Taking Cigarettes and Awareness of Its Effect On Health Among The Students in Colegio de Sto. Niño For The School Year 2018-2019

COLEGIO DE STO.
NIÑO
Ema Town Center, B2 NU Centro Camalig, Meycauayan, Bulacan
TAKING CIGARETTES AND AWARENESS OF ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH
AMONG THE STUDENTS IN COLEGIO DE STO. NIÑO
FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019
A Research Presented to the
Faculty of the Senior High School
Colegio De Sto. Niño
City of Meycauayan, Bulacan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In
Practical Research I
Researchers:
Maniego, Maria Angelica Jane M.
Poserio, Ma. Bernadeth Fe B.
Manuel, Jayrelle Maegan C.
Tamayo, Krizyl Joy M.
Reposar, Andrea R.
Bagsic, Emmanuel O.
San Pedro, Hazel B.
2019 March
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, We thank the Lord for guiding each one of us in conducting our
research, we are grateful for continue giving us strength and knowledge that only came
from him to produce a successful research. We're grateful to him everyday as we
maintain from the beginning to the present.
We are grateful to our parents, for supporting us, thank you very much for
the food that you provided to us and for understanding each one of us. Thank you so
much for the financial help to implement our successful research that we conducted.
Thanks to all the support you’ve given to us from the beginning of our duties to
perform to the present.
Thank you so much to our instructor on this subject that none other than Mr.
Andrey V. Pelota. Thanks to you sir for the patience you’ve given to us from the
beginning of our research until the end of it, Thank you again sir for correcting our
errors and mistake. Thank you po.
I am also grateful we're in ourselves that although several times there was a
conflict, still we completed it in any way we can.
Thanks to all the students who became part of our research. Thanks to all the
students of Colegio De Sto. Niño who was able to answer the survey questionnaire.
Thank you very much
From the bottom of our hypothalamus, thank you so much, God bless you all!
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ABSTRACT
The subject of our research is “Taking Cigarettes and Awareness of its Effect on
Health among the Students in Colegio De Sto. Niño for the School Year 2018-2019" that
are intended to show the students impression. We did conduct a random sampling that
has fifty respondent.
The Super addictive habits of smoking is the reason that we want the
researchers to know the impression of several students with regards in taking cigarette
to learn and have a quick solution to this problem. To gather the required information,
the Researchers conducted a survey questionnaires by the Students of Colegio De Sto.
Niño 2018-2019. In this way we will able to analyze what age and what gender is the
highest addicted to this habit. Based on the data we gathered, 70% of the sample are
smokers and 30% of them are not. Meaning the Students of the said school are prone
in taking cigarette smoke.
Based on the data we have collected a lot of young people are so much
addicted to this issue. 40% is the highest rating of age profile which is 17 years old. We
conclude that, at a minor age, students try taking cigarettes without knowing the effect
to their health. Based on the data we got from survey , the reason of passion or
addiction to cigarettes are caused by the influence of friends, through the influence of
friends they’re motivated to do those things which are also in members of the gang. It
gives them a perspective to take cigarette.
The results of this research are intended to add information about the
issue of social issues that are discussed and opened up to the minds of people,
especially the youths who are happy with this habit.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introductory Section………..………………….……………………………………… 1
• Title page……………..…………………………………………………………………….……………… 1
• Acknowledgment………..…………………………………………………..…………………………… 2
• Abstract…….……………………………………………………..……………............................... 3
• Table of Contents……..………………………………………………………………………………..... 4
• List of Figures………………………………………..……………………………………………………. 6
• List of Tables………………..………………………………………….………………………………….. 6
Chapter I: Problem to be Investigated…….……..…………………….……....... 7
 Purpose of the Study………………..…………………………………………………………… 7
 Justification of the Study……………..……………………………… ………………….……. 8
 Research Question and Hypothesis……………….….…………………………………….. 10
 Definition of Terms……………………………………………..…………………………….….. 12
 Brief Overview of the Study…………………………………………………….……………… 14
Chapter II: Background and Review of Related Literature……………….... 15
 Theory………………………………………………….……..…………………………………….. 15
 Studies Directly Related………………………………………….……………………………. 17
 Studies Tangentially Related…................................................................. 28
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Chapter III: Procedures…………………………..……………………………..….. 32
 Research Design…….................................................................................... 32
 Sample………………………….………..……………………..………………….………….…..….. 32
 Instruments….………………………………….……………….……………..…………………….. 33
 Explanation of Procedure……………………………………………………..……………………. 33
 Internal Validity……………………………………………………….…..……………………..…… 35
 External Validity……………………………………………..……………………..……….………… 36
 Justification of Statistical Techniques………………………………………………………..… 37
Chapter IV: Findings.............................................................………………... 38
Description of each findings pertinent to research questions………..…………………... 40
Chapter V: Summary and Conclusions………………….…………………………. 53
 Brief Summary if the Results Obtained……………..…………………………………..... 53
 Discussion and implications of findings…………………………………………………….. 54
 Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 55
 Suggestion……………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
References..………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 57
Appendixes…………………….……………………………………....……………………………….….…. 60
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LIST OF FIGURES
 Graph for question number 1 up to 20…………… 40

 Having the result of the data obtained from
Questionnaires with a subject of “Taking
Cigarettes and Awareness of It’s Effect on
Health among the Students in Colegio De
Sto. Niño for the School Year 2018-2019”
LIST OF TABLES
Profile of the Respondents………………………………… 38
 Age Profile……………………………………………………………… 38
 Strand Profile………………..………………………………………… 39
 Gender Profile……………………….…….………………………….. 39
CHAPTER I: PROBLEM TO BE INVESTIGATED
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A. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study focuses on the discovery of the effects of smoking in the mind and
body of the Students of Colegio De Sto. Niño. It will also identify the causes of smoking
by such students.
The results of this research are intended to add information about the social
issues that are discussed and opened up to the mind of people, especially the youths
who are happy with this habit.
This research paper would like to share knowledge about the effects of smoking
on Colegio De Sto. Niño Students. In addition, it also want:
• To know the various physical effects of smoking on smokers and those in second-
hand smokers.
• To identify the psychological manifestations of smoking among students and students

of second-hand smokers.
• To pay attention to the causes and roots of smoking by the students.
• To know what gender, if a male or female, has the highest number of smokers.
• To discover the average age of smokers.
• To know what is the effect of smoking to society and environment.
• To open up the mind of an individual and the youth especially the students of Colegio
De Sto. Niño to quit smoking.
• To open up their mind that this is actually a bad habit.
B. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Smoking is just like paying to instill a seed for addiction, health deteriorates, life
slows down with no future direction. We conduct this study to help the youths most
specially the students of Colegio De Sto. Niño to realize the bad effects of this issue.
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Have you seen these killers, roaming around freely in small packs nowadays?
Must have. Roadsides, hidden corners, outside public places and parties, you can find
them everywhere. A few people selling and so many more buying, paying and
destroying themselves with pride. But wait a min, 500 meters away from all the public
arenas such as bus stands, banks, colleges, schools, railway stations, cigarettes were
banned. This law was proposed by the Supreme Court, which came into effect on
October 2, 2008. Shockingly, the reality check is, its been 9 years but hardly people are
aware about it and those who are, never tend to follow it religiously.
India is developing at a fast pace, isn’t it? Still the corruption lies in it’s roots and
so does, not acceding to the law. It was surveyed that more than 70% cigarettes in
India are sold loose. An ideal illustration proving this statement would be the distressing
scenes outside every gate of the Amity University, Noida, U.P. Vendors, both men and
women, even children, standing at their compact stalls, selling all brands of cigarettes
loose, with no fear of breaking the law, showing the inefficient implementation of laws
in our country. Being knowledgeable enough to protest against it, nobody out those
thirty thousand students of the campus ever raised voice against child labor happening
at these casual stalls.
Many have written about how do youngsters get trapped into the consumption of
such addictive stuffs like cigarettes, but nobody ever really threw a beam of light on the
influence they cause, on the society, the people around and the environment by openly
smoking in such densely populated areas in broad daylight.
It seems that some people fail to understand the purpose of the smoking ban.
Some would ask ‘what about smokers rights?’ and some would say ‘the minister is
hypocrite. why not ban the sale of cigarettes?’. Others would argue that this is fatwa
related and smoking is makruh not haram.
In our opinion, the purpose of this ban is not to ban smoking downright. It is to
prevent others from being exposed by the smoke of smokers. The harm of secondhand
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smoking is not some made up story. It is a fact backed up by a lot of research. Ask any
doctors. They would explain.
So has the right of smokers been compromised?
No! You can still smoke. Just not at places where others are exposed to your smoke.
Is the minister a hypocrite?
No! The ban was not to ban smoking entirely. If they did this the MOH building would
probably be burnt down by now. The ban was implemented to control smoking and
prevent the harmful effects of the smoke from reaching the public.
Look at it this way. Why was alcohol banned prior to driving? Because
generally alcohol would harm only the drinker. But once the drunk starts driving, it can
harm others due to road accidents. Similarly, smoking usually harms only the smokers.
But once they smoke in public, it can harm others especially the little ones and the
elderly.
Young or old, not one but all need to self-realize and give up on this disastrous
habit, before these ashes turn their bodies into ashes.
Concluding, smokers shall stop putting their mouth on fire and inspire the
people around by quitting it with self-assurance of never getting back to that ruinous
stage, keeping their health prior.
C. RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESES
The study aims to determine the causes and the effects of taking cigarette of
some students of Colegio De Sto. Niño. The researcher want to know the exact
percentage of these students taking cigarette smoke in Colegio De Sto. Niño according
to:
•Gender
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•Age
•Strand
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1) Do you smoke cigarette?
2) Do any of your parents smoke cigarettes?
3) Do any of your closest friends smoke cigarettes?
4) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarettes, would you use it?
5) Do you ever smoke inside your school?
6)Can you purchase cigarettes near your school?
7) Did you discuss the reasons why people smoke in any of your classes?
8) When you were in school, were you taught about the side effects of smoking, such
as making teeth yellow, causing wrinkles, or making smokers smell bad?
9) When you were in high school, were adults such as teachers and administrators
allowed to smoke at the school?
10) During your experimental smoking phase, was there a minimum legal age for
buying cigarettes?
11) During your experimental smoking phase, was it easy for you to get cigarettes?
12) During your experimental smoking phase, did anyone refuse to sell you cigarettes
because of your age?
13) During your experimental smoking phase, did you believe that smoking cigarettes
could be harmful to your health?
14) Did you think might smoking can affect your health?
15) As a teen, did a doctor or dentist ever talk to you about the dangers of smoking?
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16) Do you find it difficult to refrain form smoking in places where it is forbidden?
17) Do you believe that you could become addicted to cigarettes?
18) Do you think that smoking was "cool"?
19) When you taking a cigarettes, it is true that it has a pleasurable feeling?
20) When you taking a cigarettes, it is true that it helps you to decrease in stress?
HYPOTHESIS
The causes would be easily determine if it will be prioritized as the first and
having more time to solve it. The researchers predict that it would be easy to determine
the causes and effect if it will be prioritized. It is must to spend more time to resolve
the study problem. Some students are prone in taking cigarette smoking due to the
influence of the people around them that are push them to try this thing and then get
addicted to it during the whole process . There are some possibilities that the victim is
going through something no one could understand either their parents , classmates and
friends , unless the victim spoke about it. It may be lack of support of parents and
friends , being abused and many more that resulting them to get depressed and start to
abuse themselves by the use of addiction as like the research problem . It has
particularly effect into the body of victims such like , eyes , brain , stomach. Smoking is
really bad so we, the students should avoid doing it.
D. DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following word is the terminology used and seen across the paper. To more
easily understand and familiarize the reader with this phrase, the researchers gave the
same thing about the way of using seasonal-this role.
Smoking is a bad habit. This caused a lot of diseases on people who smoke as
well as to those who breathe the smoke from cigarettes.
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The cigarette contains the fine tobacco leaves that rolled on a piece of paper.
It was lit at the other end and the smoke are sipping and released again on the nose or
mouth.
The nicotine is one of the leading factors in smoking. It was an addict from
chemicals such as "heroin" and "cocaine".
The tar is one of the chemicals found in a cigarette. It is note why the tooth of a
smoke is yellow.
The carcinogen is even anything that can bring a cancer in our bodies.
The second-hand smoke is the smoke that is generated by the smoke as well
as the smoke that comes out at the other end of the cigarette.
The second-hand smoker is the moniker for those who breathe the smoke
from cigarettes among those who do not smoke. Shown in this paper the term
"breathe" which also refers to them.
The vasoconstrictor is a term associated with nicotine. This is the reason for
the stiff blood vessels.
The Coronary Artery Disease is a disease caused by a clogged artery available

on smoking habits.
The Tuberculosis, in contrast, is a disease caused by a type of mycobacterium

tuberculosis that do. It also can cause excessive smoking.
The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder or COPD is a bad condition

that blocked the passage of air into our bodies. Smoking is one of the most frequent
contributors.
The Nicorette is an alternative for smoking. The nicotine is in form piece. Even
when used as an alternative, it also effects are harmful to human health.
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The nicotine transdermal systems or better known as patches are also an
alternative to sipping to smoke. The nicotine is in a square patch that lay over the skin
of the arm. The patch is glued to it 16 hours while the nicotine gradually entered into
the skin until it flowed with blood.
The nicotine spray is like the inhaler, patches and Nicorette. The only
difference is he sniffing the nasal nicotine.
E. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Smoking is the leading cause of death and smoking initiation rarely occurs after
adolescence. Thus research on adolescent smoking is crucial. A consistent definition of
smoking is important because inconsistent definitions make comparisons across studies
an arduous task. Thus, the aim of the study was to suggest future research directions
for smoking definitions after examining pitfalls in the literature.
In this study the literature on adolescent smoking in the Philippines was

examined, and three types of smoking definitions were identified. Limitations in the
studies are identified and future research directions are suggested.
In the Philippine literature, smoking definitions can be categorized into three

groups: definitions based on stage models, smoking trajectories, and definitions derived
13
from specific data. In the South Korean literature, various levels of smoking have not
been differentiated.
While the literature does not provide a definitive answer regarding the definition
of smoking, it suggests three issues to consider for future research. First, multiple
measures of smoking are more desirable than a one-time measure. Second, theory- or
trajectory-based smoking definitions are more desirable than definitions derived from
available data. Finally, regularity and amount of cigarette use should be incorporated in
defining smoking behavior.
We conduct this study to really know the harmful effects of taking cigarette
smoke specially to those youth or teenager, from the study itself “Taking Cigarettes and
Awareness of its Effect on Health among the Students in Colegio De Sto. Niño for the
School Year 2018-2019”. Seeking for the minor age users to stop them from using it.
CHAPTER II: BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE
A. THEORY
This research is about the students of Colegio De Sto. Niño should avoid taking
cigarette smoking. In ancient times, smoking is common around the world. This work,
according to Wikipedia, is carried out in tribal rites to spoil or interact with the spirit
world. Some of these activities are the removal of evil spirits, begging them, etc. But,
over time, it has become one of the hottest "trends".
It started in the Central America region of 6000 BC. When 5000 years later,
1000 BC, the Mayans civilization began to pierce, suck and chew tobacco leaves. They
also used it, along with other medicinal plants, to treat the sick and injured. When they
sailed to other parts of the world, they brought tobacco leaves, so by the time the
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travelers, like Columbus and Francis Drake, were planning to build a tobacco plant and
make way for money. Smoking tobacco in Spain is popularized.
Smoking is a work for which the substance is burned, usually a tobacco, which
can be rolled into the paper at the same time as it absorbs the smoke it releases.
According to Med India Online, a stick of cigarettes consists of almost 4,000 chemicals
that have a lot of effects on the body and human psyche. Some of them are nicotine,
tar, acetone, chloroform, etc. Because of this, the world has rapidly changed other
people with the modifications to the use or manufacture of cigarettes. Now, you can
buy many kinds of alternatives. It is in the shape of a chewing gum (Nicorette), inhaler
transdermal systems (patches) or nicotine nasal spray. Their appearance and shape
vary, both chemicals and effects are still present.
It is true that smoking is very prevalent. If it used to be used in good and non-
permanent ways, it is now abusive to use it. For that reason, it has gradually become a
vicious reality. Only here in our country, there are many smokers.
And take note of the irony of the situation, "whoever gives life to others, he
also gradually kills himself". This can be said to young people attending Colegio De Sto.
Niño who is involved in smoking habits. This is one of the reasons why this study is
conducted.
This study focuses on the discovery of the effects of smoking in the mind
and body of students at Colegio De Sto. Niño. It will also identify the causes of smoking
by such students.
The results of this research are intended to add information about the
issue of social issues that are discussed and opened up to the minds of people,
especially the youths who are happy with this habit.
15
B. STUDIES DIRECTLY RELATED
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOBACCO-RELATED DISEASE
As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study carried out by the Harvard
University School of Public Health in 1997, it was projected that mortality and morbidity
from tobacco use will increase by almost threefold worldwide in 20 to 25 years. Similar
predictions have been made by the Oxford University Center headed by Sir Richard Doll,
who was one of the first researchers to link cigarette smoking with lung cancer in the
1950s. Cancer, cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
continue to be the main health problems associated with cigarette smoking. An
extensive database has accumulated, which has consistently documented a relationship
between smoking and these specific diseases. The strength of the association is further
16
demonstrated by measuring the RR and the presence of a dose-response relationship
(ie, direct relationship between the intensity of exposure to cigarette smoke and the risk
of disease). According to a 2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report
approximately 2600 people die of cardiovascular disease in the United States every day,
which translates into one death every 33 s. Furthermore, the likelihood of dying from
heart disease increases fourfold as a result of smoking. The cost of heart disease and
stroke in terms of health care expenses and lost productivity was estimated at US$351
billion in the United States alone in 2003.
An analysis by European health experts determined that in developed

countries as a whole, tobacco is responsible for 24% of all male deaths and 7% of all
female deaths; these figures rise to over 40% in men in some countries of central and
eastern Europe and to 17% in women in the United States. The average decreased life
span of smokers is approximately eight years. Among United Kingdom doctors followed
for 40 years, overall death rates in middle age were approximately three times higher
among physicians who smoked cigarettes than in nonsmokers.
In those United Kingdom physicians who stopped smoking, even in middle age,
a substantial improvement in life expectancy was noticed. These same experts found
that worldwide, smoking kills three million people each year and this figure is
increasing.
They predict that in most countries, the worst is yet to come, because by the
time the young smokers of today reach middle or old age, there will be approximately
10 million deaths per year from tobacco use. Approximately 500 million individuals alive
today can expect to be killed by tobacco and 250 million of these deaths will occur in
the middle age group. Tobacco is already the biggest cause of adult death in developed
countries. Over the next few decades tobacco is expected to become the biggest cause
of adult death in the world. For men in developed countries, the full effects of smoking
can already be seen. Tobacco causes one-third of all male deaths in the middle age
group (plus one-fifth in the old age group) and is the cause of approximately one-half
17
of all male cancer deaths in the middle age group (plus one-third in the old age group).
Of those who start smoking in their teenage years and continue smoking, approximately
one-half will be killed by tobacco. One-half of these deaths will be in middle-aged
individuals (35 to 69 years of age) and each will lose an average of 20 to 25 years of
nonsmoker life expectancy. In contrast, the total mortality is decreasing rapidly and
cancer mortality is decreasing slowly in nonsmokers in many countries. Throughout
Europe in the 1990s, tobacco smoking caused three-quarters of a million deaths in the
middle age group. In the Member States of the European Union in the 1990s, there
were over one-quarter of a million deaths in the middle age group directly caused by
tobacco smoking, which included 219,700 deaths in men and 31,900 in women. There
were many more deaths caused by tobacco at older ages. In countries of central and
eastern Europe, including the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, there were
441,200 deaths in middle-aged men and 42,100 deaths in women. Several
epidemiological studies examining the factors responsible for the inter individual
differences in the susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers and cardiovascular diseases
are being performed in the United States, Europe and Japan.
Although still not common practice, many of the newer studies are employing
molecular genetic assays in conjunction with epidemiology to identify genotypes
susceptible to disease development and select suitable biomarkers of tobacco smoke
exposure.
The frequency of investigations in the area of cigarette smoke composition

and chemistry decreased during the last decade. Nonetheless, there are ample data to
suggest that cigarette smoke is a highly complex mixture that contains approximately
4800 different compounds. Approximately 100 of these compounds are known
carcinogens, carcinogens and/or mutagens. The complex mixture also contains gases
such as ozone, formaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, toluene and benzene, and
about 1010particles of different sizes in each mL of mainstream smoke. In addition, a
number of other toxic, mutagenic, tumor promoter and/or carcinogenic substances have
been identified in both mainstream and side stream cigarette smoke over the years.
18
Many chemical and biological assays of smoke condensates have also documented the
presence of potent inhibitors of carcinogenesis in smoke. Such a complex chemical
composition of smoke has made it difficult to determine the active constituent(s)
responsible for the tobacco-related health risks of smoking and has led to studies of
individual constituents of smoke such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
nitrosamines and nicotine. Thus, over the years, various individual groups of smoke
constituents have been the focus of research at different times. For example, studies of
PAH were in vogue during the 1970s and 1980s, followed by nitrosamines in the 1990s.
Tobacco alkaloids have long been studied because of their pharmacological

activity and have attracted increased attention because of their suspected role in
addiction, smoking behavior and cessation. However, it is also being realized now that
the health effects of this complex mixture are likely to result from a combined effect of
these chemicals through multiple mechanisms rather than as result of the effects of a
single smoke constituent. The mixture contains compounds belonging to almost every
class of chemicals that are toxic and protective, agonist and antagonist, carcinogenic
and ant carcinogenic, and exists in the gaseous as well as the particulate phase.
TOBACCO-RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis in particular, are the leading

causes of death in industrial societies. The predominant underlying cause of coronary
artery disease (CAD) is atherogenesis, which also causes atherosclerotic aortic and
peripheral vascular diseases. Cigarette smoking, independently and synergistically with
other risk factors such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, contributes to the
development and promotion of the atherosclerotic process. Various studies have shown
that the risk of developing CAD increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per
day, total number of smoking years and the age of initiation, thus indicating a dose-
related response. In contrast, cessation of smoking is reported to reduce mortality and
morbidity from atherosclerotic vascular disease.
19
The mechanisms through which smoking influences the development and
progression of atherosclerosis are poorly understood at present, but recent studies
point to an adverse effect of smoking on endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions
as well as thrombotic disturbances produced by tobacco smoke. With the use of modern
ultrasonographic techniques, three independent studies performed in the United States,
Europe and Australia have demonstrated that both active and passive smokers exhibit
impaired endothelium-dependent vasoregulation .
Some degree of recovery of endothelial function in ex-passive smokers who

have stayed away from smoke-contaminated environments further supported a
secondary role of smoke in endothelial dysfunction.
Evidence has been presented that tobacco-related impairment of endothelial

function may be related to its adverse effects on endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase.
An association between a genetic polymorphism of the endothelial NO synthase gene
and the predisposition of smokers to CAD was reported. Additionally, studies report that
smoke interferes with L-arginine and NO metabolism, resulting in reduced NO
formation.
Up regulation of the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

such as vascular CAM-1 and intercellular CAM-1 by smoke condensates, and stimulation
of leukocyte and endothelium attachment by exposure to cigarette smoke was
demonstrated. Cigarette smoke extract has been shown to induce expression of CAMs.
However, the expression of a specific adhesion molecule is determined in vivo and the
relationship between various events is poorly understood.
Exposure to tobacco smoke is known to increase oxidative stress in the body

by various mechanisms, including depletion of plasma antioxidants such as vitamin C.
At least two studies have been performed to determine the role of oxidative stress in
increasing leukocyte-endothelial interactions that precede the development of
atherosclerosis in smokers. One study showed that a high intake of vitamin C by
smokers significantly reduced the adhesiveness of their monocytes to endothelial cells.
20
However, in a second study, sera from young smokers was collected before and after a
single oral supplementation with vitamin C and L-arginine (a substrate for NO
production). The sera were tested for promotion of the adherence of human monocytes
to human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. It was shown that while oral L-
arginine caused reduction in such leukocyte adherence, no reduction was seen with
vitamin C supplementation. This suggested that the NO levels may be important in
smoking-induced leukocyte-endothelial interactions, at least during the early stages.
Neither NO nor any other markers of oxidative stress were measured in either of these
studies.
These studies have thus identified newer, more specific markers of oxidative
stress that can be used as biomarkers of oxidant injury and used for the development
of dietary and/or pharmacological interventions against disease development.
Relatively few studies related to cardiovascular effects of cigarette smoke have

been performed in rodent models. Such animal studies are, however, needed to
delineate the role of different mechanisms in promoting atherosclerotic disease and for
developing appropriate interventions.
TOBACCO-RELATED CANCERS
Tobacco carcinogenesis has remained a focus of research during the past 10

years, and various epidemiological and experimental studies have not only confirmed
the major role of tobacco smoke exposure in lung and bladder cancers, but have also
reported on its association with cancers of various other sites, such as the oral cavity,
esophagus, colon, pancreas, breast, larynx and kidney. It is also associated with
leukemia, especially acute myeloid leukemia.
In addition to the highly recognized role of cigarette smoking in lung cancer, it

has been implicated in many other chronic diseases, including chronic bronchitis and
pulmonary emphysema. In the United States, the reduction in smoking has resulted in a
decline in death due to lung cancer in men since the mid 1980s.
21
However, the incidence of lung cancer in women has surpassed that of breast
cancer and continues to rise; it will likely be the focus of future studies. Both active and
passive smoking are implicated in this increase, and several studies of smoking
behaviour and disease incidence in women suggest greater susceptibility of women to
tobacco carcinogens. It is believed that 80% to 90% of all respiratory cancers are
related to active smoking.
Because of the antiestrogen protective effects of smoking, the role of smoking

in breast cancer is controversial. However, recent studies suggest that both active and
passive smoking may have a role in the occurrence of breast cancer. One example is a
study that found an OR of 4.5 for breast cancer among women who were exposed to
passive smoke before 12 years of age and an OR of 7.5 for active smokers. Women
who were first exposed to passive smoke after 12 years of age had a lower, although
still elevated, OR.
In both men and women, cancers of the head and neck are also on the rise,
and this has been attributed to increased use of smokeless tobacco products. Also, a
synergistic interaction between cigarette smoking and radon exposure was confirmed in
a large study that showed that lung cancer incidence due to an interaction between
smoking and radon exposure exceeded incidence accounted for by additive effects and,
therefore, indicated multiplicative effects.
Comparative toxicity studies have shown that in comparison with standard

cigarettes, the new experimental cigarettes that heat tobacco have a relatively low
toxicity. In comparing lung cancer risk in smokers of different types of cigarettes, Lee
determined in 2001 that the risk was 36% lower in individuals smoking filtered
cigarettes than in those smoking unfiltered cigarettes, and the risk was 23% lower for
22
smokers of low-tar cigarettes than smokers of high-tar cigarettes. The risk increased by
42% in hand-rolled cigarette smokers and by 75% in smokers using black tobacco.
One interesting observation relates to the nature of lung cancer, which has
changed over the years with respect to the location and the types of lung tumors
observed in smokers. In the past, the primary tumors observed among smokers were
the centrally located squamous cell carcinomas of the airways. Now, the predominant
lung tumors in smokers are peripheral adenocarcinomas and other non-small-cell lung
cancers. This shift in tumor types has been attributed to changes in the composition of
cigarettes and its effect on the smoking patterns of tobacco users over the past 30
years. Significant reductions in cigarette tar and nicotine and increased levels of nitrates
in cigarettes have markedly altered the manner in which cigarettes are smoked. The
number and volume of puffs taken by smokers have increased from a single 35 mL
puff/min with 1950s cigarettes to two to four 50 mL puffs/min of low-tar or low-nicotine
cigarettes; the depth of inhalation has also increased. These changes in smoking
patterns have promoted greater deposition of smoke constituents into the peripheral
lungs, where adenocarcinomas develop.
Major advances are being made in the area of molecular epidemiology of

tobacco-related cancers in human populations. Many recent epidemiological studies
have focused on the differential susceptibility to tobacco-related cancers; they have
employed polymerase chain reaction-based molecular assays that permit genotypic
analysis of small human samples and supplement the information generated by
enzymatic and immunological assays. These assays are increasingly being used in
human and experimental studies to examine various gene-gene and gene-environment
interactions. One area that has received considerable attention in recent years is the
role of polymorphic enzymes in the development of diseases. It is now well recognized
that genetic polymorphism strongly influences cancer susceptibility and incidence. The
frequencies of mutated alleles of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and
23
xenobiotic bio-transformation genes vary significantly among different populations and
impact substantially on their susceptibility to cancer.
Nearly every enzyme in the carcinogen metabolism pathways has been found
to exist in multiple forms, many of which vary in binding affinity and/or turnover
efficiency. Some are even entirely absent in individuals, thereby influencing their
susceptibility to disease development.
The chemical complexity of tobacco smoke and the metabolic activation

requirements for many of its carcinogenic constituents have drawn particular attention
to genetic polymorphisms of biotransformation enzymes that metabolize tobacco smoke
carcinogens. Thus, genes for various activating enzymes such as cytochrome P450
(CYP) proteins, and deactivating enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), N-
acetyl transferase (NAT) and uridine diphosphate-glucose transferase have been the
main target of many recent studies in the context of tobacco carcinogenesis. Also, pre-
existing inherited mutations and/or mutation susceptibility of tumor suppressor genes
such as p53, which are known to play a major role in determining cancer susceptibility,
have been a subject of investigations in tobacco-related carcinogenesis.
Several human studies have suggested a strong interplay of various

polymorphic CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, NAT1, NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes in
modulating the formation of DNA adducts, induction of mutations and chromosomal
damage, and/or the incidence of cancers of various sites in different populations.
The CYP1A1 gene has been extensively studied in Japanese populations. Two
polymorphic variants that interact with smoking to modify lung cancer risk have been
identified. Thus, a homozygous minor allele combined with smoking was found to
increase lung cancer risk. Studies of the same gene in Western populations have,
however, yielded negative or conflicting result, although an interaction
of CYP1A1 variants with the GST null genotype has been reported to significantly
increase lung cancer risks in non-Japanese populations.
24
NATs are polymorphic conjugation enzymes (produced by the NAT1
and NAT2 genes) involved in the detoxification of aromatic amines by N-acetylation.
Depending on the presence or absence of a particular variant, individuals can be
categorized as slow or fast acetylators, which in turn can influence the incidence of
bladder cancer. It was shown that slow acetylator NAT2 is an important modifier of the
amount of aromatic amine-DNA adduct formation even at a low dose of tobacco smoke
exposure. Slow acetylator NAT2 genotype was also a significant risk factor for bladder
cancer in moderate and heavy smokers, but had no effect in nonsmokers.
GSTs are another group of metabolic detoxification enzymes that have

attracted a great deal of interest in recent years because of their association with risks
for different types of cancers. Based on their sequences, these enzymes are divided into
five classes. Three of these classes – GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTPi – are important in the
context of tobacco-related cancers. Extensive studies on the relationship of these genes
to cancer risks have shown that most populations studied have very high frequencies
(20% to 50%) of homozygous GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion carriers. GSTM1 and GSTT1
may be involved in the etiology of cancer at more than one site.
Furthermore, the risk to individuals who carry homozygous deletions is

generally small but increases significantly on interaction with cigarette smoking. Among
all metabolic cancer susceptibility genes, the association of GSTM1 deficiency with
cancer risk is the most consistent and unidirectional. Various experimental and
epidemiological observations support the role of this gene in tobacco-related cancers.
For example, it has been observed that the excretion of urinary mutagens and the
number of lung tissue DNA adducts in GSTM1-deficient smokers is significantly greater
than those carrying the wild-type allele. Various epidemiological studies also support
the premise that deficiency of this enzyme predisposes for lung and bladder cancers.
Furthermore, low activity alleles of GSTPi have been often found in association with
different types of human cancers.
25
The above studies show that several genetically controlled polymorphic
enzymes and enzyme systems are linked to tobacco carcinogen activation and
deactivation. Some of these genes have been identified and characterized, but others
remain undiscovered. Not only the independent effects of single gene polymorphisms,
but an interplay of multiple gene interactions appear to be involved. The complexity of
epidemiological studies, which have many uncontrollable variables, makes it difficult to
study such interactions and their control in human studies. Additionally, many of the
enzymes involved in tobacco carcinogen metabolism are also induced by other
environmental factors such as alcohol use, dietary constituents, pesticide and xenobiotic
exposure, hormonal status, etc., further complicating the interpretation of data. The
interaction of many of these genes with each other and the effect of environmental
factors are just beginning to be examined. Experimental studies in specifically
constructed transgenic and knock-out animals will be important for a systematic
evaluation of the contribution of specific cancer genes and/or cancer susceptibility
genes to the tobacco carcinogenic process, and to help identify the mechanisms
through which environmental agents, such as cigarette smoke, influence these
processes.
SECONDHAND SMOKE
The adverse effects of cigarette smoke on human health are widely

recognized. It is the main etiological agent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
and lung cancer, and is a known human carcinogen. While the risks to human health
from active smoking are accepted, evidence supporting the risk of involuntary exposure
to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has accumulated in recent years. It is the main
source of toxicant exposure by inhalation in nonsmokers. Despite recent regulations,
smoking in public enterprises is not uncommon. However, despite an occasional report
on the effect of secondhand smoke in nonsmokers, little attention was given to this
26
aspect of smoking until about 1970. ETS is now regarded as a risk factor for
development of lung cancer, cardiovascular disease and altered lung functions in
passive smokers. In general, children exposed to ETS show deterioration of lung
function, more days of restricted activity, more pulmonary infections, more days in bed,
more absences from school and more hospitalization than children living in nonsmoking
homes.
Passive smoking is also implicated in increasing atherosclerosis in individuals

15 to 65 years of age. Children exposed to ETS are at higher risk of developing
cardiovascular disorders. Quantitative risk estimates were obtained by measuring the
intimal-medial thickness of the carotid artery in a large longitudinal atherosclerosis risk
study of 10,914 individuals. Increases of 50%, 25% and 20% were shown over
nonsmokers in current, ex-and passive smokers, respectively, thus suggesting a role of
all types of tobacco smoke exposure in the progression of atherosclerosis. A recent
meta-analysis of 18 epidemiological studies (10 cohort and eight case-control) further
showed an increased RR of CAD in ETS-exposed individuals. These investigators also
identified a significant dose-response relationship between the intensity of smoke
exposure and risk of CAD in passive smokers. Cardiovascular health risks of smoke-
exposed women are of particular concern. Although the exposure to ETS is a current
topic of debate in tobacco-related cancers and other lung diseases, the limited research
at the basic experimental level provides a strong argument for launching experimental
studies to support human data and explore disease mechanisms.
C. STUDIES TANGENTIALLY RELATED
Pharmacology for the Primary Care Provider
According to the book of Pharmacology for the primary care provider (2004),
smoking is the cause of many diseases. It is the development of lung cancer,
esophagus, and larynx, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder or COPD. They also said that 27.3 percent of
the smoking age 25-44, 23.3 percent were age 45-64, and 10.5 percent smoke age 65
27
and older. Children also tend to develop heart disease because of high cholesterol that
are obtained from the inhaled cigarette smoke inside the House. It is said that more
than 420,000 deaths annually due to sickness in smoking.
The nicotine is lifting of the heart rate and blood pressure do increase of
epinephrine. It is also lowering of oxygen due to the increase of carbon dioxide in the
body. Also say that may reduce thoughts of smoke compared to adults who don't
smoke and their bodies are more depend on drugs.
The sudden not smoking is experiencing being irritable, tired, adding weight
made of many food illnesses, depression, head, after hard focus. They can reduce the
use of nicotine-containing smoking deterrents which reduces the plasma nicotine in the
body. The man who quit smoking or not smoking can prevent the stench of breath,
yellowing of teeth, dehydration of hair and skin, and deterioration of taste.
Critical Think in Respiratory Care
According to the book to think Critical in respiratory care (2002), chronic

obstructive pulmonary disorder or COPD is the effect of the environment on our lives or
because they inherited it. 80-90 percentage is due to smoking and second hand smoke
that one example of environmental. The disease COPD is experiencing symptoms of
cyanosis, hypoxia effects as gasping, and bronchoconstriction if so can say that COPD is
a disease blocking the passage of air. Saying that smokers of twenty years are
experiencing the above symptoms.
Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy: A Guide to Practice
This book addresses a variety of subjects, but its focus is to deepen the
knowledge of the physical therapists to be more effective in their work. It also outlines
the common causes of deterioration of the heart and lungs, the various
cardiopulmonary examinations and treatment of some diseases related to such organs.
It also contains complete information on the pharmacology and providing safe and
effective use of medications.
28
Tuberculosis: A Foundation for Nursing and Health Care Practice
According to the World Health Organization, two hundred million (200 m) people
develop tuberculosis amid year 2000 and 2020 and thirty-five million (35 m) people die
of this disease. This book contains guidance to nurses and giving knowledge to
effectively diagnose, prevention, cure and care. It also says the new concept and its
corresponding immunity to tuberculosis. This book encourages nurses and other
professionals who do the type of medicine to do those concepts and effective ways to
become more effective prevention and cure the disease tuberculosis.
Pocket Handbook of Clinical Psychology
Stated in this book a variety of psychological effects of variety diversified drugs.

One of the things being discussed here is the smoking. It describes the book as one of
the most widespread and most deadly vices. Considered to be one of the main reasons
for the involvement of young people in the habit of smoking is their environment.
Sometimes, smoking may also be caused by other vices such as drinking alcohol,
pagdo-drugs, etc. Smoking may be lost through hypnosis, acupuncture, aversive
therapy, etc. Also mentioned in this book a study conducted in the year 2000 in the
United States. Saying the study of graphs, 24.2% of the population are youth ages 12-
17 years old. The highest percentage is also the ages 18-25, 44.7%.
Pharmacology for Nursing Care
This book is useful for professions related to science. It says the drugs may be
used for any disease and its effects on people. Here also the tools of medicine and its
actions on the body and mind of man.
He said in this book are more than approximately 128,813 people die due to
lung cancer, the 111,344 with heart disease and the 64,735 chronic airway obstruction
or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. 36,000 here are those who do not smoke.
People who smoke feel the physical manifestation of smoking such as speed of
29
heartbeat, increased blood pressure, increasing the concentration of gastric acid in the
stomach (vomiting), sweating, feed, alert, etc. The inhalation of smoke from cigarettes
becomes a reason to feel nausea and usea are not smoked.
Mosby's Pharmacology in Nursing
The information in this book is very much like the previous mentioned. It
addresses medications and the composition of it. It also outlined the ways in which
affects the drugs to an individual.
It says that smoking has increased the number of white blood cells in our blood.
Therefore also in hemoglobin and hematocrit. The speed of healing of wounds are slow
down because of the nicotine. It is also encouraged to become model young nurses. As
servants of the people when it comes to health, should be a model for nurses not in the
habit of smoking. If they want to become a contributor in developing changes in public
smoking behaviors, they should begin to themselves and become a non-smoker.
Mental Health and Mental illness
This book contains information about diseases that may affect the thoughts of a
person especially if they are dependent on drugs or are struggling with bad habits.
Many problems they mention connected to smoking. It is called "nicotine-related
disorders". This event is the experience of those who have strong dependence on
smoking. It says that the use of tobacco in our country is still growing. Some people,
for them, is a positive impact of smoking on their bodies and there are also those who
do not agree here.
Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition and Health
30
This book is the first integrated deeply and connect to nutrition and health
aspects of the anti-oxidants. Discussed in this book are the effects, call, these things
affect the anti-oxidant and other things associated with it. As noted in this book what
the beneficial and harmful effects of smoking on the body of the people, especially the
pregnant.
Compendium of Philippine Medicine, 4th Edition
This handout contains conditions that are available to people. With the disease
mentioned in this book is the history, ways of treatment and ways of avoiding them.
One of the diseases listed here is the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD.
This is the future of progressive opposing the flow of air into the lungs which may
perhaps Chronic pain Bronchitis or Emphysema who get in the habit of smoking. Also,
COPD is one of the most important diseases in the 20th century because it is the main
cause of disability and death. In the year 1990, COPD was 12th on the list of the main
causes of human disease. And according to WHO, " for year 2020, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease will be ranked number 4" saying less distant pass that rise in the
ranking of disease based on the majority of the population of people with adult and
swift that increased use of tobacco. There are guidance presented readings to improve
delivery of concern for human health, promote delivery of patient at night, and for
evaluating and managing COPD in English.
CHAPTER III: PROCEDURES
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH DESIGN
This study was a correlational research. The study identified the prevalence of
smoking and examined the factors related to smoking behaviors among male and
female of Senior High School Students in Colegio De Sto. Niño. The independent
variables included age, gender and strand meanwhile the dependent variable is the
smoking itself.
31
The seasonal roles are conducted according to the procedure of research design
description. The methodology is a way to find the information and provide the proper
interpretation of results. Because smoking is the selected topic by researchers, that
cover current events and conditions of people involved in it, this procedure is the most
appropriate to use. This is because it can provide a good description of the findings.
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE
The respondents for this study are the female and male students of Colegio De
Sto. Niño School Year 2018-2019. The sample was selected from the population of male
and female SHS Students who were students at Colegio De Sto. Niño. A sample was
taken to represent the students. The basis of selection was the students per strand.
Inclusion criteria consisted of (a) students pick at a random who taking cigarette even if
is not. (b) willing to participate in the study.
This study was consists of 50 respondents. The researchers choose a sample

from the population of the Students in Colegio De Sto. Niño by random sampling to
answer the survey questionnaire with 20 questions answered only with "Yes or no".
C. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS USED
The instruments used in this study were self-administered questionnaires. They

comprised of 20-item questions that is answerable by “Yes” or “No”. For instance,
question number one, Do you smoke cigarette? Responses were “yes”/ “no”. The
participants who answered “no” for the first item, it is classified as non-smokers. The
participants who answered “yes” to first item were classified as smokers.
The questionnaires were constructed in the English language. The content of the
questionnaires was validated by the panel of experts. The panel for this study included
the Professors of Colegio De Sto. Niño. Panel members were asked to rate the content
32
relevance of each item using 4-point rating scale: “1 = not relevant, 2 = item is in need
of much revision; 3 = relevant but needs minor alteration; 4 = very relevant”. To
ascertain a content validity, content validity index (CVI) was then calculated. The
instruments were pilot tested to establish their reliabilities with 50 Students of Colegio
De Sto. Niño.
D. EPLANATION OF THE PROCEDURES
WHAT
Our research topic is all about “Taking Cigarettes and Awareness of its Effect on
Health among the Students in Colegio De Sto. Niño for the School Year 2018-2019”.
This focuses on the Students of Colegio De Sto. Niño who are taking cigarette smoke.
This study focuses on the discovery of the effects of smoking in the mind and body of
students at CSN. It will also identify the causes of smoking by such students.
WHEN
Our research is conducted at 24 th of March for the year 2019. The survey
questionnaire are distributed on the 26th of March 2019.
WHERE
The sample was selected from the population of male and female students
who were students at Colegio De Sto. Niño. The research that we conducted are in
Colegio De Sto. Niño, Ema Town Center, Meycauayan, Bulacan.
HOW
1. After completed the approval from the Professor, the researcher approaches the
faculties for collaboration in survey procedures.
2. After getting the permission, the researcher made appointment with the Students
for data collection.
33
3. The data were collected with self-administered questionnaires in the schools by the
researcher.
4. The questionnaires were filled out in the classrooms with adequate time (30-40
minutes) and the teachers were not in the classrooms during the assessment.
5. The researcher reminded the participants to check the completed questionnaires

before returning them to the researcher. Moreover, the participants were informed that
answers were analyzed anonymously and that only general conclusions were drawn.
E. DISCUSSION OF INTERNAL VALIDITY
Student perceptions of smoking in their school environment can also influence

the risk for smoking. If a SHS Student reports that they often see students smoking
near their school or that students at their school smoke where they are not allowed,
he/she is more likely to be an ever smoker than a similar student who does not report
seeing student smoking near the school or where they are not allowed. This is also
consistent with existing evidence for high school students and provides additional
evidence that the enforcement of school smoking restrictions is an effective tobacco
control measure among youth.
The use of students' perceptions of school smoking policy is a strength of this

study when compared with studies that have used an administrator or teacher's report
to define the school smoking policy. Regardless of the actual level of enforcement, the
perception that smoking restrictions are enforced provides an unequivocal message
about the unacceptability of smoking.
34
These findings suggest that it might be beneficial to expand the jurisdiction
covered by school smoking restrictions to include the property surrounding a school.
When the 1994 Tobacco Control Act banned student smoking on school property in
Ontario, it pushed most student smoking from designated smoking areas located out of
sight of most students, to highly visible areas in front of schools, at least in high school
settings. This shift can inadvertently make smoking more visible and, hence, socially
desirable to nonsmoking students. In response, research is required to determine if
prohibiting students and adults from smoking in areas visible from a school impacts
youth smoking onset and progression. Evidence from a case study where student
smoking has been pushed further afield and out of site does support benefits of these
actions. However, this approach does require considerably more commitment on the
part of people responsible for enforcement (e.g., school staff) and may require buy-in
from school neighbors to operate effectively.
F. DISCUSSION OF EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Among young people, the short-term health consequences of smoking include

respiratory and non respiratory effects, addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of
other drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking are reinforced by the
fact that most young people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout
adulthood. Cigarette smokers have a lower level of lung function than those persons
who have never smoked. Smoking reduces the rate of lung growth.
In adults, cigarette smoking causes heart disease and stroke. Studies have
shown that early signs of these diseases can be found in adolescents who smoke.
Smoking hurts young people's physical fitness in terms of both performance and
endurance, even among young people trained in competitive running. On average,
someone who smokes a pack or more of cigarettes each day lives 7 years less than
someone who never smoked.
35
The resting heart rates of young adult smokers are two to three beats per minute
faster than nonsmokers. Smoking at an early age increases the risk of lung cancer. For
most smoking-related cancers, the risk rises as the individual continues to smoke.
Teenage smokers suffer from shortness of breath almost three times as often as
teens who don't smoke, and produce phlegm more than twice as often as teens who
don't smoke. Teenage smokers are more likely to have seen a doctor or other health
professionals for an emotional or psychological complaint.
Teens who smoke are three times more likely than nonsmokers to use alcohol,
eight times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine.
Smoking is associated with a host of other risky behaviors, such as fighting and
engaging in unprotected sex.
G. DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
This research paper does not use complicated statistical methods. There was only
a thorough and careful tally transmission and getting percent from responses of the
respondent. The 100 percent on each question is the total number of responses. The
percentage of each answer is obtained by the formula:
F (100)
Where;
F refers to the number of answers per question.
N is referred to as the total number of respondents who answered the survey

questionnaire.
100 as the total number of percentage.
36
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS
DESCRIPTION OF FINDINGS PERTINENT TO EACH OF THE

RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES
It contains the data analysis from our questionnaire answered by our

respondent. Also, this chapter contains the profile of the respondents to get the total
percentage of what gender and what age are becoming much the consumption of a few
students of Colegio De Sto. Niño in forbidden vices to cigarette smoking.
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Based on the data we collected 40% is the highest rating of a youth smokers. 17 is
the usual age where some students are taking cigarette smoke.
37
Object 3
Object 5
38
Object 7 Based on
the data we collected 40% is the highest percentage of strand profile which is the ICT
Students. Most of the ICT students are taking cigarette smoke followed by General
Academic Strand.
Based on the data we gathered 40% are female while 60% are male who are
actually taking cigarette smoking in Colegio De Sto. Niño.
DATA RESULTS ON SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Cause and Effect of the Study
1) Do you smoke cigarette?
39

Object 9
On the first question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 70% and
the remaining 30% are the number who answered no, it is a statistical
way with 50 respondents collected by a survey-questioner.
2) Do any of your parents smoke cigarettes?

 On the second question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 54%
and the remaining 46% are the number who answered no, it is a
statistical way with 50 respondents collected by a survey-questioner.
40
Object 11
3) Do any of your closest friends smoke cigarettes?

 On the third question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 68%
Object 13
41
4) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarettes, would you use it?
 On the fourth question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 28%
Object 15
5) Do you ever smoke inside your school?

 On the fifth question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 14%
42
Object 17
6) Can you purchase cigarettes near your school?
43

Object 20
On the sixth question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 24%
7) Did you discuss the reasons why people smoke in any of your classes?
 On the seventh question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 54%
44
Object 23
8) When you were in school, were you taught about the side effects of
smoking, such as making teeth yellow, causing wrinkles, or making
smokers smell bad?
 On the eighth question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 70%
45
Object 25
9) When you were in high school, were adults such as teachers and
administrators allowed to smoke at the school?
 On the 9th question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 22% and
the remaining 78% are the number who answered no, it is a statistical
way with 50 respondents collected by a survey-questioner.
Object 27
46
10)During your experimental smoking phase, was there a minimum
legal age for buying cigarettes?
 On the 10th question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 58%
Object 30
11) During your experimental smoking phase, was it easy for you to get
cigarettes?
47
Object 32
12) During your experimental smoking phase, did anyone refuse to sell you
cigarettes because of your age?
48

Object 34
On the 12 th
question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 36%
13) During your experimental smoking phase, did you believe that smoking
cigarettes could be harmful to your health?
49
Object 36
14) Did you think might smoking can affect your health?
50
Object 38
15) As a teen, did a doctor or dentist ever talk to you about the dangers of
smoking?
51

Object 40
On the 15th question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 44%
16) Do you find it difficult to refrain form smoking in places where it is

forbidden?
52
Object 42
17) Do you believe that you could become addicted to cigarettes?
Object 44
18) Do you think that smoking was "cool"?
53

Object 46
On the 18 th
question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 44%
19) When you taking a cigarettes, it is true that it has a pleasurable feeling?
54

Object 48
On the 19 th
question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 48% and the
remaining 52% are the number who answered no, it is a statistical way with 50
respondents collected by a survey-questioner .
55
Object 50 2
0) When you taking a cigarettes, it is true that it helps you to decrease in stress?
 On the 20th question the number who agreed or answered Yes is 38% and the
remaining 62% are the number who answered no, it is a statistical way with 50
respondents collected by a survey-questioner.
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION BEING

INVESTIGATED, THE PROCEDURES EMPLOYED AND THE
RESULTS OBTAINED
We conduct this study to know the reason why students are prone in taking
cigarette smoke even if it is bad for their health. The researchers do a random sampling
which we can get a good results based on a respondents in a given population. We
want to know the exact age and what gender will be the most number of percentage.
This study was performed to determine the physical and psychological effects of
smoking on physical and psychological health of the students of Colegio De Sto. Niño
for the school year 2018-2019.
56
The researchers do the descriptive research design in appropriate presentation of
findings. The researchers also conduct a survey of the few students at Colegio De Sto.
Niño who do smoking. In total, there are 50 respondents.
According to data which we collected 60% are male while the remaining 30% are
female. Most of the male and female who smoke are at age 17 with 40% of one
hundred percentage of our respondents.
Based on the data we gathered 70% are smokers and 30% are not. And 40% of
these are the Students of ICT Strand.
B. DISCUSSION OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS
Here's the conclusion can say acquired by researchers from the information.
a. Most of the respondents who’s taking cigarette are male.
b. From the data we gathered the most number of percentage is the question
“Do any of your closest friend smoke cigarette?” and 68% of the sample agreed,
so we conclude that, one of the reason why students are taking cigarette is
because of the influence of their friends.
c. Many reasons why the youth are trying this issue and the leading reason is ‘it’s
hard for them to resist when there’s a cigarette even if the place is in public’ and
60% of the respondent agreed.
d. One of the reasons why students try this kind of issue is that, their parents
actually do smoke too.
e. It has the same physical effects of smoking to smokers and non-smokers. The
effects in organs that Airways such as the mouth, nose, and lungs.
57
f. The psychological impact of smoking on the block is dependent on the views of
people who inhale.
g. The age of seventeen (17) is the most common age for youth who are active
of the habit of smoking.
h. There’s a high risk factor that smoking may affect on health and 86% of the
respondents agree with it but still taking it.
i. ICT is the Strand where most of them are taking cigarette.
C. LIMITATIONS
The cross-sectional design of this study precludes examination of

temporal relationships among variables. For instance, it would be illuminating to
know how patterns of student smoking surrounding a school influence the
number of friendships a young person develops with smokers and how entering
a high-risk school affects the emergence of smoking friendships.
Longitudinal data are required to address such questions. Data were

also based on self-reports so the validity of the responses may be questioned.
However, the measures in the School Smoking Profile have been

previously shown to be reliable and valid; honest reporting was encouraged by
ensuring confidentiality during data collection, and some students were asked to
provide preannounced saliva samples for biochemical validation to further
encourage honest reporting.
The utility of the methodology used may also have application to other
student health issues, such as physical inactivity and unhealthy eating; other key
risk factors for cancer. A surveillance system that could facilitate identification of
high-risk settings across multiple risk behaviors would further help rationalize
costs of both prevention program planning and intervention.
58
Indeed, a useful research study would answer whether schools that
provide risky environments for one type of behavior also contribute to risk for
other behaviors.
As of now, we can’t control their mind to stop doing a bad habit but in
time, they will realize a bad effects of smoking.
D. SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
The researchers would like to suggest nor to recommend this study;
a. For the youth, who mentioned in this study who didn’t yet know the effects of
smoking. Perhaps now, all you saw is the beautiful effects of this such as free
of stress. But, you must also consider the effects on your mind and body. The
researchers also found in this study that some of the effects you can go
through with illnesses such as irritation of the throat, yellow the teeth, etc.
But hey, know the high risk effect of it. If you smoke, it's the right time to
stop it. You don't just damned yourself, but also others you’ll able be
affected.
b. For the parents, the researchers told the children about this issue. You can
help to expand their knowledge regarding smoking. You are the model of
your children so encourage them not to be involve in taking it.
c. Teachers Colegio De Sto. Niño, just like parents you can also open the minds
of young people in its effects. Encourage them to stop this habit.
d. Students of Colegio De Sto. Niño, you stand as models of cleanliness and

health. Maybe it is appropriate to use the right way with what you have
learned in CSN. You start the propagation of giving attention to the issue of
smoking because it is widespread. You could stop this habit.
59
REFERENCES
Edmunds, M. W., & Mayhew, M. S. (2009). Pharmacology for the primary

care provider. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Irwin, S., & Tecklin, J.S. (2004). Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy: A guide
to practice. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Mishoe, S. C., & Welch, Jr., M. A. (2001). Critical thinking in respiratory care.
Canada: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing.
Grange, J. M., Prat, R. J. & Williams, V. G. (2005 ). Tuberculosis: a foundation

for nursing and health care practice, 1. London, UK: A Hodder Arnold
Publication.
Lehne, R. A. (2003). Pharmacology for nursing care, 5. Philadelphia,

PA:Saunders.
McKenry, L. M., & Salerno, E. (2000). Mosby’s pharmacology in nursing, 21.

St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Barry, P. D. (2002). Mental health and mental illness, 2. Hagerstown,

Maryland, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
60
Papas, A. M., ed. (1998). Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition and health. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Aldrich, M. (2006). Stop smoking. London: Hodder Education
Lapointe, M. M. (2008). Adolescent Smoking and Health Research.

New York: Nova Science Publishers
Aldridge, S. & Carter, R. (Eds.). (2005). Use your brain to beat addiction
(pp.50-57). London: Octopus Publishing Group
Ko, A.H., Dollinger, M. & Rosenbaum, E.H. (2008). Everyone's guide to

cancer therapy: how cancer is diagnosed, treated and managed day to day
(5th Ed.). Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing
Nezu, A.M., Nezu, C.M., Geller, P.A. & Weiner, I.B. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook
of psychology: health psychology. Canada: Wiley
Manuck, S., Jennings, R., Baum, A. & Rabin, B. (2000). Behavior, Health and
Aging. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Schwartz, J. (1987). Review and evaluation of smoking cessation methods:

the United States and Canada, 1978-1985. National Cancer Institute
Walker, J., Payne, S., Smith, P. & Jarrett, N. (2007). Psychology for nurses
and the caring professions (3rd Ed.). United Kingdom: McGraw Hill Open
University Press
Slovic, P. (Ed.). (2001). Smoking: Risk, Perception & Policy. California: Sage
Publications, Inc.
Hyde, M.O. & Setaro, J.F. (2005). Smoking 101: an overview for teens:
Minnesota: 21st Century Books
61
Wagner, E.F. (2000). Nicotine addiction among adolescents. New York: The
Haworth Press, Inc.
Compendium of Philippine Medicine, 4th Ed. Philippines: Medicomm Pacific
Gorman, C. (2006, July). Lung cancer and the sexes. Time Magazine
Gupta, S. & Gajilan, C. (2004, May). Health: Up in smoke. Time Magazine
Medical update: Lose weight, stop smoking. (2004, July). Reader's Digest, 17
Health smart: Improving survival rates for COPD patients. (2009, January).
Reader's Digest, 36
RD you: Puff away your looks. (2009, March). Reader's Digest, 141
National Cancer Institute. (2009). Quit smoking today. Nakuha noong

December 26, 2009 mula sa
http://www.cancer.gov/features/quitsmoking2009
How smoking affects your body. (n.d.). Nakuha noong December 26, 2009
mula sa http://www.quitsmoking.com/kopykit/reports/body.htm
Teen drug abuse: Teens and smoking tobacco. (n.d.). Nakuha noong
December 26, 2009 mula sa http://www.teendrugabuse.us/teensmoking.html
Harmful effects of smoking. (n.d.). Nakuha noong December 26, 2009 mula
sa http://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/harmful-smoking-effects.html
62
Healthy living: Quitting smoking one step at a time. (n.d.). Nakuha noong
December 26, 2009 noong http://quitsmoking.pharmacydiscountrx.com/
Smoking cessation: Nicotine addiction. (n.d.). Nakuha noong December 26,

2009 mula sa http://www.smoking-
cessation.org/smoking_cessation_nicotine_addiction.asp
APPENDIXES
March 26, 2019
GNG. HERMINIA HERNANDEZ
Colegio De Sto. Niño
Ema Town Center, Camalig, Mecauyan, Bulacan
Madame,
Good day ma’am!
We are students from your school which take the subject Practical Research I
under Professor Andrey V. Pelota. This research paper is one of the basic need for
such subject.
Our group is currently writing a research paper about the Taking Cigarettes
and Awareness of its Effect on Health among the Students in Colegio De
Sto. Niño for the School Year 2018-2019.
We would like to seek your consent that we may share vulnerability survey
questioner of the few students on each strand.
Hoping for your kind consideration!
Respectfully Yours,
MARIA ANGELICA JANE MANIEGO
Representative
Approved by,
MR. ANDREY V. PELOTA
63
Professor
TAKING CIGARETTES AND AWARENESS OF ITS EFFECT ON
HEALTH AMONG THE STUDENTS IN COLEGIO DE STO. NIÑO
FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019
Strand: ________ Age: ________ Gender: _________

Write “Yes” if you strongly agreed and “No” if not.
______ 1) Do you smoke cigarette?
______ 2) Do any of your parents smoke cigarettes?
______ 3) Do any of your closest friends smoke cigarettes?
______ 4) If one of your best friends offered you a cigarettes, would you use it?
______ 5) Do you ever smoke inside your school?
______ 6)Can you purchase cigarettes near your school?
______ 7) Did you discuss the reasons why people smoke in any of your classes?
______ 8) When you were in school, were you taught about the side effects of smoking, such as making
teeth yellow, causing wrinkles, or making smokers smell bad?
______ 9) When you were in high school, were adults such as teachers and administrators allowed to
smoke at the school?
______10) During your experimental smoking phase, was there a minimum legal age for buying
cigarettes?
______11) During your experimental smoking phase, was it easy for you to get cigarettes?
______12) During your experimental smoking phase, did anyone refuse to sell you cigarettes because of
your age?
______13) During your experimental smoking phase, did you believe that smoking cigarettes could be
harmful to your health?
______14) Did you think might smoking can affect your health?
______15) As a teen, did a doctor or dentist ever talk to you about the dangers of smoking?
______16) Do you find it difficult to refrain form smoking in places where it is forbidden?
64
______17) Do you believe that you could become addicted to cigarettes?
______18) Do you think that smoking was "cool"?
______19) When you taking a cigarettes, it is true that it has a pleasurable feeling?
______20) When you taking a cigarettes, it is true that it helps you to decrease in stress?

#79 Centro St. Pantoc, Meycauayan, Bulacan
09267538388
angelicamaniego2001@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To enhance my skills and abilities.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Colegio De Sto.Nino

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Meycauayan National

High School
Camalig, Meycauayan
 ELEMENTARY Pantoc Elementary school

Pantoc, Meycauayan,
Bulacan
QUALIFICATION:
65
 Good Listener
 Good Leader
 Persuasiveness
 Enthusiastic
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Age: 17
Birthdate : October 08, 2001
Height : 4`7
Weight : 43
Nationality : Filipino
Gender : Female
Religion : Catholic
REFERENCE
Mr. Andrey V. Pelota

Instructor- PR1
I certify that all the information and findings in this research paper
is true and correct to the best of our knowledge and ability.
______________________________
66
MA. BERNADERTH FE B POSERIO
Bahay Pare ph7 blk 208 lot 10 Meycauayan Bulacan
09054281273
Bposerio17@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL San Isidro National

High School
Montalban Rizal
 ELEMENTARY South Ville 8 Elementary

School
Montalban Rizal
QUALIFICATION:
67
 Good Listener
 Good Leader
 Good in giving a opinion
 Enthusiastic
Age: 19
Birthdate : December 17,1999
Height : 5’3
Weight : 50
Gender : Female
Religion : Christian
REFERENCE

Instructor- PR1
______________________________
MA. BERNADETH FE B POSERIO
68
KRIZYL JOY M. TAMAYO
132 hulo bagbaguin, Meycauayan Bulacan
09*********
tkrizyl@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Colegio De Sto. Nino

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan

High School
Camalig, Meycauayan
 ELEMENTARY South Ville 8 Elementary.

School
Montalban Rizal
QUALIFICATION:
 Hard Working
69
 Good Listener
 Have a Good Leadership
Age: 18
Birthdate : May 22, 2000
Height : 4’5
Weight : 42
Gender : Female
Religion : INC
REFERENCE

Instructor- PR1
___________________________
KRIZYL JOY M. TAMAYO
70
JAYRELLE MAEGAN MANUEL
Cancer St. Perez, Ph 3 B Meycauayan Bulacan
09*********
Jayrellemaegan18@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan

High School
Camalig, Meycauayan
 ELEMENTARY Auxillary Academy

Meycauayan, Bulacan
QUALIFICATION:
 Hard Working
 Good Listener
71
Age: 16
Birthdate : December 21, 2002
Height : 5’3
Weight : 42
Gender : Female
Religion : INC
REFERENCE

Instructor- PR1
___________________________
JAYRELLE MAEGAN MANUEL
72
ANDREA R. REPOSAR
Heritage Homes Loma De Gato Marilao, Bulacan
09*********
Andreareposar16@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan

High School
Camalig, Meycauayan
 ELEMENTARY Heritage Homes Elementary

Marilao, Bulacan
QUALIFICATION:
 Hard Working
 Good Listener
73
Age: 16
Birthdate : May 30, 2002
Height : 5’4
Weight : 48
Gender : Female
Religion : Catholic
REFERENCE

Instructor- PR1
_____________________
ANDREA R. REPOSAR
74
EMMANUEL O. BAGSIC
Ph 2 Sunflower, Blk 10 Lot 11 Elysian Homes, Meycauayan
09334137602
Emmanuel.bagsic@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Meycauayan National HS

Meycauayan, Bulacan
 ELEMENTARY Perez Elementary School

Perez, Meycauayan, Bulacan
QUALIFICATION:
 Good Listener
 Fast Learner
 Enthusiastic
75
Age: 17
Birthdate : November 20, 2001
Height : 5’6
Weight : 60
Gender : Male
Religion : Christian
REFERENCE

Instructor- PR1
________________________
EMMANUEL O. BAGSIC
HAZEL B. SAN PEDRO

76
0040 Sitio Loob, Tabang, Plaridel, Bulacan
09959879562
Hzlsnpdr00@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:

Ema Town Center
Meycauayan, Bulacan
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Kalalake National High School

Olongapo City
 ELEMENTARY Bigaa Elementary School

Bigaa, Laguna
QUALIFICATION:
 Hardworking
 An Easy Learner
 Good Listening Skill
77
Age: 18
Birthdate : December 21, 2000
Height : 5’0
Weight : 48
Gender : Female
Religion : Catholic
REFERENCE

Instructor- PR1
________________________
HAZEL B. SAN PEDRO
78

Taking Cigarettes and Awareness of Its Effect On Health Among The Students in Colegio de Sto. Niño For The School Year 2018-2019

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COLEGIO DE STO.

TAKING CIGARETTES AND AWARENESS OF ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH

AMONG THE STUDENTS IN COLEGIO DE STO. NIÑO

FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019

A Research Presented to the

Faculty of the Senior High School

Colegio De Sto. Niño

City of Meycauayan, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements In

Maniego, Maria Angelica Jane M.

Poserio, Ma. Bernadeth Fe B.

Manuel, Jayrelle Maegan C.

Tamayo, Krizyl Joy M.

San Pedro, Hazel B.

Chapter I: Problem to be Investigated…….……..…………………….……....... 7

 Purpose of the Study………………..…………………………………………………………… 7

 Justification of the Study……………..……………………………… ………………….……. 8

 Research Question and Hypothesis……………….….…………………………………….. 10

 Brief Overview of the Study…………………………………………………….……………… 14

Chapter II: Background and Review of Related Literature……………….... 15

 Studies Directly Related………………………………………….……………………………. 17

 Studies Tangentially Related…................................................................. 28

 Justification of Statistical Techniques………………………………………………………..… 37

Chapter IV: Findings.............................................................………………... 38

Description of each findings pertinent to research questions………..…………………... 40

Chapter V: Summary and Conclusions………………….…………………………. 53

 Brief Summary if the Results Obtained……………..…………………………………..... 53

 Discussion and implications of findings…………………………………………………….. 54

 Graph for question number 1 up to 20…………… 40

Profile of the Respondents………………………………… 38

CHAPTER I: PROBLEM TO BE INVESTIGATED

• To identify the psychological manifestations of smoking among students and students

• To pay attention to the causes and roots of smoking by the students.

• To discover the average age of smokers.

• To know what is the effect of smoking to society and environment.

• To open up their mind that this is actually a bad habit.

B. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

So has the right of smokers been compromised?

Is the minister a hypocrite?

C. RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESES

1) Do you smoke cigarette?

2) Do any of your parents smoke cigarettes?

3) Do any of your closest friends smoke cigarettes?

5) Do you ever smoke inside your school?

6)Can you purchase cigarettes near your school?

17) Do you believe that you could become addicted to cigarettes?

18) Do you think that smoking was "cool"?

The Coronary Artery Disease is a disease caused by a clogged artery available

The Tuberculosis, in contrast, is a disease caused by a type of mycobacterium

The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder or COPD is a bad condition

E. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

In this study the literature on adolescent smoking in the Philippines was

In the Philippine literature, smoking definitions can be categorized into three

CHAPTER II: BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOBACCO-RELATED DISEASE

An analysis by European health experts determined that in developed

The frequency of investigations in the area of cigarette smoke composition

Tobacco alkaloids have long been studied because of their pharmacological

TOBACCO-RELATED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis in particular, are the leading

Some degree of recovery of endothelial function in ex-passive smokers who

Evidence has been presented that tobacco-related impairment of endothelial

Up regulation of the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)