Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano

Students in AU JAS campus: An Assessment

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

INTRODUCTION:

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimates that each day, over

4,000 people under the age of 18 try their first cigarette. This amounts to more than

730,000 new smokers each year. The Final Report of the National Commission on

Drug-Free Schools indicates that children and adolescents consume more than one

billion packs of cigarettes every year. According to economist Kenneth Warner, Ph.D.,

the tobacco industry needs 5,000 new young smokers every day in order to maintain

the total number of smokers. The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates

that 90% of smokers begin their tobacco usage before age 20. Of these, 50% begin

tobacco use by age 14 and 25% begin their use by age 12. Children are three times

more sensitive to advertising as concluded in the April 1996 Journal of Marketing

study. The three most heavily advertised cigarette brands are Marlboro, Newport, and

Camel. The 1994 Center for Disease Control  (CDC) report concluded that 86% of

underage smokers prefer one of these three brands. As the public became more

educated on the effects of smoking, the amount of smokers dropped and is currently
about 20%. While smoking among adults consistently declined over time, smoking

rates for high school students began to increase in the early 1990s. They did not

begin to decrease until the end of the decade. One study in the Journal of the

American Medical Association showed that, “Seventy-two percent of students

reported experimenting with, formerly, or ever smoking cigarettes, and 32%

reported smoking in the past 30 days. Students who had participated in

interscholastic sports were less likely to be regular and heavy smokers. Smoking

initiation rates increased rapidly after age 10 and peaked at age 13 to 14. Students

who began smoking at age 12 or younger were more likely to be regular and heavy

smokers than were students who began smoking at older ages. (Escobedo LG, 2004)

Lifetime cigarette use among students in the Philippines was common. In

2000 and 2003, about 4 in 10 students reported ever smoking cigarettes. In 2000 and

2003, boys were significantly more likely than girls to have ever smoked. About 1 in

7 students who had smoked cigarettes reported smoking their first cigarette before

age 10 in 2000 and 2003 with no significant difference by gender. Current tobacco

use and likely initiation of smoking among students have significantly declined

between 2000 and 2003. The percentage of students who reported being a current

cigarette smoker and currently using other tobacco products fell dramatically.

(Jones, 2003)

Smoking means a person has formed an uncontrollable dependence on

cigarettes to the point where stopping smoking would cause severe emotional,
mental, or physical reactions. Everyone knows that smoking is harmful and

addictive, but few people realize just how risky and addictive it is. Chances are that

about one in three smokers who do not stop will eventually die because of their

smoking. Some will die in their 40s, others will die later. On average, they will die

10 to 15 years earlier than they would have died from other causes. Most smokers

want to stop and do indeed try, but only one in three succeeds in stopping

permanently before age 60. (PN. Kemboja, 2008)

According to the MMDA, minors who smoke in public cannot be simply

arrested. Smokers in public, once caught, are made to pay a P500 fine, while those

who cannot pay the penalty are made to render eight hours of community service.

MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino said the agency has formed a task force to

closely monitor establishments and street vendors for possible violation of the

Tobacco Regulations Act, especially those who are selling cigarettes to minors,

including students. (The Philippine Star, 2013)

Information about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking will be integrated into the basic

education curriculum, the Department of Education has announced. DepEd Order 62 tasks the

department to include the environmental and economic implications of smoking in the elementary

and high school curricula. (DepEd, 2012)

Many Filipinos die due to smoking-related diseases. On a daily basis, 240 Filipinos

die because of these smoking-related diseases such as heart failure, stroke, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease and many cancers. This
 accounts for 87,600 deaths due to smoking-related diseases in the country every year.

(WHO, 2009b)

In connection with these dangers of smoking, there are increasing numbers of

Filipino smokers and an alarming number of youth smokers. Republic Act of 9211(as

cited in Department of Education [DepEd], 2011), or the Tobacco Regulation Act of

2003 specifies the smoking prohibition in public places:

Section 5. Smoking in Public Places - Smoking shall be absolutely prohibited in

the following public places: a. Centers of youth activity such as playschools,

preparatory schools, elementary schools, high schools, colleges and universities, youth

hostels, and recreational facilities for persons less than eighteen (18) years old (p.1).2

Thus, this law of the country protects specifically the youth from being exposed to

smoking.

Background of the study:

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled.

Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an agricultural product that forms

nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health.

 Smoking usually starts during the teenage years, and psychosocial factors provide

the primary forces that lead adolescents to begin. Several aspects of the social

environment are influential in shaping teenagers’ attitude, beliefs, and intentions about

smoking.

Parents, friends and cultural influences play major roles in whether adolescents

take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their knowledge of the unhealthy

consequences of smoking, young people often fall victim to their surroundings.

Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of smoking to resist the

temptations so many of them face.

The researcher motivates to do this study, because it helps to provide necessary

information about the effects of cigarette smoking in the students. By doing this, the

researcher needs to be aware about this existing problem and be better to know the early

prevention in the effects of cigarette smoking.

We the researchers realized that by doing this study will help will help others by

giving them additional information about the effects of cigarette smoking in among

students to minimize the incidence in acquiring disease regarding on this problem.

Statement of the Study:

The researchers want to determine the Knowledge of Students Smokers and its effect in

terms of Physical, Social, and Psychological.

 1. Specifically to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the

following:

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Socio-economic Status

2. What is the level of Knowledge of the Student Smokers regarding the effects of Smoking in

terms of?

a. Physical

b. Social

c. Psychological

3. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and

the knowledge of the student smokers regarding on its effects.

Hypothesis:

There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and

the level of knowledge of the student’s smokers and its effects.

Significance of the study:

Students:

This research will guide the student smokers in different facts about cigarette

smoking that will help them to gain knowledge and better understand the risk of

smoking.

Family:

It will increase their awareness on the effects of cigarette smoking. By this it will

influenced their children in avoiding any smoking practices.

Community:

This study will facilitate change by making them realize the dangers of cigarette

smoking. Through methods from this study, a comprehensive community-based care

could be utilized.

Health Provider:

This study will contribute to the growing concern against cigarette smoking

and provide them an additional data from assessment, planning, implementation and

evaluation of ongoing measures, thus continuously improving current trends with

regards to smoking prevention.

School Administration
 This research study will provide a rich background and overview of

student smokers in Arellano University. This is may also serve a basis with the

school in providing the students in terms of Physical, Social, and Psychological

effects of Cigarette Smoking.

Government

This study is significant endeavor in promoting proper law implementation of

among the youth today. This is also helpful to those government agencies like DepEd and

Non-Government organization who are promoting anti-smoking among the Filipino

youth today.

Future Researchers:

The future researchers can assess the data provided by this study and will

significant literature that can be used as a basis for comparison of results with their

related topics. Furthermore this may serve as a guide for novice researchers who are

eager to take the path of continuing excellence in doing Research Studies.

Scope and Delimitations:

 This study will focused in student smokers to determine the knowledge

of students regarding on the effects of cigarette smoking. This was held at Arellano

University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus on 4 th week of July 2013 was the target

date to collect data among the respondents by doing an interview.

Definition of Terms:

Knowledge: It is the level of understanding of student’s smokers regarding on the

effects of cigarette smoking.

Smoking: This is the practice in holding or puffing the smoke cigarette or tobacco.

Smoker: A person who habitually smokes tobacco in 5-9 sticks a day.

Cigarette: Manufacture product made of tobacco that is used for smoking.

Effect: A change that is a result and is caused by some previous phenomenon regarding smoking

Physical: Relating to the body changes result to the consequences of cigarette smoking.

Social: It is how a person communicates with others with the use of tobacco.

Psychological: Related to the mental and emotional state of a person related to cigarette

smoking.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Review Related Literature

Cigarette smoking has become so prevalent in the country that students have

now become heavy consumers. Medical professionals prove that cigarette smoking

among the youth targets them differently from adults. As all are aware, Nicotine

makes it extremely hard for addicted smokers to quit the bad habit. Indeed, the

availability of extremely affordable cigarettes makes it easier for the youth to start

smoking and develop addiction. (Health Justice Philippines 2011)

 The use of tobacco continues to be a major cause of health problems

worldwide. There is currently an estimated 1.3 billion smokers in the world, with 4.9

million people dying because of tobacco use in a year.  If this trend continues, the

number of deaths will increase to 10 million by the year 2020, 70% of which will be

coming from countries like the Philippines. (The Role of Health Professionals in

Tobacco Control, WHO, 2005)

The World Health Organization released a document in 2003 entitled Policy

Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence.

This document very clearly stated that as current statistics indicate, it will not be

possible to reduce tobacco related deaths over the next 30-50 years unless adult

smokers are encouraged to quit.  Also, because of the addictiveness of tobacco

products, many tobacco users will need support in quitting.  Population survey

reports showed that approximately one third of smokers attempt to quit each year

and that majority of these attempts are undertaken without help.  However, only a

small percentage of cigarette smokers (1-3%) achieve lasting abstinence, which is at

least 12 months of abstinence from smoking, using will power alone  (Fiore et al

2000) as cited by the above policy paper.

The policy paper also stated that support for smoking cessation or “treatment

of tobacco dependence” refers to a range of techniques including motivation, advice

and guidance, counselling, telephone and internet support, and appropriate

pharmaceutical aids all of which aim to encourage and help tobacco users to stop

using tobacco and to avoid subsequent relapse.  Evidence has shown that cessation is

the only intervention with the potential to reduce tobacco-related mortality in the

short and medium term and therefore should be part of an overall comprehensive

tobacco-control policy of any country.

The Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey conducted in 2009 (DOH,

Philippines GATS Country Report, March 16, 2010) revealed that 28.3% (17.3

million) of the population aged 15 years old and over currently smoke tobacco,

47.7% (14.6 million) of whom are men, while 9.0% (2.8 million) are women. 

Eighty percent of these current smokers are daily smokers with men and women

smoking an average of 11.3 and 7 sticks of cigarettes per day respectively.

The survey also revealed that among ever daily smokers, 21.5% have quit

smoking.  Among those who smoked in the last 12 months, 47.8% made a quit

attempt, 12.3% stated they used counseling and or advise as their cessation method,

but only 4.5% successfully quit.  Among current cigarette smokers, 60.6% stated

they are interested in quitting, translating to around 10 million Filipinos needing

help to quit smoking as of the moment. The above scenario dictates the great need to

build the capacity of health workers to help smokers quit smoking, thus the need for

the Department of Health to set up a national infrastructure to help smokers quit

smoking.
 The national smoking infrastructure is mandated by the Tobacco Regulations

Act which orders the Department of Health to set up withdrawal clinics. As such

DOH Administrative Order No. 122 s. 2003 titled The Smoking Cessation Program

to support the National Tobacco Control and Healthy Lifestyle Program allowed the

setting up of the National Smoking Cessation Program.

The young and the poor, who smoke and drink excessively, are dying every

day. Ten Filipinos die from tobacco use every hour, resulting in 240 deaths every

day and 87,600 deaths every year. This is a health crisis. The main reason is low

prices of cigarettes and alcohol. The Philippines has one of the lowest prices of the

two products in Southeast Asia. Because cigarettes are so cheap, the Philippines

have one of the highest smoking rates in the Western Pacific. A 2009 survey showed

that 28.3 percent of Filipinos were smokers. It is estimated that some 17.3 million

Filipinos who are 15 years old engage in smoking. To discourage Filipinos from

smoking, we have to raise taxes. Raise the prices of cigarettes and alcohol, and

fewer people will buy them. You cannot argue with the math. Raise the prices of

tobacco by 70 percent and you prevent a quarter of all smoking-related deaths

worldwide. Both rich and poor smoke, but it is the poor who get sick more often.

That’s because the poorest sector spends more for tobacco, than for education,

clothing or health. (Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)

 The Constitution is neutral on the use of cigarettes and alcohol.  If a Filipino

citizen wants to smoke and if big companies want to make big profits from the so-

called “sins” of smoking and drinking alcohol, they are free to do so. But unlike

ordinary citizens, Filipinos who are members of Congress are not free to ignore the

present disastrous chain of circumstances. Cigarette smoke contains some 70

chemicals which cause cancer.  Deaths from stroke and heart attack are most

commonly associated with smoking as a risk factor. In its wisdom, the Constitution

proclaims health as a fundamental right, and accordingly imposes on the state the

duty to protect the people’s right to health and to in still health consciousness.

(Philippine Daily Inquirer 2013)

Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of premature death and disease

in the world. A disproportionate share of the global tobacco burden falls on developing

countries, where an estimated 84% of the world's 1.3 billion current smokers live. The

Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), part of the Global Tobacco Surveillance

System (GTSS) initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and CDC, was

developed to monitor youth tobacco use, attitudes about tobacco, and exposure to

tobacco smoke, and has been completed by approximately 1.4 million students in 133

countries. A key goal of GTSS is for countries to conduct the GYTS every 4 years. This

report presents findings from the GYTS conducted in the Philippines in 2000 and 2003,

which revealed substantial declines in the proportions of students aged 13--15 years

who currently smoked cigarettes, currently used other tobacco products, were likely to
start smoking in the next year, or were exposed to second-hand smoke in public place.

The findings also indicated an increase in the proportion of students who supported

bans on smoking in public places, had learned about the dangers of tobacco use in

school, and had seen anti-tobacco messages in media and advertising. Public health

authorities in the Philippines should evaluate their current tobacco-control programs

and enhance or expand them to further reduce youth smoking (MMWR, 2005).

The latest surveys in the Philippines indicate that one of every three adult Filipinos

currently smoke, 33% of country’s adult population. Another 13% count themselves as

ex-smokers. Only four out of ten Philippine households are smoke-free. With an

average of 5.1 members per household, there would be approximately 35 million

passive smokers in the country. Tobacco use in Filipino youth is alarming. About 30%

of adolescents in the urban areas smoke, and of these, more than 70% started smoking

between the ages 13-15. On a national level, the study says that as much as 40% of boys

and 19% of girls aged 10-14 are already daily smokers. The age 15-19, 38% of both

male and female Filipinos are already considered regular smokers (DOH, 2011).

Anti-tobacco mass media campaigns can be cost effective compared with other

interventions despite the expense required, and can have a greater impact because they

reach large populations quickly and efficiently (DOH, 2011).

The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9211) prohibits smoking

in all public places, and prohibits tobacco sales within 100 m of schools, playgrounds,

and other facilities frequented by youth. It requires retailers to demand proof of age
from cigarette buyers, and display signs stating that it is an offence to sell cigarettes to

persons less than 18 years. All sponsorship shall be banned by 1 July 2008. Violators of

this new Act will be fined between 500 pesos (about US$10) to 400 000 pesos (about

US$7,270) and can be imprisoned from 30 days to three years.

Tobacco companies have prepared for these restrictions. For example, a British

American Tobacco brand manager stated in 2004 that future marketing would be

focused on one-to-one “permission marketing” in order to counter restrictions placed on

mass media strategies. Here, consumers provide marketers with permission to send

them promotional messages thus improving targeting precision. “Permission marketing

allows us to talk to consumers on their level, on their turf”.

Further, the Republic Act No. 9211 mandated the creation of Inter-agency

Committee-Tobacco (IAC-Tobacco). Its tasks have included the crafting of the

implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the said law and the subsequent exclusive

power of administration and implementation. The IAC-Tobacco has nine members,

including seven representatives from government agencies, one from the tobacco

industry, and one from a non-government organization. The National Tobacco

Administration has a long history of pro-tobacco policy. The Department of Trade and

Industry, which heads the IAC-Tobacco, has also been labeled as pro-tobacco by anti-

tobacco activists. The World Health Organization has concluded that “Continuing

efforts to enact comprehensive legislation have yet to achieve victory” in the

Philippines.
SYNTHESIS

Tobacco smoking really hits the young ones around the age of 10-19 years

old. Some of the factors that incurred young ones to smoke are the following,

separation of parents that are career oriented, parents are working abroad, parent’s

dives not have time for their children sorted to find a group where they can hang out

together and from which they will feel secured. I would say that the peer group

really influence the young individual especially when they long for their. Parents

emotional attachment and if and only if the peer group were all smoking, there is no

way that young individual wont. It takes a lot of courage to have a self –control but

most of the time and sad to say that they can easily be dragged to develop bad vices

like smoking. The good thing is the government got so involved and alarmed with

the high rates of young people smoking and they came out to do a lot of studies and

research on how they can help these young ones that got involved in smoking and

divert their attention into more productive way and educate the parents so they will

also be involve in making it possible to at least change and decrease the rate of

smoking young individual. Most of the places they banned the smoking in public

places indoor restaurants and establishments and hospitals, schools and even inside

the apartment or houses because of the hazardous effect towards individual. A global

effect was being done already about the bad effects it can give them like ailments

that will debilitate their health condition related to smoking.

Foreign Review Related Literature

Smoking is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled.

Smoking that contains Tobacco in which tobacco is an agricultural product that forms

nicotine, and that nicotine affects our health. Smoking usually starts during the teenage

years, and psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to

begin. Several aspects of the social environment are influential in shaping teenagers’

attitude, beliefs, and intentions about smoking. Tobacco is an herb that can be smoked

or chewed, directly affects the brain. While its primary active ingredient is nicotine,

tobacco smoke contains almost 400 other compounds and chemicals, including gases,

liquids, particles, tar, carbon monoxide, cadmium, pyridine, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia,

benzene, phenol, acrolein, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide.

Nicotine is a colorless, oily compound, and poisonous in concentrated amounts. If you

inhale while smoking, 90 percent of the nicotine in the smoke is absorbed in your body.

Even if you draw smoke only into your mouth and not in your lungs, you still absorb 25

to 30 percent of the nicotine. The FDA has concluded that nicotine is a dangerous,
 addictive drug that should be regulated. Faster than an injection, smoking speeds

nicotine to the brain in seconds. Nicotine affects the brain in much the same way as

cocaine, opiates, and amphetamines, triggering the release of dopamine, a

neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and addiction, as well as other messenger

chemicals. Because nicotine acts on some of the same brain regions stimulated by

interactions with love ones, smokers come to regard cigarettes as friends that they turn

to when they’re stressed, sad, or mad (Hales, 2006).

Smoking is one of the major death causes in the world. Since the mid

twentieth century more than 60 million people have died worldwide due to tobacco

use. (Engels, Den Exter Blokland, Kemp & Scholte, 2004). In 2000, 49.7% of the

deaths among Dutch adults over 20 were caused by smoking (Stivoro, 2001).

Adolescence is clearly a sensitive period in the initiation of smoking, since most

smokers start their tobacco use during this period and continue to being regular

smokers into adulthood. In 2009, 21% of the Dutch youth, between 10-19 years old,

smoked at least one cigarette a month and 14% smoked a cigarette daily. Since

smoking can have disastrous effects on health, it is important to prevent and reduce

this behaviour as soon as possible, in particular in adolescents, which is why

prevention programs on smoking among adolescents are designed. (Stivoro, 2009).

According to Shaw (2010); parents, friends and cultural influences play major

roles in whether adolescents take up smoking at such a young age. Despite their
knowledge of the unhealthy consequences of smoking, young people often fall victim to

their surroundings. Adolescents need to be reminded of the potential hazards of

smoking to resist the temptations so many of them face.

Adolescents become more likely to smoke when a parent smokes and the risk

increases with the number of smoking parents, according to a study published in the

February 2009 issue of Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Researchers from several universities, including the Harvard School of Public Health,

Brown University and Northwestern University, studied 564 adolescents, aged 12 to 17,

along with their parents. The risk of smoking for adolescents increased with the length

of time they were exposed to their parents' smoking. Children of parents who quit

smoking were no more likely to smoke than children of parents who never smoked, the

researchers found. There was an increased chance boys would smoke when their fathers

smoked.

Mayo Clinic states that many adolescents smoke as a form of rebellion or to feel

independent, the friends who smoke have the ability to convince other teens to smoke.

Adolescents may want to fit in with a group of friends and take up smoking to feel cool.

Teens may smoke thinking it makes them look better to their peers. They also take up

smoking as a way to lose weight in some cases. Smoking at a young age intensifies the

risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) says. They tend to suffer the same kind of withdrawal symptoms as
 adults. A 2008 survey of high school students who smoked found that half tried to quit

smoking cigarettes during the previous 12 months of the survey, the CDC reports.

A lot of research has been conducted in the field of risk factors for smoking

initiation and continuation among adolescents. Previous research on smoking

implied that the nearest environment of an adolescent is one of the most important

factors in the initiation process, especially parents and best friends (Bothmer,

Mattsson & Fridlund, 2002). During adolescence there is an increase of the amount

of time spending with friends and a decrease of time spends with parents (Darling &

Cumsille, 2003). Parental influence remains strong in adolescent’s decision making,

and especially in areas involving adolescent’s values and long-term goals, like career

choice (Bauman, Carver & Gleiter, 2001). However, since the time spend with

peer’s increases, peer influence, which is the mechanism in which adolescents

become more similar to their peers by interacting with them, is crucial during

adolescence and especially in day to day activities. That is why this investigation

will focus on the extent to which the nearest environment, including peers and

parents, influences adolescent’s smoking behaviour. (Darling & Cumsille, 2003).

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a joint project of WHO, the US Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention, the Canadian Public Health Association and most WHO member

states. The GYTS is a schools-based survey of teenagers aged 13–15, which has enabled consistent

data collection from 395 sites encompassing 131 countries, plus the Gaza Strip and the West

Bank. Overall, 10% of surveyed students had used some form of tobacco product in the 30 days
prior to the survey. Smoking rates were highest in the European regions (19%) and lowest in the

Eastern Mediterranean regions (5%). The differences between boys' and girls' smoking rates were

statistically significant in the African, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asian and Western Pacific

regions, while no significant differences were reported by sex in the Americas and European

regions (Table 1.13.2). In many countries the difference between boys' and girls' smoking rates

was narrower than expected, reflecting increased uptake of smoking in girls.

The GYTS also reported on susceptibility to taking up smoking, by asking never-smokers

whether they would smoke a cigarette if it were offered by their best friend, and whether they

thought they might smoke a cigarette within the next year. By these measures, 19% of respondents

were susceptible to commencing smoking within the next year. Teenagers in the European region

had the highest susceptibility (30%), and teenagers in the Western Pacific region the lowest (13%).

National data have also been reported for New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, England and the US.

These data are of interest since these countries have adopted, to a greater or lesser extent, tobacco

control measures which are similar to those operating in Australia. Key findings from some

international surveys are reported briefly here and interested readers should refer to the primary

sources for further information. Due to methodological differences, it should be noted that these

data are not directly comparable with Australian data or with each other. In New Zealand in 2010,

a survey of Year 10 students (aged 14–15) found that 10% of respondents were regular (daily,

weekly or monthly) smokers. Overall, 5.5% of respondents aged 14–15 were daily smokers in

2010. More than 64% of students had never smoked. Results from the 2008–09 Canadian Youth

Smoking Survey (YSS) indicate that 3% of youth in grades 6-9 reported that they were current

smokers, a figure unchanged from 2006–07 but up from 2% in 2004–05. For youth in grades 10–

12 however, the 13% of youth who reported that they were current smokers was a statistically

significant increase from 2006–07 when the rate was 11%. This was a reflection of an increase in
current daily smokers and a concurrent decrease in less frequent smoking. The prevalence of youth

who reported that they had never tried smoking remained unchanged for both grades 6–9 (78%)

and grades 10–12 (52%). Ireland's Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey 2006

reported that 15% of 10–17 year olds were current smokers. A schools-based study in England

showed that in 2010, 5% of 11–15 year olds smoked regularly (at least once a week). The

Monitoring the Future Study from the US reported that in 2009, 19.5% of high school students had

smoked during the 30 days before the survey including 13.5% of students in Grade 9, 18.3% of

students in Grade 10, 22.3% of students in Grade 11 and 25.2% of students in Grade 12. Daily

smoking was reported by 7.7% of Grade 9 students, 8.9% of Grade 10 students, 13% of Grade 11

students and 16.3% of Grade 12 students. (The Cancer Council 2013)

As of 2008, there were 46 million adult smokers in the United States, according to

the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). That means 20.6 percent of people over 18

expose themselves to the disadvantages of smoking cigarettes. Some are just

inconveniences, while others are serious health risks. Smokers face a host of disease

and an increased death risk (Nefer, 2010).According to WHO (2010), tobacco use is the

biggest contributor to the non-communicable diseases epidemic in the world. And

among its effects include heart attack, cancer, stroke and emphysema.

Synthesis:

Smoking is a dangerous habit which was now being acquired by the young

ones as early as ages 10, 12 , and 18 years old ,if we have to see the statistics of all

smokers ,it is indeed very alarming knowing that in the study that was mentioned

earlier that the country needs at least 5,000 young ones to start smoking to maintain
their numbers and so that means to maintain their income. It was said clearly that

when u start smoking at a very early age of 12 then that is most likely be considered

a heavy smokers. In my point of view teenagers who tried smoking has a lot of

rationale behind it ,just for one example a young teenager that I've known and very

close to me has had his try to smoke and mainly because his mother is not around

and he missed his mother so much because his mother worked as an OFW , but

because his other siblings were also close to each other and make him realized that

smoking is not a good outlet and that for me is one of the reason why young

teenagers went to try. A lot of things in their life just to get out of a messy world

they have even temporarily, others got worse because there was no parental

guidance, and that for me is very crucial and most of the young ones do that because

they are still vulnerable and come to think about it when they smoke they thought

they're matured enough . But it is. A good thing that our Government is making use

of all the precautionary measures to prevent teenagers from smoking and by

incorporating it in the curriculum is the best way to achieve the goal of decreasing

the numbers of smoking teenagers, because they will tend to know the importance

/essence of life and treating our body right .i totally agree that most of the out of

school youth also got easily affected of it and those that are active in sports tend not

to engage themselves to such vices because they're well educated to know the

consequences and the bad outcome of it for their health .i don't see no reason of not

incorporating it in the curriculum because it will indeed enlighten a lot of our young
teenagers to know how bad it could cause to our body .i totally agree to all the

measures that the Government is trying to reach young people to at least decrease

the numbers of people smoking especially in young ones because it means there will

be less smokers in the future if that will be appropriately implemented .

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Input

Profile of the Knowledge of

respondents in student’s smokers
An Assessment
terms of: on the cigarette
smokThe figure I
Age
presents
Gender conceptual
paradigm of the
Socio-
study and its
Economic
framework
status
 variables: input,
process and
output. The input
identified in this
study is the profile
of the respondents
which is composed
of their age,
Program to enhance the
gender and socio-
Knowledge of Student
economic status.
Smokers and will
The process its Effects
be
the Knowledge of
student’s smokers
The figure I presents conceptual paradigm of the study and its framework
on the cigarette
smoking in terms
presented in three variables: input, processsocial,
of physical, and output. The input identified in this
and psychological.
study is the profile of the respondents which is composed of their age, gender and
The important
socio-economic status. The process will be the Knowledge of student’s smokers on
information will be
the cigarette smoking in terms ofgathered
physical,through
social, and psychological.
the use of survey
questionnaires
The important information will be gathered through the use of survey
made by the
questionnaires made by the researchers.
researchers.Through these survey questionnaires, the
Through these
respondents will be able to come surveyup with an outcome of an assessment to the

knowledge of student’s smokersquestionnaires,

on the cigarettethesmoking will serve as a basis for
respondents will be
future researchers in formulating abletheir health
to come uppromotion program among the call
with an outcome of
center agents.
an assessment to
the knowledge of
Theoretical Framework student’s smokers
on the cigarette
The health promotion model smoking will serve
describes the multi dimensional nature of persons
as a basis for future
as they interact within their environment to pursue
researchers in health. (Pender, 1996)
formulating their
health promotion
program among
 the call center
agents.

ing in terms of:

The health promotion is not justPhysical

about disease prevention. Health promotion

describes behaviors an individual can Social

perform to bring greater longevity and a high
Psychological
quality of life. Health promotion can bring about a sense of wellbeing and harmony

to the individual, can increase energy, and can also decrease social problems

including violence and suicide (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Adolescence can be an

important time for intervention and encouragement of health promotion. Adolescents

are unique in that they are not completely independent in their health choices and are

much more vulnerable to both negative, and positive environmental influences (Srof

& Velsor-Friederich, 2006). Therefore it is critical that health promotion be fully

explored in this population. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Theory is one of the

most frequently used models for health promotion in adolescents (Montgomery,

2002).

Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) was created to serve as a

“multivariate paradigm for explaining and predicting health promoting component

of lifestyle” (Pender, 1990, p.326). The model is used to assess an individual’s

background and perceived perceptions of self among other factors to predict health

behaviors.
 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research methodology which includes the research

design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument used in data gathering

procedures and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Design

Descriptive research is designed to describe the characteristics of behaviours

of a particular population in a systematic and accurate fashion. (Leary M. 2010)

 The researcher will use a Quantitative Descriptive Design of research since

the purpose of the study is to have a necessary approach to complete an accurate

assessment the student’s knowledge about the effects of smoking on their Physical,

Social, and Psychological health status.

Sampling Design

The sampling design that will be use for the study is Purposive or Judgmental

Sampling. It is a Non-Probability sampling method in which the researcher selects

the participant’s base on the qualification set by the researchers.

Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-probability sampling

techniques. Also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, purposive

sampling relies on the judgment of the researcher when it comes to selecting

the units(e.g., people, cases/organization, events, pieces of data) that are to be

studied. Usually, the sample being investigated is quite small, especially when

compared with probability sampling techniques. The main goal of purposive sampling is to

focus on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest, which will best enable you to

answer your research questions. ( Laerd D. 2006)

Respondent of the Study

The students who are currently enrolled this 1 st semester school year 2013-

2014 in Arellano University Pasay Campus. Only student smokers are considered

the respondent of the study.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use a questionnaire for collecting data in assessing the

Knowledge of Student Smokers about the harmful effects of smoking.

The questionnaire is self-made which was guided by books, related literature and

other references.

The first part is composed of demographic profile of the respondents and the second part

of the questionnaire is regarding the Knowledge of the student’s smokers and its effects

on their health in terms of physical, social, psychological

Data Collection/Procedure

Phase 1

The researchers provided a letter sent to the Dean of College of Nursing in

Arellano University Jose Abad Santos Pasay Campus for the approval of the title

and a letter of permission to conduct the said study. The researchers wrote a letter to

Dr. Jhason John J. Cabigon a University Physician of Arellano University Jose Abad
Santos Pasay Campus and to Ms. Fredeilyn B. Pena a Faculty of Education

Department to seek help for the validation of the self-made questionnaire, the tool

that will be used in this study. The researchers also wrote a letter to the

administration of the university to ask a permission to conduct a study, and

provided a written consent as well to the respondents who will be part of this study.

Phase 2

In this phase the distribution of questionnaires to the respondents was

provided with consent. The researchers will explain the instructions and the

intention of the researchers to their respondents.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools to be used in the interpretation of data and for testing the

null hypothesis of the proposed study will include percentage and weighted mean.
 Frequency distribution will be used on the demographic profile of the

respondents as to their age, gender, socio-economic status.

Weighted mean will be used on

the knowledge of student’s smokers and its effect in terms of physical, social and

psychological. The formula is as follows: where, is the mean,  is the summation,

X is the total number of scores, N is the total number of respondents

Chapter 4
 Data Analysis and Findings

In this chapter the results of the data analysis are presented. The data were

collected and then processed in response to the problems posed in chapter 1 of

this dissertation. Two fundamental goals drove the collection of the data and

the subsequent data analysis. Those goals were to develop a base on the

Knowledge of Smokers and its Effects among Arellano Students in AU JAS

campus: An Assessment. These objectives were accomplished.

Response Rate

Demographic Data

Findings

General format
Statistical symbols

Within dissertations (and other manuscripts) statistical symbols are italicized. Words, rather

than symbols, should be used in the narrative, while symbols may be used in tables and inside

of parentheses within the narrative. For example, “The mean of 3.25 for boys was higher than

the mean of 3.00 for girls in the sample.” But, “The boys in the sample scored higher overall

(M = 3.25) than the girls (M = 3.00).” Among the more commonly used statistical symbols are

the following:

M = mean df = degrees of freedom

SD = standard deviation t = t statistic (t tests)

f = frequency F = Fisher’s statistic (ANOVA)

p = probability r = correlation coefficient (Pearson)

N , n = number X2 = Chi-square statistic

It is also helpful for the reader if some basic information accompanies the statistical results

presented in the text. Information usually includes such data as degrees of freedom or sample

size. The following examples demonstrate how commonly used statistics would be reported in

the narrative.

1. Results of the t test for independent samples indicated a significant difference in mean

scores for the boys (M = 3.75) and girls (M = 3.00), t(50) = 2.54, p = .024.

2. Results of the chi-square test indicated a significant association between gender and

mathematics achievement, X2(3, N = 48) = 12.54, p < .05.

3. Results of the one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in test scores

based upon students’ grade levels, F(2, 124) = 4.24, p = .036.

24

Summary (Optional)

This final section provides a summary of the highlights of the findings from Chapter 4 and

provides a transition to Chapter 5.

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusions, Discussion, and Recommendations

As with most other chapters, a brief statement introduces Chapter 5 prior to the first section

heading of the chapter. This introduction generally articulates the contents of Chapter 5 and

may depict the specific headings into which the chapter is divided.

Summary

The Summary section of Chapter 5 provides a brief recap of the entire study. Generally, this

section summarizes the introduction, problem statement and hypotheses/research questions,

literature review, methodology, and findings. Someone reading this section would have a good

overview of why the study was