What is NVH?

Chinese style
NVH refers to Noise, Vibration and Harshness. Because the above three factors appear at the same time
and are inseparable from each other in mechanical vibration, they are often studied together. Sound-
vibration roughness refers to the quality of noise and vibration. It describes the subjective feeling of
human body to vibration and noise. It can not be measured directly by objective measurement method.
Harshness is called irregularity because it roughly describes the uncomfortable feeling caused by
vibration and noise. Because acoustic roughness is often used to describe the extremely uncomfortable
transient response caused by shock excitation, Harshness is also known as the shock characteristic

For example, when a car passes through a seam or bump, it generates a transient vibration (Harshness),
which includes two senses of impact and cushioning. The greater the stiffness of the system, the greater the
amplitude of the body transient vibration and the more serious the impact. At the same time, the increase of
the natural frequency makes the vibration attenuation faster and the cushioning effect better. At the same
time, it also gives empirical formulas of impact and cushioning sensory levels obtained by multiple
regression model. Generally speaking, the description of acoustic-vibration roughness is a feeling of
extreme fatigue caused by vibration and noise. Simply speaking, all the tactile and auditory sensations of
passengers in automobiles belong to the research field of NVH characteristics of automobiles. In addition,
the strength and life of automotive parts due to vibration are also included. From NVH's point of view, a car
is a system consisting of an excitation source (engine, transmission, etc.), a vibration transmitter (consisting
of suspension system and side fittings) and a noise emitter (body). The research on NVH characteristics of
automobile transmission system is based on the research of automobile transmission system, which belongs
to the subsystem of the research on NVH characteristics of automobile. At present, the research on NVH
characteristics of automotive transmission system mainly focuses on the NVH characteristics of the
transmission system generated by the engine as an excitation source or under certain conditions. The
research on the vibration characteristics of power transmission system in foreign countries started earlier.
Since the 1980s, advanced foreign automobile manufacturers have incorporated the dynamic characteristics
of automobile structure into the routine content of product development. Especially since the 1990s,
engineering research centers of Toyota, GM, Ford and Chrysler have set up NVH branches to deal with
vehicle noise, vibration and Hars roughness from road contact impact. Hness). Chinese style
Chinese style
Overview of Research and Development of Modern Automotive NVH (Series 61 of Automotive Design
Column)

Xie Ying-Lao
NVH refers to Noise, Vibration and Harshness. From NVH's point of view, a vehicle is a system consisting of
an excitation source (power system, road surface, etc.), a vibration transmitter (consisting of suspension
system and connectors) and a noise emitter (body). A kind of
There are three main mechanisms of vehicle interior noise: aerodynamic noise; mechanical noise; cavity
resonance. A kind of
The following methods are used to model the NVH characteristics of automobiles: multi-body (MB) system
dynamics method. It is mainly applied to the modeling and analysis of chassis suspension system and
steering transmission system in low frequency range. Finite element method (FEM). On the one hand, it is
suitable for the modeling and analysis of body structure vibration and interior cavity noise; on the other
hand, it can greatly improve the efficiency by combining multi-body system dynamics method to analyze
the dynamic characteristics of vehicle chassis system. Boundary Element Method (BEM). Compared with the
finite element method, this method can deal with the problem of unbounded region conveniently, but the
calculation speed is slower. This method has unique advantages in dealing with the modeling of interior
sound absorption materials. Both this method and finite element method are suitable for medium and low
frequency range. Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) method. For the NVH characteristic prediction of medium
and high frequency (above 300Hz), if FEM is used to build the model, the workload will be greatly increased
and the accuracy is not high. It is reasonable to use SAE method at this time. At present, Tongjie mainly
combines the first three methods. A kind of
There is no unified objective evaluation method for NVH characteristics of automobiles at home and abroad.
Generally, the NVH characteristics of automobiles are divided into ten grades, which are evaluated by the
actual experience of the experts. In addition, some literatures have introduced a reference empirical formula
for the transformation between subjective and objective evaluation indicators, which associates the
subjective level of touch and hearing with the velocity and acceleration equivalents of the measuring points.
A kind of
NVH analysis of Tongjie Company runs through the whole vehicle development process. Firstly, the NVH
standard of the new model is set according to the NVH performance level of the same type of vehicle in the
market, and then the performance standard of the main subsystems is determined according to the
requirements of the NVH performance target of the whole vehicle. These subsystems include suspension
system, powertrain mounting system, body, exhaust system and steering system. A kind of
_Defects in structural stiffness analysis of Vibration isolation research of powertrain mounting system is an
important content to improve vehicle comfort. The development and improvement of hydraulic mounting
system make this problem better solved. Vibration isolation research of exhaust pipe mounting system is to
improve the vibration of power assembly transmitted from exhaust pipe to body. It can be achieved by
changing the position and stiffness of suspension point. Suspension system and steering system can
improve vehicle ride comfort by reasonably matching the parameters of suspension system. The braking
noise can be obtained by the finite element analysis of the brake disc and other components and the study
of the influence of its wear characteristics on the noise generation.
To improve the NVH characteristics under braking conditions. A kind of
_NVH characteristic research is not only suitable for the development process of new vehicle products, but
also suitable for improving ride comfort of existing vehicle models. In some chassis optimization projects of
Tongjie Company, the body structure remains unchanged. Only the frame and chassis are improved.
Through subsystem analysis, the NVH characteristics of power system and exhaust pipe mounting are
improved. A kind of
_The study of NVH Major automotive companies (such as Ford, Daimler-Chrysler, etc.) have established
specialized NVH research institutes, which play an important role in the development of new automotive
products. With the improvement of people's requirements for noise control and living environment, more
than 30 excellent CAE engineers have been trained and developed for Tongjie Company, which is in line
with the international automotive market. They have taken the lead in giving great attention and support to
the application of NVH characteristics of automobiles. They not only pay attention to the training of
technicians and the equipments of software and hardware, but also employ them. Experts with rich
experience at home and abroad are instructed. Up to now, the CAE simulation and Analysis Branch of
Tongjie Automobile Design and Engineering Research Institute has successfully completed the simulation
analysis and optimization projects of different models. Through the accumulation of experience in various
projects, the NVH technical force of Tongjie is increasing, and is close to the international advanced level.
China Automobile Daily (November 15, 2004, 24th edition)
Chinese style
The best choice is to use finite element method to deal with structural vibration and boundary element
method to simulate external acoustic field.
At present, the only combination of the two is LMS. SYSNOISE and MSC. ACTRAN.
Chinese style
Vehicle Noise and Control Introduction
With the rapid development of automobile industry, people have more and more strict requirements for
comfort and vibration and noise control of automobiles. According to foreign relevant data, 70% of urban
noise comes from traffic noise, and traffic noise is mainly automobile noise. It seriously pollutes the urban
environment and affects people's life, work and health. Therefore, noise control is not only related to ride
comfort, but also to environmental protection. However, all noise comes from vibration. Vibration can cause
early fatigue damage of some parts and reduce the service life of automobiles. Excessive noise can not only
damage the driver's hearing, but also make the driver fatigue quickly, which poses a great threat to the
driving safety of automobiles. So noise control is also related to the durability and safety of automobiles. So
vibration, noise and comfort

The former is closely related, not only to reduce vibration and noise, but also to improve ride comfort, to
ensure the economy of products, so that vehicle noise control within the standard range. Chinese style
Types of Noise
The main factors causing automobile noise are aerodynamic, mechanical transmission and electromagnetic.
Structurally, it can be divided into engine (combustion noise), chassis noise (transmission noise, noise
caused by the connection of various components), electrical equipment noise (cooling fan noise, automobile
generator noise), body noise (such as noise caused by unreasonable body structure, shape and accessories
installation). Engine noise accounts for more than one-half of automobile noise, including intake noise and
body noise (such as noise caused by engine vibration, valve shaft rotation, intake and exhaust valve switch,
etc.). Therefore, engine vibration and noise reduction become the key to vehicle noise control. In addition,
automobile tyres will also cause greater noise when driving at high speed. This is due to the pump air sound
caused by the extrusion and re-inhalation of the air in the tread groove and the impact of the tread pattern
on the road surface when the tire flows on the ground. Chinese style
Noise Requirements
European regulations stipulate that from October 1996, the external noise of passenger cars must be
reduced from 77 dBA to 74 dBA, reducing the noise energy by half, and further to 71 dBA by the end of this
century. Japanese regulations stipulate that the noise standard of small cars will be controlled below 76dBA
in the next ten years. Some big cities in China also plan to control the average noise level of trunk lines
within 70 dBA in 2010. According to the relevant domestic data at present, the noise allowable value of
domestic buses should not exceed 82 dBA, and that of light trucks is 83_5 dBA. It can be seen that our
country has to make great efforts in vehicle noise control. Chinese style
Noise Evaluation
Noise evaluation index mainly refers to the noise value and vibration adaptability inside and outside the
vehicle. The evaluation methods can be divided into subjective evaluation and objective evaluation. The
main factors affecting the subjective evaluation of vehicle noise are comfort, loudness and certainty, such as
the subjective evaluation by means of Semantic Differentiation method.

Evaluation. In objective evaluation, PCNM noise measurement device can be used for measurement and
analysis. In addition, finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM) in simulation
technology are also widely used. Chinese style
Noise Control
According to the mechanism of noise generation and transmission, noise control technology can be divided
into three categories: one is the control of noise sources, the other is the control of noise transmission
routes, and the third is the protection of noise receivers. Among them, the control of noise source is the
most fundamental and direct measure, including reducing the excitation force of noise and the response of
engine parts to the excitation force, that is, to transform the vibration source and sound source. But when it
is difficult to control the noise source, it is necessary to take measures in the way of noise transmission, such
as sound absorption, sound insulation, noise elimination, vibration reduction and vibration isolation. The
level of vehicle vibration and noise reduction is closely related to the power, economy, reliability, strength,
stiffness, quality, manufacturing cost and use of the vehicle
NVH refers to Noise (noise), Vibration (vibration) and Harshness (sound and vibration roughness). Because
the above three factors appear at the same time and are inseparable in mechanical vibration such as
automobiles, they are often studied together. Sound-vibration roughness refers to the quality of noise and
vibration. It describes the subjective feeling of human body to vibration and noise. It can not be measured
directly by objective measurement method. Harshness is called irregularity because it roughly describes the
uncomfortable feeling caused by vibration and noise. Because acoustic roughness is often used to describe
the extremely uncomfortable transient response caused by shock excitation, Harshness is also known as the
shock characteristic. Literature [12] considers that when a car passes through a joint or bump, it will produce
a transient vibration (Harshness), which includes two senses of impact and cushioning. The greater the
stiffness of the system, the greater the amplitude of the body transient vibration and the more serious the
impact. At the same time, the increase of the natural frequency makes the vibration attenuation faster and
the cushioning effect better. At the same time, it also gives empirical formulas of impact and cushioning
sensory levels obtained by multiple regression model. Generally speaking, the description of acoustic-
vibration roughness is a feeling of extreme fatigue caused by vibration and noise. Simply speaking, all the
tactile and auditory sensations of passengers in automobiles belong to the research field of NVH
characteristics of automobiles. In addition, the strength and life of automotive parts due to vibration are
also included. From NVH's point of view, a car is a system consisting of an excitation source (engine,
transmission, etc.), a vibration transmitter (consisting of suspension system and side fittings) and a noise
emitter (body). The research on NVH characteristics of automobile transmission system is based on the
research of automobile transmission system, which belongs to the subsystem of the research on NVH
characteristics of automobile. At present, the research on NVH characteristics of automotive transmission
system mainly focuses on the NVH characteristics of the transmission system generated by the engine as an
excitation source or under certain conditions. The research on the vibration characteristics of power
transmission system in foreign countries started earlier. Since the 1980s, advanced foreign automobile
manufacturers have incorporated the dynamic characteristics of automobile structure into the routine
content of product development. Especially since the 1990s, engineering research centers of Toyota, GM,
Ford and Chrysler have set up NVH branches to deal with vehicle noise, vibration and Hars roughness from
road contact impact. Hness).

1. NVH characteristics of automobiles

NVH refers to Noise, Vibration and Harshness. Because they appear at the same time and are
inseparable in machinery such as vehicles, they are often studied together. Chinese style
Sound-vibration roughness refers to the quality of noise and vibration. It describes the subjective
feeling of human body to vibration and noise. It can not be measured directly by objective
measurement method. Harshness is called irregularity because the roughness of sound and
 vibration describes the uncomfortable feeling caused by vibration and noise. Because acoustic
roughness is often used to describe the extremely uncomfortable transient response caused by
shock excitation, Harshness is also called impact characteristic.
2. Simply speaking, all the tactile and auditory sensations of passengers in automobiles belong to the
category of NVH research. In addition, it also includes the strength and life of automotive parts
caused by vibration. From NVH's point of view, a car is a system consisting of an excitation source
(engine, transmission, etc.), a vibration transmitter (consisting of suspension system and side
fittings) and a noise emitter (body). The research on NVH characteristics of automobiles should take
the whole vehicle as the research object, but because the automobile system is very complex, it is
often decomposed into several subsystems for research, such as chassis subsystem (mainly
including front and rear suspension system), body subsystem, etc. It can also study the generation
of a certain excitation source or a certain working condition. NVH characteristics. Chinese style
According to the survey of European automobile market in 1996, as the performance and quality of
automobiles have reached a high level, customers'requirements for ride comfort have been
significantly improved, second only to automobile style. For small and medium-sized automobiles,
due to the fierce competition in the market, the factors such as weight and price of automobiles are
strictly constrained, which makes the research on NVH characteristics of automobiles aiming at
improving ride comfort become more important. _
2. Modeling and Evaluation Method of Vehicle NVH Characteristic Research
In order to study the NVH characteristics of automobiles, first of all, the CAE technology must be
used to establish the dynamic model of automobiles. There are several mature theories and
methods. Multi-body (M-system dynamics method abstracts the components of the system into
rigid or elastic bodies, and studies their dynamic characteristics in large-scale space motion. In the
research of vehicle NVH characteristics, the multi-body system dynamics method is mainly applied
to the modeling and analysis of chassis suspension system and steering transmission system in low
frequency range. Chinese style
Finite element method (FEM) divides a continuous elastic body into finite elements, and establishes
a finite element model by meshing on a computer to calculate the deformation, stress and dynamic
characteristics of the system. Due to the improvement of finite element method and the maturity of
corresponding analysis software, it has become an important method to study the NVH
characteristics of automobiles. On the one hand, it is suitable for the modeling and analysis of body
structure vibration and interior cavity noise; on the other hand, it combines with multi-body system
dynamics method to analyze the dynamic characteristics of vehicle chassis system, and its accuracy
is greatly improved. Chinese style
Compared with the finite element method, the boundary element method (BEM) reduces the
dimension of the problem, can deal with the unbounded region problem conveniently, and can
easily generate efficient meshes on the computer, but the calculation speed is slow. Sound-
structure coupling system for automobile body structure and interior cavity

The boundary element method (BEM) can also be used to analyze the system. Because of its unique
advantages in dealing with the modeling of sound absorbing materials in car rooms, BEM is being
 widely used. Chinese style
Statistical energy analysis (SEA) based on spatial acoustics and statistical mechanics decomposes
the system into several subsystems to study the statistical characteristics of energy flow and modal
response between them. It is suitable for dynamic analysis of structures, acoustics and other
systems. For the NVH characteristic prediction of medium and high frequency (300HZ), if FEM or
BEM is used to build the model, the workload will be greatly increased and the accuracy of the
result is not high. Therefore, it is reasonable to use statistical energy analysis method at this time.
The SEA model of a pickup truck is established by SEAM software. The NVH characteristics of the
pickup truck above 250Hz are analyzed and the influence of model parameters on it is studied.
Satisfactory results are obtained.

3. Application of NVH Characteristic Research in Improving Vehicle Ride Comfort

The study of NVH characteristics is not only applicable to the development of new automotive
products, but also to the improvement of ride comfort of existing models. At this time, a garbage is
modeled and analyzed for a system or assembly of a car, and the factors that have the greatest
impact on ride comfort are found out. The ride comfort can be improved by improving the vibration
condition of the excitation source (amplitude or frequency shift) or controlling the transmission of
the vibration and noise of the excitation source to the interior of the car. Chinese style
The research of vibration isolation and engine intake and exhaust noise of powertrain mounting
system is an important content to improve vehicle comfort. The development and perfection of
powertrain hydraulic mounting system make this problem solved better. Suspension system and
steering system have a great influence on the transmission and response of road roughness
excitation on the ride comfort of drivers and passengers. Analyzing the dynamic characteristics of
suspension system can improve its transmission characteristics and reduce vibration and noise.
Through finite element analysis of steering control mechanism and dashboard, steering can be
achieved. The natural frequencies of the cylinder and steering wheel move out of the excitation
frequency range and ensure the minimum response amplitude of the dashboard. The noise
produced during braking seriously affects the comfort of the passengers in the car room. The
experiment proves that the braking noise is mainly caused by the uneven wear of the friction
components of the brake. Through the finite element analysis of the brake disc and other
components and the study of the influence of its wear characteristics on the noise, the braking can
be improved. NVH characteristics of the whole vehicle under working conditions. In addition, with
the continuous improvement of vehicle speed, the vibration and noise caused by high-speed air
and body impact friction has become an important source of cab noise. Chinese style
After a period of use, the wear and tear of some components (such as gears of transmission system,
coupling, rubber bushing in suspension, brake disc in brake, etc.) will have an important impact on
the NVH characteristics of the vehicle. The analysis of their strength, adaptability and sensitivity is
an important work to study the characteristics of the vehicle, which is also called high. Research on
NVH characteristics of automobiles under driving mileage.

Introduction to NVH

Noise, vibration and comfort is a comprehensive problem to measure the quality of automobile
manufacturing. It gives automobile users the most direct and superficial feeling. Noise, Vibration
and Comfort are abbreviated as NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) in the industry. They are
collectively referred to as the NVH problem of vehicles. It is one of the concerns of major vehicle
manufacturers and parts companies in the international automotive industry. Statistical data show
that about one third of the vehicle failure problems are related to the NVH problem of the vehicle.
Nearly 20% of R&D costs of major companies are spent on solving NVH problems of vehicles. A
kind of
A kind of
For automobiles, the NVH problem exists everywhere. According to the source of the problem, it
can be divided into three parts: engine NVH, body NVH and chassis NVH. It can be further
subdivided into aerodynamic NVH, air conditioning NVH, road NVH and system.
Dynamic system NVH and so on. A kind of
A kind of
The NVH problem is systematic. For example, when some cars are driving, the noise in the car
compartment is high and the engine is at the source. Then this noise problem may involve three
parts. One is the noise of the engine itself, the other is the poor vibration reduction effect of the
engine mounting parts, the other is the bad sound insulation technology of the car front wall and
the floor, which is a related system. Question. When encountering the high noise of the carriage,
people generally consider strengthening the sound insulation technology and materials of the
carriage, but there is nothing they can do about the real noise source - the engine.
It can only be "repairing the failing sheep" and can not fundamentally solve the problem. However,
if the NVH solution is used, it will involve the engine, mount and frame, and fundamentally reduce
the source of noise. Therefore, the essence of NVH problem is to be solved in automobile design.
The problem is not the problem to be solved after the car enters the market.

The engine and body of an automobile are supported on the axle and tire by elastic elements,
forming an elastic vibration system. The whole system is divided into several "elastic vibration
subsystems" according to the assembly components. When the vehicle is excited by uneven road
surface, dithering of engine and transmission system or unbalanced wheel, the "elastic vibration
subsystems" will vibrate and correlate with each other. Vibration is one of the sources of noise.
Vehicles with large vibration are often noisy when driving. Therefore, from the point of view of
vehicle NVH problem, solving noise can not cure headache and foot pain, but should take into
account other aspects of the vehicle, such as the car body.
Engine, tire, elastic support and so on.

The NVH problem of automobile also involves parts manufacturing enterprises. In recent years, with
the specialization of division of labor, automobile manufacturing enterprises have gradually handed
over most parts to parts manufacturing enterprises. The prevailing "modular" production mode
transfers part of the assembly work on the automobile assembly line to places outside the assembly
line. In this way, parts manufacturers will inevitably encounter NVH problems. The designer
considers not only the parts themselves, but also the relationship between the parts and
components, and between the parts and the whole vehicle. For example, in order to get a better
noise reduction effect, Cooper Standard Engine Company has done acoustic research on the engine
cabin and the interior design structure of the car, in order to get the best solution. Tires are also
one of the main sources of noise. Some manufacturers choose low-noise tires as their vehicle
counterparts.
The acoustic characteristics of the wheel shield liner are designed to prevent noise. A kind of
A kind of
Nowadays, automobile design relies on the assistance of computer design software, so does
automobile noise reduction and vibration reduction design. In the process of development, the
designer transfers materials from the computer and carries out simulation test, then compares with
the prototype test, and finally decides whether to produce formally, which saves time, manpower
and financial resources. At present, there are many software tools for studying automobile noise
and vibration abroad, which can help designers identify and analyze the noise and vibration of
automobiles.
Isolation and elimination of possible noise sources.