Professional Documents
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2016-10-31 Parasit Pada Sistem Saraf UPR HO
2016-10-31 Parasit Pada Sistem Saraf UPR HO
31-10-2016
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
Trichinosis Trichinosis
Trichinosis adalah infestasi cacing bulat Trichinella Larvae trichinella
spiralis pada usus dan jaringan (pada manusia dan menyebabkan nekrose otot dan klasifikasi fokal.
mamalia) Larva ini mampu bertahan sampai 5-10 tahun
Hospes: babi dan kadang beruang. setelah encystasi.
Dalam jumlah yang banyak cacing ini Bila mengenai otak membentuk granulomatus
menyebabkan diare. nodul dan vaskulitis pembuluh darah kecil.
saat migrasi larvae ke jaringan menyebabkan
myositis, demam, eosinofilia, myocarditis dan
kadang ensefalitis.
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Klinis
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1. After ingesting infected meat, the 3- The larvae penetrate the intestinal
capsule of the encysted larvae wall and migrate through the lymphatic
is digested by gastric juice and the vessels to the blood stream,
larvae are released in the which carries them to various organs.
duodenum or jejunum where they Skeletal muscles and diaphragm are
molt four times to become mature most frequently parasitized. Others
worm. include the tongue, masseter and
2- After fertilization, the male dies ocular muscles.
and the female burrows deeply in 4- Larvae increase in size 10 times,
the intestinal mucosa & begins to become coiled & encysted within
deliver larvae 4-7 days after muscle fibers by the 5th week.
the infection, [Each ♀ lays about 5- Calcification occurs from 6-18
1500 larvae in its life span; about 2 months
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
II- Laboratory II- Laboratory
1- Stool examination for adults & larvae at the 4- Intradermal test (Bachman test: on 3rd weeks after
diarrheal stage. infection): 0.1 cc of 1:10,000 dilution of larva
2- Muscle biopsy (3-4 weeks after infection) for antigen is injected I.D. cases; the test gives local
larvae in encystation stage [using trichinoscopy wheal within 20 minutes.
or Muscle digestion or Xenodiagnosis]. 5- Serological tests: as IFAT or ELISA.
3- Eosinophilia: 10-90 % in 3rd - 4th week. 6- X ray: shows calcified cysts
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
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Overview
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Diagnosis Discovery
T. cruzi in blood smears Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas - 1909
PCR to ID strains Chagas’ work unique
Darwin
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
Epidemiology
18 countries from US to Argentina
1960s
Occurs almost exclusively in rural areas
16–18 million people affected as of 2008 Why?
~100 million at risk
Kills around 20,000 annually
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The Vector
Blood-sucking insects of the subfamily Fecal material of triatoma bug, including
Triatominae Reduviidae (also called cone-nosed, kissing,
vinchuca, barbeiro, chinche, the kissing bug
orassassin bug);
contaminates bite wounds, abrasions, or
mucous membranes
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
Transmission Transmission
A triatomine becomes infected Scratching
Hides during day Blood transfusions, organ transplants, or breast
Emerges at night milk
Bites, feeds, then defecates Congenital Transmission
13% of stillborn deaths in parts of Brazil
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Symptomatic Treatment
Disease cannot be cured in chronic phase
Managing the clinical manifestations
Pacemakers and anti-arrhythmia drugs
Surgery for megaintestine.
Heart transplantation surgery
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On the Horizon
New Drugs
New vaccines being tested Trypanosomiasis
Stem cell therapy
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African Trypanosomiasis
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Tsetse fly
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Toxoplasma gondii
Causal Agent: Geographic Distribution
It is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite .
It’s defintive host is the house cat and certain other -Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common of humans infections throughout the
world.
Felidae.
- Infection is more common in warm climates than in cold climates and
History: mountainous regions.
It was originally described in a North African rodent - High prevalence of infection in France and Central America (has been related to
the frequency of stray cats in a climate favoring survival of oocysts.
called ” Ctenodactylus gondi”.
- The overall seroprevalence in the United States between 1988 and 1994 was found
to be 22.5%,
with seroprevalence among women of childbearing age (15 to 44 years) of 15% .
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Life cycle of
Toxoplasma
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Life cycle
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Clinical Features
1-Acpuired Toxoplasmosis:
2- Congenital toxoplasmosis
vary with the trimester
- in the first,…. The incidence and
severity of congenital toxoplasmosis
-in the second trimaster:
abortion, microcephaly, hydrocephalus
Symptoms: hepatomegaly, splenomegaly,
encephalitis, pnemonia,purpura,…
-in the last trimaster:
subclinical infection at birth subsequently
retinochoroiditis (unless the infection is
treated). Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
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Histopathology of Toxoplasmosis
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Pathology of Toxoplasmosis
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Retinochoroiditis
Hydrocephaly & Microcephaly
Retinochoroiditis, is frequently a result of congenital infection.
Patients are often asymptomatic until the second or third
decade of life, when lesions develop in the eye.
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Microscopy Findings
Diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis may be
documented by:
Observation of parasites in patient specimens, such as:
bronchoalveolar lavage material, or lymph node
biopsy.
Isolation of parasites from blood or other body fluids
Detection of parasite genetic material by PCR, A
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2- Serological procedures:
Microscopy finding in tissue smear
2-1 Sabin-Feldman( Dye test)
2-2 I.F.A test
2-3 I.H.A test
2-4 D.A.T
2-5 C.F.T
2-6 ELISA test
IFA TEST
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes.
AA
A: Formalin
Formalin--fixed Toxoplasma
B gondii tachyzoites
tachyzoites,, C
B: Negative IFA for antibodies to T. gondii
gondii..
C: Negative IFA for antibodies to T. gondii
gondii,, polar stain
reaction.
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Treatment
Treatment may be recommended for pregnant
women or persons who have weakened immune
systems.
Before 16th weeks' gestation
4 weeks Spiramycine
After 16th weeks' gestation (Seroconversion,
or persistend IgM in the 2nd or 3rd Trimenon)
alternating to birth
4 weeks combination of:Pyrimethamin
[Daraprim©], Sulfadiazin, Folinic Acid
4 weeks Spiramycine [Rovamycine©]
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MALARIA
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Plasmodium Malaria
Plasmodium adalah nama salah satu genus termasuk Klas
Sporozoa, Ordo Hemosporidia, yang parasitik dalam: Penyakit malaria tersebar luas di daerah
a) hepatosit, sebagai trofozoit dan skizon tropik dan subtropik. Penyakit ini termasuk
b) eritrosit, sebagi trofozoit, skizon dan gametosit.
Plasmodium terdiri dari banyak spesies, yang pada manusia
penyakit tropis yang terpenting karena
ada 4 spesies: menyebabkan banyak kematian, banyak
1. Plasmodium falciparum morbiditas, mengurangi produktivitas kerja,
2. Plasmodium vivax
3. Plasmodium ovale merugikan secara sosial-ekonomis.
4. Plasmodium malariae Penyakit malaria umumnya di wilayah
Keempat spesies menyebabkan penyakit malaria.
Malaria ditularkan oleh nyamuk Anopheles betina.
pedesaan, sedikit yang diperkotaan.
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Humoral Hypothesis
Stimulates Production of TNF- alpha &
Cytokines
NOMalaria Toxin
Stimulate Endothelial cells
Uncontrolled production of
COMA
c
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Earliest Manifestations -
Fever
Coma Scale for Children
Loss of Appetite Best Motor response pLocalizes 1ainful stimulus 2
Withdraws limb from pain
Vomiting
Non-specific or Absent
Cough response 0
Verbal Response Appropriate Cry 2
Specific for Cerebral
Moan or Inappropriate cry 1
Malaria None 0
Impaired Eye Movements Directed 1
Total 0-5
Sequelae 11/15/2016
Coma
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MKes.
Shock
Neurological deficits
Other forms can Co-
exist
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SUPPORITIVE &
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY NEWER HORIZON
Nursing Care
Catherization
Nasogastric tube Inhibition of Endothelial Activity
Fluid & Electrolyte
Monitor level of coma & vital signs - LMP 420 - Decrease of TNF alpha & LT
Antipyretics activity
Anticonvulsants
Reduction in ICT
Correction of Hypoglycaemia
Exchange Transfusion Vaccine Development
IncreaseMicrocirculatory Flow - Pentoxyfylline
Desferrioxamine
Correction of - Anaemia, Acidosis, Dehydration
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Penyebaran geografis :
P. falciparum : daerah tropis di seluruh dunia, tidak
menular di daerah dingin.
P. vivax : tersebar lebih luas, dapat menular di daerah
beriklim dingin.
P. malariae dan P. ovale : lebih jarang ditemukan, P.
ovale terutama terdapat di Afrika.
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Patofisiologi DIAGNOSIS
- Belum jelas
- Berhubungan dgn gangguan aliran darah karena - Anamnesa, Pemeriksaan Fisik
perlekatan eritrosit terinfeksi pada endotelium - Diagnosa pasti : laboratorium
kapiler Pemeriksaan mikroskopis ada bbrp syarat :
- Diduga berhubungan dengan hal berikut : 1. Waktu pengambilan sampel
1. penghancuran eritrosit 2. Volume darah yg diambil
2 mediator endotoksin makrofag 3. Kualitas preparat
3. sekuestrasi eritrosit terinfeksi 4. Identifikasi Sp
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DRUG DOSE
Chloroquine-sensitive
Chloroquine-resistant
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VEKTOR MALARIA
(ANOPHELES) Perilaku (Bionomik) Nyamuk
Indonesia : 20 spesies nyamuk Anopheles 1. Perilaku Mencari Darah.
sebagai vektor penyakit malaria. - dikaitkan dengan waktu
Syarat menjadi vektor : - dikaitkan dengan tempat : eksofagik &
1. Kontaknya dengan manusia cukup besar. endofagik
2. Merupakan spesies yang selalu dominan. - dikaitkan dengan sumber darah
3. berumur cukup panjang. :antropofilik
4. Ditempat lain terbukti sebagai vektor zoofilik
- Frekuensi menggigit
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Entamoeba histolytica
TROFOZOIT :
UNSTAINED :
- Gerakan cepat (Progresif)
- Pseudopodium hialin
- Bakteri (-)
- Nukleus tak terlihat
- 12 – 30 m
- Dx Pasti : RBC (+)
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Entamoeba histolytica
STAINED :
- Ekto & endoplasma berbatas tegas
- Bakteri (-)
- Pseudopodium hialin
- Dx Pasti: - granul kromatin perifer (+) &
karyosome (+) di
nukleus.
- RBC (+)
- ukuran rata-rata : > 12 m.
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UNSTAINED :
- Inti 4
- Benda kromatoid : batang (Rod Like) /
cerutu
STAINED :
- Inti 4, Karyosome sentris + kromatin perifer
- Diameter : > 10 m.
- Dx Pasti : - Struktur inti Khas
- Benda kromatoid (batang/cerutu)
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amoebiasis amoebiasis
amoebiasis EKSTRA – INTESTINAL
INFEKSI ASIMTOMATIK (85 – 95 % KASUS)
( 5% simtomatik)
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DIAGNOSIS amoebiasis
DIAGNOSIS amoebiasis
EKSTRA – INTESTINAL
INTESTINAL * amoebiasis HATI ( ABSES )
- SPESIMEN TINJA : Spesimen aspirasi abses :
~ Cara langsung - Nanah : kental merah coklat : langsung
~ Tak langsung ( ritchie ) trof / kista trofozoit (-)
Spesimen serum darah :
~ Pewarnaan ( trichom ) - Tes difusi gel
~ Kultur : trofozoit - Hemaglutinasi tidak langsung
TAMBAHAN : - Tes aglutinasi lateks
~ Radiologi - Elisa
~ Sigmoidoskopi - Tes antibodi fluoresen
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PENGOBATAN amoebiasis
Class Cestoda: cacing pita
endoparasit
DISENTRI AKUT
Tubuh ditutup oleh a tegument
METRONIDAZOL 750 mg 3 dd I 5 – 10 hari
Tubuh terdiri dari :anterior scolex, diikuti oleh
TINIDAZOL 500 mg (50 mg / kg) neck dan strobila
ORNIDAZOL Terdiri dari “segments” atau proglottids.
KLEFAMIDA 250 mg 3 dd II 10 hari Tidak ada sistem pencernaan .
SEKNIDAZOL 500 mg
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Strobila made up of
individual proglottids.
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PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
Gravid Proglottids and Scoleces of Cestode
Parasites
Figure 8 of Humans
SCOLEX - “ SENDOK “ - “ GLOBULER “
- Terdapat 2 bothria - Terdapat 4 sucker
di bagian ventral & dorsal
pada tiap sudut
- Rostellum +/- - Kait +/-
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H. PERANTARA - 2 - 1
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MULTICEPS : ~ M. MULTICEPS
~ M. GLOMERATUS
COENURUS
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GENUS ECHINOCOCCUS :
KISTA HIDATID DARI :
E. GRANULOSUS
E. MULTILOCULARIS
GENUS TAENIA :
SISTISERKUS SELULOSE T. SOLIUM. T. Saginata
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Cysticercus
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CYSTICERCOSIS
Taenia solium
PATOGENESIS : FECAL–ORO INFECTION / ANO–ORAL INFECTION
Mode of infection ; Infeksi oleh larva T. Solium
~ cysticercus cellulose dalam daging babi mentah/ kurang masak TAENIASIS
CARA PENULARAN :
cysticercosis cellulose
Tertelan telur T. Solium
~ telur dalam air, sayur, buah yang tercemar telur T. solium Auto infeksi : ~ endo auto infeksi
~ Auto infeksi : ~ exo auto infeksi
*endo auto infeksi:oleh karena proglotid gravid
SUMBER PENULARAN :
regurgitasi & telur tertelan kembali
*exo auto infeksi : telur di perianal / tertelan dengan perantaraan jari Penderita taeniasis solium
tangan. Makanan , minuman , sayuran yang tercemar telur Taenia solium.
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PATOGENESA
DISTRIBUSI CYSTICERCOSIS PADA MANUSIA
SUB KUTAN
Telur tertelan duodenum : tumbuh menjadi larva invasif OTOT
menuju intestinum menembus dinding intestinum ikut OTAK : ~ Selaput otak
aliran darah cysticercus ~ Intra cranial
~ Ventrikel
~ Sub arachnoid
kista cenderung berukuran besar
SUMSUM TULANG BELAKANG
MATA
JANTUNG
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GEJALA KLINIK :
tergantung : ~ lokasi
~ ukuran kista DIAGNOSIS
Cysticercosis sub cutaneus : Klinik
pada umumnya asimptomatik Laboratorium : biopsi nodul
keluhan kosmetik
Serologis : ELISA
Radiologis
Cysticercosis pd otak : CT scan , MRI
Epilepsi
Tek.intrakranial TERAPI
Sumbatan aliran c.serebrospinal Hidrosefalus ~ Praziquantel
~ Niklosamid
~ Pembedahan
Ocular cysticercosis :
Lokasi : dekat retina
PENCEGAHAN
humor vitreus
Peningkatan Hygiene Sanitasi
ada bayangan yang bergerak Cuci bersih lalapan
Dr.mata
drh. ERIDA buta MKes.
kaburWYDIAMALA, 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
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DIAGNOSIS : TERAPI :
Klinis
Laboratoris : - NICLOSAMIDE : “drug of choise”
- Feses : secara langsung - PRAZIQUANTEL : 2,5 mg / kg BB
Telur tdk mengapung dlm NaCl disertai pemberian pencahar
Proglotid keluar secara aktif pada waktu tidur
terutama saat bab Scolex
- Swab perianal : oleh karena telur melekat diperianal
Telur
- Serologis : ELISA deteksi Ag soluble
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
Taeniasis adalah
Siklus Hidup Taenia manusia yang terinfeksi oleh cacing pita dewasa dari Taenia
saginata atau Taenia solium.
Manusia adalah hospes definitif T. solium.
1, Telur atau proglottids gravid dikeluarkan bersama feces
telur dapat bertahan selama beberapa hari sampai beberapa
bulan dalam lingkungan luar babi (T. solium) terinfeksi oleh
karena memakan tanaman yang terkontaminasi oleh telur atau
proglottids gravid.
2. Di dalam usus halus ternak, oncospheres menetas,
menginvasi dinding intestine, dan bermigrasi ke otot serabut
(lurik) dimana mereka berkembang menjadi
sistiserkus. Sebuah cysticercus dapat bertahan selama
beberapa tahun pada ternak. Manusia dapat terinfeksi karena
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 makan daging
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Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
Hydatid sand".
Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016 Dr. drh. ERIDA WYDIAMALA, MKes. 11/15/2016
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Paragonimus westermani
Morfologi :Telur:
• Ukuran : 80-120 x 50-60 mikron.
• Bentuk oval cenderung asimetris.
• Terdapat operkulum pada kutub yang mengecil.
• Ukuran operkulum relatif besar, sehingga kadang tampak telurnya
seperti terpotong.
• Berisi embrio
Cacing dewasa:
• Bersifat hermaprodit.
• Sistem reproduksinya ovivar.
• Bentuknya menyerupai daun.
• Berukuran 7 – 12 x 4 – 6 mm dengan ketebalan tubuhnya antara
3 – 5 mm.
• Memiliki batil isap mulut dan batil isap perut.
• Uterus pendek berkelok-kelok.
• Testis bercabang, berjumlah 2 buah.
• Ovarium berlobus terletak di atas testis.
• Kelenjar vitelaria terletak dibagian lateral dan memanjang
memenuhin seluruh tubuh.
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