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11/15/2016

Parasit pada sistem saraf INFEKSI PARASIT DIFUS

Dr. drh. Erida Wydiamala Mkes.

31-10-2016
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Trichinosis Trichinosis
 Trichinosis adalah infestasi cacing bulat Trichinella Larvae trichinella
spiralis pada usus dan jaringan (pada manusia dan menyebabkan nekrose otot dan klasifikasi fokal.
mamalia) Larva ini mampu bertahan sampai 5-10 tahun
 Hospes: babi dan kadang beruang. setelah encystasi.
 Dalam jumlah yang banyak cacing ini Bila mengenai otak membentuk granulomatus
menyebabkan diare. nodul dan vaskulitis pembuluh darah kecil.
saat migrasi larvae ke jaringan menyebabkan
myositis, demam, eosinofilia, myocarditis dan
kadang ensefalitis.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Klinis

Berat ringannya gejala tergantung dari jumlah


larvae. Trichinella spiralis
Semua jaringan saraf dapat terkena invasi cacing
ini, termasuk saraf tepi.
Invasi di susunan saraf pusat meneybabkan kejang,
delirium dan psikosa

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Trichinella spiralis Morphology

Disease: Trichinelliasis, trichiniasis or trichinosis. Male: 1.5 mm with 2 caudal papillae.


Distribution: Pork-eating countries. Female: 3.5 mm, larviparous, vulva opens at junction of anterior
Habitat: Small intestine for adult stage and muscles for 1/5 with the rest of the body.
larval stage. Both have a cellular oesophagus.
D.H. and I.H.: Pigs, rats & occasionally man.
Encysted larva (infective stage):
Reservoir host: Pigs and rats Lemon-shaped cyst (0.5 x 0.2 mm), enclosed in fibrous layer of
host origin & lies longitudinally along the longitudinal axis
T. spiralis is considered one of tissue nematodes as its of muscle fibers.
larvae migrate into tissues for ever and produce serious Mode of Infection
symptoms, whereas its intestinal phase is transient and Ingestion of raw or undercooked pork meat containing viable
may be asymptomatic. encysted larvae
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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1. After ingesting infected meat, the 3- The larvae penetrate the intestinal
capsule of the encysted larvae wall and migrate through the lymphatic
is digested by gastric juice and the vessels to the blood stream,
larvae are released in the which carries them to various organs.
duodenum or jejunum where they Skeletal muscles and diaphragm are
molt four times to become mature most frequently parasitized. Others
worm. include the tongue, masseter and
2- After fertilization, the male dies ocular muscles.
and the female burrows deeply in 4- Larvae increase in size 10 times,
the intestinal mucosa & begins to become coiled & encysted within
deliver larvae 4-7 days after muscle fibers by the 5th week.
the infection, [Each ♀ lays about 5- Calcification occurs from 6-18
1500 larvae in its life span; about 2 months
months]. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.

Pathogenesis & Clinical picture


1- Intestinal invasion [on the 1st week]: by
adult worms may be asymptomatic or causes
gastrointestinal disturbances in the form of nausea,
Diagnosis
vomiting, colic & diarrhea (simulating acute food
poisoning).
2- Migration of larvae [on the 2nd week] produces I- Clinical
allergic symptoms as fever, oedema chiefly orbital,  A history of eating pork with fever, eosinophilia,
headache & eosinophilia.
Penetration of larvae in muscles produces muscle facial oedema and myositis is suggestive.
pain & difficulty in mastication, breathing or
swallowing.
3- Stage of encapsulation [on the 3rd week]:
Symptoms subsides & muscle pain persists for
months.
In severe infection: Death may occur from
myocarditis, pneumonia or encephalitis.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Diagnosis Diagnosis
II- Laboratory II- Laboratory
1- Stool examination for adults & larvae at the 4- Intradermal test (Bachman test: on 3rd weeks after
diarrheal stage. infection): 0.1 cc of 1:10,000 dilution of larva
2- Muscle biopsy (3-4 weeks after infection) for antigen is injected I.D. cases; the test gives local
larvae in encystation stage [using trichinoscopy wheal within 20 minutes.
or Muscle digestion or Xenodiagnosis]. 5- Serological tests: as IFAT or ELISA.
3- Eosinophilia: 10-90 % in 3rd - 4th week. 6- X ray: shows calcified cysts

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Prevention & control


Treatment
1- Mebendazole affects the adult stage: 1- Proper cooking of pork meat.
200-400 mg 3 times daily for 10 days. Or 2- Inspection of pork meat in slaughter
2- Thiabendazole affects the larval stage: houses.
25 mg/Kg twice daily for 3 days. 3- avoid feeding raw garbage to pigs.
3- Symptomatic treatment for fever, headache and
muscle pain.
4- Rat control.
4- Corticosteroids to reduce the inflammatory
reactions.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Overview

Chagas Disease  Also called American trypanosomiasis and the Kiss of


Death
 A tropical parasitic disease caused by the flagellate
Aaron Manning protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.
 Spread to humans through the bite of an insect vector

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms


 Chronic Stage
 Acute Stage
 About 30% develop medical problems
 Nonspecific symptoms i.e. fever, diarrhea, vomiting
 Cardiac damage
 Swelling and inflammation
 Digestive system damage
 Romaña's sign
 Neurological disorders
 Potentially fatal if untreated

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Diagnosis Discovery
 T. cruzi in blood smears  Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas - 1909
 PCR to ID strains  Chagas’ work unique
 Darwin

Reduviid (Triatomine) bug

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Epidemiology
 18 countries from US to Argentina
 1960s
 Occurs almost exclusively in rural areas
 16–18 million people affected as of 2008  Why?
 ~100 million at risk
 Kills around 20,000 annually

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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The Vector
 Blood-sucking insects of the subfamily  Fecal material of triatoma bug, including
Triatominae Reduviidae (also called cone-nosed, kissing,
 vinchuca, barbeiro, chinche, the kissing bug
orassassin bug);
 contaminates bite wounds, abrasions, or
mucous membranes

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Transmission Transmission
 A triatomine becomes infected  Scratching
 Hides during day  Blood transfusions, organ transplants, or breast
 Emerges at night milk
 Bites, feeds, then defecates  Congenital Transmission
 13% of stillborn deaths in parts of Brazil

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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T. Cruzi Life Cycle Clinical Manifestations


 Cell death in target tissues
 Inflammatory response

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Treatment and Prevention Prevention


 Most effective approach
 Insecticides
 Improving housing conditions
 Testing of blood donors
 No vaccine

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Treatment and Management Antiparasitic Treatment


 Two approaches  Most effective early
 Antiparasitic treatment  Drugs include azole or nitro derivatives
 Symptomatic treatment  Resistance

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Symptomatic Treatment
 Disease cannot be cured in chronic phase
 Managing the clinical manifestations
 Pacemakers and anti-arrhythmia drugs
 Surgery for megaintestine.
 Heart transplantation surgery

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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On the Horizon
 New Drugs
 New vaccines being tested Trypanosomiasis
 Stem cell therapy

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

African Trypanosomiasis

African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: East Africa,


wild and domestic animal reservoirs

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: West and


Central Africa, mainly human infection

Life cycle of Trypanosoma


Dr. drh. ERIDA
brucei gambiense WYDIAMALA,
& T. b. MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
rhodesiense

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Tsetse fly

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Pathology and clinical picture


1. Skin stage: chancre.
2. Haematolymphatic stage: generalized lymphadenopathy,
anaemia, generalized organ involvement.
3. Central nervous system stage (CNS):
Meningoencephalitis.
(Development of the disease more rapid in Trypanosoma brucei
rhodesiense)

lalat tse tse

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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chancre Winterbottom’s stage

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

3rd stage CNS Lymph node aspirate

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T. cruzi causes cutaneous stage (chagoma)

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Toxoplasma gondii
 Causal Agent: Geographic Distribution
It is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite .
 It’s defintive host is the house cat and certain other -Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common of humans infections throughout the
world.
Felidae.
- Infection is more common in warm climates than in cold climates and
History: mountainous regions.

It was originally described in a North African rodent - High prevalence of infection in France and Central America (has been related to
the frequency of stray cats in a climate favoring survival of oocysts.
called ” Ctenodactylus gondi”.
- The overall seroprevalence in the United States between 1988 and 1994 was found
to be 22.5%,
with seroprevalence among women of childbearing age (15 to 44 years) of 15% .

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA,
11/15/2016
MKes.

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Different form of Toxoplasma


*In definitive host:
1- Immature oocyst:
( 9- 10 µm in width by 11- 14
µm in length)
*In intermediate host:
2-Tachyzoite ( toxoplasma
trophozoite )
3- Tissue cyst:
(contain slower-developing
bradyzoite)
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Life cycle of
Toxoplasma

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Life cycle

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

In vitro culture (MCR-5): Toxoplasma Pathogenesis


gondii  1- Attchment to nuclated cells of the
intermediate host by secretory lectin.
 2- Secretion of peneterating-enhancing-
factor(P.E.F).
 3- Endodyogeny proliferation of parasite in
nuclated cells and disruption of them.

Stained tachyzoites, microscopic preparation

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Clinical Features
 1-Acpuired Toxoplasmosis:

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.


- Asymptomatic infection:
- Symptomatic infection:
*lymphadenopathy( mild form):
* Sever form Symptoms:
Pneumonitis, hepatitis, encephalomyelitis, myocarditis,
retinochoroiditis, maculopapular rashs,…
In immunodeficient patients :
central nervous system (CNS) disease , retinochoroiditis,
or pneumonitis.
Toxoplasmosis in patients being treated with
immunosuppressive drugs may be due to either newly Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.
acquired or reactivated latent infection
11/15/2016 11/15/2016

2- Congenital toxoplasmosis
vary with the trimester
- in the first,…. The incidence and
severity of congenital toxoplasmosis
-in the second trimaster:
abortion, microcephaly, hydrocephalus
Symptoms: hepatomegaly, splenomegaly,
encephalitis, pnemonia,purpura,…
-in the last trimaster:
subclinical infection at birth subsequently
retinochoroiditis (unless the infection is
treated). Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Histopathology of Toxoplasmosis

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Pathology of Toxoplasmosis

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Retinochoroiditis
Hydrocephaly & Microcephaly
Retinochoroiditis, is frequently a result of congenital infection.
Patients are often asymptomatic until the second or third
decade of life, when lesions develop in the eye.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Microscopy Findings
Diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis may be
documented by:
 Observation of parasites in patient specimens, such as:
bronchoalveolar lavage material, or lymph node
biopsy.
 Isolation of parasites from blood or other body fluids
 Detection of parasite genetic material by PCR, A

especially in detecting congenital infections in utero.


 Serologic testing is the routine method of diagnosis,
Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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2- Serological procedures:
Microscopy finding in tissue smear
 2-1 Sabin-Feldman( Dye test)
 2-2 I.F.A test
 2-3 I.H.A test
 2-4 D.A.T
 2-5 C.F.T
 2-6 ELISA test

 3-Detection of parasite genetic material by PCR,


especially in detecting congenital infections in
B: Toxoplasma gondii cyst in brain tissue utero.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

IFA TEST
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.

AA
A: Formalin
Formalin--fixed Toxoplasma
B gondii tachyzoites
tachyzoites,, C
B: Negative IFA for antibodies to T. gondii
gondii..
C: Negative IFA for antibodies to T. gondii
gondii,, polar stain
reaction.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 11/15/2016

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Treatment
Treatment may be recommended for pregnant
women or persons who have weakened immune
systems.
Before 16th weeks' gestation
4 weeks Spiramycine
After 16th weeks' gestation (Seroconversion,
or persistend IgM in the 2nd or 3rd Trimenon)
alternating to birth
4 weeks combination of:Pyrimethamin
[Daraprim©], Sulfadiazin, Folinic Acid
4 weeks Spiramycine [Rovamycine©]
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

MALARIA

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Plasmodium Malaria
Plasmodium adalah nama salah satu genus termasuk Klas
Sporozoa, Ordo Hemosporidia, yang parasitik dalam: Penyakit malaria tersebar luas di daerah
a) hepatosit, sebagai trofozoit dan skizon tropik dan subtropik. Penyakit ini termasuk
b) eritrosit, sebagi trofozoit, skizon dan gametosit.
Plasmodium terdiri dari banyak spesies, yang pada manusia
penyakit tropis yang terpenting karena
ada 4 spesies: menyebabkan banyak kematian, banyak
1. Plasmodium falciparum morbiditas, mengurangi produktivitas kerja,
2. Plasmodium vivax
3. Plasmodium ovale merugikan secara sosial-ekonomis.
4. Plasmodium malariae Penyakit malaria umumnya di wilayah
Keempat spesies menyebabkan penyakit malaria.
Malaria ditularkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles betina.
pedesaan, sedikit yang diperkotaan.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Daur Hidup Plasmodium


Kriptozoit kemudian masuk peredaran darah  masuk ke eritrosit
Plasmodium yang menginfeksi manusia adalah stadium sporozoit menjadi trozozoit (muda  tua)  skizon (muda  tua) 
yang bermula di dlm air liur (kel. ludah) nyamuk Anopheles betina pecah  banyak merozoit, berulang  masuk ke dlm
sewaktu menggigit dan mengisap darah; ini terjadi waktu malam eritrosit.
hari (nokturnal). Setelah 3-5 generasi, trofozoit dlm eritrosit berubah menjadi
Sporozoit lalu masuk ke hepatosit menjadi gametozit (proses gametositogeni), yg terdiri dari gametosit
jantan (mikrogametosit) dan gametosit betina (gametosit betina),
a) trofozoit hipnozoit (pada P. vivax, P. ovale), yang suatu yang masih belum mampu kawin satu sama lain (karena belum
waktu nanti menjadi skizon, atau matang secara seksual). Karena itu manusia merupakan inang
b) trofozoit  skizon (P. falciparum, P. malariae). antara dari Plasmodium.
Skizon dalam hepatosit lalu pecah  kriptozoit (merozoit) Stadia eritrositik dapat dideteksi dalam darah tepi (ujung jari,
yang masuk peredaran darah  masuk ke dalam eritrosit. darah vena kubiti) setelah mencapai kadar parasitemia tertentu
Daur hidup Plasmodium di dalam hepatosit yang di luar eritrosit tsb (nilai ambang laboratoris)  masa inkubasi biologis.
disebut daur eksoeritrositik, dan stadianya disebut stadia Gametosit merupakan stadium infektif bagi nyamuk Anopheles
eksoeritrositik. yang menjadi vektor atau penularnya.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Daur Hidup Plasmodium dalam nyamuk


Anopheles betina
Dimulai dari masuknya gametosit bersama darah yang
diisap masuk ke dlm lambung  terjadi gametogoni: 1
mikrogametosit mengalami eksflagelasi menjadi 8
mikrogamet; 1 makrogametosit berubah menjadi 1
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.

makrogamet, yang berhasil dibuahi oleh 1 mikrogamet


 zigot  ookinet  masuk dinding lambung 
ookista  sporokista yang berisi ribuan sporozoit
(proses disebut sporogoni).
Sporokista matang  pecah, sporozoit2 menuju ke kel.
liur  siap diprobosis sewaktu nyamuk probing mau
mengisap darah manusia.
Masa inkubasi ekstrinsik (dalam nyamuk): 8-12 hari,
tergantung pada spesies parasit, spesies nyamuk, dan
temperatur udara. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Daur hidup : Daur hidup :


1. P. vivax :  Skizon pra-eritrosit  mengeluarkan merozoit 
Nyamuk Anopheles yg terinfeksi  masuk ke sel darah merah (eritrosit), dengan cara
invaginasi membran sel hospes.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.

memasukkan sporozoit  aliran darah (½


 Merozoit berubah menjadi trofozoit  mencernakan
jam)  sel parenkim hati  membelah
hemoglobin  membentuk pigmen malaria
diri membentuk skizon pra-eritrosit. (hemozoin).
Relaps : terjadi karena perbedaan dalam  Trofozoit tumbuh dan mengalami skizogoni 
waktu pembentukan skizon pra-eritrosit, membentuk merozoit anak  setelah beberapa siklus
sehingga terdapat bentuk dini dan lambat  membentuk gametosit jantan (mikrogametosit) dan
(bentuk hipnozoit). betina (makrogametosit)  melanjutkan
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
perkembangannya dalam vektor nyamuk. 11/15/2016

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Daur hidup : Daur hidup :


 Mikro dan makrogamet  membentuk zigot  2. P. falciparum :
4-6 jam aktif : ookinet  menembus dinding Sporozoit tumbuh secara serentak 
lambung menjadi bentuk ookista  sporoblas membentuk skizon pra-eritrosit pada saat yang
membentuk sporozoit  keluar dari ookista sama  mengeluarkan merozoit secara
menuju sel kelenjar liur  masuk ke hospes. serentak (tidak ada yang dormant).

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Cara diagnosis parasit malaria


Parasit malaria mungkin dapat dideteksi dalam Untuk identifikasi spesies lebih baik yang SD tipis,
sampel darah asal dari tepi ujung jari, cuping cari yang bagian ujung apus darah.
telinga, vena kubiti, ujung jari kaki (pd bayi), Eritrosit terinfeksi (trofozoit tua, skizon)
sumsum tulang belakang, darah plasenta). membesar, masih bulat, dengan titik2 Schuffner
 P. vivax;
Darah dibuat sediaan darah (SD) tipis dan, atau
jika eritrositnya membesar, kelihatan oval, dengan
tebal pada gelas benda bersih, dikeringkan dan
titik2 Schuffner  P. ovale (asal NTT, atau Papua).
dicat dengan larutan Giemsa dengan cara baku.
Setelah prosesing selesai SD diperiksa di baawh
mikroskup dengan perbesaran kuat (1000 kali)
dengan minyak emersi.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Plasmodium falciparum Morphology of all stadiums

Eritrosit terinfeksi tidak membesar, terinfeksi lebih


dari dua-tiga trofozoit, inti trofozoit banyak yang
dua buah, yang trofozoit tua dengan titik2 Maurer
 P. falciparum;
Eritrosit terinfeksi tidak membesar, trofozoit tua
berbentuk spt pita di grs tengah eritrosit, dengan
titik2 Ziemann  P. malariae.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Aspek klinis Aspek klinis


 Gejala utama : serangan demam malaria yang  Komplikasi berat infeksi P. falciparum : kelainan
khas, dengan interval teratur, terdiri 3 tahap : otak (malaria otak), hemoglobinuria (demam air
 Tahap dingin : berlangsung 30’ – 1 jam. hitam / black water fever), sindrom kesukaran
 Tahap panas : 1 – 4 jam. pernafasan akut, hiperpireksia, gejala
 Tahap berkeringat : 1 – 2 jam. gastrointestinal hebat, syok dan gagal ginjal.
 Gejala ini timbul karena merozoit dilepaskan
dalam aliran darah.
 Gejala lain : diare, sakit kepala, sakit perut,
ikterus, halusinasi, gejala pernafasan atau ginjal.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Definisi Malaria Serebral (MS) Patogenese

 MS adalah malaria dengan penurunan atau Ada 3 teori:


koma lebih dari 30 menit setelah serangan  1. Teori mekanis :
kejang yg tidak disebabkan oleh penyakit tjdnya penyumbatan pemb drh otak akibat tjdnya
lain. sitoadherens, sekuester, rosetting dan faktor rheologi.
 MS komplikasi dari malaria falcifarum  2. Teori Toksik menghasilkan TNF
berat, dijumpai st ensefalopati difus dengan  3. Teori Permeabilitas: tjdnya adhesi parasit pd endothel,
penurunan kesadaran dan berhubungan vasculer serta banyak faktor toksik yg lepas serta radikal
bebas terutama Nitric oxide (NO).
dengan sequestrasi mikrovaskuler serebral.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Aetio Pathogenesis Mechanical Hypothesis


 Sequestration of
Cerebral Capillaries
and Venules

•Ring like lesions in the Brain


P. falciparum parasites in brain capillary
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA,
11/15/2016 11/15/2016
MKes. MKes.

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• Selective Cytoadherance results in


rosetting
• Reduction of Microvascular Blood flow
• Hypoxia
• Dose not explain selective absence of
Neurological Deficits

Section of brain showing blood vessels


blocked with developing
P. falciparum parasites
11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Humoral Hypothesis
 Stimulates Production of TNF- alpha &
Cytokines
 NOMalaria Toxin
 Stimulate Endothelial cells
 Uncontrolled production of
 COMA
c

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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11/15/2016

 Earliest Manifestations -
 Fever
Coma Scale for Children
 Loss of Appetite Best Motor response pLocalizes 1ainful stimulus 2
Withdraws limb from pain
 Vomiting
Non-specific or Absent
 Cough response 0
Verbal Response Appropriate Cry 2
 Specific for Cerebral
Moan or Inappropriate cry 1
Malaria None 0
 Impaired Eye Movements Directed 1

consiousness Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA,


(e.g. follows mother’s face)
Not directed 0
 Gen. Convulsion with
MKes.

Total 0-5
Sequelae 11/15/2016

 Coma
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA,
11/15/2016
MKes.

Diagnosis of Falciparum Malaria


Associated Presentation
 Conventional Microscopy
 Hypoglycaemia o Giemsa Stain
 Metabolic Acidosis o Field Stain

 Shock
 Neurological deficits
 Other forms can Co-
exist

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA,


11/15/2016 11/15/2016
MKes. MKes.

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Stages of P. falciparum LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS


Contd….
 Fluorescence Microscopy (QBC)
 Nucleic Acid Staining with acridine
 Parasite Count = (TLC / Cuml X Parasite / 100
WBC) / 100 = Parasite / Cuml of Blood
 Serology
 Anti body detection
 Antigen detection (HRP)
 Biochemical Test - Optimal test (Parasite LDH)
 PCR & Culture
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
11/15/2016
MKes.

CEREBRAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS


INVOLVEMENT
CHEMOTHERAPY
 Clinical Quinine
Artemisinins - Artesunate
 CSF - Increased Lactic Acid o Arte- ether
o Arte - mether
 CT, MRI

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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11/15/2016

SUPPORITIVE &
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY NEWER HORIZON
 Nursing Care
 Catherization
 Nasogastric tube Inhibition of Endothelial Activity
 Fluid & Electrolyte
 Monitor level of coma & vital signs - LMP 420 - Decrease of TNF alpha & LT
 Antipyretics activity
 Anticonvulsants
 Reduction in ICT
 Correction of Hypoglycaemia
 Exchange Transfusion Vaccine Development
 IncreaseMicrocirculatory Flow - Pentoxyfylline
 Desferrioxamine
 Correction of - Anaemia, Acidosis, Dehydration
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA,
11/15/2016
MKes.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.

Gejala klinis Gejala klinis


 P. vivax :
 Berdiam / berasal dari daerah endemik.  P. . falciparum :
 Awal : asimptomatik ( 1 s/d bbrp minggu). Gejala hampir sama.
 Gejala : batuk, fatigue, malaise, menggigil, artralgia, Malaria berat :
mialgia.
Demam paroksismal setiap 48 jam. Malaria serebral :koma.
 Lainnya : Takikardia, demam, hipotensi, anemia, Severe malaria.
splenomegali.
 Penyebaran > P. falciparum, tetapi morbiditas dan Gagal ginjal.
mortalitas lebih rendah. Edema paru
 50% kasus  relaps (dari siklus ekso-eritrositik),
mulai bbrp minggu s/d 5 tahun setelah serangan
awal. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Gambaran suhu pada infeksi malaria


PARASIT MALARIA

 Penyebaran geografis :
 P. falciparum : daerah tropis di seluruh dunia, tidak
menular di daerah dingin.
 P. vivax : tersebar lebih luas, dapat menular di daerah
beriklim dingin.
 P. malariae dan P. ovale : lebih jarang ditemukan, P.
ovale terutama terdapat di Afrika.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Relaps : GEJALA KLINIS


 rekrudesensi (atau relaps jangka pendek) : 8  Splenomegali
minggu setelah serangan pertama  Anemia :
 rekurens (relaps jangka panjang) : timbul a. penghancuran eritrosit
dalam waktu 24 minggu atau lebih b. reduced survival time
c. depresi eritropoesis (diseritropoesis).

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Patofisiologi DIAGNOSIS
- Belum jelas
- Berhubungan dgn gangguan aliran darah karena - Anamnesa, Pemeriksaan Fisik
perlekatan eritrosit terinfeksi pada endotelium - Diagnosa pasti : laboratorium
kapiler Pemeriksaan mikroskopis ada bbrp syarat :
- Diduga berhubungan dengan hal berikut : 1. Waktu pengambilan sampel
1. penghancuran eritrosit 2. Volume darah yg diambil
2 mediator endotoksin makrofag 3. Kualitas preparat
3. sekuestrasi eritrosit terinfeksi 4. Identifikasi Sp
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

DIAGNOSIS 2. Diagnosis Parasitologis


1. Diagnosis Klinis  menemukan parasit dalam darah yang
Daerah endemis: diperiksa dengan mikroskop pada hapusan
darah tepi (thin blood smear).
berdasarkan gejala klinis (demam &/ anemia)
 Teknik pengecatan : Giemsa
Daerah non endemis:
 Teknik lain :Teknik QBC (quantitative buffy
gejala klinis (demam + riwayat
coat) dan Kawamoto
perjalanan ke daerah endemis)

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Metode Tanpa Mikroskop  mendeteksi asam nukleat dapat dibagi


 Teknik dipstik : mendeteksi secara menjadi dua golongan, yaitu hibridisasi
imunoenzimatik suatu protein kaya RNA dan DNA dengan menggunakan
histidine II yang spesifik terhadap PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
parasit (immuno-enzymatic detection of the
parasite-specifik histidine rich protein
II/HRP 2)

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

DRUG DOSE
Chloroquine-sensitive

Adults: 1.0 gm (600 mg base) initially, 500 mg (300 mg base) in 6


hrs, then 500 mg (300 mg base) at 24 and 48 hrs
Chloroquine
Children: 10 mg base/kg, 5 mg base/kg 6 hrs, later, then 5 mg
base/kg at 24 and 48 hrs

Chloroquine-resistant

Adults: 1250 mg (750 mg followed in 12 hrs by 500 mg).


Mefloquine*
Children: 25 mg/kg once (15 mg/kg followed in 8-12 hrs by 10
or
mg/kg).

Adults: 500 mg every 6 hrs x 3 doses, not with meals*. Repeat


Halofantrine dose in 7 days.
or Children (<40kg): 8 mg/kg every 6 hrs x 3 doses. Repeat dose in 7
days

Adults: 600 or 650 mg of the salt tid for 3-7 days.


Quinine
Children: 25 mg/kg/day of the salt divided into 3 doses x 7 days.
plus either
Doxy :100mg bid x 7 days; do not use in children under 8.
Doxycycline*
For children over 8, doxy 2 mg/kg bid x 7 days; not to exceed
or
100mg bid.
FansidarR
Adults: 3 tablets in a single dose.
(500 mg sulfadoxine,
Children: º tab < 1 yr, ½ tab 1-3 yrs, 1 tab 4-8 yrs, 2 tabs 9-14 yrs, 3
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr.mg
25 drh.pyrimethamine)
ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
tabs > 14 yrs, all single dose.

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11/15/2016

MAJOR SIGNS DESCRIPTION Dose


Drug
(Pediatric dose same unless indicated)
Failure to localize or abnormal response to painful stimuli;
Unarousable coma IV Therapies
coma persisting for >30 min after generalized convulsion
10 mg of base/kg loading dose (max. 600 mg) in normal saline infused over 1-
Seizures More than two generalized convulsions in 24 hours
Quinidine gluconate 2 hours, followed by 0.02 mg/kg/min continuous infusion until oral therapy can
Hematocrit rapidly falling or <15%, or hemoglobin <5g/dl, be started.
Severe anemia (normochromic,
with parasitemia level > 10,000 per ml, or with > 1 to 2% of
normocytic) Quinine dihydrochloride
RBCs involved 20 mg/kg loading dose IV in 5% dextrose over 4 hrs, followed by 10 mg/kg
(available only outside
over 2-4 hrs q8h (max. 1800 mg/d) until oral therapy can be started.
Significant bleeding from gums, nose, GI tract, and/or the U.S.)
Severe bleeding abnormalities
evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation Oral Therapies
Pulmonary edema /adult respiratory Mefloquine* Adults: 1250 mg (750 mg followed in 12 hrs by 500 mg);
Shortness of breath, fast labored respiration, rales
distress syndrome Or Children: 25 mg/kg (15 mg/kg followed in 8-12 hrs by 10 mg/kg).
Urine output <400 ml/24 hrs (<12 ml/kg per 24 hrs in Halofantrine Adults: 500 mg q 6 hrs x 3 doses, repeat in 7 days;
Renal failure children); no improvement with re-hydration; serum Or Children: 8 mg/kg q 6 hrs x 3 doses, repeat in 7 days.
creatinine >3.0 mg/dl (>265 ?mol/l)
Adults: 600 or 650 mg salt tid;
Black, brown, or red urine; not associated with effects of Quinine
Children: 25 mg/kg/d in 3 doses x 3-7d.
Hemoglobinuria Plus either
drugs or red blood cell enzyme defects (primaquine/G-6-PD)
Adults: Doxy 100 mg bid, not indicated for children under 8.
Hypoglycemia Glucose <40mg/dl (<2.2 mmol/l) Doxycycline
Children over 8: doxy 2 mg/kg bid, not to exceed 100 mg bid.
Or
Systolic BP <50 in children aged 1-5 or <80 in adults; core to
Hypotension/shock Fansidar R
skin temperature >10°C difference Adults: 3 tablets in a single dose.
(500 mg sulfadoxine,
Children: 1/4 tab < 1 yr, 1/2 tab 1-3 yrs, 1 tab 4-8 yrs, 2 tabs 9-14 yrs, 3 tabs >
Acid Dr.
base disturbances
drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. Arterial pH <7.25 or plasma bicarbonate <15 mmol/l 25 mg Dr.
pyrimethamine)
drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.dose.
11/15/2016 14 yrs, all single 11/15/2016

VEKTOR MALARIA
(ANOPHELES) Perilaku (Bionomik) Nyamuk
 Indonesia : 20 spesies nyamuk Anopheles 1. Perilaku Mencari Darah.
sebagai vektor penyakit malaria. - dikaitkan dengan waktu
 Syarat menjadi vektor : - dikaitkan dengan tempat : eksofagik &
1. Kontaknya dengan manusia cukup besar. endofagik
2. Merupakan spesies yang selalu dominan. - dikaitkan dengan sumber darah
3. berumur cukup panjang. :antropofilik
4. Ditempat lain terbukti sebagai vektor zoofilik
- Frekuensi menggigit
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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2. Perilaku Istirahat. 3. Perilaku Berkembang Biak


2 macam arti, yaitu istirahat yang Nyamuk Anopheles betina mempunyai
sebenarnya selama waktu menunggu kemampuan memilih tempat perindukan
proses perkembangan telur dan istirahat atau tempat untuk berkembang biak yang
sementara yaitu pada waktu nyamuk sesuai dengan kesenangan dan
sedang aktif mencari darah. kebutuhannya
contoh : spesies yang hanya hinggap di contoh : senang pada tempat teduh (An.
tempat-tempat dekat dengan tanah umrosus).
(An.Aconitus)
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

4. Keterangan mengenai vektor


a. Umur Populasi Vektor
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
b. Distribusi Musiman
c. Penyebaran Vektor

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 11/15/2016


Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.

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Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica


 PENYEBARAN :  MORFOLOGI :
Kosmopolitan : - tropis & sub tropis.
- sanitasi jelek. 2 stadia : - Trofozoit
- Kista
 HABITAT :
Trofozoit : lapisan mukosa & sub mukosa
usus besar / colon.

 PENYAKIT : - disentri amebik


- abses hepar
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Entamoeba histolytica
 TROFOZOIT :
UNSTAINED :
- Gerakan cepat (Progresif)
- Pseudopodium hialin
- Bakteri (-)
- Nukleus tak terlihat
- 12 – 30 m
- Dx Pasti : RBC (+)

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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11/15/2016

Entamoeba histolytica
 STAINED :
- Ekto & endoplasma berbatas tegas
- Bakteri (-)
- Pseudopodium hialin
- Dx Pasti: - granul kromatin perifer (+) &
karyosome (+) di
nukleus.
- RBC (+)
- ukuran rata-rata : > 12 m.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Trofozoit E.histolytica Entamoeba histolytica


KISTA :

 UNSTAINED :
- Inti 4
- Benda kromatoid : batang (Rod Like) /
cerutu

 STAINED :
- Inti 4, Karyosome sentris + kromatin perifer
- Diameter : > 10 m.
- Dx Pasti : - Struktur inti Khas
- Benda kromatoid (batang/cerutu)

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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Kista E.histolytica Kista E.histolytica

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Siklus hidup E.histolytica


Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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amoebiasis amoebiasis
amoebiasis EKSTRA – INTESTINAL
 INFEKSI ASIMTOMATIK (85 – 95 % KASUS)
( 5% simtomatik)

 INFEKSI SIMTOMATIK (5 – 15 % KASUS) a. Hepatik


1. amoebiasis INTESTINAL - Akut non-supuratif
Disentri - Abses hati
Kolitis non – disentrik b. Pulmoner
c. ekstra intestinal lainnya (jarang)
- Ginjal
- Limpa
- Kulit
- Otak
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

INFEKSI ASIMTOMATIK (amoebiasis


DISENTRI AMEBIK AKUT tanpa gejala)
 Inkubasi : 4 – 5 hari ~ 2 minggu
 Gejala : - diare : darah – lendir  tinja normal
- demam
 kista (+) : “cyst carrier“ / “cyst passer”
- tenesmus
 Lesi intestinal pada epitel usus : “ulkus menggaung” ( bentuk
botol / “flask – shaped” )
 Komplikasi : - perdarahan usus
- perforasi usus
 Lab : tinja  trofozoit (+)

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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amoebiasis KRONIS / MENAHUN amoebiasis HATI / ABSES HATI AMEBIK

 Gejala : - diare + konstipasi  Gejala : - nyeri perut kanan atas


- nyeri perut samar-samar (r.hipokondrium)
- dispepsia - demam
- kuning/jaundice/ichterus
- astenia - hepatomegali + abses
 Komplikasi : Ameboma  Aspirasi (pungsi) : pus  “anchovy sauce”
 Lab : tinja : trofozoit (+) - kental
kista (+) - merah kecoklatan
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

DIAGNOSIS amoebiasis
DIAGNOSIS amoebiasis
EKSTRA – INTESTINAL
INTESTINAL * amoebiasis HATI ( ABSES )
- SPESIMEN TINJA : Spesimen aspirasi abses :
~ Cara langsung - Nanah : kental merah coklat : langsung 
~ Tak langsung ( ritchie )  trof / kista  trofozoit (-)
Spesimen serum darah :
~ Pewarnaan ( trichom ) - Tes difusi gel
~ Kultur : trofozoit  - Hemaglutinasi tidak langsung
TAMBAHAN : - Tes aglutinasi lateks
~ Radiologi - Elisa
~ Sigmoidoskopi - Tes antibodi fluoresen

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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PENGOBATAN amoebiasis
Class Cestoda: cacing pita
 endoparasit
DISENTRI AKUT
 Tubuh ditutup oleh a tegument
 METRONIDAZOL 750 mg 3 dd I 5 – 10 hari
 Tubuh terdiri dari :anterior scolex, diikuti oleh
 TINIDAZOL 500 mg (50 mg / kg) neck dan strobila
 ORNIDAZOL  Terdiri dari “segments” atau proglottids.
 KLEFAMIDA 250 mg 3 dd II 10 hari  Tidak ada sistem pencernaan .
 SEKNIDAZOL 500 mg

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Scolex, anterior holdfast organ


SEM of a Scolex
Neck, region of growth

Strobila made up of
individual proglottids.

Three types of proglottids:


immature, mature and
gravid.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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- PROGLOTID IMMATURE : Alat Reproduksi


- PROGLOTID MATURE :
Sistem Reproduksi ♂ & ♀ dpt dibedakan
- PROGLOTTID GRAVID :
Berisi Uterus + telur
 Dapat untuk identifikasi Sp.
 Keluar Dalam Usus / Tinja
lepasnya proglotid

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
Gravid Proglottids and Scoleces of Cestode
Parasites
Figure 8 of Humans
 SCOLEX - “ SENDOK “ - “ GLOBULER “
- Terdapat 2 bothria - Terdapat 4 sucker
di bagian ventral & dorsal
pada tiap sudut
- Rostellum +/- - Kait +/-

 PROGLOTID - L > P ( melebar ) - L < P( memanjang )

 PORUS - di ventral , 3 - di lateral


GENITALIS uterine pore  unilateral
 bilateral
 UTERUS - “ ROSSETE “ - TABUNG LURUS,
ujung tdp uterine pore ujung buntu.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA CYCLOPHYLLIDEA Cestoda pada manusia: Morfologi

K. VITELINA - tersebar , di lateral - di belakang ovarium

TELUR - operkulum (+) - (-)


- belum embrionisasi - sudah embrionisasi
- tumbuh di air - tumbuh di HP

ONCOSPHERE - bercilia - tidak bercilia

LARVA - bentuk padat - bentuk kantong

H. PERANTARA - 2 - 1

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

CESTODA PADA MANUSIA :


KLASIFIKASI CESTODA MENURUT HABITAT :
I . CACING DEWASA :
 DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM


TAENIA SAGINATA
TAENIA SOLIUM
I. PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA :
 HYMENOLEPIS NANA
 HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
 DIPYLLIDIUM CANINUM
 CACING DEWASA DALAM USUS
II. LARVA :
GENUS DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM :
 SPARGANUM : ~ S. MANSONI DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM ( CACING PITA IKAN )
~ S. PROLIFERUM
 SPARGANOSIS

 ECHINOCOCCUS : ~ E. GRANULOSUS  STD. LARVA ( PLEROCERCOID ) PADA MAN


~ E. MULTILOCULARIS
 KISTA HIDATID - SPARGANUM MANSONI.
 T. SOLIUM : ~ CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSA
- SPARGANUM PROLIFERUM.

 MULTICEPS : ~ M. MULTICEPS
~ M. GLOMERATUS
 COENURUS

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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STD. LARVA PADA MANUSIA


T. Saginata T. solium.

GENUS ECHINOCOCCUS :
 KISTA HIDATID DARI :
 E. GRANULOSUS
 E. MULTILOCULARIS

GENUS TAENIA :
 SISTISERKUS SELULOSE T. SOLIUM. T. Saginata

GENUS MULTICEPS : T. Saginata


 COENURUS CEREBRALIS M. MULTICEPS
 COENURUS GLOMERATUS M. GLOMERATUS T. Saginata

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Cysticercus

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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PENCEGAHAN Taenia solium


 Hindari makan daging sapi mentah / kurang masak
 Pemeriksaan daging di RPH.
 Hindari pemakaian pupuk tinja segar.
 Pemusnahan larva dengan cara :
 Pemanasan > 57 derajat celsius.
 Pendinginan -10 derajat celsius selama 5 hari
Cysticercosis
 Pengasinan dengan larutan garam 25%, 5 hari

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

CYSTICERCOSIS
Taenia solium
PATOGENESIS :  FECAL–ORO INFECTION / ANO–ORAL INFECTION
Mode of infection ;  Infeksi oleh larva T. Solium
~ cysticercus cellulose dalam daging babi mentah/ kurang masak TAENIASIS
 CARA PENULARAN :
cysticercosis cellulose
 Tertelan telur T. Solium
~ telur dalam air, sayur, buah yang tercemar telur T. solium  Auto infeksi : ~ endo auto infeksi
~ Auto infeksi : ~ exo auto infeksi
*endo auto infeksi:oleh karena proglotid gravid
 SUMBER PENULARAN :
regurgitasi & telur tertelan kembali
*exo auto infeksi : telur di perianal / tertelan dengan perantaraan jari  Penderita taeniasis solium
tangan.  Makanan , minuman , sayuran yang tercemar telur Taenia solium.

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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PATOGENESA
 DISTRIBUSI CYSTICERCOSIS PADA MANUSIA
 SUB KUTAN
Telur tertelan duodenum : tumbuh menjadi larva invasif  OTOT
menuju intestinum menembus dinding intestinum ikut  OTAK : ~ Selaput otak
aliran darah cysticercus ~ Intra cranial
~ Ventrikel
~ Sub arachnoid
 kista cenderung berukuran besar
 SUMSUM TULANG BELAKANG
 MATA
 JANTUNG

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

 GEJALA KLINIK :
 tergantung : ~ lokasi
~ ukuran kista DIAGNOSIS
 Cysticercosis sub cutaneus :  Klinik
 pada umumnya asimptomatik  Laboratorium :  biopsi nodul

 keluhan kosmetik
 Serologis : ELISA
 Radiologis
 Cysticercosis pd otak :  CT scan , MRI
 Epilepsi
 Tek.intrakranial TERAPI
 Sumbatan aliran c.serebrospinal  Hidrosefalus ~ Praziquantel
~ Niklosamid
~ Pembedahan
 Ocular cysticercosis :
 Lokasi : dekat retina
PENCEGAHAN
humor vitreus
 Peningkatan Hygiene Sanitasi
 ada bayangan yang bergerak  Cuci bersih lalapan
Dr.mata
drh. ERIDA  buta MKes.
kaburWYDIAMALA, 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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DIAGNOSIS : TERAPI :
Klinis
Laboratoris :  - NICLOSAMIDE : “drug of choise”
- Feses : secara langsung  - PRAZIQUANTEL : 2,5 mg / kg BB
Telur tdk mengapung dlm NaCl  disertai pemberian pencahar
Proglotid keluar secara aktif pada waktu tidur
terutama saat bab Scolex
- Swab perianal : oleh karena telur melekat diperianal
Telur
- Serologis : ELISA deteksi Ag soluble

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Taeniasis adalah
Siklus Hidup Taenia manusia yang terinfeksi oleh cacing pita dewasa dari Taenia
saginata atau Taenia solium.
Manusia adalah hospes definitif T. solium.
1, Telur atau proglottids gravid dikeluarkan bersama feces
telur dapat bertahan selama beberapa hari sampai beberapa
bulan dalam lingkungan luar babi (T. solium) terinfeksi oleh
karena memakan tanaman yang terkontaminasi oleh telur atau
proglottids gravid.
2. Di dalam usus halus ternak, oncospheres menetas,
menginvasi dinding intestine, dan bermigrasi ke otot serabut
(lurik) dimana mereka berkembang menjadi
sistiserkus. Sebuah cysticercus dapat bertahan selama
beberapa tahun pada ternak. Manusia dapat terinfeksi karena
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 makan daging
Dr. drh. terinfeksi
ERIDA WYDIAMALA, mentah atau kurang masak 11/15/2016
MKes.

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4 dalam intestine manusia , cysticercus berkembang ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS


lebih dari 2 bulan menjadi cacing pita dewasa , yang S. The Dog Tape Worm
mana dapat bertahan selama beberapa tahun. S. The Hydatid Worm
Cacing pita dewasa melekat pada usus halus dengan
scolexnya.  Distribusi Geografis
5. Dan tinggal di dalam usus halus.  Kosmopolitan, daerah peternakan Biri-biri /domba  Man., Domba, Anjing
 Daerah subtropik > tropik
6. Panjang cacing dewasa biasanya 2 sampai 7 m
untuk T. solium. Dewasa menghasilkan proglottids  Habitat
 Man. : btk larva/Hydatid Cyst/Kista Hidatid
yang mature,menjadi gravid, melepaskan diri dari  Anjing : C.Dewasa
cacing pita, dan migrasi ke anus atau keluar bersama
tinja kira-kira 6 per hari. T. solium dewasa kira-kira
1,000 proglotid

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Morfologi ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS


 Telur KISTA HIDATID
 Oval mirip telur Taenia
 Isi embrio heksakan dg 3 ps kait
 Infektif thd Man, Sapi, Domba dan PENYEBAB :
Herbivora lainnya  Larva :
 Cacing Dewasa  Echinococcus granulosus
 Kecil, Strobila : ¾ segmen
 Kista hidatid unilocularis
 Scoleks : 4 batil isap, Rostelum (+),
Kait (+).  Kista hidatid oseous : tulang
 Echinococcus multilocularis
 Kista hidatid alveolaris

Hydatid sand".

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

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E. Granulosus E. multilocularis Dipylidium caninum


 H.D  Anjing Anjing, kucing,
rubah, carnivora
 H.P  Domba, man. Tikus, manusia
 Morf.  3 prog.  2 – 6 progg.
 B.infektif Telur Telur
 Penyebaran perkonti.  hematogen
kista  hematogen
 Pertumbuhan  Pelan  Agresif / cepat
kista

Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

proglottids Gravid dikeluarkan dalam feces atau muncul di


sekitar perianal host
1. Di keluarkan dalam kantong telur
2. sering proglottids ruptur dan kantong telur tampak dalam
tinja. Selanjutnya telur ditelan oleh samples intermediate
host ( stadium larva dari pinjal anjing atau kucing
Ctenocephalides spp.), oncosphere I dikeluarkan dalam
usus pinjal . oncosphere melakukan penetrasi dinding
usus, masuk hemocoel (body cavity) pinjal dan
berkembang, menjadi larva cysticercoid
3 . larva berkembang menjadi dewasa dan menjadi
cysticercoid infektif
4 . host vertebrate terinfeksi karena menelan pinjal
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
dewasa yang megandung cysticercoid

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Paragonimus westermani
 Morfologi :Telur:
• Ukuran : 80-120 x 50-60 mikron.
• Bentuk oval cenderung asimetris.
• Terdapat operkulum pada kutub yang mengecil.
• Ukuran operkulum relatif besar, sehingga kadang tampak telurnya
seperti terpotong.
• Berisi embrio

  Cacing dewasa:
• Bersifat hermaprodit.
• Sistem reproduksinya ovivar.
• Bentuknya menyerupai daun.
• Berukuran 7 – 12 x 4 – 6 mm dengan ketebalan tubuhnya antara
3 – 5 mm.
• Memiliki batil isap mulut dan batil isap perut.
• Uterus pendek berkelok-kelok.
• Testis bercabang, berjumlah 2 buah.
• Ovarium berlobus terletak di atas testis.
• Kelenjar vitelaria terletak dibagian lateral dan memanjang
memenuhin seluruh tubuh.
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016

Life cycle Patologi & Gejala klinis


Banyak terdapat di SEA dan Amerika
Hospes perantara: siput air tawar:
•Dilaporkan 4 kasus di Amerika dg pleuropulmonary
•Semisulcospira multicincta
disease karena P. westermani,. Patients (3 men and 1
•Semisulcospira mandarina
woman; aged, 20 to 66 y) Ada keluhan sesak nafas,
•Semisulcospira gottschei
batuk2 berdahak, dan Ro paru ada cavitary infiltrates
•Dll
(2) , ada masa di paru (1) dan pleural effusion (1),
•Biopsies showed chronic eosinophilic pneumonia,
Hospes perantara ke-2, yiatu
inflmasi granulomatous dan necrosis.
•ketam/kepiting
•Cacing Paragonimus dengan telor juga ditemukan
(Genus Eriocheir, Potamon,
dalam lesi paru.
Sesarma,
•Serologic studies were positive for P. westermani
Prathelphuse,Pseudothelphusa,Astacus
, Cambarus, dan Udang batu).
Manusia terkena infeksi dengan
memakan udang/kepiting yg ada kista
metacercaria
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Sistiserkus pada babi Sistisercus selulose

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