a method for modifying street light illumination by using sensors at
minimum electrical energy consumption. When presence is detected, all surrounding street lights
glow at their brightest mode, else they stay in the dim mode. LED bulbs shall be implemented as
they are better than conventional incandescent bulbs in every way. This shall reduce heat
emissions, power consumption, maintenance and replacement costs and carbon dioxide
emissions. Coupled with SSSLS (Solar Smart Street Light System), massive energy-savings are
envisioned. Also, a demonstration with a real-time proto type model involving costs and
implementation procedure has been developed using internet of things (IoT) to visualize the real
time updates of street processing and notifying the changes occur.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time to switch the lights wherever
not necessary. The present system is like the lights will be switched on in the evening before the
sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on the
outside. But the actual timing for these lights to be switched on are when there is absolute
darkness. With this, the power will be wasted up to some extent.
This paper gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the manual operation of the
lighting system is completely eliminated. The energy consumption in entire world is increasing
at the fastest rates due to population growth and economic development and the availability of
energy sources remains woefully constrained. Resource augmentation and growth in energy
supply has not kept pace with increasing demand and, therefore, continues to face serious energy
shortages.
Streetlights are an integral part of any developing locality. They are present on all major road-
ways and in the suburbs too. Every day, streetlights are powered from sunset to sunrise at full
strength, even when there is no one around. On a global scale, millions of dollars are spent each
day on these street lights to provide the required electrical energy. The maintenance and
replacement costs of conventional incandescent bulbs are immense. They consume a lot of
electric power to function and their heat emissions are also quite high. All of this contributes to
greater demand of electricity production and consequently, more carbon dioxide emissions from
powerhouses. So, along with unnecessary light pollution, this practice causes damage to our
planet too.
The project aims at harvesting the energy from renewable energy sources like sun and to
effectively use the harvested energy for the benefit of mainly the remote villages (villagers)
facing the serious power problems. The main aim of the project is to provide a “IoT based
Automatic Street Lightning System” powered with solar energy during night time. We use the
word “smart” because the system not only provide power to the street lights but also helps in
detecting the direction of movement of the pedestrian and helps him by means of illuminating
the path of movement till the near next street light. By integrating the entire street lights with
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Smart street light system it is possible to systematically help the pedestrian to reach the
destination in the remote rural areas which are facing serious electric power supply problem. The
same system can also be used in metropolitan cities as well.
A simple and effective solution to this would be dimming the lights during off peak hours.
Whenever presence is detected, the lights around it will glow at the normal (bright) mode. This
would save a lot of energy and also reduce cost of operation of the streetlights. We can check the
status of street light on internet using IOT (Internet of things) from anywhere in real time and
solve the issues if happen during the processing.
Additionally, a table top prototype has been constructed to display the concept’s functioning.
The components used for the real-life implementation are substituted appropriately to recreate
the ambience.
1.2 Background
The key indicators of India’s energy problems include; Over 40 per cent of the households
(particularly rural areas) in India still do not have electricity, about a third of our total primary
energy supply to rural areas still comes from non-commercial sources (biomass, dung) and
currently India faces an enormous demand supply gap of about 15-25% energy shortage. Due to
shortage of the energy supply till today several villages have not facilitated with electricity and
even if provided, the supply of the electricity is limited to few hours in a day and are facing
serious problems due to unlimited power cuts.
During the day time we get enormous amount of light energy from sun and the problem for
pedestals are common during the night time. Though most of the streets are equipped with street
lights in each and every village areas but due to the uncontrolled power failures/power cut it is
becoming a serious problem for villagers to commute for irrigational field work during the night
time due to unlimited power cuts which indirectly affect the crop yield of the farmer. Such trends
often discourage the villagers taking up agriculture which is the backbone of our economy. It
also poses a serious threat to the villagers from physical hazards such as thieves, snakebites, etc.
Installation of street lights may seem a pleasant option. Hence the best option is to install solar
powered street lights and moving a step ahead, we designed this ‘Solar Powered Smart Street
Lighting System with IOT’.
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1.3 Objective
The main objective of this project is to implement a IoT based Automatic Street Lightning
System. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets reduced
progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the dusk and
then switch off at the dawn, automatically. The process repeats every day.
White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces conventional HID lamps in street lighting system
to include dimming feature. The intensity is not possible to be controlled by the high intensity
discharge (HID) lamp which is generally used in urban street lights. LED lights are the future of
lighting because of their low energy consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing
conventional lights because intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation.
This proposed system uses an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to the Arduino
board. A programmed Arduino board is engaged to provide different intensities at different times
of the night.
This project is enhanced by integrating the LDR to follow the switching operation precisely and
IOT to display the status of street on web browser and help in controlling it.
The main objectives are as follows:
 To avoid unnecessary Waste of light.
 Provide efficient, automatic and smart lightning system.
 Totally based on Renewable energy sources.
 Longer life expectancy.
 Energy Saving.
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CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Functional Description

The present system employs power delivery via a single phase line to the streetlight. The
proposed system involves five more components to regulate the power delivery. An Infra-Red
Proximity Sensor at the base of the street light detects presence in a small area around the street
light. The data from the sensor is sent to the Arduino which forms brain of the circuit. The
Arduino then commands to switch between dim and bright modes depending upon the
requirement and thus controls the brightness of the street light. A battery eliminator, also
powered by the single phase line, is used to supply 5V inputs to the sensors and Arduino.
The design basically includes three working modes:-
 OFF mode : When there is enough natural light in the surrounding i.e. during the
daytime, the entire system is switched off and the batteries are charging.
 Active mode : When the natural light drops below a certain level the system
automatically turns on and the motion sensors are powered.
 ON mode : On the presence of pedestrians, the sensors turns on which in turn switches
on the LED lights. These lights turns off after a period of time.
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2.2 Block Diagram
Solar Panel Switching Battery

Circuit
LDR Arduino IR Sensor
Power LED IOT (Internet

Circuit of Things)
Fig 2.1: Block Diagram
This block diagram describes the working of project ‘Solar smart Street light System with IoT’.
 Solar panel of 10Watt is used here with will converts the incoming sunlight into electrical
energy and used to charge the battery using switching circuit which converts the varying
voltage into stable voltage.
 Now this charged battery is used as a supply source to rest of the system.
 Through battery we will provide supply to Arduino which is controlling the functioning
of LDR and IR sensor as per the presence of vehicle.
 Then according to the changed occur in IR sensor and LDR the Arduino controls the
power LED circuit.
 The serial monitor data of Arduino is now displayed on web browser using IoT.
This whole working in details in shown below using flow chart.
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2.3 Flow Chart

START
Presence of
Vehicle
Yes Night Time No Day Time

Yes / No? Yes / No?
IR sensor Wait for vehicle and LED lamp will

will LED lamp will remain at be in OFF state.
respond. low intensity.
Respective LED Arduino will show ‘0‘ Arduino will show ‘0‘ state
lamp will glow at state of IR sensor at of IR sensor and ‘Day’ at
high intensity. serial monitor. serial monitor.
Arduino checks the

status of IR sensor
and LDR.
Using IOT, serial monitor data End

will be updated on website.
Fig 2.2: Flow chart
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DONE
3.1 Hardware Description

3.1.1 Solar Panel
Solar panels are active solar devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They come in a variety
of rectangular shapes and are usually installed in combination to produce electricity. A solar
panel or module is a series of interconnected silicon cells joined together to form a circuit. In
greater numbers the amount of power produced by these interconnected cells can be increased
and used as an electricity production system. At the present time about 80% of all solar panels
are made from crystalline silicon (i.e. monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon or
hybrids) solar cells. Typically the solar cells are laid out in a grid pattern – with perhaps as many
as 72 different solar cells. The solar panels after being hermetically sealed to protect them, are
covered in a non-reflective glass to protect the solar cells from environmental damage and placed
into a rigid frame.
Fig 3.1: Solar Panel
Typically, the frame is designed to prevent it from deforming due to freezing weather or strong
winds. The frame will usually include a drainage hole to help prevent water buildup on the
panels, which can reduce output. The back of the panel is also sealed to prevent damage. This is
typically where the junction box is located. Despite the current uncertainty in the industry caused
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by oversupply of panels, the future still looks bright for solar panels. Demand for renewable
energy is growing, and potential applications of solar energy are expanding. At the same time,
improvements in cell efficiency, assembly techniques and materials of construction are making
solar power competitive.
Dropout Voltage:
The input voltage exceeds the input voltage by 1.25V when charging at the maximum rate –the
lower, the better. Low Dropout Voltage (LDO) is the catch phrase for anything under
approximately 2V. This could potentially be reduced to below 1V by making D3 a schottky
rectifier.
Current Limiting:
Current limiting is provided by the solar panel –it is not a commonly understood fact that the
solar panel tends to be a constant current device. For this reason, a solar panel can withstand a
short circuit. Therefore, the control does not need current limiting.
Voltage Adjustment:
To set the voltage, disconnect the battery and connect a 1K dummy load resistor to the output.
The resistor is necessary to shunt potential MOSFET leakage current as well as the green LED
current.
3.1.2 IR Sensors
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of
measuring heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the human
eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer
than visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is
approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000µm.
Infrared technology is found in many of our everyday products. For example, a television has an
IR detector for interpreting the signal from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared sensors
include low power requirements, simple circuitry and their portable feature.
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IR (infrared) sensors detect infrared light. The IR light is transformed into an electric current and
this is detected by a voltage or amperage detector. A property of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is
that they produce a certain wavelength of light when an electric current is applied but they also
produce a current when they are subjected to the same wavelength’s light.
Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram
A pair of IR LEDs can be used as motion detectors. The first IR LED is wired to emit IR waves
and the second LED is wired to transmit a signal when it receives an IR input. When an object
comes within range of the emitting LED, it reflects the IR back to the receiving LED and
produces a signal. This signal can be used to open sliding doors, turn on a light or set off an
alarm.
Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor
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Other Key Application Areas:

 Climatology
 Meteorology
 Night vision
 Photo bio-modulation
 Gas detectors
 Water analysis
 Anesthesiology testing
 Petroleum exploration
 Rail safety
Fig 3.4: IR Sensor
3.1.3 Arduino
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the application of interactive objects
or environments more accessible. The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board
designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current models
feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital I/O pins which allows the user
to attach various extension boards.
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The
Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce
pulse width modulated signals, and six analog inputs.
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Arduino Specifications:
Fig 3.5: Arduino Specification
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written

in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the wiring
projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with
software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace
matching and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs
to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch".
Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library
called "Wiring" from the original wiring project, which makes many common input/output
operations much easier.
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It is an open-source project, software/hardware is extremely accessible and very flexible to be

customized and extended. It is flexible, offers a variety of digital and analog inputs, SPI and
serial interface and digital and PWM outputs. It is easy to use, connects to computer via USB
and communicates using standard serial protocol, runs in standalone mode and as interface
connected to PC/Macintosh computers. It is inexpensive, around 30 euro per board and comes
with free authoring software.
Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO
3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A LDR or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident
electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo
conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor
materials having high resistance. There are many different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one
of the most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light
falling on it. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence
band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
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incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to
make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having
enough energy is incident on the device more & more electrons are excited to the conduction
band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and
more current starts flowing and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has decreased.
Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR
Fig 3.8: LDR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an
optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity (hence resistivity) reduces when light is
absorbed by the material. LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance decreases when
light falls on them and increases in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its
resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 1012 Ω.
And if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will decrease drastically. If a constant
voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts increasing.
LDR’s have low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors. They are used
when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in a camera light meter. Used in
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street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light intensity meters, for counting the packages
moving on a conveyor belt, etc.
3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A high-power LED light source is a single LED power higher than 0.5W. At present, many
manufacturers use low power LED, but it need use a lot of LED, and also lower power LED with
higher light decay. So its trend to use high power LED source in commercial lighting.
High power LED is a light emitting diode with high rated current. Low LED power is generally
0.1W, operating current is 20mA but high power LED can reach 1W, 2W, or even tens of watts,
operating current can be range from tens of mA to several hundred mA. Due to the constraints of
flux conversion efficiency and cost, it decides high-power mainly used in some special lighting
areas in short-term and long-term goal is the general lighting.
Fig 3.9: Power LED
High power LED advantages:

High-power LED as the light source with features of low power consumption, less heating, long
life, fast response, good direction and so on. Housing is available for PC pipe, able to bear high
temperature of 135 degrees, low temperature of -45 degrees.
High power LED disadvantages:

Current high-power LED light conversion efficiency is still low, and cost is high. White LED
color is easy to be changed for long time use, cooling.
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Applications:
High-power LED mainly used in oilfield, petrochemical, railway, mining, military and other
special industries. And most important is high power LED is more and more popular in general
lighting.
3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317)

The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of
supplying more than 1.5 Ampere over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires only
two external resistors to set the output voltage. The device features a typical line regulation of
0.01% and typical load regulation of 0.1%. It includes current limiting, thermal overload
protection, and safe operating area protection. Overload protection remains functional even if the
ADJUST terminal is disconnected.
Features:
 Output Voltage Range Adjustable From 1.25 V to 37 V
 Output Current Greater Than 1.5 A
 Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting
 Thermal Overload Protection
 Output Safe-Area Compensation
Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram
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Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317
The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output regulation and
local on-card regulation. Or by connecting a fixed resistor between the ADJUST and OUTPUT
terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision current regulator. An optional output capacitor
can be added to improve transient response. The ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve
very high ripple-rejection ratios, which are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal
regulators.
3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair

We are using this IC as the switch circuit for the power LED. This IC has many advantages and
used in many application.
ULN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington array IC. It contains seven open
collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. A Darlington pair is an arrangement of two
bipolar transistors.
ULN2003 belongs to the family of ULN200X series of ICs. Different versions of this family
interface to different logic families. ULN2003 is for 5V TTL, CMOS logic devices. These ICs
are used when driving a wide range of loads and are used as relay drivers, display drivers, line
drivers etc. ULN2003 is also commonly used while driving Stepper Motors.
Each channel or Darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak current
of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin layout. Each
driver also contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive loads.
The schematic for driver is given below:
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Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2003 driver

Main specifications:
 500 mA rated collector current (single output).
 50 V output (there is a version that supports 100 V output).
 Includes output flyback diodes.
 Inputs compatible with TTL and 5-V CMOS logic
Fig 3.13: ULN2003 Darlington transistor array
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Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagram
Fig 3.15: ULN2003 Pin functioning
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3.1.8 Resistors
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the
voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law.
In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain
inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common
type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor.
Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on
the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.
Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating form.
This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a carbon-
composition resistor of the same physical size.
However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an inductors as well as
exhibiting resistance. This does not affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse
effect in AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in frequency.
Fig 3.16: Resistor
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3.1.9 Capacitors
Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored in a capacitor is the
product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V) applied to it. Capacitors offer infinite
reactance to zero frequency so they are used for blocking DC components or bypassing the AC
signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursive cycle of charging and discharging in AC
circuits where the voltage and current across it depends on the RC time constant. For this reason,
capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations. Other uses include, coupling the
various stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits etc. These are used to store energy like in
a camera flash.
Capacitors may be non-polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors are
polarized while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non polarized capacitors. Since
capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the circuits.
The maximum voltage rating of the capacitors used must always be greater than the supply
voltage.
Applications are:
 store charges such as in a camera flash circuit
 smoothing the output of power supply circuits
 coupling of two stages of a circuit (coupling of an audio stage with a loud speaker)
 filter networks(tone control of an audio system)
 delay applications (as in 555 timer IC controlling the charging and discharging)
 tuning radios to particular frequencies
 phase alteration.
Fig 3.17: Capacitors
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3.1.10 Op-Amp 741

The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. It is very
cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred components. The most
common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits.
The OP AMP is a ‘Linear Amplifier’ with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is to
amplify (increase)a weak signal - a little like a Darlington Pair. The OP-AMP has two inputs,
inverting ( - ) and non-inverting (+) and one output at pin 6. The chip can be used in a circuit in
two ways. If the voltage goes into pin two then it is known as an inverting amplifier. If the
voltage goes into pin three then the circuit becomes a non-inverting amplifier.
The 741 integrated circuit looks like any other ‘chip’. However, it is a general purpose OP-AMP.
You need only to know basic information about its operation and use. The diagram opposite
shows the pins of the 741 OP-AMP. The important pins are 2,3 and 6 because these represent
inverting, non-inverting and voltage out.
Fig 3.18: Op-Amp 741
Inverting amplifier: Leg two is the input and the output is always reversed. In an inverting
amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg two and comes out of the 741 chip at leg
six. If the polarity is positive going into the chip, it negative by the time it comes out through leg
six. The polarity has been ‘inverted’.
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Non-Inverting amplifier: Leg three is the input and the output is not reversed. In a non-
inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and leaves the 741 chip
through leg six. This time if it is positive going into the 741 then it is still positive coming out.
Features of 741 IC :
 Short circuit and overload protection provided.
 In theory, the dc output voltage will be zero if both the inputs of the 741 IC are connected
to the ground. But in practice, a small dc output may appear due to minor internal
unbalances. It is usually unnoticed in normal applications. But for critical conditions, the
output voltage can be set precisely to zero by connecting a 10K potentiometer between
terminals marked “offset-null”.
 Low power consumption.
 Large common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and differential voltage ranges.
 No external frequency compensation is required. It also does not need any external
compensation for phase component. This simplifies the circuit design and minimizes the
number of components used.
 No latch-up problem.
Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram
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3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit

Solar concept is not new for us. We all know the importance of solar energy. Solar gadgets are
increasing day by day. As non-renewable energy sources are decreasing, usage of solar energy is
increased. This solar energy is not only used on the Earth but also used in space stations where
no electrical power is available.
Here is the simple circuit to charge rechargeable Lead-acid battery from the solar panel. This
solar charger has current and voltage regulation and also has over voltage cutoff facilities. This
circuit may also be used to charge any battery at constant voltage because output voltage is
adjustable.
Solar Battery Charger Circuit Principle:

Here the solar panel produces 12V DC. The charging current passes to LM317 voltage regulator
through the diode D1. The output voltage and current are regulated by adjusting the adjust pin of
LM317 voltage regulator.
Solar Battery Charger Circuit Design:

The circuit uses a 12V solar panel and an adjustable voltage regulator LM317. Solar panel
consists of 1.2V rated solar cells. Pot RV1 is used to set the output voltage to the battery. Diode
D2 prevents the discharge of battery.
For 12V Application:

Output voltage: set for 14v
Input voltage: Battery discharged (12v): 14.75V min @ 1.5mA (available from solar panel
Characterized for 12V operation).
Battery charged (14V): 16V min @ 10mA.
Power Dissipation:
In this, power is limited because of the thermal resistance of LM317 voltage regulator and the
heat sink. To keep the temperature below 125 degree Celsius, the power must be limited to 10W.
LM317 voltage regulator internally has temperature limiting circuit so that if it gets too hot, it
shuts down automatically.
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When battery is charging, heat sink becomes warm. When completing the charging at maximum
voltage, heat sink runs hot. This heat is because of excess power that not needed in the process of
charging a battery.
Current Limiting:
As the solar panel provides constant current, it acts as a current limiter. Therefore the circuit does
not need any current limiting.
Solar Charger Protection:

In this circuit, capacitor C1 protects from the static discharge. Diode D1 protects from the
reverse polarity. And voltage regulator IC provides voltage and current regulation.
Solar Charger Specifications:

Solar panel rating: 20W (12V) or 10W (6V)
Vout range: 5 to 14V
Maximum power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of schottky diode)
Typical drop out value: 2 to 2.75V (depends on load current)
Max current: 1.5A (internally it limited to 2.2A)
Voltage regulation: +/- 100mV
Fig 3.20: Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel
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3.3 Input Module Working

In this input module of the project, we used 4 IR sensors which are interfaced with Arduino and
work individually with respective to each other. In this we are connecting the output pins of IR
sensor to pins 2,4,7,8 of arduino to give status of IR sensor.
IR sensor senses the presence of a vehicle or a pedestrian on the road and increases the intensity
of LED street lamps on the road through output module.
All IR sensor works on 5V and arduino is working on less than 5V supply (Battery or Laptop
USB driver).
Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram
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3.4 Output Module Working

In this output module of project, the digital output pins 6,9,10,11 of arduino are taken as a input
to ULN2003a driver which works as a switching circuit. This ULN2003a output is connected to
LED street lamps and increases the light intensity when required.
LDR is connected to analog pin A0 of arduino and helps in switching between day,evening and
night time modes.
In this, ULN2003a is working on 9V supply with is used to give to LED lamps.
Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram
3.5 Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things is an emerging topic of technical, social, and economic significance.
Consumer products, durable goods, cars and trucks, industrial and utility components, sensors,
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and other everyday objects are being combined with Internet connectivity and powerful data
analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we work, live, and play. Projections for
the impact of IoT on the Internet and economy are impressive, with some anticipating as many
as 100 billion connected IoT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by
2025.
Fig 3.23: Internet of Things

At the same time, however, the Internet of Things raises significant challenges that could stand
in the way of realizing its potential benefits. Attention-grabbing headlines about the hacking of
Internet-connected devices, surveillance concerns, and privacy fears already have captured
public attention. Technical challenges remain and new policy, legal and development challenges
are emerging.
The term Internet of Things generally refers to scenarios where network connectivity and
computing capability extends to objects, sensors and everyday items not normally considered
computers, allowing these devices to generate, exchange and consume data with minimal human
intervention. There is, however, no single, universal definition.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and
other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that
enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The IoT allows objects to be sensed and
controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved
efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators,
the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which
also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and
smart cities.
In this project, we used IoT to display the status of roads and sensors on web browser using a
cloud service provider named Firebase that display the output of serial monitor data of arduino
on its own app in real time. We have used python code to interface arduino to this cloud service
provider by providing the COM port and destination to address of application.
Firebase is a cloud services provider and backend as a service company based in San Francisco,
California. Firebase was founded in 2011 by Andrew Lee and James Tamplin and launched with
a realtime cloud database in April 2012. Firebase's primary product is a realtime database which
provides an API that allows developers to store and sync data across multiple clients. The
company was acquired by Google in October 2014.
Fig 3.24: Firebase website
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Realtime Database:
Firebase provides a realtime database and backend as a service. The service provides application
developers an API that allows application data to be synchronized across clients and stored on
Firebase's cloud. The company provides client libraries that enable integration with Android,
iOS, JavaScript, Java, Objective-C and Node.js applications.
Developers using the realtime database can secure their data by using the company's server-side-
enforced security rules.
Firebase Auth:
Firebase Auth is a service that can authenticate users using only client-side code. It supports
social login providers Facebook, GitHub, Twitter and Google. Additionally, it includes a user
management system whereby developers can enable user authentication with email and
password login stored with Firebase.
Hosting:
Firebase Hosting is a static asset web hosting service that launched on May 13, 2014. It supports
hosting static files such as CSS, HTML, JavaScript and other files that do not change
dynamically. The company states that Firebase Hosting grew out of customer requests,
developers were using Firebase for its real-time database but needed a place to host their content.
For this project we follow following steps to introduce IoT and use it:
1. Firstly, we need to interface the arduino’s serial monitor to firebase application. For this
we need to use python to interface it by give source as COM port and destination as App
address.
2. Then we need to design an App where we want to show our real time data.
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Fig 3.25: Firebase application front view

3. Firebase will automatically update the data and store it on its cloud service.
Fig 3.26: Firebase application inside view
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CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS
4.1 Area of applications

 It can be used in some clocks, alarms, and other electronic devices that are dependent on
sunlight.
 We can used it outside of house, corridors or industry area, which helps to save power.
 It can be used as a street light.
 In sea off-shore side we can use it as a dangerous sign.
 Photo resistors have many uses, most of which involve detecting the presence of light.
Street lights use photo resistors to detect whether it is day or night and turn the light on or
off accordingly.
 Photo resistors are also used in digital cameras to detect how much light camera sees and
adjust the picture quality accordingly.
 Smoke detection.
 Automatic lighting control.
 Burglar alarm systems.
 Camera (electronic shutter).
 Strobe (color temperature reading).
4.2 Advantages
 Solar street light is independent of grid as a result of this operating cost is much low.
 Maintenance cost is much low compared to conventional street light.
 Intensity of LED can be controlled effectively without changes in its light color.
 Risk of accidents is very low.
 It is environmental friendly, no harmful emissions.
 Longer life compared to conventional street lights.
 Power consumption is much lower.
 LDRs are sensitive, inexpensive and readily available devices. They have good power
and voltage handling capabilities, similar to those of a conventional resistor.
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 They are small enough to fit into virtually any electronic device and used all around the
world as a basis component in many electrical systems.
 Photo resistors convert light into electricity and are not dependent on any other force.
 Photo resistors are simply designed and are made from materials that are widely
available, allowing hundreds of thousands of units to be produced each year.
 A LDR may be connected either way round and no special precautions are required when
soldering.
4.3 Disadvantages
 Initial investment is very high.
 Rechargeable batteries have to be replaced from time to time.
 Non-availability of sunlight during rainy and winter seasons is a problem.
 Dust accumulation on the surface of panel creates a problem.
 It is sensitive to ambient light and require careful shielding.
 Can be more complicated to align detector pairs.
 Photo resistors are only sensitive to light and no other force can power it without risking
damage.
 Also, they are unable to detect low light levels and may take a few seconds to deliver a
charge while their electrons build up momentum.
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CHAPTER 5 GANTT CHART
5.1 Introduction
Project management objective is to achieve project goals with effective project organizing,
planning, and resources controlling within a specified time period. Project scope, project time,
project budget and human resource were the primary constraints in this research. The schedule of
the project had been tabulated on Gant Chart which use as the guideline in time management of
this project.
After that, cost estimation on the component or device was performed to ensure minimal project
cost while keeping project to achieve the project objectives. Market survey on different device
supplier was done in this process. Then, the price of the component was tabulated to compute
calculate the final cost.
5.2 Project schedule

Project Gantt chart is shown in Table 5.1.
In contrast to Gantt chart, project Gantt chart shows a delay on task. This is due to the supplier of
the current sensor and microcontroller from overseas delayed the delivery of the component. In
addition, the shipping time of the component from overseas was about three weeks. As
microcontroller is the brain of system, so the other task component assembling and software
implementation were postponed.
34 | P a g e
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Activity
Project
Finalization
Component
Survey
Circuit
Preparation
Hardware
Implementation
Software
Implementation
Testing and result

analysis
Report
Presentation
--- Expected Time
--- Actual Time
Table 5.1: Gantt Chart
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5.3 Cost estimation

Table 5.2 shows the cost estimation for Solar Smart Street light System with IOT. The most
expensive component in this system is Arduino. A higher durability programmer is needed to
monitor the LED performance. As far as stock availability and price concern, Arduino UNO was
selected in this project. Meanwhile, the price for other components that use in system is
affordable and stock availability.
S. No. Component Price per Quantity Sub Total
Name Component(Rs.)
1. Jumper wires 4.6 50 230
2. Power LED strip 70 2 140
3. LM317 10 1 10
4. LEDs 2 10 20
5. Resistors 1 20 20
6. Potentiometer 5 5 25
7. Diodes 2 3 6
8. Capacitors 2 2 4
9. Solar panel 600 1 600
10. PCB 10 2 20
11. Male-Female 10 4 40
Berg
12. Arduino Board 600 1 600
13. ULN2003 15 1 15
14. ICs Bed 10 4 40
15. LDR 5 1 5
16. IR transmitter 5 8 40
and Receiver
17. Op-amp 741 10 4 40
Sub Total 1855
Table 5.2: Cost estimation chart
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CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Results and Discussions

The project aims were to reduce the side effects of the current lighting system and find a solution
to save power. In this project the first thing to do is to prepare the inputs and outputs of the
system to control the lights. The project shown in the figure has been implemented and works as
expected and will prove to be very useful.
Fig 6.1: Solar Smart Street Light without any vehicle
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Fig 6.2: Vehicle present at 1st Sensor
Fig 6.3: Vehicle present at 2nd Sensor
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Fig 6.4: IoT display on web browser
6.2 Challenges
 Switching of LED Strips when vehicle is present based on the voltage supply.
 Interfacing of Arduino to the web browser.
 Displaying serial monitor data of Arduino onto the web browser.
 Fixing the range of LDR.
6.3 Limitations
 Delay in displaying the data on web browser.
 Variation Input voltage.
 The sensors used are not suitable for real life setup.
 Power LED should be of greater voltage for actual setup.
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FUTURE SCOPE
The above project i.e. Solar Smart Street Light System with IoT can be powered from a battery,
which can be charged during day time by harvesting the solar energy through a solar cell. The
solar energy harvested from sunlight can be stored, inverted from DC voltages to AC voltage
using sun tie converter.
The AC voltage can be stepped up and given to the electric grid. The AC voltage from the
electric grid can be stepped down, rectified and used for powering the circuit. Meanwhile, the
street light can also be powered by the A.C. voltage, which is controlled by a relay switch
connected to the switching part of the circuit. The above mentioned strategy will enable us to
harvest solar energy in an effective way for the operation of the circuit and for powering the
street light also.
Using this smart project, we can also estimate the speed of the vehicle, recognizing the number
plate, recognizing the accidents took place on roads etc.
This Smart Street light project not only helps in rural areas but also beneficial in urban areas too.
As we are moving towards more advancement we require more power so use of renewable
resources is useful and advantageous. With this project, we can even add smart parking of
vehicle and it is even useful for driverless cars.
This project has a bright future not only to save power but also reduced the calamities and even
reduced the crime rate.
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CONCLUSION
The use of power electronics is increasing exponentially across various sectors of human life.
The components used in the project, like Arduino and sensors are slowly becoming an
indispensable part of our daily routines. So, it is only fitting that we use them to improve
efficiency in every walk of life. Keeping in mind the urgent need for energy conservation, Solar
Smart Street Light System with IoT is an excellent and effective solution. It combines safe
lighting protocols with consumption of minimal amount of power. The energy savings, as
discussed before are phenomenal. The future scope of this project expands into speed detection
and customizable area of illumination.
An additional component which would lead to better functioning of the concept would be the use
of LED bulbs. Despite their high initial costs, they are a viable option as they drastically reduce
the power consumption. They will aid in further saving of energy and reduction in operational
costs.
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REFERENCES
[1] http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5561845_do-ir-sensors-work.html#ixzz310syLD6I
[2] http://homepages.which.net/~paul.hills/Emc/BecBody.html
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
[4] http://www.galco.com/comp/prod/sensor.htm
[5] http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/LM324.html
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things
[7] http://www.internetsociety.org/doc/IoT-overview
[8] https://www.firebase.com
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase
[10] http://www.main.org/polycosmos/glxywest/vimanas.htm-Indian Flying Machines
[11] http://www.electronicsforyou.comI.
[12] http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/08/solar-farming-potential-india/-SolarFarming
[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell
[14] http://www.planetarypower.com.au/solar_panels.htm
[15] http://www.icreateproject.info/uncategorized/arduino-display-data-over-local-network/
[16] http://www.electronicshub.org/solar-battery-charger-circuit/
[17]http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-communicate-with-Arduino-using-HTML
Chrome/step5/The-end/.
[18] https://github.com/whichlight/Arduino-Serial-to-Browser
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel
[20] http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/capacitors
[21] http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/resistors
[22] https://www.arduino.cc/
[23] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
[24] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
[25] http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf
[26] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULN2003A
[27] http://www.efxkits.com/arduino-based-auto-intensity-control-of-street-lights
42 | P a g e
[28] http://gyti.techpedia.in/project-detail/solar-smart-led-street-lighting-system/3736
[29] http://deshmukhenergy.com/product/smart-street-lighting/
[30] http://www.sukoonpowertechnology.com/ssl.html
43 | P a g e

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2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii

4.3 Disadvantages ..................................................................................................................... 33

Fig 2.1: Block Diagram ................................................................................................................... 6

Table 5.1: Gantt Chart…………………………………………………………………………35

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Functional Description

2.2 Block Diagram

Solar Panel Switching Battery

LDR Arduino IR Sensor

Power LED IOT (Internet

Fig 2.1: Block Diagram

2.3 Flow Chart

Yes Night Time No Day Time

IR sensor Wait for vehicle and LED lamp will

Arduino checks the

Using IOT, serial monitor data End

Fig 2.2: Flow chart

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DONE

3.1 Hardware Description

Fig 3.1: Solar Panel

Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram

Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor

Other Key Application Areas:

Fig 3.4: IR Sensor

Fig 3.5: Arduino Specification

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written

It is an open-source project, software/hardware is extremely accessible and very flexible to be

Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO

3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR

Fig 3.8: LDR

3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Fig 3.9: Power LED

High power LED advantages:

High power LED disadvantages:

3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317)

Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram

Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317

3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair

Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2003 driver

Fig 3.13: ULN2003 Darlington transistor array

Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.15: ULN2003 Pin functioning

Fig 3.16: Resistor

Fig 3.17: Capacitors

3.1.10 Op-Amp 741

Fig 3.18: Op-Amp 741

Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram

3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Principle:

Solar Battery Charger Circuit Design:

For 12V Application:

Solar Charger Protection:

Solar Charger Specifications:

Fig 3.20: Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel

3.3 Input Module Working

Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram

3.4 Output Module Working

Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram

3.5 Internet of Things (IoT)

Fig 3.23: Internet of Things

Fig 3.24: Firebase website