PHP Interview Ques And Answer

1.Ques:1. What is PHP?

Answer : PHP is a server side scripting language commonly used for web applications. PHP
has many frameworks and cms for creating websites.Even a non technical person can cretae
sites using its CMS.WordPress,osCommerce are the famus CMS of php.It is also an object
oriented programming language like java,C-sharp etc.It is very eazy for learning " PHP is a
web language based on scripts that allows developers to dynamically create generated web
pages. "

2.Ques: Which programming language does PHP resemble to?

Answer : PHP syntax resembles Perl and C.

3.Ques: What is Open Source Software?

Answer : Software in which the source codes are freely used, modify, and shared by anyone
are called Open Source Software. These can also be distributed under licenses that adhere
with the Open Source Definition.

4.Ques: Differences between GET, POST and REQUEST methods ?

Answer : GET and POST are used to send information from client browser to web server. On
the server side, the main difference between GET and POST is where the submitted is stored.
The $_GET array stores data submitted by the GET method. The $_POST array stores data
submitted by the POST method. On the browser side, the difference is that data submitted by
the GET method will be displayed in the browser’s address field. Data submitted by the
POST method will not be displayed anywhere on the browser. The default GET has a limit of
512 characters. The POST method transfers the information via HTTP Headers. The POST
method does not have any restriction in data size to be sent. POST is used for sending data
securely and ASCII and binary type’s data. The $_REQUEST contains the content of both
$_GET, $_POST and $_COOKIE.

5.Ques: What is the difference between include(), include_once() and require_once()?

Answer : 1: :The include() statement includes and evaluates a specified line i.e. it will include
a file based in the given path. 2: require() does the same thing expect upon failure it will
generate a fatal error and halt the script whereas include() will just gives a warning and allow
script to continue. 3: require_once() will check if the file already has been included and if so
it will not include the file again.

6.Ques: What are the different errors in PHP?

Answer : Parse Error – Commonly caused due to syntax mistakes in codes e.g. missing
semicolon, mismatch brackets. Fatal Error – These are basically run time errors which are
caused when you try to access what can’t be done. E.g. accessing a dead object, or trying to
use a function that hasn’t been declared. Warning Error – These occurs when u try to include
a file that is not present, or delete a file that is not on the server. This will not halt the script; it
will give the notice and continue with the next line of the script. Notice Error – These errors
occurs when u try to use a variable that hasn’t been declared, this will not halt the script, It
will give the notice and continue with the next line of the script.

7.Ques:What is the difference between explode() and split() functions?

Answer : Split function splits string into array by regular expression. Explode splits a string
into array by string.

8.Ques:How to strip whitespace (or other characters) from the beginning and end of a
string ?
Answer : The trim() function removes whitespaces or other predefined characters from both
sides of a string.

9.Ques: What is session and why do we use it?

Answer : Session is a super global variable that preserve data across subsequent pages.
Session uniquely defines each user with a session ID, so it helps making customized web
application where user tracking is needed.
10.Ques:What is the use of "ksort" in php?
Answer : It is used for sort an array by key in reverse order.

11.Ques:How to delete a file from the system ?

Answer : Unlink() deletes the given file from the file system .

12.Ques:How can we increase the execution time of a PHP script?

Answer : Default time allowed for the PHP scripts to execute is 30 secs mentioned in the
php.ini file. The function used is set_time_limit(int sec). If the value passed is ‘0’, it takes
unlimited time. It should be noted that if the default timer is set to 30 sec, and 20 sec is
specified in set_time_limit(), the script will run for 45 seconds. This time can be increased by
modifying the max_execution_time in secs. The time must be changed keeping the
environment of the server. This is because modifying the execution time will affect all the
sites hosted by the server. The script execution time can be increased by Using sleep()
function in PHP script Using set_time_limit() function The default limit is 30 seconds. The
time limit can be set to zero to impose no time limit to pause.

13.Ques:What is Zend Engine?

Answer : Zend Engine is used internally by PHP as a compiler and runtime engine. PHP
Scripts are loaded into memory and compiled into Zend opcodes. These opcodes are executed
and the HTML generated is sent to the client. The Zend Engine provides memory and
resource management, and other standard services for the PHP language. Its performance,
reliability and extensibility played a significant role in PHP’s increasing popularity.

14.Ques:How can we submit from without a submit button?

Answer : We can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field. In
the JavaScript code, we can call the document.form.submit(); function to submit the form.

15.Ques:What are the method available in form submitting?

Answer : GET and POST method.
16.Ques:How can we register the variables into a session?
Answer :

17.Ques:Who is the father of PHP ?

Answer : Rasmus Lerdorf is known as the father of PHP.

18.Ques: What is the difference between $message and $$message?

Answer : $message is used to store variable
data.messagecanbeusedtostorevariableofavariable.Datastoredin$messageisfixedwhiledatas
toredinmessagecanbeusedtostorevariableofavariable.Datastoredin$messageisfixedwhileda
tastoredinmessage can be changed dynamically. Example: $var1 = ‘Variable
1’var1=‘variable2′Thiscanbeinterpretedas$Variable1=‘variable2′;Formetoprintvalueofbot
hvariables,Iwillwrite$var1$($var1)$messageisavariableandvar1=‘variable2′Thiscanbeinte
rpretedas$Variable1=‘variable2′;Formetoprintvalueofbothvariables,Iwillwrite$var1$($var
1)$messageisavariableandmessage is a variable of another variable. Example $Message =
"YOU"; $you= "Me"; echo $message //Output:- you
echomessage//output:−Memessage//output:−Memessage allows the developer to change the
name of the variable dynamically.

19.Ques:In how many ways we can retrieve the data in the result set of MySQL using
PHP?
Answer : We can do it by 4 Ways 1. mysql_fetch_row. 2. mysql_fetch_array . 3.
mysql_fetch_object . 4. mysql_fetch_assoc.

20.Ques:How can we create a database using PHP and MySQL?

Answer : We can create MySQL database with the use of mysql_create_db("Database
Name") .
21.Ques: Can we use include ("xyz.PHP") two times in a PHP page "index.PHP"?
Answer : Yes we can use include("xyz.php") more than one time in any page. but it create a
prob when xyz.php file contain some funtions declaration then error will come for already
declared function in this file else not a prob like if you want to show same content two time
in page then must incude it two time not a problem.

22.Ques: What is use of header() function in php ?

Answer : The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a client.We can use herder()
function for redirection of pages. It is important to notice that header() must be called before
any actual output is seen..

23.Ques:Suppose your Zend engine supports the mode Then how can u configure your
PHP Zend engine to support mode ?
Answer : In php.ini file: set short_open_tag=on to make PHP support .

24.Ques:What is htaccess? Why do we use this and Where?

Answer : htaccess files are configuration files of Apache Server which provide a way to make
configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A file, containing one or more configuration
directives, is placed in a particular document directory, and the directives apply to that
directory, and all subdirectories thereof.

25.Ques:How we get IP address of client, previous reference page etc ?

Answer : All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very very more than
windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security. MySQL is
world most popular open source database. PHP is more faster that asp or any other scripting
language.
26.Ques:How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a MySQL table using
MySQL?
Answer : By the use of these functions: 1: AES_ENCRYPT(), 2: AES_DECRYPT().

27.Ques:What are the differences between procedure-oriented languages and object-

oriented languages?
Answer : There are lot of difference between procedure language and object oriented like
below 1>Procedure language easy for new developer but complex to understand whole
software as compare to object oriented model 2>In Procedure language it is difficult to use
design pattern mvc , Singleton pattern etc but in OOP you we able to develop design pattern
3>IN OOP language we able to ree use code like Inheritance ,polymorphism etc but this type
of thing not available in procedure language on that our Fonda use COPY and PASTE .

28.Ques: What is the difference between echo and print?

Answer : echo- echo is a statement i.e used to display the output. it can be used with
parentheses echo or without parentheses echo. echo can pass multiple string separated as ( , )
echo doesn’t return any value echo is faster then print. Print- Print is also a statement i.e used
to display the output. it can be used with parentheses print( ) or without parentheses print.
using print can doesn’t pass multiple argument print always return 1 it is slower than echo.

29.Ques: What is the difference between characters 23 and x23?

Answer : 23 is octal 23. x23 is hex 23.

30.Ques:What are the current versions of apache, php, and mysql?

Answer : PHP: php 5.5, Apache: Apache 2.2, MySQL: MySQL 5.5 .

31.Ques: What is maximum size of a database in mysql?

Answer : Depend on Operating System
32.Ques: What is meant by MIME?
Answer : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. WWW ability to recognize and handle files
of different types is largely dependent on the use of the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions) standard. The standard provides for a system of registration of file types with
information about the applications needed to process them.

33.Ques:What Is a Persistent Cookie?

Answer : Persistent cookie is a cookie which is permanently stored on user’s computer in a
cookie file. They are used for tracking the user information of the users who are browsing
from a very long time. They also have the drawbacks of being unsecure, as user can see the
cookies which are saved on the computer.

34.Ques: What are static method? How its different from normal method?
Answer : Static methods are that can be accessed by using the scope resolution operator (i.e
::) and object reference operator ( i.e.-> ). For example HelloClass::mystatic(); $helloClass-
>mystatic();

35.Ques: How to create unique random password?

Answer : echo md5(uniqid(rand(), true));

36.Ques: What type of inheritance supported by PHP?

Answer : Single inheritance. Multiple Level inheritance

37.Ques: How to create subdomain?

Answer : With use virtual host and htaccess, you can create sub domain.
38.Ques:How session and cookie works together?
Answer : Create an session in PHP. Session data is stored in Server. Session data have unique
name. Session unique key with domain name is stored in browser cookie. Now, Browser keep
the login with use of unique key(in cookie) and session data (stored in server side).

39.Ques: How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?
Answer : $date1 = date(“Y-m-d”); $date2 = “2006-08-15″; $days = (strtotime($date1) –
strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);

40.Ques: What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in Sql?

Answer : ORDER BY [col1],[col2], ¦,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it
should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1 it will try to sort them
according to col2 and so on. GROUP BY [col1],[col2], ¦,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results
with same value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it,
if you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average

41.Ques: How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL?
Answer : SELECT CURDATE(); CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE() for time use
SELECT CURTIME(); CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME()

42.Ques:How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP?
Answer : $result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link); $num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);
echo “$num_rows rows found”;

43.Ques:How many values can the SET function of MySQL take?

Answer : MySQL set can take zero or more values but at the maximum it can take 64 values.
44.Ques:What is the maximum length of a table name, database name, and fieldname in
MySQL?
Answer : The following table describes the maximum length for each type of identifier.
Identifier Maximum Length (bytes) Database 64 Table 64 Column 64 Index 64 Alias 255
There are some restrictions on the characters that may appear in identifiers.

45.Ques: List out the predefined classes in PHP?

Answer : Directory stdClass __PHP_Incomplete_Class exception php_user_filter

46.Ques: what is session_set_save_handler in PHP?

Answer : session_set_save_handler() sets the user-level session storage functions which are
used for storing and retrieving data associated with a session. This is most useful when a
storage method other than those supplied by PHP sessions is preferred. i.e. Storing the
session data in a local database.

47.Ques: What are the different functions in sorting an array?

Answer : Sort(), arsort(), asort(), ksort(), natsort(), natcasesort(), rsort(), usort(),
array_multisort(), and uksort().

48.Ques:What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?

Answer : eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that this ignores case
distinction when matching alphabetic characters.eregi_replace() function is identical to
ereg_replace() except that this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.

49.Ques:How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the
pages?
Answer : • GET/QueryString • POST
50.Ques:How can we set and destroy the cookie n php ?
Answer : By using setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain); function we can set the
cookie in php ; Set the cookies in past for destroy. like setcookie(“user”, “sonia”,
time()+3600); for set the cookie setcookie(“user”, “”, time()-3600); for destroy or delete the
cookies;

51.Ques:How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the variable of a session?
Answer : session_unregister – Unregister a global variable from the current session
session_unset – Free all session variables

52.Ques: How many ways can we get the value of current session id?
Answer : session_id() returns the session id for the current session.

53.Ques: How can I execute a PHP script using command line?

Answer : Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and provide the PHP
script file name as the command line argument. For example, “php myScript.php”, assuming
“php” is the command to invoke the CLI program. Be aware that if your PHP script was
written for the Web CGI interface, it may not execute properly in command line environment.

54.Ques: What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?

Answer : MySQL fetch object will collect first single matching record where
mysql_fetch_array will collect all matching records from the table in an array

55.Ques: What is meant by PEAR in php?

Answer : PEAR is the next revolution in PHP. This repository is bringing higher level
programming to PHP. PEAR is a framework and distribution system for reusable PHP
components. It eases installation by bringing an automated wizard, and packing the strength
and experience of PHP users into a nicely organised OOP library. PEAR also provides a
command-line interface that can be used to automatically install “packages” PEAR is short
for “PHP Extension and Application Repository” and is pronounced just like the fruit. The
purpose of PEAR is to provide: A structured library of open-sourced code for PHP users A
system for code distribution and package maintenance A standard style for code written in
PHP The PHP Foundation Classes (PFC), The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL),
A web site, mailing lists and download mirrors to support the PHP/PEAR communityPEAR
is a community-driven project with the PEAR Group as the governing body. The project has
been founded by Stig S. Bakken in 1999 and quite a lot of people have joined the project
since then.

56.Ques: What is PHP’s mysqli Extension?

Answer : The mysqli extension, or as it is sometimes known, the MySQL improved
extension, was developed to take advantage of new features found in MySQL systems
versions 4.1.3 and newer. The mysqli extension is included with PHP versions 5 and later.
The mysqli extension has a number of benefits, the key enhancements over the mysql
extension being: =>Object-oriented interface =>Support for Prepared Statements =>Support
for Multiple Statements =>Support for Transactions =>Enhanced debugging capabilities
=>Embedded server support

57.Ques: what is CURL?

Answer : CURL means Client URL Library curl is a command line tool for transferring files
with URL syntax, supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, TELNET,
DICT, LDAP, LDAPS and FILE. curl supports SSL certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT,
FTP uploading, HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, user+password authentication
(Basic, D igest, NTLM, Negotiate, kerberos ¦), file transfer resume, proxy tunneling and a
busload of other useful tricks. CURL allows you to connect and communicate to many
different types of servers with many different types of protocols. libcurl currently supports
the http, https, ftp, gopher, telnet, dict, file, and ldap protocols. libcurl also supports HTTPS
certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading (this can also be done with PHP ™s
ftp extension), HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, and user+password authentication.

58.Ques: what is framework? how it works? what is advantage?

Answer : In general, a framework is a real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a
support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something
useful. Advantages : Consistent Programming Model Direct Support for Security Simplified
Development Efforts Easy Application Deployment and Maintenance
59.Ques: what is MVC? why its been used?
Answer : Model-view-controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern used in software
engineering. Successful use of the pattern isolates business logic from user interface
considerations, resulting in an application where it is easier to modify either the visual
appearance of the application or the underlying business rules without affecting the other. In
MVC, the model represents the information (the data) of the application; the view
corresponds to elements of the user interface such as text, checkbox items, and so forth; and
the controller manages the communication of data and the business rules used to manipulate
the data to and from the model. WHY ITS NEEDED IS 1 Modular separation of function 2
Easier to maintain 3 View- Controller separation means: A Tweaking design (HTML)
without altering code B Web design staff can modify UI without understanding code

60.Ques: whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ?

Answer : The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to enable reliable, scalable
integration with SQL Server for PHP applications deployed on the Windows platform. The
Driver for PHP is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL Server data
from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC modules we can access Microsoft SQL
server.

61.Ques: whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ?

Answer : The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to enable reliable, scalable
integration with SQL Server for PHP applications deployed on the Windows platform. The
Driver for PHP is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL Server data
from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC modules we can access Microsoft SQL
server.

62.Ques: what is URL rewriting?

Answer : Using URL rewriting we can convert dynamic URl to static URL Static URLs are
known to be better than Dynamic URLs because of a number of reasons 1. Static URLs
typically Rank better in Search Engines. 2. Search Engines are known to index the content of
dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages. 3. Static URLs are always more
friendlier looking to the End Users. along with this we can use URL rewriting in adding
variables [cookies] to the URL to handle the sessions.
63.Ques:Describe how PHP Works with Browser?
Answer : Works in following Flow 1. Open website http://www.web-technology-experts-
notes.in/ 2. Request send to server of http://www.web-technology-experts-notes.in/ 3. Call
PHP Files. 4. PHP Scripts are loaded into memory and compiled into Zend opcode. 5. These
opcodes are executed and the HTML generated. 6. Same HTML is send back to Browser.

64.Ques:What is the difference between PHP4 and PHP5?

Answer : PHP4 cannot support oops concepts and Zend engine 1 is used. PHP5 supports oops
concepts and Zend engine 2 is used. Error supporting is increased in PHP5. XML and
SQLLite will is increased in PHP5.

65.Ques: Is variable name case sensitive?

Answer : . Yes variable name case sensitive and we cannot start a variable with number like
$6name as a valid variable name starts with a letter or underscore, followed by any number of
letters, numbers, or underscores.

66.Ques: What is use of count() function in php ?

Answer : count() is used to count all elements in an array, or something in an object.

67.Ques:How do we drop a table?

Answer : : DROP table customers; It will drop the table customers

68.Ques: What do we use to remove duplicate records while fetching a data in mysql ?
Answer : We use DISTINCT keyword.
69.Ques: Why do we use multipart/form-data in html form?
Answer : This is the encoding used to send image or files via form, The data will be split into
multiple parts and, one for each files plus one for the text of the form body that may be sent
with them.

70.Ques: What is PDO classes ?

Answer : The PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension defines a lightweight, consistent interface
for accessing databases in PHP. It is a data-access abstraction layer, so no matter what
database we use the function to issue queries and fetch data will be same. Using PDO drivers
we can connect to database like DB2, Oracle, PostgreSQL etc.

71.Ques: Is it possible to use COM component in PHP?

Answer : Yes, it’s possible to integrate (Distributed) Component Object Model components
((D)COM) in PHP scripts which is provided as a framework

72.Ques: What is the default session time in php?

Answer : The default session time in php is until closing of browser

73.Ques: Is it possible to destroy a cookie?

Answer : Yes, it is possible by setting the cookie with a past expiration time.

74.Ques: How can we pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?
Answer : It is possible to pass the variables between the PHP pages using sessions, cookies or
hidden form fields.
75.Ques:What are the three classes of errors that can occur in PHP?
Answer : The three basic classes of errors are notices (non-critical), warnings (serious errors)
and fatal errors (critical errors).

76.Ques: what is the difference between for and foreach?

Answer : : for is expressed as follows: for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement The first
expression is executed once at the beginning. In each iteration, expr2 is evaluated. If it is
TRUE, the loop continues and the statements inside for are executed. If it evaluates to
FALSE, the execution of the loop ends. expr3 is tested at the end of each iteration. However,
foreach provides an easy way to iterate over arrays and it is only used with arrays and objects.

77.Ques: How can we determine whether a variable is set?

Answer : The boolean function isset determines if a variable is set and is not NULL.

78.Ques: How is it possible to parse a configuration file?

Answer : The function parse_ini_file() enables us to load in the ini file specified in filename,
and returns the settings in it in an associative array.

79.Ques: What does the expression Exception::__toString means?

Answer : Exception::__toString gives the String representation of the exception.

80.Ques: what is the difference between Exception::getMessage and

Answer : Exception::getMessage lets us getting the Exception message and
Exception::getLine lets us getting the line in which the exception occurred

81.Ques: What is the goto statement useful for?

Answer : The goto statement can be placed to enable jumping inside the PHP program. The
target is pointed by a label followed by a colon, and the instruction is specified as a goto
statement followed by the desired target label.

82.Ques:How do you capture audio/video in PHP?

Answer : You need a module installed - FFMPEG. FFmpeg is a complete solution to record,
convert and stream audio and video. It includes libavcodec, the leading audio/video codec
library. FFmpeg is developed under Linux, but it can be compiled under most operating
systems, including Windows.

83.Ques: How do you know (status) whether the recipient of your mail had opened the
mail i.e. read the mail?
Answer : Embed an URL in a say 0-byte image tag may be the better way to go. In other
word, you embed an invisible image on you html email and when the src URL is being
rendered by the server, you can track whether your recipients have view the emails or not.

84.Ques: What is random number?

Answer : A random number is a number generated by a process, whose outcome is
unpredictable, and which cannot be sub sequentially reliably reproduced.

85.Ques: What is difference between srand & shuffle?

Answer : The srand function seeds the random number generator with seed and shuffle is
used for shuffling the array values. shuffle - This function shuffles (randomizes the order of
the elements in) an array. This function assigns new keys for the elements in array. It will
remove any existing keys you may have assigned, rather than just reordering the keys.

86.Ques: How can we remove duplicate values from an array?

Answer : array_unique() funciton can be used for the purpose.
87.Ques: How do I find out weather a number is odd or even?
Answer : if (number%2==0 ) then even else odd.

88.Ques: How can we get the ID generated from the previous insert operation?
Answer : SELECT MAX(ID) from tablename;

89.Ques: How to limit the number of rows to 5 that I get out of my database?
Answer : Select * from tablename LIMIT 0, 5;

90.Ques: How to store binary data in MySQL?

Answer : Use BLOB data type for the database field.

91.Ques:How do we delete a row in a table

Answer : Take an example
DELETE FROM customer WHERE cid=150;
In this case it will delete the record of the customer with customer id 150

92.Ques:What do we use to remove duplicate records while fetching a data in mysql .

Answer : We use DISTINCT keyword.

93.Ques:If we use SUM function in mysql, does it return sum of that row or for that
column.
Answer : Sum function works on the column basis and will return the sum of that particular
row only.
94.Ques:What is JOIN in mysql? What are the different types of join.
Answer : When we have to fetch records from more than one table we can use JOIN
keyword. The process is known as joining the tables. There are various types of join like
INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and OUTER JOIN.

95.Ques:What is the difference between javascript and PHP?

Answer : Javascript is a client side scripting language whereas PHP is a server side scripting
language.

96.Ques:What is an associative array?

Answer : Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.
$capitals=array("India"=>"New Delhi","China"=>"Beijing","Pakistan"=>"Islamabad");

97.Ques:what is the major php security hole? how to avoid?

Answer : 1. Never include, require, or otherwise open a file with a filename based on user
input, without thoroughly checking it first.
2. Be careful with eval() Placing user-inputted values into the eval() function can be
extremely dangerous. You essentially give the malicious user the ability to execute any
command he or she wishes!
3. Be careful when using register_globals = ON It was originally designed to make
programming in PHP easier (and that it did), but misuse of it often led to security holes
4. Never run unescaped queries
5. For protected areas, use sessions or validate the login every time.
6. If you don’t want the file contents to be seen, give the file a .php extension.

98.Ques: what are magic methods?

Answer : Magic methods are the members functions that is available to all the instance of
class Magic methods always starts with "__". Eg. __construct All magic methods needs to be
declared as public To use magic method they should be defined within the class or program
scope Various Magic Methods used in PHP 5 are: __construct() __destruct() __set() __get()
__call() __toString() __sleep() __wakeup() __isset() __unset() __autoload() __clone()

99.Ques: what is design pattern? singleton pattern?

Answer : A design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in
software design. The Singleton design pattern allows many parts of a program to share a
single resource without having to work out the details of the sharing themselves.

100.Ques:for image work which library

Answer : we will need to compile PHP with the GD library of image functions for this to
work. GD and PHP may also require other libraries, depending on which image formats you
want to work with.

101.Ques:What are default session time and path?

Answer : default session time in PHP is 1440 seconds or 24 minutes Default session save
path id temporary folder /tmp

102.Ques:what is garbage collection? default time ? refresh time?

Answer : Garbage Collection is an automated part of PHP , If the Garbage Collection process
runs, it then analyzes any files in the /tmp for any session files that have not been accessed in
a certain amount of time and physically deletes them. Garbage Collection process only runs
in the default session save directory, which is /tmp. If you opt to save your sessions in a
different directory, the Garbage Collection process will ignore it. the Garbage Collection
process does not differentiate between which sessions belong to whom when run. This is
especially important note on shared web servers. If the process is run, it deletes ALL files that
have not been accessed in the directory. There are 3 PHP.ini variables, which deal with the
garbage collector: PHP ini value name default session.gc_maxlifetime 1440 seconds or 24
minutes session.gc_probability 1 session.gc_divisor 100

103.Ques:What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique key?

Answer : Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the
table. A primary key value cannot be NULL. Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely
identify each row in the table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value.
So NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary key for a table but there can be
more than one unique for a table.

104.Ques:List out the predefined classes in PHP?

Answer : Directory
stdClass
__PHP_Incomplete_Class
exception
php_user_filter

105.Ques:what is session_set_save_handler in PHP ?

Answer : session_set_save_handler() sets the user-level session storage functions which are
used for storing and retrieving data associated with a session. This is most useful when a
storage method other than those supplied by PHP sessions is preferred. i.e. Storing the
session data in a local database.

106.Ques:What is the use of friend function?

Answer : Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of different classes. Such
functions can be declared either as member functions of one class or as global functions. In
either case they can be set to be friends of other classes, by using a friend specifier in the
class that is admitting them. Such functions can use all attributes of the class which names
them as a friend, as if they were themselves members of that class. A friend declaration is
essentially a prototype for a member function, but instead of requiring an implementation
with the name of that class attached by the double colon syntax, a global function or member
function of another class provides the match.

107.Ques:What are the reasons for selecting lamp (Linux, apache, MySQL, PHP)
instead of combination of other software programs, servers and operating systems?
Answer : All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very very more than
windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security. MySQL is
world most popular open source database. PHP is more faster that asp or any other scripting
language.

108.Ques: What is use of header() function in php ?

Answer : The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a client.We can use herder()
function for redirection of pages. It is important to notice that header() must be called before
any actual output is seen..

109.Ques: What does the array operator ‘===’ means?

Answer : $a === $b TRUE if $a and $b have the same key/value pairs in the same order and
of the same types.

110.Ques: What is the differences between $a != $b and $a !== $b?

Answer : != means inequality (TRUE if $a is not equal to $b) and !== means non-identity
(TRUE if $a is not identical to $b).

111.Ques:How can we determine whether a PHP variable is an instantiated object of a

certain class?
Answer : To be able to verify whether a PHP variable is an instantiated object of a certain
class we use instanceof.

112.Ques: What are the two main string operators?

Answer : The first is the concatenation operator (‘.’), which returns the concatenation of its
right and left arguments. The second is (‘.=’), which appends the argument on the right to the
argument on the left.
113.Ques: what the difference between the ‘BITWISE AND’ operator and the
‘LOGICAL AND’ operator?
Answer : $a and $b: TRUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.
$a & $b: Bits that are set in both $a and $b are set.

114.Ques: What does the scope of variables means?

Answer : The scope of a variable is the context within which it is defined. For the most part
all PHP variables only have a single scope. This single scope spans included and required
files as well.

115.Ques:What does $_COOKIE means?

Answer : $_COOKIE is an associative array of variables sent to the current PHP script using
the HTTP Cookies.

116.Ques: What does $_ENV means?

Answer : $_ENV is an associative array of variables sent to the current PHP script via the
environment method.

117.Ques: How can we change the maximum size of the files to be uploaded?
Answer : We can change the maximum size of files to be uploaded by changing
upload_max_filesize in php.ini.

118.Ques: How can we get the error when there is a problem to upload a file?
Answer : $_FILES[‘userfile’][‘error’] contains the error code associated with the uploaded
file.
119.Ques:What is the difference between $_FILES[‘userfile’][‘name’] and
$_FILES[‘userfile’][‘tmp_name’]?
Answer : $_FILES[‘userfile’][‘name’] represents the original name of the file on the client
machine,
$_FILES[‘userfile’][‘tmp_name’] represents the temporary filename of the file stored on the
server.

120.Ques: What does $_FILES means?

Answer : $_FILES is an associative array composed of items sent to the current script via the
HTTP POST method.

121.Ques: What does $_SERVER means?

Answer : $_SERVER is an array including information created by the web server such as
paths, headers, and script locations.

122.Ques:What does $GLOBALS means?

Answer : $GLOBALS is associative array including references to all variables which are
currently defined in the global scope of the script

123.Ques: What is the difference between session_unregister() and session_unset()?

Answer : The session_unregister() function unregister a global variable from the current
session and the session_unset() function free all session variables.

124.Ques:When sessions ends?

Answer : Sessions automatically ends when the PHP script finishs executing, but can be
manually ended using the session_write_close().
125.Ques:How is it possible to propagate a session id?
Answer : It is possible to propagate a session id via cookies or URL parameters

126.Ques: what is the definition of a session?

Answer : what is the definition of a session?

127.Ques: what is the definition of a session?

Answer : what is the definition of a session?

128.Ques: What’s the difference between __sleep and __wakeup?

Answer : __sleep returns the array of all the variables that need to be saved, while __wakeup
retrieves them.

129.Ques:Are Parent constructors called implicitly inside a class constructor?

Answer : No, a parent constructor have to be called explicitly as follows:
parent::constructor($value)

130.Ques:In PHP, objects are they passed by value or by reference?

Answer : In PHP, objects passed by value.

131.Ques: What does accessing a class via :: means?

Answer : :: is used to access static methods that do not require object initialization.
132.Ques:If the variable $var1 is set to 10 and the $var2 is set to the character var1,
what’s the value of $$var2?
Answer : $$var2 contains the value 10.

133.Ques: What is the function func_num_args() used for?

Answer : The function func_num_args() is used to give the number of parameters passed into
a function.

134.Ques: How is the ternary conditional operator used in PHP?

Answer : It is composed of three expressions: a condition, and two operands describing what
instruction should be performed when the specified condition is true or false as follows:
Expression_1 ? Expression_2 : Expression_3;

135.Ques:Will a comparison of an integer 12 and a string “13” work in PHP?

Answer : “13” and 12 can be compared in PHP since it casts everything to the integer type.

136.Ques: How can you pass a variable by reference?

Answer : To be able to pass a variable by reference, we use an ampersand in front of it, as
follows $var1 = &$var2

137.Ques:How a constant is defined in a PHP script?

Answer : The define() directive lets us defining a constant as follows:
define (“ACONSTANT”, 123);

138.Ques: Which cryptographic extension provide generation and verification of digital

signatures?
Answer : The PHP-openssl extension provides several cryptographic operations including
generation and verification of digital signatures.

139.Ques:What is the most convenient hashing method to be used to hash passwords?

Answer : It is preferable to use crypt() which natively supports several hashing algorithms or
the function hash() which supports more variants than crypt() rather than using the common
hashing algorithms such as md5, sha1 or sha256 because they are conceived to be fast. hence,
hashing passwords with these algorithms can vulnerability.

140.Ques: How is it possible to return a value from a function?

Answer : A function returns a value using the instruction ‘return $value;’.

141.Ques: What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?

Answer : Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to
htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML
character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.

142.Ques: Explain what is Joomla?

Answer : Joomla is a content management system. It allows you to build online applications
and web sites. Joomla is an open source and available freely.

143.Ques:What are mambots and plugins?

Answer : A Mambot is a small, task-oriented function that intercepts content before it is
displayed and manipulates it in some way. Joomla! provides a number of Mambots in the
core distribution, e.g. WYSIWYG editors.In Joomla! 1.5 mambots will be renamed plugins.
144.Ques:What are Positions?
Answer : Site templates divides the page into number of positions, each with a different
name. Positions are like top, bottom, nav, header, footer, module1, module2. You can also
create/update the positions from the template.

145.Ques: List out the benefits of using Joomla?

Answer : Benefits of Joomla is
It is an open source software
Tons of free components are available in extensions.joomla.org/
Permission and user role are inbuilt with Joomla
It allows to update your old Joomla from the admin section
Templates are available free of cost and can apply with one click

146.Ques:How do I exit the wrapper?

Answer : The page that contains the link you click on to load the wrapped content is the
parent page. You can get out of the wrapper by clicking on anyone of the links in the menu of
the parent page. If there are no other menu items visible then the wrapper may have been
loaded directly into the parent page, replacing the content that was initially there. This
however defeats the purpose of having a wrapper which is a means of simply enclosing
content from another site within the parent site.

147.Ques: How do I link from inside content to another content item?

Answer : The simple answer is that you get the URL for the page you want to link to. Then
you make a link using whatever editor you are using or with html if you have nowysiwyg.
The more complicated answer is that some editors have fancier links managers. For example
with the JCE editor you can add the advanced linking plugin and it will give you nice lists of
static and other content types to pick from.

148.Ques:Can content items be assigned to multiple categories or sections?

Answer : No, content items cannot be assigned to multiple categories or sections.
149.Ques:What are section, categories and content items?
Answer : ontents are the html pages that is managed by admin, It may have rich text, images,
css, javascript, links to internal or external pages.
Contents are categorized in categories. Means 1 category have zero or more contents pages.
Categories are categorized in section. Means 1 section have zero or more categories.

150.Ques:Why use Joomla?

Answer : Following are benfits to use Joomla
It is OpenSource means download & modified at free of cost.
It is CMS, You can add different types of content in same or different category can be added
and published on your website.
Thousands of Free components are available in extensions.joomla.org/
User Modules, User Role and permission are in built with joomla.
It follow MVC You can also update your old joomla from admin section. Easy to
development websits in joomla. Various template are available at free of cost and can apply
within one click.

151.Ques:How do I change the favicon?

Answer : You can manage favicon from configuration in Admin Section. you can upload a
new favicon.

152.Ques:What is Joomla Framework?

Answer : Framework is collection of open source software, where the Joomla CMS is built
on. It developed for more flexibility and breaks the framework into single modular packages
which helps each package to develop more easily.

153.Ques:What database does Joomla supports?

Answer : MySql Database

154.Ques:What are disadvantages of Joomla?

Answer : The disadvantages of Joomla are:
It gives compatibility problem while installing several modules, extensions and plugins
simultaneously.
Plugins and modules are not free in Joomla.
Development is too difficult to handle when you want to change the layout.
Joomla is not much SEO (Search Engine Optimization) friendly.
It makes website heavy to load and run.

155.Ques:Explain categories of mambots.

Answer :
Some categories of mambots are listed below:

Content
Editors
Editors-xtd
System
Search

156.Ques:What is the homepage in Joomla?

Answer : When you install Joomla, it has a menu link to the frontpage component which is
by default the homepage of a site.

157.Ques:What is position in Joomla?

Answer : A site template displays pages in a specific format. It divides the pages into a
number of things like nav, header, footer, top, bottom, module1, etc. This is known as
position.

158.Ques:Can Joomla be used as a blogging platform?

Answer : Yes Joomla can also be used as a blogging platform. But other CMS should be
preferred over Joomla for blogging purpose.

159.Ques:What Is The Difference Between Joomla And Drupal?

Answer :
Drupal use smarty template where as on the other hand. Joomla dose not
Joomla uses plugin and modules whereas Drupl has module only
In drupal php code can be written directly whereas in
Joomla you need to install plugin for php support
Drupal is SEO Friendly whereas in Joomla you need to buy a plugin.
Drupal use smarty where as Joomla use his own code format.
In Druapl we can create multiple website with single installation.
Joomla! Features: Completely database driven site engines

News, products or services sections fully editable and manageable

Topics sections can be added to by contributing authors
Fully customizable layouts including left, center and right menu boxes
Browser upload of images to your own library for use anywhere in the si
te
Dynamic Forum/Poll/Voting booth for on-the-spot results
Runs on Linux, FreeBSD, MacOSX server, Solaris and AIX

160.Ques:What type of website, We can easily build in Joomla using extension/modules?

Answer :
Inventory control systems
Data reporting tools
Application bridges
Custom product catalogs
Integrated e-commerce systems
Complex business directories
Reservation systems
Communication tools

161.Ques:How Do I Make A Non-clickable Menu Link?

Answer : Use a link type Separator or Placeholder to make a menu link that is non-clickable.
We can also remove the link from the administrator panel, which is in the “menu” option.

162.Ques:How To Link Inside Content And Another Content Item?

Answer : Get the URL for the particular page you want to link this to. Create a link using a
specific editor or with html, if you have no wysiwyg.

163.Ques:What Are Pathways Or Breadcrumbs?

Answer : If you are on a particular page and to get to that page you had to go through several
folders to find that particular page, then that series of links will be your pathway or
breadcrumb. For example: Home >> Books >> Pages >> New Page.

164.Ques:What is the use of Breadcrumb Module in Joomla?

Answer : Breadcrumb is used to display the hierarchical representation of the navigation links
so that the users can easily understand where he/she is in the website and allow them to
navigate back.

165.Ques:How do I eliminate the pathway or breadcrumbs?

Answer :
If you wish to eliminate the pathway entirely, edit your template html (
index) file. Usually it will look like this:

166.Ques:What license is Joomla! released under?

Answer : Joomla! is released under the GPL (Gnu General Public License 2).

167.Ques:What does Check In mean is article manager toolbar?

Answer : It check-in the particular selected article. Multiple articles can be checked-in.

168.Ques:What Do The Locks On The Screen Mean?

Answer : The locks on any specific area on the screen mean that the item is being edited
currently.

169.Ques:What is Search Module?

Answer : Search Module is used to display a search box, where the user types a particular
name to search the website.

170.Ques:How many Joomla tables are related with users?

Answer :
jos_users
jos_core_acl_aro
jos_core_acl_groups_aro_map

171.Ques:By default how many tables Joomla have?

Answer : By default, Joomla have 65 tables.

172.Ques:In which files database settings are stored in Joomla CMS?

Answer : In Joomla CMS, database settings are stored in the root directory under
configuration.php.

173.Ques:Which files are required to build module in Joomla?

Answer :
mod_module_name.php
mod_module_name.xml

174.Ques:What are the web services that Joomla supports?

Answer : Remote Procedure Calls XML-RPC services

175.Ques:How To Remove The Locks?

Answer : The locks can be removed simply by saving the edited items.

176.Ques:What is Syndicate Module?

Answer : Syndicate module helps in creating an RSS Feed link for the page. It allows
creating a Newsfeed by user for the current page.
177.Ques:What is favicon?
Answer : A favicon is an icon associated with a particular website, generally displayed in the
address bar of the browser.

178.Ques:List some real world examples of Joomla.

Answer :
Joomla supports all types and size of websites.

Business web sites

Online newspapers, magazines, etc
Non-profit and organizational web sites
Corporate web sites
Government web sites
Family or personnel websites
Community based portal

179.Ques:How Joomla is different in comparison to WordPress?

Answer :
WordPress:

It is best for beginners.

Easy to use.
It works well for small to medium sized websites & blogs.
Provides a lot of themes, plugins and widgets.
Joomla:
It is good for E-commerce type of sites, but requires at least some lev
el of technical coding.
It is user-friendly but more complex site development option.

180.Ques:Why do you think Drupal is powerful & popular CMS compare to others?
Answer : Drupal Allows to create multiple content types using content construction kit (cck)
without any programming skills. Also allows customize theme template for each content
type. For example you can have page, article , story, slideshow content type.

181.Ques:What is Drupal?
Answer : Drupal is a Content Management System (CMS). It’s an open source content and
free CMS framework written in PHP. It enables you to organize, manage and publish content
with ease and comes with a variety of customization option.

182.Ques:What is Drupal’s taxonomy system and what are some of its key features?
Answer : Drupal comes with a built in taxonomy system that allows for categorization of the
nodes on a site.
The taxonomy system allows for arbitrary definition of terms, as well as arbitrary
organization of those terms into vocabularies. There is no limit to the number of vocabularies
that can be created, nor is there any limit to the number of terms that can be included in a
vocabulary.
A vocabulary can also have free tagging which means that, instead of entering specific terms
ahead of time, users may enter tags freely at the time the content is created and those tags
automatically become terms in that vocabulary.
Drupal’s taxonomy system is one if its most powerful and flexible features.

183.Ques:Why to use Drupal?

Answer : Drupal is very powerful and can be used for building large, complex sites. It is PHP
based template and allows non-technical users to add and edit the content without any HTML
or Web design knowledge. Using Drupal CMS, it can be easy to interact with other sites or
technologies and can handle complex forms and workflows. It is available with more than
16000 modules which can be addressed with Drupal core and add-on modules.
184.Ques:What makes “Search” in drupal as an excellent feature than Other CMS?
Answer : Drupal uses search indexing using content type, classification information from
taxonomy system and the content meta data.
Drupal treats its content as fine-grained semantic information that Drupal knows about can be
used to fine-tune search results. Also, you can tweak and override the search system to adjust
the user interface, the way content is ranked, and the way results are displayed. That said,
Drupal integrates well with external search engines such as Apache Solr, Xapian, and Sphinx
if the built-in search does not meet your needs very easily.

185.Ques:What is a Module in drupal ?

Answer : A module is software (code) that extends Drupal features and/or functionality.
Drupal Supports – Core modules – included with the main download of Drupal, and you can
turn on their functionality without installing additional software. Contributed modules are
downloaded from the Modules download section of drupal.org, and installed within your
Drupal installation. You can also create your own module – CustomModules” using PHP
programming, and Drupal’s module API.

186.Ques: what is entity and entity api?

Answer : They provide a unified way to work with different data units in Drupal. Drupal 7 is
all about entities. They are everywhere: nodes, users, taxonomy terms, vocabularies…
But how, as developers, can we create our own entities? When do we really need to do that? I
think these questions are really very project-specific. We can probably use nodes for nearly
everything. But when it comes to performance-sensitive projects, nodes should really only be
used for content, and we should separate as much as possible from nodes. Why? Nodes are
revisioned, they fire a lot of hooks, and they have functionality that we likely won’t need.
Also if we know exactly what fields we should have in our entities, we can create our own
custom entities to avoid all those joins of Field API tables.

187.Ques:What is Drush – how drush is used?

Answer : Drush is a command line shell and scripting interface for Drupal, a veritable Swiss
Army knife designed to make life easier for those of us who spend some of our working
hours hacking away at the command prompt.
188.Ques:What are hooks in Drupal ?
Answer : hooks are drupal api code which allows module to interact with the Drupal core.
Drupal’s module system is based on the concept of “hooks”. A hook is a PHP function that is
named foo_bar(), where “foo” is the name of the module (whose file name is thus
foo.module) and “bar” is the name of the hook. Each hook has a defined set of parameters
and call back functions to trigger functionality on specific event. For example if you use form
with submit button, on submit event you can have specific functionality.

189.Ques:List some features of Drupal?

Answer :
The Features of Drupal are:

It makes easy to create and manage your site.

Translates anything in the system with built-in user interfaces.

It connects your website to other sites and services using feeds, searc
h engine connection capabilities etc.
Drupal is open source software hence requires no licensing costs.

It designs highly flexible, creative website to the users and display m

ore effectively to increase the visitors.

Drupal can publish your content on social media such as Twitter, Facebo
ok and other social mediums.

190.Ques:Describe the Field API that was introduced into core in Drupal 7.
Answer :
The Field API allows custom data fields to be attached to Drupal entiti
es and takes care of storing, loading, editing, and rendering field dat
a. Any entity type (node, user, etc.) can use the Field API to make its
elf “fieldable” and thus allow fields to be attached to it. Other modul
es can provide a user interface for managing custom fields via a web br
owser as well as a wide and flexible variety of data type, form element
, and display format capabilities.

The Field API defines two primary data structures, Field and Instance, a
nd the concept of a Bundle. A Field defines a particular type of data t
hat can be attached to entities. A Field Instance is a Field attached t
o a single Bundle. A Bundle is a set of fields that are treated as a gr
oup by the Field Attach API and is related to a single fieldable entity
type.

For example, suppose a site administrator wants Article nodes to have a

subtitle and photo. Using the Field API or Field UI module, the adminis
trator creates a field named ‘subtitle’ of type ‘text’ and a field name
d ‘photo’ of type ‘image’. The administrator (again, via a UI) creates t
wo Field Instances, one attaching the field ‘subtitle’ to the ‘node’ bu
ndle ‘article’ and one attaching the field ‘photo’ to the ‘node’ bundle
‘article’. When the node system uses the Field Attach API to load all f
ields for an Article node, it passes the node’s entity type (which is ‘
node’) and content type (which is ‘article’) as the node’s bundle. fiel
d_attach_load() then loads the ‘subtitle’ and ‘photo’ fields because th
ey are both attached to the ‘node’ bundle ‘article’.

Field definitions are represented as an array of key/value pairs.

191.Ques: Explain how caching work in Drupal?

Answer :
Through caching Drupal allows to speed up website using different confi
guration like page caching, block caching and lifetime for cached pages
.

Page Caching: It enables the entire HTML of each page to be stored in t

he database. It reduces the amount of queries needed
Block Caching: You can set the cache setting for a block in views, whe
n block created by views
Minimum cache lifetime: It is the amount of time before the page cache
is cleared. On each cron run, page caches are cleared.
Expiration of cached pages: It only applies for an external mechanism, f
or example, your browser cache or varnish
192.Ques:What is a patch?
Answer : A patch is a file that contains a list of differences between one set of files, and
another. Through patches, all the changes in code like additions or deletions to Drupal core
can be made. Also, patches can be used to make changes to another copy of the original or
main file.

193.Ques:What do PDO mean?

Answer : PDO means PHP Data Object; it is a lean and consistent way to access databases. It
allows developers to write portable code with ease.

194.Ques:Explain how database system of Drupal works?

Answer : In a database Drupal stores information, and each information has its own database
table. For example, the basic information regarding the nodes of your site are stored and kept
in the node table, and if you use the CCK module to add fields to your nodes, the field
information is stored in a separate table.

195.Ques:What is the use of weight field while creating menu?

Answer : It Sets the order of menu items.

196.Ques:Describe the features and uses of the Views module.

Answer :
Using the Views module, you can fetch content from the database of your
site and present it to the user as lists, posts, galleries, tables, map
s, graphs, menu items, blocks, reports, forum posts etc. Different cont
ent types including nodes, users, and other bundles can be displayed.
Views UI, a submodule within Views, provides a graphical interface unde
rneath which lies a powerful SQL query builder that can access virtuall
y any information in your database and display it in any format.

Different displays can present the query results as pages with fixed UR
Ls on your site (or URLs accepting arguments), blocks, feeds, or panel p
anes.

You can also use Views to present related content or implement contextu
al filters. For example, you can display a list of users along with lin
ks to the content they have created and/or you can display customized c
ontent to a user according to their user ID.

197.Ques:Name some of the most commonly used PHP based CMSs?

Answer :
Some of the commonly used PHP are

Drupal
Joomla
WordPress
TYPO3

198.Ques:List out some of the modules used in Drupal?

Answer :
Some of the modules recommended are

Views
Token
Ctools
Quicktabs
Pathauto

199.Ques:Explain what Drupal distributions is and when to use?

Answer :
Distributions are full copies of Drupal, which includes Drupal Core, al
ong with additional software as modules, themes, libraries and installa
tion profiles. You can use distributions for

Evaluating Drupal
Demoing Drupal
Learning Drupal
Quickly binding Site

200.Ques:Explain what Drupal distributions is and when to use?

Answer :
Distributions are full copies of Drupal, which includes Drupal Core, al
ong with additional software as modules, themes, libraries and installa
tion profiles. You can use distributions for

Evaluating Drupal
Demoing Drupal
Learning Drupal
Quickly binding Site