General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Hooke’s Law and Ideal Springs
– Hooke’s Law states that stress is
directly proportional to strain.
– Hooke’s law is found to hold for most
materials, e.g., a wire, rubber band or a
spring up to a point which is called the
elastic limit. Beyond this limit the
object will not return to its original
shape when the force is removed.

F = kx
– The potential energy stored is a spring
is given by

PEelastic = 12 kx2
– Where (x) is the stretched or
compressed distance and (k) is the
spring constant.

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Simple Harmonic Motion
– Simple harmonic motion (SHM) reference of periodic vibration or
oscillations can be described in terms of displacement, velocity and
acceleration:
– When an object with a mass (m) attached to a spring is moved from
its equilibrium position and released from rest, the restoring force
leads to simple harmonic motion.

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General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Simple Harmonic Motion…
– The displacement of a mass (m) attached to a spring, as function of
time has the form of a cosine or sine wave.
– If the displacement of the object is equal to the amplitude (A) at
t=0, then the equation of displacement, velocity, and acceleration as
a function of time can be written as follows:

v = −ωA sin ωt x = A cos ωt

⇒ vmax = ωA

a = −ω 2 A cos ωt k
ω=
⇒ amax = ω 2 A m

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Period of Simple Harmonic Motion
– Using the circle as a reference, an analogy can be drawn between
the one dimensional back and forth motion of an object attached to
a spring and one component of the two-dimensional motion
exhibited by an object traveling in a circle.
– As a result of this analogy the following equations may be derived:

1 2π
T= =
f ω

m
⇒ T = 2π
k

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General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Problem 1
– A 1.0 kg object is attached to a spring which has a spring constant
of 35.0 N/m. The object is displaced 0.100 m horizontally from the
equilibrium position. After being release, the object exhibits SHM.
Determine the
– a) period of the motion,
– b) total energy of the system, and
– c) object’s speed when it is 0.050 m from equilibrium.

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Problem 2
– An object oscillates with SHM according to the equation
x=2.00cosπt meters, as shown in the diagram. Determine the
– a) amplitude, frequency, and period of the motion and
– b) displacement, velocity and acceleration of the object at t=0.33s.

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General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Problem 3
– A block is attached to a horizontal spring and set into a SHM. A
second identical block is suddenly attached to the first one while
passing through the point where the spring is unstrained. The
velocity of the two blocks are exactly matched at the instant of
joining. Explain how the angular velocity, the maximum speed, and
the amplitude of the oscillation change?

equ

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Simple Pendulum
– A simple pendulum is assumed to have its entire mass concentrated
at the end of a light string.
– The simple pendulum undergoes SHM if the maximum angle that it
is displaced from equilibrium is small (approximately 15° or less)
– The formula for the period of motion is

L
T = 2π
g
– (L) is the length of the
pendulum and (g) is the
gravitational acceleration.

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General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

• Elastic Deformation
– Robert Hooke stated the relationship that connects the deformation
of a body to the magnitude of the applied force

⎛ ΔL ⎞
F = Y ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ A
L
⎝ 0⎠
– where (F) is the applied force, (L0) is the original length, (ΔL) is the
increase of the object length, (A) is the cross section area of the
body (rod), and (Y) is a proportionality constant called Young’s
modulus.

F
⇒ Stress
A

ΔL
⇒ Strain
L0

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Shear Deformation
– Shear stress occurs when equal but opposite forces (F) are applied
tangentially across the opposite faces of an object

⎛ ΔX ⎞
F = S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ A
L
⎝ 0 ⎠
– where (S) is the shear modulus, (A) is the area of each face of the
body, (ΔX) is the amount of shear, and (L0) is the thickness of the
object.

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General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Problem 4
– A metal wire 0.50 m long and 1.00x10-2 m in diameters stretches
3.2x10-4 m when a load of 10.0 kg is attached at the end. Determine
the
– a) stress,
– b) strain and
– c) elastic modulus for the material of the wire

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Volume Deformation and The Bulk Modulus
– A compressive stress that acts over the entire
surface of an object will cause a decrease in
the object’s volume. If the force per unit area
is uniform, the relationship that connects the
volume stress and the change in volume is
given by

⎛ ΔV ⎞
ΔP = − B⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ V0 ⎠
– where (ΔP) is the volume stress, which is the
change in the pressure. (V0) is the original
volume, (ΔV) is the change in the volume,
and (B) is a proportionality constant called the
bulk modulus.

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General Physics 10/18/2009

ELASTICITY AND SIMPLE HARMONIC

MOTION…
• Problem 5
– 1.00x10-3 m3 of water is placed in a flexible container which is
attached to lead weights and allowed to sink in the ocean.The bulk
modulus of water is 2.0x109 N/m3. Determine the
– a) change in volume of the water at a point where the water
pressure is 3.0x106 N/m2.
– b) % change in the volume of the water.

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