Structural Systems in Architecture

AR 361
Fall Semester

Professor Özgür ÖZÇELİK, Ph.D.

 Content

• Welcome to Introduction to Structural Systems in

Architecture

• Course Syllabus
– What material will we cover?

• Administrative Issues
– Course Web Page, Text Book, Exams, Office Hours,
Quizes, Grading, Cheating Policy, etc.

• Introduction

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

 COURSE SYLLABUS

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

 Course Hours

AR 361 – Structural Systems in

Architecture
Fall Semester 2014-2015
Class Room: ???
Two sections: Mondays 10:00 – 13:00
14:00 – 17:00
Office Hours
• Mondays 17:00-18:00
Email: ozgur.ozcelik@deu.edu.tr
Web page: kisi.deu.edu.tr/ozgur.ozcelik
AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture
 Course Syllabus

General Course Description

• Classification of structural systems

• Loads, assumptions and Idealizations

• Statically Determinate vs. Indeterminate Structures

• Trusses – Analysis of Member Forces

• Shear and Moment Diagrams (Beams)

• Shear and Moment Diagrams (Frames)

• Deflection of Beams: Double Integration Method

• Deflection of Beams: Moment-Area Method

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

 Course Syllabus

General Course Description

• Statically Indeterminate Structures

• Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames:

Slope Deflection Method

• Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames:

Moment Distribution Method

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

 Course Syllabus

Textbook

TITLE: Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

AUTHOR: K.M. Leet, C.M. Uang, A.M. Gilbert
PUBLISHER:McGraw-Hill

Reference Book

TITLE: Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

AUTHOR: H.H. West, L.F. Geschwinder
PUBLISHER: John Wiley and Sons

Class notes and examples will be provided (check the website)

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

 Course Text Book

• Chapter 1- Classification of structural system

• Chapter 2 – Design Load

• Chapter 3- Reactions, Determinate vs

Interdeterminate Structures

• Chapter 4 – Truss Analysis

• Chapter 5 – Beams and Frame Analysis – Shear and

Moment Diagrams

• Chapter 9 - Deflections of Beams and Frames: Double

Integration Method

• Chapter 9 - Deflections of Beams and Frames:

Moment-Area Method

• Chapter 12 - Analysis of Indeterminate Beams: Slope

Deflection Method

• Chapter 13 - Analysis of Indeterminate Beams:

Moment Distribution Method

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

 Course Syllabus

Grading Policy

Your grade will be determined as follows

Quizes 20% (3 quizes)

Midterm 30 % (1 midterm exam)

Final exam 50 %

Class participation will help your grade but

it is not mandatory!!!!

AR 361 – Structural Systems in Architecture

INTRODUCTION:
Introduction

Structural Engineering:
analysis, design and construction of structural system

Structural Systems:
Bridges, buildings, dams, transportation facilities, liquid or
gas storage facilities, industrial factories and plants, power
generation and transmission units
Introduction

Structural Analysis:

We will determine how a structure responds to specified

loads or actions: forces and deformations

We will learn the classical methods that have been used by

engineers for many years which are the foundation of
modern structural analysis

To be a good architects you need to be able to communicate

well with structural engineers!!!!
Basics Structural Elements
Axially Loaded Members in Tension

The material is used at optimum of

efficiency because the axially loaded
members are uniformly stressed in
tension.
We can use small cross sections but
they will be flexible and they will
vibrate under moving load

Building code try to limit the slenderness ratio (l/r)!!!

l = length of the member

r = sqrt(I/A) radius of gyration

Columns – Axially Loaded Members in
Compression

The capacity to resist under compression

is a function of the slenderness,

If l/r is large the member is slender

and it will fail for buckling,

If l/r is small the member is stocky

and their capacity for axial load is
high,

The capacity of a slender column depends

also on the support conditions at its
ends.
Beams – Shear and Bending Moment

Beams are loaded perpendicular to

their longitudinal axis.

Except for short beams the shear stress

produced by V is much smaller than the
bending stress produced by M.
Planar Trusses – All Members Axially Loaded

A truss is a structural element composed of slender

bars that are connected by frictionless pin joints

They are very stiff longitudinally

but flexible when loaded
perpendicular to their
longitudinal axis.
Planar Trusses – All Members Axially Loaded
Arches – Direct Compression

Arches are in compression under their

dead load. To work properly the resultant
of the internal forces should passes
through the centroid.

On the abutment we will have a

horizontal as well as a vertical force.
For this reason we need massive
abutment to absorb the reaction.
Cables – Flexible Members in Tension

Cables are slender, flexible members

composed of high-strength steel wires
twisted mechanically.

They can only carry direct tensile stress and they have the
strength to support the large load of long-span structures.

Under distributed vertical load they will

deform as a parabola.
Cables – Flexible Members in Tension
Cables – Flexible Members in Tension

Cables undergoes large changes

in shape when concentrate load
are applied because of their
lack on bending stiffness

We want to minimize deformation

and vibrations produced by live loads.

To stiffen cable we can use

pretensioning, use tie-down
cables or adding extra loads
Rigid Frames

Rigid frames consists of beams and

columns and they carry axial load and
moment.

To have a rigid frame the joints

need to be rigid, meaning that
the right angle must not change
when the members are loaded.

It is necessary to make the joint

stiffer.
Plates or Slabs

Plates are planar elements,

their depth is smaller compared
to the length and width.

Their behaviour depends on

the position of supports
along the boundaries.
Thin Shells
One Story Building
One Story Building

Let’s consider a simple one-story

structure, consisting of structural steel
frame covered with light-gage metal
panels.

The metal roof is supported by

the beam CD that spans
between two pipe columns.
One story Building

The ends of the beam are

connected to the top of the
column by bolts that pass
through the bottom flange of
the beam and a cap plate that is
welded to the column.

This type of connection is not rigid enough. For this

reason we need additional diagonal bracing members to
strengthen the structure against lateral loads.
Vertical and Lateral Loads

For gravity load we

will neglect the
diagonal bracing,
these loads will be
carried by the roof
deck.

The lateral loads (for example the

wind load), that are applied to the top
of the roof, they will be carried by the
diagonal bracing.
Loads and Load Analysis

• Structures must be proportioned so that they will not

FAIL or DEFORM EXCESSIVELY under loads,
• The designer must decide which loads to apply based
on the type of structures (Shape and Function).

Dead Loads:
• These are the loads associated with the WEIGHT of the
structure and its PERMANENT COMPONENTS (floors,
ceilings, ducts etc.)
• We assign to the members a dimension to evaluate the
dead loads, this value needs to be checked AFTER the
final dimensioning.
Loads and Load Analysis
Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

• Many floor systems consist of reinforced

concrete slab supported on a grid of beams,
• We need to understand how to transfer the
load from the slab to the beams,

• In Case 1: Case 1:
• It is a square floor system,
• The edge beams support the same
triangular load
• The area of the slab portion that is
supported by a particular beam is called
the TRIBUTARY AREA.
• Side Note:
• Total force of the slab is w*L2 where w is the load per
unit area (kN/m2),
• ¼ of that total load is w*L2/4,
• This total force has to be in triangular shape, therefore
the height of the load can be calculated as follows

w*L2/4 = ½ * height * L, height = wL/2

And from here reaction forces can be calculated…

Loads and Load Analysis
Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

• In Case 2: Case 2:
• It is a rectangular floor system,
• The rectangular slab is supported by two
parallel beams,
• The tributary area is (Ls/2) * Lb (shaded
grey area)
• Along the beam B1, the magnitude of the
distributed load will be
dist. load = w*Ls/2 [kN/m]
where w is the load per unit area
(kN/m2).
• What would be the reaction forces for the
beam B1?
• Side Note:
• What would be the distributed load on a 1 m width of
slab beam Figure (c)?
• The total force on a 1 m width slab beam is

w*(1)*Ls = w*Ls [kN]

Therefore distributed force would be

w*Ls / Ls = w [kN/m] (Figure c)

• What would be the reaction forces?

Loads and Load Analysis
Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

• In Case 3: Case 3:
• A slab carrying a uniformly distributed
load of w, and is supported on a
rectangular grid of beams (Figure d)
• Figure e shows the “assumed” and
“simplified” distributed forces acting on
the beam B2, respectively.

• Figures (f) and (g) show the

forces acting on the beam B,
• Notice that there are
distributed as well as
concentrated forces.
Loads and Load Analysis
Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

• Example:
• The floor shown below is 12 cm thick reinforced concrete slab of unit weight 25 kN/m3
supported by STEEL BEAMS (see Figure b)
• The beams are connected by CLIP ANGLES (pin support)
• An acoustical board ceiling of unit weight 0.07 kN/m2 is suspended from the concrete slab,
• An additional dead load of 0.95 kN/m2 is considered to take into account duct, piping, conduit,
• The self-weight of beam B1 is 0.04 kN/m and for the beam B2 is 0.067 kN/m
• Find the magnitude of the dead load distribution on beam B1 and B2.

12 cm

5m

1m 1m

3@2 m = 6 m
Loads and Load Analysis
Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

• Example:
• For B1:
• Weight of the slab: (1 m + 1 m) * (0.12 m) * (25 kN/m3) = 6 kN/m
• Weight of the ceiling: (1 m + 1 m) * 0.07 kN/m2 = 0.14 kN/m
• Weight of the additional nonstructural elements: (1 m + 1 m) * 0.95 kN/m2 = 1.9 kN/m
• Weight of the beam itself: 0.04 kN/m
• Total weight per unit length: 6 + 0.14 + 1.9 + 0.04 = ~8.1 kN/m (rounded up)

wD = 8.1 kN/m

5m
5m
20.25 kN 20.25 kN

1m 1m

3@2 m = 6 m
Loads and Load Analysis
Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

• Example:
• For B2:
• Notice that the slab load is carried by the B1 beam ONLY (due to the rectangular shape
of the slab),
• Therefore B2 only carries its own weight: 0.067 kN/m
• As well as the concentrated reaction forces due to B1 applied at the third points of girder
B2 (see figure f)

20.25 kN 20.25 kN
2m 2m 2m
0.067 kN/m

5m
6m
20.45 kN 20.45 kN

1m 1m

3@2 m = 6 m
Loads and Load Analysis
Tributary Areas of Columns

• To determine the dead load

transmitted into a column from a
floor slab, the designer can
either:
• Determine the reactions of the
beams framing into the column, or
• Multiply the tributary area of the
floor surrounding the column by the
magnitude of the dead load per unit
area acting on the floor,
• The tributary area of a column is
defined as the area surrounding the
column that is bounded by the panel
centerlines.
Notice that in the above case, an internal columns
support approximately 4 times more floor dead
load than corner columns.
 Loads and Load Analysis
Tributary Areas of Columns

• Example:
• Using the tributary area method,
compute the floor dead loads
supported by columns A1 and B2
• Floor system is made of concrete and
weighing 75 lb/ft2

• Floor beams, utilities, suspended ceiling

weigh 15 lb/ft2

• Precast exterior wall supported by the

perimeter beams weighs 600 lb/ft

29/35
CIV 301: Structural Analysis I
Loads and Load Analysis
Tributary Areas of Columns

• Example:
• Total floor dead load:

• D = 75 + 15 = 90 lb/ft2 = 0.09 kip/ft2

• Dead Load for A1

• Tributary area = 9 ft * 10 ft = 90 ft2

• Floor dead load = 90 ft2 * 0.09 kip/ft2

= 8.1 kips

• Weight of exterior wall = 0.6 lb/ft *(10+9) ft = 11.4 kips

• Total dead load = 8.1 + 11.4 = 19.5 kips

• Dead Load for B2

• Tributary area = 18 ft *21 ft = 378 ft2

• Total dead load = 378 ft2 * 0.09 kip/ft2 = 34.02 kips

Loads and Load Analysis
Live Loads

• Live loads are the loads that can be moved on or off of a structure (weight of people, furniture,
machinery etc.)

• The live loads can change in function of the type of building and they change in time (can be
considered as dynamic loads)

• In building codes, specific tables are provided to evaluate live loads as a function of building type
(TS 498, Eurocode 1- Part 1, ASCE 7)

A portion of ASCE minimum

live loads are provided here.
Loads and Load Analysis
Live Loads

Eurocode 1991-1-1
Actions on Structures
Loads and Load Analysis
Other Loads

• Snow Loads:
• Considered for cold regions
• Values are regionalized and provided in building codes (EN 1991-
1-3 or TS-498)
• Wind Loads:
• The magnitude of wind pressure on a structure depends on the
wind velocity, shape and stiffness of the structure, roughness and
profile of the surrounding ground, influence of adjacent
structures,
Loads and Load Analysis
Other Loads

• Wind Loads (continued):

Typical wind load distribution

on a multistory building.
Loads and Load Analysis
Other Loads

• Earthquake Loads:
• Earthquakes occur in many regions of the world. In certain
locations where the intensity of the ground shaking is small, the
designer does not have to consider seismic effects.
• In other locations –particularly in regions near and active
geological fault, such as North Anatolian Fault Zone or San
Andreas Fault zone in western coast of CA, large ground motions
frequently occur that can damage or destroy buildings.
Loads and Load Analysis
Other Loads

• Earthquake Loads (continued):

• The ground motion created by major earthquake forces cause
buildings to sway back and forth. Assuming the building is fixed at
its base, the displacement of floors will vary from zero at the base
to a maximum at the roof,
Loads and Load Analysis
Other Loads

• Earthquake Loads (continued):

• Earthquake forces to be used in design of structures are defined
in building codes
• Turkish Earthquake Code (2007)
• EN-1998-1 (Eurocode 8) (2004)
• ASCE 7 (2005)
Loads and Load Analysis
Load Combinations

• The forces produced by various ways discussed above need to be combined

in a proper manner,
• And need to be increased by a factor of safety (load factor) to produce the
desired level of safety,
• The combined load effect, sometimes called the required factored strength,
represents the minimum strength for which members need to be designed,
• Some examples of load combinations are given below (these combinations
are defined in building codes):
• 1.4D
• 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2 S
where D: dead load, E: earthquake load, L: live load, S: snow load
Preparation for Computation
Preparation for Computations

Before starting an analysis it is important to prepare a set of

clear and complete computation to reduce the possibility of
errors and to be able to check your analysis in the future.

Each analysis needs to be clear and correct, without any

kind of numerical errors or missing units!!!!
Preparation for Computations

Suggestions:

• State the objective of the analysis

• Prepare a clear drawing of the structure, with loads and

dimensions

• Include all steps of your computations

• Check the results!!!!

• Verify that the direction of deflections is consistent with

the applied forces
Structural Systems in Architecture
AR 361
Fall Semester

Professor Özgür ÖZÇELİK, Ph.D.