1

mgqk
msgq wxl
c,frdams; fyj;a mia rys; j.dj 01
c,frdams; j.dfõ b;sydih 02
c,frdams; j.dfõ uq,sl wjYH;djhka 03
jr®.SlrKh 04
fmdaIl ødjK ;=, j.dj
ødjK ixirKh jk j.d l%u
fmdaIl mg, ;dCIKh 05
.eUqre fmdaIl Odrd ;dCIKh 06
ødjK ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%u
c,Sh udOHhl uq,a .s,ajQ j.d ;dCIKh 09
mdfjk ia:rhl j.d ;dCIKh 12
flaIdlr®Il wjfYdaIK j.d ;dCIKh 13
>k udOHhl j.dj
isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨ ;dCIKh 14
;sria j.d u¨ ;dCIKh 15
>k udOH msrjQ ldkq fyda md;a;s ;=< j.d ;dCIKh 16
n∫ka ;=< j.dj 17
jdhj frdams; j.dj 18

c,frdams; j.dj i|yd ;jdka me< ieliSu 19

c,frdams; j.dfõ fmdaIl ,nd°u 23

mqyqKq ls¯u yd lmamd≥j 30

md,s; ;;aj hgf;a c,frdams; j.dj 32

j.djkays we;súh yels .egΩ yd tajd uÛyrjd .ekSu 32

c,frdams; j.dfõ kv;a;= yd md,k wjYH;djhka 37

c,frdams; j.dfõ jdis 39

iSudld˙ idOl 39

c,frdams;j j.d l< yels fnda. 40

c,frdams; j.dfõ wiajkq fk<su" fYa%◊.; ls¯u yd b†˙m;a ls¯u 40

c,frdams; j.djka i|yd wjYH WmlrK 41

2
c,frdams; fyj;a mia lrk ,o mr®fhaIK j, m%;sM,hla f,i c,frdams;
fyj;a mia rys; j.dj (Hydroponics/Soil-
rys; j.dj less culture) †hqKq ù we;' f,dj mqrd m%p,s;
fjñka mj;sk ldr®hÌu núka jeä by, wiajkq
,ndfok fuu j.d l%u ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla
,nd °u fuu m%ldYkfha wruqK fõ'

c,frdams; fyj;a mia rys; j.djla hkqfjka

y∫kajkqfha Ydl-fmdaIl wvx.= c,Sh udOHhla
u.ska Ydl fmdaIKh is≥lr ,nd .kakd j.djls'
ksr®mdxY=l fnda. j.dj hkqfjka o y≥kajk fuu
j.d l%uh §yhsfv%dfmdakslaia¶ hk bx.%sis kdufhka
jvd;a m%p,s;h'
jd;h
fmdaIl ,nd°u mia Ndú;d fkdlr fjk;a ldnksl
c,h fyda wldnksl udOHh ;=<ska fyda lsis≥ >k udOHhla
rys;j is≥l, yelsh ^2 jk rEmh&'
fmdaIl

1 jk rEmh ( mfiys jefvk me,hla

iïm%∞hsl lDIslr®udka;fha°" fnda. jr®Okh i|yd

wjYH jk fmdaIl" c,h iy jd;h ,ndfok mi
^1 jk rEmh&" fkdfhla wjia:djkays° j.dj i|yd
iSudld¯ idOlhla njg m;afõ' iS>%fhka jeäjk
ck.ykh" kd.¯lrKh" ksrka;rj j.d ls¯fuka
yd mdxY= fida∞ mdΩj fya;=fjka j.d ìï ksire ùu"
mdxY= frda.ldrl Ìqø „ùka iy jgmkqjka jeäùu
iy wdï,sl;djh yd ,jk;djh wys;lr f,i
2 jk rEmh( c, frdams; i,do j.djla
jr®Okh ùu ksid j.dj i|yd iq≥iq ìï m%udKh
wvqùu fukau iïm%∞hdkql+, fnda. j.dfõ wiajkq iïm%∞hsl lDIslr®uh yd ii|k úg c,frdams;
m%udKd;aulj yd .=Kd;aulj wvq uÜgul mej;Su j.dfjka fndfyda jdis ,nd .; yel' fnda. jr®Okh
tfia ùug fya;=ldrl fõ' ioyd iSudld¯ f,i n,mdk idOl wju lr m%Yia;
;;ajhka ,nd°fï yelshdj we;s neúka by, wiajkq
mfiys j.d ls¯fï° u;=jk úúO iSudld¯ idOl ,nd .ekSfï úNjh c,frdams;$mia rys; j.djka
uÛyerùu ioyd Ndú;d l, yels úl,am l%u ms<n
s oj j,° Wm˙u fõ' mdxY=ckl jHdêldrlhka ksid
3
u;=jk frda. yd lDñ ydks u.yerùug;a fuu l%u
Ndú;h bjy,a fõ' mdxY= „jdkqyrKh" mdxY= ;;ajh
jeä †hqKq ls¯u" jeks ld,h yd Y%uh wêl f,i
jeh jk úhoï l%u u.yrjd .ekSugo fï u.ska
yelsfõ' foaY.=◊l n,mEfuka f;drj jir mqrd
fjf<| fmd, b,lal lr .;a ksIamdok ls%hdj,shka
jqjo fuu.ska ie<iqï ls¯fï yelshdj we;' ;jo
lDIs ridhk Ndú;h wju lr" frda.ldrl j,ska
f;dr" mia rys ; b;d ms ˙ is ≥ wia j eka k la
md˙fNda.slhdg ,nd°fï yelshdj o ,efí ^3 jk
rEmh&'
3 jk rEmh ( c,frdams; j.d moaO;s lsysmhla
Y%uh uQ,sljQ iïm%∞hsl lDIslr®ufhka neyer jk
;reK mrmqr yg lDIslr®udka;h wNsudkfhka
l,yels jD;a;shla njg yrjd Tjqka lDIsldr®ñl
ks I a m dokhg fmd,Ujd .;yels l% u hla f,i
c,frdams; j.dj jeo.;a fõ'
c,frdams; j.dfõ
b;sydih
fuh Y; jr® I .Kkdjlg by; wefïika "
neìf,dakhs dj" B‚ma;j
= " Ökh yd bka†hdj jeks mer◊
YsIaGdpdr j, ñksiqka je,s iys; .xÛd føda◊ j,
msms[a∆" flduvq iy fjk;a t<jΩ j.djka i|yd
†hr ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;d l< hq.h olajd úys°
hhs' neìf,dakh
s dfõ t,af,k Whk" weiafgla ys mdfjk
f.dúfmd, hkd†h i;H f,iu c,frdams; j.djka
ys uQ,dor®Y (Prototypes) f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh'
miq ld,Skj me<Eá fN!;fõ°ka mr®fhaIK i|yd
úfYaI;
s fmdaIl Ndú;d lr me<Eá jr®Okh wOHhkh
l< w;r th fmdaIl j.dj (Nutriculture) f,i
ye¢kaúh' fuu fmdaIl j.dj flfrys m%dfhda.sl
f,i wjOdkh fhduq jQfha 1925 muK ld, iSudfõ
y˙;d.dr ;=< j.dj i|yd Wkka≥j we;s ùu;a
iuÛh' y˙;d.dr ;=< j.dfõ† we;sjQ úúO .egÆ
fya;=fjka tajd ;=< msysá mi j˙kajr bj;a ls˙ug
is≥ ùu .egΩ iy.; úh' fï fya;f= jka mia fjkqjg
Ndú;d l< yels úl,am udOH yd ta i|yd fhd∞.;
yels fmdfydr ms<sn| mr®fhaIlhka f.a wjOdkh
fhduq úh'
1929 ° le,sf*dak
a h
s d úYaj úoHd,fha wdpdr®h ú,shï
t*a' .%sfla úiska ;lald,s Ydlhla c,Sh fmdaIl
udOHhl idr®:l f,i j.d l< w;r ;lald,s
Ydlh ógr® 7'5 la muK †.g jr®Okh úh' Tyq
tu l%uh c, frdams; j.dj (Hydroponics)
4
f,i kï lf<ah' .%Sl NdIdfjka yhsfv%d (Hydro) c,frdams; j.dfõ uQ,sl
hkq c,h iy fmdafkdia hkq (Ponos) ls%hdld˙
hk jpk tlaù l%shdld¯ c,h hk wr®: ,nd fok
wjYH;djhka
yhsfv%dfmdakslaia hk jpkh iE° we;' mfia j.d ls¯fï° Ydlfha uQ, moaO;sfha jr®Okh
i|yd n,mdk jd;kh iy WIaK;ajh mi u.ska
uQ,drïNfha† fmdaIl ødjK ;=< j.dj muKla
iajNdúlj md,khg ,lafõ' mdxY= ;;aj ≥r®j,
yhsfv%dfmdakl
s i
a a f,i ye¢kaùh' miq ld,skj fmdaIl
wjia:djkays° jd;kh iy WIaK;ajh m%udKj;a
ødjK ;=< fukau mdxY= fkdjk fjk;a udOH ;=<
f,i hdukh fkdùfuka fnda. jr®Okh wvd, fõ'
j.dj o yhsfv%dfmdakslaia j.d f,i kï úh'
†h iSrdj jeä" c, jykh ≥r®j, mil fnda. j.d
jr®;udkfha mia rys;j" fjk;a udOH iys;j fyda
ls¯u wmyiq jkafka o tu fya;f= jks' mdxY= iajdrCIl
rys;j fmdaIl ødjK Wmldrfhka lrkq ,nk ishÆ
Ndjh o udOHh ;=<skau fnda. j.djg ys;lr m˙†
j.djka c,frdam; s $ksrm® dxY=l j.djka f,i y∫kajhs'
md,kh fõ' mfiys iajNdúlj ckkh jk fmdaIl
1960 yd 70 oYl fol ;=< jd◊c uÜgfï c, jr®. Ydl j,g wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSfï yelshdjla
frdams; j.djka wnqvdì" weu˙ldj" fn,a‚hu" we;'
fvkaudr®lh" cr®uksh" ´,kaoh" brdkh" b;d,sh"
c,fha" udOHfha fyda ødjKfha wdï,sl;dj yd
cmdkh yd reishdkq iuQy wdKavqj wd° rgj,
CId˙h;dj ^mStÉ w.h& iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;dj
†hqKqjg m;a úh'
Ydl uQ, uKav,hg ys;lr mrdihl fkdfjkiaj
1980 oYlh ;=<° iS>f% hka †hqKj
q Q c,frdam;
s j.djka mej;Su iajdrCIl;dj f,i y∫kajhs' c,frdams;
m˙.Kl wdY%fhka iajhxl%Shj l%shd;aul jk úYd, j.dfõ° fuu ;;a;ajhka lD;%Su wdldrhg md,kh
m%udKfha yhsfv%dfmdakslaia f.dúfmd,j,a olajd l< hq;=fõ'
jr®Okh úh'

1990 oYlfha .DydY%s; uÜgfï

l=vd m˙udK c, frdam;
s j.djka
m%p,s; ùu wdrïN úh'

wkQj oYlfha ° wdrïNjQ YS%

,xldfõ c,frda m s ; j.djka
l%ufhka jHdma; fjñka mj;SS'
c,S h udOH Ndú;h fuka u
fldyqn;a jeks >k udOH Ndú;d
lr wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< ^4 jk
remh& fukau újD; fÌ;% ;=<o
is≥lrk j.djka YS% ,xldfõ
≤kg m%p,s;h'

4 jk rEmh( ≤,a .Dy ;=< c,frdams; iafg%dafn˙ j.djla

5
´kEu c,frdams; j.d moaO;shl my;ska olajd we;s újD; moaO;s ;=< ødjK
lreKq m%Yia; f,i iemhSu yd md,kh ls¯u j.d ixirKh fkdjk l%u
l%ufha uQ,sl wjYH;djhka f,i ≤laúh yel '
l c,Sh fmdaIl udOHhl uq,a .s,ajQ j.d
l Ndú;d lrk c,fha fyda udOHfha ;dlaIKh
iajdrÌl Ndjh (Root Dipping Technique)
l Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr ñY%k ødjKh Ydl l mdfjk ia:rhl j.d ;dlaIKh
wjYH;djhka imqrd,k uyd fmdaIl yd CIqø (Floating Technique)
fmdaIl j,sska iukaú; ùu
l flaIdlr®Il wjfYdaIK j.d ;dlaIKh
l fmdaIl ødjKfha iajdrCIl Ndjh Ydl (Capillary Action Technique)
uQ, uKav,hg yd udOHhg ys;lr mrdihl
mej;Su 2' >k udOHhl j.dj
l c,fha" udOHfha fyda uQ, uKav, l,dmfha (Solid media culture
ksr;=re jd;kh yd Ydl uQ, uKav,hg or Aggregate system)
ys;lr WIaK;ajh
újD; fyda ixjD; l%uhg j.d jHqy Ndú;d l,
yels fõ'
jr®.SlrKh
l isria f,i /|jQ j.d uΩ ;dCIKh
c,frdams; j.djka ødjK ;=< j.dj" >k udOHl Hanging Bag Technique
j.dj yd jdhj frdam;
s j.dj hkqfjka m%Odk fldgia
l ;sria j.d uΩ ;dCIKh
3 lg fn∞ we;' ixjD; j.d moaO;shl°" fhd∞
Horizontal Grow Bag Technique
.kakdjQ fmdaIl ødjKh pl%SlrKh lrk w;r
újD; j.d moaO;s j,° tfia is≥ fkdlrhs' l >k udOH msrjQ ldkq fyda md;a;s ;=< j.d
;dlaIKh

1' fmdaIl ødjK ;=< Trench or Trough Technique

j.dj l n∫ka ;dCIKh
(Solution culture or Pot Technique
Liquid hydroponic)
3 jdhjfrdams; j.dj
ixjD; moaO;s ;=< Aeroponics
ixirKh jk l%u
l fmdaIK ødjK j<djla ;=< j.d ;dlaIKh
l fmdaIK ødjK mg, ;dCIKh Fog Feed Technique
(Nutrient Film Technique - NFT)
l fmdaIK ødjK úisreula ;=< j.d
l .eUqre fmdaIK Odrd ;dCIKh ;dlaIKh
(Deep Flow Technique - DFT) Root Mist Technique
6
fuu j.d l%u j,ska iq≥iq l%uhla f;a¯fï° my; fmdaIl ødjK ;=< j.dj
i|yka idOl flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ls˙u jeo.;a
Solution culture or Liquid
fõ'
hydroponic
l m˙irfhys ,nd .; yels bv

l fhoúh yels iïm;a yd uQ,Ok m%udKh

l myiqfjka$ ,dN∞hsj ,nd.; yels iajNdúl
fyda lD;%Su udOHh
l talSh fCIa;%hlska ,nd.; yels wiajekak
l ksIamd†;fha .=Kd;aul Ndjh
meyeh" fmkqu" yevh
lDIs ridhk j,ska f;dr ùu
fmdaIl ødjK mg, ;dlaIKh
Nutrient film technique (NFT)
fuh i;H c,frdams; j.djla jk me<Eá j, uq,a
Rcqju fmdaIl udOHh yd iïnkaO jk j.d l%uhls'
fuys° b;d ;=kS ^ ñ'ó'® 5 la muK jQ& ødjK mg,hla"
myiqfjka kefuk iqΩ úfYaIs; ;yvq uÛska iEª
j.d k,hla ;=<ska .uka lrùug i,iajhs ^5 jk
rEm igyk&'

ñksidg ydks∞hl CIqø „úkaf.ka f;dr

ùu

j.d k,h
lrdu lmdgh msùiS k,h

,S ;Ügqj
fmrkh
fmdaIl gexlsh
fmdaIl ødjKh
ødjKh ;=< .s,aúh
ld,.klh yels fmdïmh

5 jk rEmh ( fmdaIl ødjK mg, j.d moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia

7
j.d udOHhl fyda l=vd n∫kl isgqjkq ,enQ me<
;yvqfõ uOHfha ;nd jdIamlS rKh ùu iy wdf,dalh
m;s;ùu je,elaùu i|yd ;yvq odr fol tlg
isák fia ;nd lgq .id ;%sfldaKdldr k,hla f,i
ilikq ,efí' k,fha yrialv 6 iy 7 jk rEm
igyka uÛska fmkajhs' l=vd me< fmdaIl ødjKfhka
fmdfydr yd c,h ,nd .kakd w;r uq,a jr®Okh
7 jk rEmh( NFT j.d k,fha isrialv
jkúg uq,a cd,h k,h ;=< me;s¯ jefâ' k,fhys
Wm˙u †. ógr® 5-10 la w;r jk w;r nEjqu 1(50
isg 1(75 olajd fjkia lr .; yelsh'

→
lgq

6 jk rEmh ( NFT j.d k,fha uQ,sl ieleiau

k,fha by, fl,jrg fmdïm lrk fmdfydr wvx.=
c,h nEjqu Tiafia k,fha my< fl<jrg .uka lr
gexlshg kej; tl;= fõ' kej; Ndú;hg fmr
ødjKfha ,jK idkaøKh m¯laId lr ksjer† lrkq
,efí' iuyrla j.d lrejka úiska iEu i;shlg
jrla fmdaIK ødjKh wÆ;a lrhs' fmdaIK ødjKh
,nd °fï iS>%;djh ñks;a;=jlg ,Sgr 2-3 la muK
jk w;r th k,fha †. wkqj fjkia fõ' Wig
jefvk me<Eá i|yd wdOdrl iemhSu wjYH fõ'
b;d ;=kS mg,hla f,i fmdaIK ødjKh iemhSu
m%dfhda.l
s j ;rula wmyiq ksid fuu l%uh fkdfhl=;a
fjkia ls¯ï j,g Ndckh lr ≤kg Ndú;d lrhs'
.eUqre fmdaIK Odrd ;dCIKh
Deep flow technique (DFT)
k, l%uh
Pipe system
fi' ó' 10 l úIalïNh iys; k, ;=<ska fi' ó' 2-
3 la .eUqre Odrdjla fia fmdaIK ødjKh .uka
lrùug i,iajhs' k,h Wvme;af;a ilia l< is≥re
;=<ska ≤,a n∫ka j, ieliQ me< k,h ;=< ødjKh
iu. .eàu is≥ fõ' mSùiS ng ;ks ;Ügqjg isák
f,i fyda wla-jlaa (Zig-Zag) wdldrhg j.d moaO;s
ieliSug yels w;r" fnda.h wkqj fjkia lr .;
yels fõ' 8 yd 10 jk rEm igyka fuu l%uj,
uQ,sl wx. fmkakqï lrhs' mSùiS k,fha me;slv 13
jk rEm igyk u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'
8
 mSùiS k,

bj;a jk fmdaIl
ødjKh kej; gexlshg
.uka lrhs

CIø fmdaIl ↓
iemhqï k,
↓

N+.; fmdaIl
fmdïmh ixÑ; gexlsh

8 jk rEmh( ;ks ;Ügqfõ DFT j.d moaO;sh

;ks ;Ügq kd, l%uh ishÆu fnda. tkï Wig

jr®Okh jk je,a wdldr fnda. fukau m∫re wdldr
fnda. j,g o tlfia fhda.Hh' wla-jlaa wdldrhg
ieliSfuka N+ñ Ndú;h jvd;a ldr®hlaIu jk kuq;a
ishÆu fnda. i|yd fhda.H fkdfõ'

fldyq n ;a fyda ldnkS l D; oyhs h d fyda fuu

fojr®.fhau ñY%khka n∫ka udOH i|yd Ndú;d
l< yel' j.d udOH n∫kg oeóug fmr khsf,daka
oe,a lene,a,lska n∫ka we;=,; wdjrKh ls¯fuka
9 jk rEmh( ;ks ;Ügqfõ NFT j.d moaO;shl i,do j.djla >k udOH fmdaIl ødjKh ;=<g .uka ls¯u j<lajhs'

9
 fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï k,

iq≥ meye;s
j.d k,

↓ bj;a jk fmdaIl ødjKh

uQ,sl gexlshg .uka lrhs
↓
↓
↓
fmdïmh
↓
N+.; fmdaIl ixÑ; gexlsh

10 jk rEmh( wla-jla wdldr j.d moaO;shl uQ,sl ie,eiau

≤,a n∫ka fjkqjg me;sj, is≥re lSmhla iys;

ma,diaála n∫ka jqjo Ndú;d l< yelsh ^12 jk
rEmh&' fmdaIl ødjKh ixirKh ùfï° yd ixÑ;
gexlshg fhduq ùfï° fyd¢ka jd;kh fõ' mSúiS
k,fha nEjqu 1( 30-40 j;a úh hq;= w;r fï ksid

≤,a n∫ka ma,diaála n∫ka

11 jk rEmh( wla-jla wdldr DFT j.d moaO;shl j.djlaa

isgqùug iq≥iq ;;a;ajfha me< iys; n∫ka
12 jk rEmh( úúO n∫ka jr®.
10

13 jk rEmh( mSsùiS k,fha isrialvla
taldld¯ f,i fmdaIK ødjKh my<g .e,Sula is≥fõ'
k,fha msg; mDIaGfha iq≥ mdg wdf,am ls¯fuka
ødjKfha WIaK;ajh by< keÛSu wvq fõ' fuu
j.d l%uh újD; fCIa;% j.d l%uhg fukau" md,s;
j.d ;;a;ja hgf;a (Controlled Environment
Agriculture) wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< jqjo myiqfjka
ia:dmkh l< yel ^9 iy 11 jk rEm&'
ødjk ixirKh fkdjk
j.d l%u
Non circulating solution
culture
fuys° fnda. i|yd wjYH fmdaIl" ødjKhla u.ska
,nd fok w;r" ødjKfha ^ixjD; Ndckhl"
ixirKh fkdjk& uQ, uKav,hg wjYH jd;dY%h
yd WIaK;ajh m%Yia:j md,kh lrhs'
ysia wjldYh
Tlaiscka wjfYdaIKh lrk uq,a
j.d k,h
fmdaIl ødjKh
c,Sh fmdaIl udOHhl uq,a
.s,ajQ j.dj
fuu l%ufha° îÜrEÜ" rdnq" lerÜ jeks fnda. i|yd
>k udOHhla iys;j Ndú;d l< yels jHqy fukau"
wfkl=;a fnda. i|yd ødjK udOHh muKla Ndú;d
jk jHqy y∫kajd ° w;'
^w& w, fnda. yer wfkl=;a fnda.
i|yd
fuys° mshk iys; n∫kla j.dj i|yd Ndú;d fõ'
´kEu yevhl yd jr®.hl n∫kla f;`rd .; yels
jqjo f,dayuh n∫ka iq≥iq fkdfõ' iaghsrfmdaï fyda
,S n∫ka" ma,diaála fmÜá fukau isfuka;s j,ska
idok ,o ;eá jqjo Ndú;d l< yel' WIaK;ajfha
by< ke.Sula is≥ fkdjk neúka iaghsrfmdaï fmÜá
jvd;a iq≥iqq fõ' n∫fka .eUqr fi'ó' 28-30 la
muK úh hq;=h' fujeks n∫kl isrialv fmkqu
14 jk rEmh u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'
11
 jd ixirKh yd ødjKh
kej; msrùfï is≥r
me< iys; l=vd n∫k
mshk
n∫ka udOHh
jd;h wjfYdaIKh
lrk uq,a
fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh
lrk uq,a
ødjK n∫k

fmdaIl ødjKh

14 jk rEmh( ixirKh fkdjk fmÜá wdldr j.d n∫kl isrialv

m<uqj ñ'ó' 0'15 >klu lÆ fmd,s;Ska j,ska n∫k

we;=<; wdjrKh lrhs ^15jk rEmh&' tuÛska
fmdaIl ødjKh n∫fkka jEiaiuS j<lk w;r n∫k
;=<g wdf,dalh we;=,aùu j,lS' wdf,dalh we;=,aùu
je<elaùu i|yd fukau me< /|ùu i|yd mshkla
o wjYH fõ ^16 jk rEmh&' mshfkys ilik ,o
is≥re ;=<ska n∫ka.; me< ødjKh yd iïnkaO
lrkqq ,efí' 16 jk rEmh( me< /|ùu Ndú;d lrk is≥re iys; mshk

j.d lrk fnda.h wkqj we;s lrkq ,nk is≥re

ixLHdj fjkia fõ' n∫ka me< ;nk is≥re j,g
wu;rj tla is≥rla fmdaIl udOH kej; iemhSu
i|yd ysiaj ;nd .; hq;=h' fï is≥r u.ska n∫k
;=< jd; ixirKh is≥fõ' n∫fka isgqùu i|yd
wjYH me< ilid .ekSu i|yd ≤,a n∫ka fyda l=vd
ma,diaála fldamma Ndú;d l< yels fõ ^17 jk rEmh&'
ma,diaála fldamam j, ì;a;sfha yd m;=f,a is≥re we;s
l< hq;=h' n∫ka udOH ≤óug fmr fld, meye;s
khsf,daka l=vd ≤,lska (green net) n∫k we;=<;
15 jk rEmh( l¨ fmd,s;ska wdjrKh l< n∫k
wdjrKh lr „jdkqy˙; fldyqn;a fyda lr lrk
,o oyhshd fyda ta fojr®.fha ñY%khlska n∫ka
mqrjd .kq ,efí'

12

17 jk rEmh( Ndú;d l< yels
frdamK øjH n∫ka
îc fl,skau n∫fka me< ls¯uo l< yelsh' uq,a
jr®Okh i|yd m%udKj;a bvla ødjKhg by,ska
;sìh hq;= neúka fmÜáfhys 2$3 la muKla msfrk
fia fmdaIl udOH mqrjkq ,efí' me< n∫ka iys;
wdjrK ,E,a, 18 jk rEm igyk m˙† ;nkq
,efí' n∫ka j, hg fldgfika fi'ó' 2-3 la muK
fmdaIl udOHfha .sf,k fia ;eìh hq;= fõ'
18 jk rEmh( me< iys; mshk
19 jk rEmh( iaghsfrdf*daï fmÜáhl ieliQ
ixirKh fkdjk j.d moaO;shla
fujeks iïmQr®K l< fmÜá ^19 jk rEmh& ≤,a
.Dy" md,s; m˙ir ;;a;aj hgf;a wdrlaIs; .Dy
;=<" idudkH újD; ia:dkhl fyda jr®Id wdjrKhla
iys; ;ekl fukau ksji ;=<o ;eìh yel' Wig
jr®Okh jk me<Eá i|yd wdOdrl iemhSu wjYH
fõ'
n∫fka fmdaIK ødjKhg by<ska m%udKj;a ysia
wjldYhla mj;ajdf.k hdfuka uq,a jr®Okh fyd†ka
is≥fõ' ixirKh fkdjk c, frdams; j.d l%ufha
idr®:l Ndjh rπ mj;skafka jd;hg ksrdjrKh
jk uQ, uKav, m%udKh yd tajdfha iS>% jr®Okh
u;hs' jvd;a iq≥iq jkafka uQ, uKav,fha by<
;=fkka foll fldgila jd;hg ksrdjrKh ùu;a
wfkla fldgi fmdaIl ødjKh ;=< .s,S yd mdù
;sîu;ah'
fnda. jr®Okh jkúg fmdaIl ødjKfha uÜgu
wvqùu;a iu. ødjKfha whk idkaøKh jeä úh
yel' fujeks wjia:dj,° tu ødjKh bj;a lr
kj fmdaIl ødjKhla tl;= l< hq;=h' kuq;a mStÉ
udml fyda õoaH;
q a ikakdhl;d udml u.ska ødjKfha
idkaøKh uek .; yels kï ms˙is≥ c,h fhd∞
ødjKh ielish yelsh' tfia ieliSfï° m%Yia:
mStÉ w.hka ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH úgl kj
ødjKh tl;= l< yel'
^wd& w, fnda. i|yd >k udOH
iys; j.d jHqyh
fi'ó' 20-30la .eUqr fmÜáhla fï i|yd Ndú;d
lrhs' tys we;=<; mDIaGh lΩ fmd,s;ska j,ska
wdjrKh lr n∫fkka 1$3 muK jkfia fmdaIl
ødjKh mqrjkq ,efí' ødjKhg by<ska fi'ó' 7'5l
muK ysia wjldYhlaa ;sfnk fia hlv ≤,la n∫kg
iúlr thg udOHh mqrjd me< isgqùu lrkq ,nhs'
l=vd me< j, uQ, uKav,h fmdaIl ødjKh olajd
jr®Okh jk ;=re wÛ,l muK úIalïNfhka hq;="
iõjr is≥re iys; mSùiS k,h ;=<g >k udOHh
mqrjd fmdaIl udOHh ;=< .sf,k fia ;nk neúka
13
fmdaIl ødjKh flaIdlr®Yk l%h
s dj,sfhka me< j,g
imhkq ,nhs' uQ, uKav,h fmdaIl ødjKh lrd
jr®Okh jQ miqj >k udOHh bj;a lr.;a tu
k,hu fmda a I l ødjKh jd;kh ùu i|yd
wdOdrlhla f,i Ndú;d lrhs ^20 jk rEmh&'

jd ixirKh i|yd mSùiS k,h

>k udOHh

>k udOHh r|jk ≤,

jd;kh i|yd bv

fmdaIl ødjKh
j.d n∫k

20 jk rEmh( w, fnda. j.d lrk l%uh

mdfjk ia:rhl j.d ;dlaIKh

we;=<; mDIaGh lΩ fmd,s;ska j,ska wdjrKh l,
fi'ó' 10 la muK .eUqre fmÜáhla fï i|yd
Ndú;d lrhs' fmdaIl ødjKh mqrjd iDcqf*daï fyda
mdùug myiq ieye,aÆ ;yvqjl /|jQ me< ødjKh
u;=msg mdùug i,iajhs' lD;%su jd Odrdjla u.ska
ødjKh jd;kh ùug i,iajkq ,efí ^21 jk rEmh&'

mdfjk ;yvqj
lD;S%u jd
Odrdjla iemfha

fmdaIl ødjKh

21 jk rEmh( mdfjk ia:rhl is≥ lrk j.dj

14
 flaIdlr®IK wjfYdaIs; j.d
;dlaIKh
m;=f,a is≥re iys; õõO m%udK n∫ka fï i|yd
Ndú;d l< yel' >k udOHh msrjQ n∫ka j, me<
isgjd th fmdaIl ødjKh wvx.= fkd.eUqre Ndckhl
;nkq ,efí ^22 jk rEmh&' n∫ka udOHh f,i
fldyqn;a iu. je,s fyda .,al=vq iys; ñY%khla
Ndú;d ls¯fukaa c,jykh yd jd;kh fyd¢ka
mj;ajd.; yelsfõ' fmdaIl ødjKh wvx.= Ndckfha
ødjK uÜgu wvqjk úg kej; msrùu l< hq;= fõ'
fuu l%uh jeä jákdlula iys; me<Eá" w,xldr
Ydl" .DydY%s; Ydl j.d ls¯u i|yd fhd∞.; yel'
>k udOHh
fmdaIl
ødjKh
22 jk rEmh( flaIdlr®YK wjfYdaIs; j.d n∫kl isrialvla
>k udOHhl j.dj
Solid media culture or
Aggregate system
fï i|yd úúO j.d udOHhka Ndú;d l< yels fõ'
j.d udOHhla f;a¯fï° my; olajd we;s ,ÌK
iys; udOHhla f;`rd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
l kuHYs,S nj (flexibility)
l Nx.=rYs,S nj (friability)
l c,h r|jd ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj
(water holding capacity)
l m%Yia: jd;kh (areation)
l fyd¢ka c,jykh ùu (drainage)
l iajdrCIl .=Kh (buffering capacity)
l ridhksl úI ix>gl j,ska f;dr ùu'
l ydks∞hl laIqø„ù yd jg mKq .yK j,ska
f;dr ùu'
j.dj i|yd Ndú;d l<yels >k
udOHh
l wldnksl iajdNdúl >k udOH-fndrΩ" .,a
l=vq
l ldnksl iajdNdúl udOH-ldnkSlD;
oyhshd" ,S l=vq" fldyqn;a" mSÜ fudia
l wldnksl lD;S%u fyda ieliQ >k udOH
-frdla jQ,a" mr®,hsÜ" jr®ñlHq,hsÜ
l ldnksl lD;Su udOH-fmd,shqfr;ska"
fmd,smSfkd,a" fmd,sB;r®" fmd,sjhskhs,a
>k udOH u; is≥lrk j.dfõ° >kudOH r|jkakd
jQ úúO jHQy wkqj id∞.; yels j.d moaO;Ska
my; i|yka fõ''
15

isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨
;dlaIKh
Hanging bag technique
fuu l%ufhaos ógr® 1'3 la os." is,k
s v
a rdldr" mdrcïnq,
lsrK m%;sfrdaë" fmd,s;Ska j,ska ie∫ u¨ ;=< mqrjk
,o cSjdkqyrKh l< fldyq fl|s iys; j.d u¨
Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' fuu fmd,s;ska nE.fha msg;
iq≥ meye;s jk w;r we;=<; lÆ meye;s fõ' u,af,ys
my, fl<jr uqød ;nd we;s w;r by< fl<jr
l=vd mSùiS k,hlg iïnkaO lr we;'
fuu j.d u¨" wdOdrlhl isria w;g t,a,d úiqreï
c, iïmdok ysila u.ska tys by< wNHka;rhg
taldld¯j fmdaIl ødjKh imhkq ,efí' ilid .;a
;jdka me< fy` o~qlen,s j.d u¨j, iE≥ l=vd
is≥re ;=<ska fldyqfl¢ udOHfha isgjkq ,efí'
fm`Il ødjKh fldyqfl¢ yryd me<Eá uQ,uKav,
j,g fm`IKh ,ndfoñka my,g .,d hhs ' bj;ajk
fm`Il ødjKh k, ;=,ska kej; fm`Il gexlshg
tl;= fõ ^23 jk rEmh&'

fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï k,
fldyq fl¢ msrjQ
j.d u¨

plS%lrkh jk
fmdaIl ødjKh

fmdïmh

N+.; gexlsh

23 jk rEmh( isria f,i /|jQ j.d u¨ iys; moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia

16

24 jk rEmh( isria j.d u¨j, iafg%dafn˙ j.djla
fuu l%uhg újD; ia:dkhl fukau wdrÌs; .Dy;=<
jqjo j.dl, yelsh' wjqre≥ folla muK Ndú;d
l,yels fuu u,a,l isgqjk me< m%udKh fn`.h
wkqj fjkia fõ' i,do me< úiaila muK tla
u,a,l isgqúh yel'
m%Odk fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï k,
25 jk rEmh( j.d u¨ ;nd we;s wdldrh
fuu l%uh fld, t<jΩ" iafg%dafn˙ iy l=vd u,a
jr®. j.d ls¯u i|yd fhda.H fõ ^24 jk rEmh&'
j.d u,af,ys lÆ meye;s we;=<; mDIaGh" n∫k ;=<
mdis yd †,Sr jr®Okh j<lk w;r uQ,uKav,fha
ys;lr jr®Okhg wjYH w∫re m˙irh ,nd foa'
;sria j.d u¨ ;dlaIKh
Horizontal grow bag
technique
fuu l%ufha° o ógr® 1'5 la muK †." mdrcïnq,
lsrK m%;sfrdaë" msg; iq≥ iy we;=<; l¨ meye;s
fmd,s;Ska n∫ka" „jdkqy˙; fldyq fl¢ j,ska mqrjd
Ndú;d lrhs' j.d u,af,ys Wi fi'ó' 6-10 la jk
w;r m<, fi'ó' 18 ls' fujeks u¨ j.d ìfï
;sria w;g" tla j.d u,a,l fl<jr wfkla j.d
u,af,a fl<jr yd iamr®Y jk f,i" ;ks fma,s fyda
fofma,s l%uhg ;eìh yel' fma,s 2la w;r mr;rh
tla whl=g myiqfjka tyd fuyd hd yels f,i;a"
fnda.fha kv;a;= lghq;= myiqfjka l< yels f,i;a
;sìh hq;=h ^25 jk rEmh&'
fldyqn;a $ fl¢
msrjQ j.d u¨
fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï CIqø k,
17
ilid .;a ;jdka me< n∫fkka bj;a lr j.duÆ
mDIaGfhaa l=vd lemqula ;=<ska fldyq fl¢ udOHfha
isgqjhss' tla j.d u,a,l me< 2-4 la isgqúh yelsh'
jeä c,h bj;a ùu i|yd iEu j.d u,a,lu há
me;af;a l=vd lemqï 2la l, hq;=h'

fuu l%ufha° ìx≥ c, iïmdok l%uhg l¨ meye;s

fmd,st;s,Ska l=vd ng ;=<ska fmdaIl ødjKh k,fha
isg u¨ ;=<g iemhSu is≥ lrhs' fmdaIl ødjKh
fyda c,h w;ska iemhSu o l< yelsh' †klg
iemhsh hq;= c, m%udKh fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêh yd
ld,.=K ;;a;ajh u; fjkia fõ' j.d udOHh
c,fhka fyda fmdaIl ødjKfhka ika;Dma; ùu
kqiq≥iqh' tfia jqjfyd;a me<Eá uq,a j,g Tlaiscka rEm igyk 26( j.d u¨ j, isgjQ ;lald,s j.djla
,eîu ≥r®j, ù Ydl jr®Okhg wys;lr úh yel'

j.d uÆ ;eîug fmr j.d ìu iq≥ meye;s mdrcïnq,
lsrK m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;Ska uÛska wdjrKh l< hq;=h'
fuu iq≥ fmd,s;Skh wdf,dalh mrdjr®;kh lrk
w;r me< w;r idfmalaI wdr®ø;djh wvq lrk
neúka †,Sr wdidok fukau mdxY= ckl jHdêldrl
ydkso j,lajhs' Odrl Yla;sh fkdue;s fnda. i|yd
wdOdrl ,nd°u o wjYH fõ ^26 jk rEmh&'
>kudOH msrjQ ldkq fy` md;a;s
;=< j.d ;dlaIKh
Trench or Trough technique
újD; j.d l%uhla jk fuh msysá ìfï fi'ó' 30-
35la .eUqrg ieliQ ldkqq ;=< ^27 jk rEmh& fyda
fmdf<dj u;=msg .fvd,a fyda fldkal%SÜ Ndú;d lr
f.dvkxjk ,o nlals jeks md;a;s ^28 jk rEmh&
j, fnda. j.d lrk l%uhls'

fmd,s;ska mg,h

fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï k,

c,jyk m%Odk fmdaIl

k,h iemhqï k,h

j.d udOH
iys; ldkq

27 jk rEmh( >k udOHh msrjQ ldkqjl me;slvla

18
 fmd,s;ska mg,h
j.d udOH
iys; md;a;s
fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï CIqø k,

c,jyk k,h
m%Odk fmdaIl
iemhqï k,h

28 jk rEmh( >k udOHh msrjQ md;a;shl me;slvla

n∫ka ;=< j.dj

by; l%u foflys°u" c,h ldka≥ fkdjk fia Pot culture
mdrcïnq, lsrK j,g m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;Ska ;Ügq 2la
ldKqj fyda md;a;s iy ta wjg ìu jefik fia t,d
bka miqj j.d udOH msrúh hq;h
= ' fï uÛska ldkqfjys
wvx.= udOH mi yd .eàu j<lajhs' ldkq j, m<,"
j.d l%uh wkqj ;SrKh l< hq;=h' jvd m<,a ldkq
CIqø k,
;=< fofma,s l%uhg me< isgqùu is≥ lrhs' ldkq j,
.eUqr fnda.h wkqj fjkia jk w;r wju jYfhka >k udOH iys;
fi'ó' 30 la j;a ;sîu wjYH fõ' j.d n∫k
j.d udOH f,i „jdKqy˙; fldyq n;a ^mer◊&"
„jdKqy˙; je,s" ,S l=vq" mSÜ" jr®ñlHq,hsÜ" mr®,hsÜ"
fyda tajdfha ñY%khka Ndú;d l< yel'' j.d udOH m%Odk fmdaIl iemhqï k,h
frda. ldrl „ùkaf.ka f;dr ùu wjYH fõ''
29 jk rEmh( n∫ka j.d l%ufha c, frdams; me<
ìx≥ c, iïmdok l% u hla uÛs k a fyda w;s k a
by; ldkq l%uhg iudk j.d l%uhla jk fuys me<
(manually) tla tla me<hg fjk fjku fmdfydr
isgqùu lrkqfha fi'ó' 30 la muK .eUqr ueá"
ødjKh fh°u l< yel' fi'ó' 2'5 la úIalïNh
ma,diaála fyda fmd,s;ska n∫ka j,h ^29 jk rEmh&'
iys; iújr k,hla ldkqfõ fyda md;a;sfha wvx.=
n∫fka ;sìh hq;= m˙udj fnda.h wkqj fjkia jk
udOHh háka ;ekam;a ls¯u uÛska c,jykh myiq
w;r idudkHfhka th ,Sgr® 1-10 olajd fjkia fõ'
lrhs' msms[a∆" ;lald,s jeks fnda. i|yd Ydl
j.d udOH" fmdaIl ødjKh iemhSu" wdOdrl iemhSu
wdOdrl j,g wu;rj" M, ord .ekSu i|ydo
j.d kv;a;=j by; ldkq l%uh yd iudk fõ'
wdOdrl iemhSu wjYH fõ'
19
jdhjfrdams; j.dj jdhj frdams; j.dj wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< is≥ ls¯u
Aeroponics jvd;a fhda.Hh' y˙;.Dy ;=< bv ldr®hlaIuj
Ndú;d ls¯u i|yd bx.S%is §ta¶ wl=r (A) yeve;s
l=vd is≥re iys; iaghsrf*daï ;eá fhd∞ ieliQ we;=<; jHqyhla fï i|yd Ndú;d l< yel' ^30 jk
ysia wjldYh iys; l=á fyda fmÜá j,ska iukaú; rEmh&'
fõ' jdhj m˙irfha t,a,d jefgk uQ,uKav,hla
,efnk m˙† is≥re ;=<k s a me< j, uQ,uKav,h fmÜá
;=<g we;=,a lrhs' uq,a j, jr®Okh †˙u;a ls¯u
i|yd iy †,Sr jr®Okh je<elaùu i|yd fuu l=á
;=<g wdf,dalh fkd,efnk wdldrhg ilid we;
^30 jk rEmh&'

iaghsfrdaf*daï
;yvqj

ma,diaála wdjrKh fmdaIl ødjKh biskh

30 jk rEmh( jdhj frdams; j.d moaO;shl fldgia

fuu j.d l%ufha° fmdaIl ødjKh ishqï ñys≥ula
fyda >k j,djla wdldrhg uq,a j,g ,nd foa' fñ
i|yd úkdä 2-3 jrla ;;amr lSmhla fmdaIK
ødjKh úiqrejd y˙kq ,nhs' fï u.ska uQ,uKav,fha
m%Yia; f;;ukh iy jd;kh mj;ajd .ekSug
yelsfjk w;r uq,a j, .efgk ødjK mg,fhka
fnda. j,g wjYH fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu
is≥fõ'
fuu j.d l%ufha ° iu fCIa;%hl wksl=;a j.d l%u
j, fhdok me< m%udKh fuka fo.=Khla muK
j.d l, yels neúka N+ñ Ndú;h jvd;a ldr®hCIu
fõ' fld, t<jΩ" úis;=re me< iy iafg%dafn˙ jeks
m<;=re o fuu l%u u.ska j.d l< yel' wmkhkh
i|yd mia rys; uq,a weoao jQ úis;r= e me< ksIma dokh
l< yels ùuo ;j;a jdishls'

20
c,frdams; j.dj i|yd
;jdka me< ieliSu
Nursery techniques
Wiia wia j eka k la fok
idr®:l j.djla ,nd .;yels
jkafka .=Kd;aufhka hq;= frdamK
øjH Ndú;fhks' idudkH
j.djl oS fuka u
c,frdams; j.dj i|yd o
îc me< fukau jr®Ol fldgia
u.ska ,nd .kakd frdamK øjHh o Ndú;d
fõ' .=Kd;aufhka hq;= frdamK øjH
ksmojd .ekSu i|yd ;jdka md,kh
l%udkql+,j is≥l, hq;=h'
yelsh' jr®. fi'ó' 15l m˙udj iys; ls'.%E' 5l
muK úh<s fldyqn;a l=Üáhlg †h.eiQ yqKq .%Eï
100-250 la muK fh†h hq;=h' ms˙is≥ fldyqn;a"
úh,d f;rmSug ,la lr m˙udj wvqjk wdldrhg
ieliQ fldyqn;a l=Üá f,i fjf<o fmdf,ka ,nd.;
yel'
;jdka n∫ka yd ;eá
Nursery containers & trays
îc m%frdayKh i|yd iq≥iq ;;a;aj ,nd †h yels
;jdka n∫ka fyda ;eá Ndú;d l< yel'
01' n∫ka yd j.d l=Üá
(Individual containers/growing
blocks)

;jdka udOH lvodis" ma,diaála" ueá" iaghsrf*daï fyda fldyq fl¢

j,ska idok ,o n∫ka ^31 jk rEmh& yd frdlajQ,a
Growing media
fyda iafmdka√ l=Üá Ndú;d l< yel'
;jdka udOH i|yd f;dard .kakd øjH ydks∞hl
„ùkaf.ka f;dr" îc me,fha m%frdayKh yd jr®Okh
i|yd iq≥iq ;;a;aj imqrd,k udOHhla úh hq;=h'
j.dj i|yd udOHh f;dard .ekSfï° ie,lsh hq;=
lreKq fuys° o ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h' fï ishÆu
udOHhka „jdKqyrkh lr ;sîu ksfrda.S †˙u;a
me< ,nd .ekSu i|yd w;HjYH fõ'

Ndú;d l< yels ;jdka udOH

l „jdKqy˙;" mer◊ fldyqn;a
l lr lrk ,o oyhshd
(carbonized rice husk)
l ishqï je,s$fldyqn;a ñY%kh 31 jk rEmh( úúO n∫ka jr®.
l frdlajQ,a" mSÜ fy` mr®,hsÜ

;jdka udOHh i|yd fldyqn;a Ndú;d lrkafka kï

udi 6 j;a mer◊ ù ;sîu WÑ; fõ' fldyqn;a j,
mStÉ w.h W∞iSk ;;ajhg f.k tau i|yd Ndú;hg
fmr †h .eiQ yqKq Ca (OH)2 wjYH m˙† tla l<

21
02' ;eá - Trays l f;;a l< lv∞ishlska fyda fr† lene,a,lska
;jdk jid ;nd îc m%fr`yKh jk úg
fï i|yd o ≤kg fjf<| fmdf,ka úúO wdldrfha
ksrdjrKh ls¯u hk l%shd wkq.ukh l<
yd m%udKfha ;jdka ;eá ,nd .; yel' tla tla
hq;= fõs'
;eáhl we;s l=àr ixLHdj wkqj ksmoúh yels
me< ixLHdj fjkia fõs' tu ksid isgqùug
jr®Ol fldgia u.ska me<
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fnda.h i|yd iq≥iq ;jdka ;eá
ksIamdokh
f;dard .; hq;= fõ ^32 jk rEmh&'
îc me< fukau jr®Ol fldgia u.ska ,nd .kakd
iaghsfrdf*daï ;eá
ksfrda.S †˙u;a me< o c, fr`ms; j.dj i|yd
ma,diaála ;eá (speedling/cell plug Ndú;d lrhs' fï i|yd ksfrda.S uõ Ydl j,ska
trays) iq≥iq frdamk øjH f;dard .; hq;=fõ'

uõ m∫re j,ska fjka lr.;a me<

fyda Odjl
f.dgqfld, - jgmKqydksh fkdue;s" kSfrda.S uõ
m∫re j,ska ,nd.kakd uq,a iys;"
uOHia: m%udKhg fïrE me< fyda
Odjl

iafg%dafn˙ - uõ m∫re j,ska fjka lr.;a fyda

32 jk rEmh( úúO ;eá jr®. Odjl j,ska ,nd .;a me<

cr®fnrd - uõ m∫re j,ska fjka lr.;a me<

îc m%frdayKh
o~q fyda l| len,s
jeä jákdlï iys; fnda. c,frdams; j.dj i|yd
Ndú;d lrk w;r tjeks fnda.-îc j, ñ, wêl uql=Kqjekak - uOHia:j fyda fyd¢ka fïrE" fi'ó'
fõs' fï ksid iEu îchlskau b;d fyd| ;;a;ajfha 10-12la †. o~q len,s
me<hla ,nd .ekSug wruqKq lr .; hq;= fõs'
lxl=ka - uOHia:j fïrE" .eg 3-4la iys;"
taldld¯ îc m%frdayKhla i|yd-
fi'ó' 20-30la muK †. l| len,s
l n∫ka fydaa ;eá m<uqj fyd¢ka ms˙is≥ lr ^33 yd 34 jk rEm&
le,aishï fy` fidaähï yhsfmdlaf,darhsâ
ñxÑ - uOHia:j fïrE" fi'ó' 10-12la muK
;Kql ødjKhlska ^10]& fida∞ ye¯u
†. o~q len,s
l ;jdka udOH msrùu iy kshñ; .eUq˙ka îc
idrK - uOHia:j fïrE o~q len,s
;ekam;a ls¯u
fuys° „jdkqy˙; je,s fyda fldyqn;a j, uq,a woaojd
l m%frdayKh i|yd wjYH m%Yia; f;;ukh"
.;a jr®Ol fldgia ;jdka n∫ka j, isgqùu fyda
WIaK;ajh yd wdr®ø;dj ksishdldrj ,nd°u
tlajru ;jdka n∫ka j, isgqùu l< yelsh'
22
 33 jk rEmh( f;dard .;a lxl=ka o~q len,s
34 jk rEmh' uq,a weoaojQ lxl=ka me<
;dhs lxl=ka" idrK yd ksú;s îc u.skao m%pdrKh
lr .; yelsh' iafg%dafn˙" ldfkaIka" cr®fnrd jeks
Ydl j, mgl frdams; me< o" c,frdams; j.dj
i|yd fhd∞ .efka'
;jdka me< j,g fmdaIl
,nd°u
îc m%frdayKh ù m<uq m;% 2-3 la u;=jk ;=re
;jdka udOH wê ika;Dma; fkdjk fia ms˙is≥ c,h
muKla imhkq ,efí' bka miq îc me< isgqùug
iq≥iq wjêh olajd ffokslj ;kql fmdaIl ødjKhla
fyda ffoksl c, iemhqu iu. †k follg jrla
fmdaIl ødjKh iemhSu l< hq;=h'
35 jk rEmh' fmdaIl ødjKh iys; n∫ka j, ;enQ ;jdka me<
fï i|yd we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%kfhka ^j.= wxl 3&
.%Eï 10 la c,h ,Sgr® 10l ñY% lr id∞.kakdjQ
ødjKh iq≥iq fõ'
;jdka n≥ka fyda ;eá fmdfydr ødjKh wvx.=
fkd.eUqre Ndckhl n∫fka wvla muKla .sf,k
fia ;eîfuka c,h iy fmdaIl Wrd .ekSug ie,eiaúh
yelsh ^35 jk rEmh&' ;jdka n∫ka fyda ;eá j,
há me;af;a we;s is≥re j,ska fmdaIl ødjKh
flaYdlr®IKfhka ;jdka udOHhg wjfYdaIKh lrhs'
wjYH kï l%ufhka me< jr®Okh jk úg n∫ka
udOH u;=msgg fmdaIl ødjKh fh†h yels fõ'
;jdka udOHh u;=msgg fmdaIl ødjKh fh°fï°
l ;jdka n∫k fyda ;eáh iu;,d u;=msgl
;nd fmdaIl ødjKh l=vd me< u;g
fkdjefgk fia ;jdka udOHfha fl,jrlg
fh†h hq;=h'
l îc me< uq,a wjêfha° †klg ñ',S' 5-10la
tla j;djlg ,nd†h hq;=h'
l îc me< jr®Okh jk úg ñ',S' 10-25la
†klg tla j;djl° fyda foj;djl° ,nd†h
hq;=h' fuu m%udKh me< j.d moaO;sfha
ixia:dmkh ls¯u olajd iq≥iq fõ'
23
jr®Ol fldgia u.ska m%pdrKh lr .kakd Ydl o
by; wdldrhgu fmdaIK ødjK wvx.= Ndck j,
;eîu jvd;a iq≥iq jk w;r tlajru c, frdams;
n∫ka j,o isgqúh yelsh'

;jdka ld,h
îc me< fyda w;= len,s kshñ; m%udKhg jevqk miq
;jdka ;eáfhka bj;afldg iq≥iq j.d moaO;shl
isgqõh hq;=hs' fnda. wkqj iy j.d l%uh wkqj
îc me< ;jdfka ;sìh hq;= ld, iSud fjkia fõs' 36 jk rEmh' lmd .;a iafmdka– lene,a,

l ;lald,s i;s 3-4 l ° ^m;% 2-3 wjia:dj&

iafmdkaa– l=Üáfha f;;ukh mj;ajdf.k hdu
l f.dajd i;s 4-5 l ° ^m;% 3-4 wjia:dj& i|yd;a" fmdaIl iemhSu i|yd;a" fuu len,s ;eáhla
;=< ;eìh hq;=hs' kv;a;= ls%hd idudkH ;eá ;jdka
l i,do msms[a[d i;s 3l ° ^m;% 3-4
fukss' îc m%frdayKh ù m<uq îc m;% fol †.
wjia:dj&
yefrk wjia:dfõ isg †hr fmdaIl ,nd°u wdrïN
l i,do i;s 2-3 l< hq;= fõ' iafmdkaa– l=Üáh iuÛu ;jdka me<
j.d udOHfha isgqúh yelsh ^37 jk rEmh&'
l fn,a fmmr® i;s 4-5

isgù
q u i|yd jr®.hg wdfõksl ,CIK iys; úlD;s
j,ska f;dr jQ †˙u;a" kSfrda.S îc me< muKla
f;dard .; hq;=hs'

iafmdaka– ;jdka l%uh

by; i|yka l< ;jdka udOHhka fjkqjg iafmdka–
udOH jqjo me< iE°u i|yd Ndú;d l< yel'

fï i|yd fi'ó' 2'5 >klu iys; iafmdka– lene,a,la

f.k th j._ fi'ó' 2'5 l l=Üá j,g lmd ^36 jk
rEmh&" l=Üáh f;;a lr" iafmdkaa– l=Üáfha ueo
l=vd is≥rla fyda u;= msáka wÛ,a 1$2 muK .eUqrg
uOHh yryd hk lemqula lr îc ;ekam;a lsrSu
l< hq;=h'

37 jk rEmh ( isgqùug iq≥iq ;;a;ajfha me<hla

24

c,frdams; j.dfõ fmdaIl
ødjK ilid .ekSu
Preparation of nutrient
solution for soil-less
culture
me<Eá jr®Okh i|yd uQ,øjH 17 la wjYH fõ ^38
jk rEmh&' úYd, jYfhka Ydl j,g wjYH uQ,øjH
uyd uQ,øjH f,i o" thg jvd ;rula wvqfjka
wjYH jk uQ,øjH oaú;Sl uQ,øjH f,i o ye¢kafõ'
iqΩ jYfhka jqj;a Ydl jr®Okhg wjYH uQ,øjH
CIqø uQ,øjH f,i y∫kajhss'
uyd uQ,øjH w;=˙ka ldnka (C), yhsv%cka (H) iy
Tlaiscka (O) iajNdúlj c,h yd jd;fhka ,efnk
neúka fmdfydr f,i Ndú;d fkdlrhss' tfy;a
khsg%cka (N), fmdiamria (P) yd fmdgEishï (K)
fmdfydr f,i ,nd†h hq;=h'
le,aishï (Ca), ue.akSishï (Mg) iy i,a*r® (S)
oaú;Sl uQ,øjH hg;g .efka'
CIqø uQ,øjH jk iskala (Zn), fldmr® (Cu), hlv
(Fe), ueka.kSia (Mn), fndafrdaka (B), fud,síäkï
(Mo), laf,da˙ka (Cl) iy ksl,a (Ni) Ydl j,g
iqΩ jYfhka jqj;a w;HjYH fõ'
c, frdams; j.djka j,° ishÆu fmdfydr c,fha
†hlr fmdaIl ødjKhla f,i ,ndfoa' iajNdúl
mdxY= udOHfha° ndysrfhka fhdok fmdfydrj, fuka
c, úÉf√ok fyda whkSlrK l%shdj,sh mia rys;
j.d udOH j,° is≥ fkdfõ' tksid c, frdams;
j.djka j,° fhdok fmdfydr whkS l rK
;;a;ajfhka ;sîu wjYH fõ' hQ˙hd c,fha fyd¢ka
†hjk kuq;a c,frdams; j.dj i|yd Ndú;d l<
fkdyel' hQ˙hd Ydl wjfYdaIKhg wjYH m˙†
c, úÉf√okh ùu fyda iajNdúlj mfiys ° fuka
ì| fy,Sula c, frdams; udOH j,° is≥ fkdùu
fuhg fya;=jhs'

c, frdam;
s j.dj,°" fnda.fha wjYH;dj yd jr®Ol
N S wjêh u; fmdaIl iemhSfï yelshdj j.dlrejdg
Ni
Cl we;' fï ksid mfiys° fuka fmdaIl ,nd .; yels
njg wys;lr n,mEula c,frdams; j.dfõ° is≥
B P Mg Mo fkdjk neúka fnda. blaukska jr®Okh ù Wiia
wiajkq ,ndfohs' tfy;a j.dlrejd Ydl fmdaIl yd
Mn tajdfha kv;a;=j ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd
K Ca Zn ;sîu u; fuu j.d l%ufha idr®:lNdjh rπmj;S'
Fe Cu

38 jk rEmh ( fnda. jr®Okhg w;HdjYH uQ,øjH

25
fmdaIl ødjK md,kh
m%Yia: fmdaIl ;Fjhka myiqfjka md,kh l< yels
kuq;a ksrjoH fkdjk l%u fya;f= jka fmdaIK ødjKh
wiu;=<s; ù fnda.hg ydks ùfuka j.dj widr®:l
úh yelsh' fï ksid ksjer† ;=<s; fmdaIl ødjK
iemhqï jev igykla mj;ajd f.k hdu b;d jeo.;a
fõ' fï i|yd ødjKfha mS t É (pH) uÜgu"
WIaK;ajh iy úoaH;q a ikakdhl;dj kshudldr f,i
mj;ajdf.k hdu;a wjYH wjia:d j,° fmdaIl
ødjK w¨;ska msrùu;a b;d jeo.;a l%shdjka fõ'
mStÉ w.h pH Value
udOHfha wdï,sl;djh yd NdIañl;djh fmkakqï
lrkakd jQ or®Ylh f,i ir,j ye†kaúh yel'
fuh 1-14 olajd mrdihl ñkqï.; lr we;s w;r
1-7 olajd wdï,sl mrdih;a" 7 W∞iSk wjia:dj;a"
7-14 olajd NdIañl mrdih f,i o iïu; h'
ødjKfha mStÉ w.h 7'5 g jvd jeäjk úg hlv"
ueka.kSia" fldmr®" iskala iy fndafrdaka hk uQ,øjH
39 jk rEmh( ir, mstÉ udkhla
Ydlhg ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj wvqfõ' ødjKfha mStÉ
w.h 6 g jvd wvqjk úg fmdiafmda˙la wï,h"
le,aishï iy ueka.kSia j, ødjH;djh iS>%fhka
wvqfõ' fï ksid j.djl idr®:l Ndjh i|yd fhda.Hh
mStÉ mrdih mj;ajdf.k hdu w;HdjYH fõ'
c, frdams; j.dj i|yd m%Yia; mStÉ mrdih
5'8-6'5 w;r fõ'
mStÉ w.h 4-10 olajd mrdifhys fmdaIl j,
,nd.; yels nfjys fjkia ùu 40 jk rEm
igykska fmkajhs' ;sria w;g msysá jr®K fr®Ld
j,ska tla tla uQ,øjHh ,nd .; yels iq,n;djh
fmkajk w;r" fr®Ldfõ m<, jeä jkúg Wm˙u
,nd .; yels nj fmkakqï lrhs' fr®Ldfõ m<,
wvq mrdij, fmdaIl ,nd .; yels nj wvqh'
uQ,øjH jeä m%udKhla myiqfjka ,nd.; yels
m%Yia: mStÉ w.h 6'25 r;= jr®K isria fr®Ldj
u.ska fmkakqï lrhs' udOHfhys mS tÉ mrdih
m%Yia:j fkdue;súg fmdaIl W!K;d fukau fmdaIl
úIùï o we;súh yel' fuh fnda. jr®.h wkqj
fjkia fõ' W∞yrKhla f,i mStÉ w.h 7'5
uÜgfuys †.gu mej;=kfyd;a hlv W!K;djh
we;s lrk w;r" th me<Eáfha m;% j, kdrá
w;r lyùu fkdfyd;a y˙;CIh we;sùu u.ska
fmkakqï lrhs'
me,Eá u.ska fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr .kakd úg
ødjKfha mS tÉ w.h fjkia fõ' fï ksid th
†km;d m¯CId lr ksjer† ls¯u l< hq;=h ^39
jk rEmh&' idudkHfhka fm`Il ødjK ksr®foaY
ls¯fï° ødjKfha iajdrÌl nj mj;ajd .kakd
ridhks l ixfh`. tl;= lrhs s ' b;d ;kq l
fmdiafmd˙la wï,h fy` khsÜ%la wï,h Ndú;h
u.ska mStÑ w.h wvq l, yels w;r" ;kql
fmdgEishï yhsfv%dlaihsâ u.ska mStÉ w.h jeä
l, yelsh' mStÑ w.fha Ì◊l fjkia ùï fn`.hg
ydks∞hl ksid udOHfha iajdrCIl Ndjh mj;ajd
.ekSu w;HdjYH lreKls'
26
 b;d b;d
≥r®j, ≥r®j, ≥r®j, ≥r®j,
wê wdï,sl wdï,sl wdï,sl wdï,sl NdIañl NdIañl NdIañl wê NdIañl

khsg%cka

fmdiamria

fmdgEishï

i,a*r®

le,aishï

ue.akSishï

hlv

ueka.kSia

fndafrdaka

fldmr® iy iskala

4'0 4'5 5'0 5'5 6'0 6'5 7'0 7'5 8'0 8'5 9'0 9'5 10
6'25

40 jk rEmh( úúO mStÉ w.hkays ° uQ,øjH ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj

úoahq;a ikakdhl;dj tall ógrhg fvisiuS ka (dS/m) fõ' flfia kuq;a

Electrical conductivity-EC fuu ñkqu u.ska ,efnkqfha ødjKfha wvx.= ødjH
,jK idkaøKh muKla jk w;r" tla tla fmdaIlhka
úoahq;a ikakdhl;dj hï ødjKhl wvx.= ødjH wvx.= m%udK fkdfõ'
,jK idkaøkh fmkakqï lrk ñkquls' ødjKh
;= < s k a úoa h q ; h .uka ls ¯ ug i,ia j d úoa h q ; a
c,frdam;
s j.d j,° m%Yia: úoah;
q a ikakdhl;d
ika k dhl;d udkhla Ndú;fhka úoa h q ; a
mrdih 1'5-2'5 dS/m fõ'
ikakdhl;djh ukskq ,nhs ^41 jk rEmh&' tys
27
 41 jk rEmh ( ir, wdldrfha úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d udmlhla
wêl úoahq;a ikakdhl w.hl° ødjKh ;=< wdi%e;s
mSvkh fjkia ùu ksid fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh j<lajk
w;r" b;d wvq w.hka fnda.fha ksfrda.S njg yd
wiajekakg ydks∞hs f,i n,mdhs'
jr®Okh jk fn`." fmdaIl ødjKfhka c,h yd
fmdaIl Wrd .kakd úg ødjKfha ,jK idkaøKh
fjkia fõ' úoahq;a ikakdhl;djh m%Yia: mrdihg
jvd jeä jQ úg ms˙is≥ c,h tl;= ls¯u l< yelsh'
th wvqjk úg fmdaIl tl;= ls¯u iq≥iq fõ'
fmdaIl ødjK ieliSu
j.dlrejkg wjYH kï Tjqkagu fmdaIl ñY%kh
ilid .; yels w;r ta i|yd iïmQrK
® fhkau c,fha
ødjH ridhks l ixfhda . Ndú;d l< hq ; = f õ'
c,frdams; j.dfõ wjYH;djh wkqj f;dard .;
yels úúO fmdfydr jr®. fjf<o fmdf,ka ,nd .;
yel'
je,s" ueá fyda frdka uv jeks wmøjH wvx.= fkdjk
fmdfydr fï i|yd f;dard .; hq;= w;r" tjeks
wmøjH jeä úg tajd c,iïmdok moaO;s wjysr
lr" fnda.hg ydks muqKj
q hs' fmdaIl W!K;d we;sjk
neúka ødjH fkdjk fyda wvq ødjH;d iys; fmdaIl
wvx.= ridhk ixfh`. Ndú;d fkdl< hq;h = ' ≤kg
Ndú;fha mj;sk c, ødjH fmdfydr tlsfkl ñY%
lr .ekS f ï yels h dj tkï ix>;Ndjh
(Compatibility) j.= wxl 1 ys i|yka fõ'
W∞yrKhla f,i wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü (AN) yd
le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) tlsfkl ñY% l< yel'
fujeks ;;a;ajhl° tu fmdfydr jr®. fol
tlsfkl ix.;Ndjfhka hqla;h' th C ,l=◊ka
olajhs' wefudakshï i,afmaÜ (AS) yd le,aishï
khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) tlsfkl ñY% ls¯u iSñ;j is≥
l< yel' fujeks ;;a;ajhl° tu fmdfydr jr®.
fol tlsfkl iSñ; ix.;Ndjfhka hqla; nj
ie,lsh hq;=h' th L i,l=fKka olajhs' iSñ;
ix.; fmdfydr ñY% ls˙fï ° Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr
jr®. wkqj iq≥iq f,i fyda ñY% l< ú.iska Ndú;d
ls¯u wjYH fõ' le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) yd
fudfkdwefudakhs ï fmdiafmaÜ jeks fmdfydr ñY% lr
Ndú;d l< fkdyel' fujeks ;;a;ajhl° tu
fmdfydr jr®. fol tlsfkl wix.;Ndjfhka hql; a
nj ie,fla' fuh X i,l=fKka olajhs'
28
j.= wxl1( c, ødjH fmdfydr iy tajdfha ix>;Ndjh

c, ødjH fmdfydr AN AS CAN MAP SOP MOP

wefudakshï khsfÜ%Ü (AN) - C C C C C
wefudakshï i,af*aÜ (AS) C - L C C C
C: ix>;
le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü (CAN) C L - X C C
L: iSñ; ix>;
fudfkda wefudakshï fmdiafmaÜ (MAP) C C X - C C
fmdgEishï i,afmaÜ (SOP) C C L C - C X: wix>;

fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ(MOP) C C X C C -
‚maiï (G) X X X X C C
lSirhsÜ (KS) C C C X C C
fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü (PN) C L C C - C

iuyr ridhksl ixfhda. tlsfkl iu. m%;sls%hd
lr ødjH;djh wvq lrhs' wefudakshï i,af*aÜ yd
fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ ñY%k gexlshg tljr fhd∞
ñY% ls¯fï° fmdgEishï i,af*aÜ ie° ødjH;djh
wvqfõs' le,aishï iy nhsldnfkag wêl c,fhys
‚maiï wjfCIamKh jk w;r" fuu wjfCIams;
‚maiï jd˙ moaO;sfha l=vd is≥re wjysr lrhs'
j.= wxl 2( wdpdr®h we,ka l+mr® úiska
y∫kajd ≥ka fmdaIl ñY%kh ^ødjK ,S' 1000
la ms<sfh, ls˙ug fhd∞ .kakd ridhksl ixfhda.
j, nr .%Eï j,ska&
ridhksl ixfhda. nr ^.%Eï&
fmdgEishï vhsyhsv%cka fmdiaf*aÜ KH2PO4 263'00

c,frdams; j.dj i|yd fhd∞ .; fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü KNO3 583'00

yels fmdfydr ñY%k
le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü Ca(NO3)2.H2O 1003'00
úúO ridhksl ixfhda. wvx.= fmdfydr ñY%k y∫kajd ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ MgSO4 513'00
° we;s w;r" nyq,j Ndú;d lrk tjeks ñY%k 2
la j.= wxl 2 iy 3 ys wvx.= fõ' hlv lSf,ag FeEDTA 79'00

ueka.kSia i,af*aÜ MgSO4 6'10

fnda˙la wï,h H3BO3 1'70

fldmr® i,af*aÜ CuSO4 0'39

wefudakshï fud,sìfâÜ NH4Mo7O24 0'37

iskala i,af*aÜ ZnSO4 0'44

29
j.= wxl 03 ( we,anÜ ñY%kh ^ødjK ,S' 1000 fmdfydr-c, iemhqu
la ms<sfh, ls˙ug fhd∞ .kakd ridhksl ixfhda. Fertigation
j, nr .%Eï j,ska&

ridhksl ixfhda. nr ^.%Eï&

u,aá fla-fmdgEishï khsfÜ%Ü KNO3 38'00

ms˙my≥ le,aishï khsfÜ%Ü Ca(NO3)2.H2O 952'00

ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ MgSO4 308'0

hlv lSf,ag FeEDTA 8'00

iskala i,af*aÜ ZnSO4 0'15

fnda˙la wï,h H3BO3 0'20

ueka.kSia i,af*aÜ MgSO4 1'15

fldmr® i,af*aÜ CuSO4 0'10

fudfkd fmdgEishï fmdiafmaÜ KH2PO4 269'00

fmdgEishï i,af*aÜ K2SO4 423'00 42 jk rEmh( fmdfydr ñY%k gexlsh iys;

c,iïmdok tallhla
wefudakshï fud,sìfâÜ NH4Mo7O24 0'03

c, iïmdokh iu. me<Eá jr®Okh i|yd wjYH

we,anÜ ñY%kh foaYSh fjf<o fmdf,ka ñ,° .;
yel'
fujeks fmdaIl ñY%k uQ,uKav, fmdfydrla f,i
,nd °u .egΩjla fkdjk kuq;a m;%uh †hr
fmdfydrla f,i Ndú;h iq≥iq fkdfõ' fuu ñY%k
j, hlv Öf,ag ixfhda.hka f,i we;s fyhska †hr
fmdfydrla f,i ,nd≥ka úg th myiqfjka ì|
fy,Su is≥ fkdjk neúka tjeks t<jΩ wdydrhg
.ekSu iq≥iq fkdfõ' fï ksid m;% fmdfydrla f,i
Ndú;d lf,a kï kshñ; †k .Kkla blaujQ miqj
wiajkq fk,Su WÑ; fõ'
fmdaIl c,fha †hlr ,nd°u fmdfydr-c, iïmdokh
fõ'
fmdfydr-c, iïmdokfha jdis
l ksjer† iy taldld˙ f,i fmdfydr fh°ug
yelsùu
l fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêhg i˙,k m˙†"
foaY.=◊l ;;a;ajhg wkql+,j fnda.fha
fmdaIl wjYH;djhka ,nd°fï yelshdj
l fmdfydr Ndú;fha ldr®hCIu;djh jeä ùu
yd uq,uKav, l,dmfhka fmdaIl CIrKh
ùu wvq ls¯u u.ska N+.; c, ¥IKh wju
l< yels ùu

30
l fnda. wiajekak fukau wiajekafka .=Kd;auh
o jeä lr .; yels ùu
l lïlre Y%uh b;s˙ lr .; yelsùu
fmdfydr c, iïmdokfha°
ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
l j.d udOHfha ,CIK
l Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr
l jd˙ c,fha .=Kd;auh
m<uq m˙Éf√o j,° úia;r lr we;s udOHfha ,CIK
yd Ndú;d l< hq;= fmdfydr jr®. yd tajdfha .=Kdx.
ms<sn| lreKq wkq.ukh ls¯u jeo.;a fõ'
c, frdams; j.djka i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;= c,h
ms˙is≥ úh hq;= w;r" mStÉ iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d
w.hka fnda. j.djg ys;lr uÜgfï ;sìh hq;=h'
c,fha mStÉ iy úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d w.hka yd
ødjH ,jK jr®. wkqj tys .=Kd;auh m%Odk mx;s
3 lg fn∞ we; ^j.= wxl 4&'
ydks∞hl fkdjk iy uOHia: mrdih ;=< msysá
c,h c, frdams; j.dj i|yd Ndú;d l< yels fõ'
kuq;a uOHia: mrdifha c,h Ndú;d lrkafka kï
jirlg jrlaj;a j.d moaO;sh ms˙is≥ c,fhka
fida∞ye˙h hq;= fõ'
fmdfydr-c, iïmdokh is≥
lrk wdldrh
ffoksl fnda. c, wjYH;djh wkqj †hlr .;a
fmdfydr" c, iïmdok moaO;sh Tiafia fyda w;ska
fnda. j,g ,nd†h yelsh' fnda.h" j.d l%uh iy
fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêh wkqj Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
fmdfydr m%udKh fjkia fõ'

j.= wxl 4' jd˙ c, iïmdokfha° c,fha .=Kd;auh i|yd i,lkq ,nk lreKq

ie,lsh hq;= lreKq tall .=Kd;aul mx;sh

ydks∞hl fkdjk$ uOHia: mrdih ydks∞hs mrdih

fhda.H mrdih

mStÉ w.h idudkH mrdih 6'5-8'4

,jK;dj ^úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj& dS/m 0.0 -0.8 0.8 - 3.0 >3

fidaähï ñ,s iul$,S <3 >3 -

laf,darhsâ ñ,s iul$,S <3 >3 -

fndafrdaka ñ,s .%Eï$,S <0.7 0.7 - 3.0 >3.0

nhsldnfkaÜ ñ,s iul$,S <1.5 1.5 - 8.5 >8.5

Courtesy: Guidelines for Interpretation of water quality for irrigation, Western fertilizer
handbook, page 38
31
fnda.fha jr®Ol wjêh wkqj fmdaIl wjYH;djh
fjkia jk kuq;a ish¨u jr®Ol wjê j,° ødjKfha
mStÉ 5'8-6'5 mrdifha iy úoaHQ;a ikakdhl;djh
1'5-2'5 dS/m f,i kv;a;= l< hq;=h'

ixirKh jk DFT iy NFT l%u j,° fmr

;SrKh lr .;a ld,dka;r wkqj fmdaIl ødjK
,nd †h hq;= fõ'

>k udOH i|yd fmdfydr-c, iïmdokh fmdïmhla

u.ska ls%hd;aul jk c, iïmdok moaO;s Tiafia
fyda w;ska fh°u l< yelsh' j.d udOHfha
f;;ukh fCIa;% Od˙;d uÜgfï /f|k m˙†
fh†h hq;=h' fmdaIl m%udKh fmr ;SrKh lr .;a 43 jk rEmh( isria wdOdrl iúlr we;s wdldrh
ld,dka;r j,ska Ydlfha uQ,uKav, l,dmhg ,nd†h
me< jr®Okh jkúg kQ, m%Odk l| jgd ,sys,aj
hq;=h'
mg,jhs' Wig jr®Okh jk wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla
fmdfydr fkdfhdok wjia:dj,° Ydlfha uQ, iys; ;lald,s m%fNao j,° iEu mr®j 3-4 lg w;˙ka
uKav,h iys; >k udOHh fCIa;% Od˙;d uÜgfï Ydl l| isria wdOdrl kQf,a .eg .eiSfuka" me<Eá
;nd .ekSug wjYH c,h muKla iïmdokh l< my,g ,siaid hdu j<lshs'
hq;=fõ'
fnda. yd m%fNao wkqj me< mqyqKq ls¯fï l%u Ndú;d
fõs' wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla iys; ;lald,s j.djka
mqyqKq ls¯u yd lmamd≥ j,° fndfyda úg ;ks l|ka l%uh Ndú;d lrhs'
ls¯u fuys° m%Odk l| muKla mj;akd fia iEu mdr®Yaúl
wxl=rhlau fi'ó' 5-6 muK jr®Okh jQ wjia:dfõ°
mfiys° fuka fkdj c,frdams; j.djka j,° j.d w;ska lvd bj;a lrhs ^44 jk rEmh&'
udOH u.ska m%udKj;a Odrl yelshdjla ,nd fkdfoa'
j.d udOHhka Ndú;d fkdjk ødjK j.djka j,°
fuh jvd;a ;Sj% fõ' fufia fyhska wu;r wdOdrl
,nd °u wjYH fõ' wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla iys; je,a
wdldr fnda. ^msms[a∆" ;lald,s& fukau wêl f,i
M, ork yd M, j, nr jeä fnda. ^fn,afmmr®" ngq&
i|yd fuu wdOdrl w;HdjYH fõ'

fuysoS Ydl l| jgd fh¥ ma,diaála uq≥jlg fyda

l| mduq,ska ,sys,aj .eg .eiQ fmd,st;s,ska kQ,a isria
wdOdrl f,i Ndú;d lrhs' fuu kQ,a" j.dfõ
by<ska iúl< ;sria wdOdrl lïì j, .eg .ikq
,efí ^43 jk rEmh&'
44 jk rEmh( mdr®Yaúl wxl=r bj;a ls˙u

32
†.=ld,hla wiajkq ,ndfok wm˙ñ; jr®Okhla we;s
;lald,s Ydl j, Wi kv;a;= l< yels uÜgñka
mj;ajd .eksu wjYH fõ' fuys° me<fha wiajkq
,nd≥ka fldgfia mer◊ m;% lsysmhla ^3-4 la& bj;a
lr Ydl l| fi'ó' 60 la muK my;a lr kej;
.eg .ihs ^45 jk rEmh&' fuh uqΩ j.d ld,h
;=<u i;s 2-3 lg jrla l< hq;= w;r" fï i|yd
isria wdOdrl kQ, m%udKj;a †.ska ;sìh hq;=h'
j.dfõ me< ish,a, tlu †idjlg mqyqKq l< hq;=h'
45 jk rEmh ( me< mqyqKq lrk wdldrh
tla ;lald,s u,a lsks;a;l M, rdYshla yg .kakd
neúka taldldr .=Kd;aul wiajekakla i|yd M,
;=kS lss¯u wjYH úh yel' fuh m%fNao wkqj yd
wjYH lrkq ,nk f.äj, úYd,;ajh wkqj fjkia
jk kuq;a fmd≥fõ tla lsks;a;l M, 3-5 la muK
isák fia wfkl=;a M, l=vd ld,fha°u bj;a l<
hq;=h'
i,do-msm[s ∆
a " m%fNaoh wkqj mqyK
q q ls¯fï l%u fjkia
fõ' 46 jk rEmfha ≤lafjkafka l=vhl yevhg
mqyqKq lr we;s wdldrhhs' fï i|yd m%Odk l|
;sria wdOdrl lïìh olajd ;ks l|la f,i kv;a;=
lrk w;r" ;sria wdOdrl lïìh lrd ,Ûd jQ úg
w.%ia:h bj;a lr oaú;Sl YdLd folla lïìfha
fomiska my,g jr®Okh ùug i,iajhs' i,do
msms[a∆ Ydlfha tla .eghlska M, tllg jvd jeä
ixLHdjla yg.; yelsh' tu M, j,ska úlD;s
yevfhka hq;= M, muKla l=vd ld,fha°u bj;a
ls¯u l< hq;= fõ'
46 jk rEmh( y˙; .Dy ;=< i,do-msms[a∆
Ydl mqyqKq ls¯u
fn,a fmmr® Ydlh oaú l|ka l%uhg tkï tla Ydlhla
m%Odk l|ka folla iys;j jr®Okh jk f,i mqyqKq
lrhs' m%Odk l|ka foflka muKla M, yg .kakd
f,i m;% 2-3 lg w;˙ka msysá mdr®Yaúl wxl=r
bj;a lrhs'
33
md,s; ;;aj hgf;a
c,frdams; j.dj
Soil-less culture in
controlled environment
Agriculture
jr®;udk lDIslr®udka;fha jvd;a iQCIu yd M,∞hs
j.d l%uh c, frdams; j.d l%uh f,i ye¢kaúh
yelsh' uQ,Ok úhoï wêl by< ;dlaIKfhka hq;=
jqj;a wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< md,s; ;;a;aj yd c,
frdam;
s l%u taldnoaO l< úg fuu l%ufha M,∞hs;dj
jvd;a jeä lr .; yelsfõ' fnda.fha jr®Okhg
n,mdk jdhj fukau uQ,uKav, m˙ir ;;a;aj
fnda.hg WÑ; f,i ,nd °u;a wys;lr foaY.=◊l
idOl u.yerùu;a fuu.ska bgq lr .; yelsfõ'
47 jk rEmh( c,frdams; j.djla iys; wdrCIs; .Dyhla
wdrCIs; .Dy ;=< c,frdams;
j.dfõ uQ,sl jeo.;alï
l lDIs ridhk øjH j,ska f;dr ksIamdokhla
,nd .; yelsùu
l mdxY= ix>gl j,ska f;dr wiajekakla ,nd
.; yels ùu
l by< jákdlï iys; fouqyqï m%fNao j,
jr®Okhg wjYH CIqø foaY.=K ;;a;aj
myiqfjka md,kh lr jeä .=Kd;auhlska
hq;= by< wiajkq ,nd .; yelsùu
l jeä >k;aj Ydl .ykh u.ska Wm˙u fnda.
wiajekakla ,nd .; yels ùu
l fnda. j.djg mi Ndú;d l< fkdyels ia:dk
i|yd fhd∞ .; yels ùu
l foaY.=◊l idOl ksid fnda. j.d l< fkdyels
fyda wj∞ku jeä m%foaY j,g jqjo fhda.Hùu
l fmdfydr yd c,h jvd;a ldr®hlaIuj Ndú;d
l< yels ùu
l wju N+ñ m%udKhlska Wm˙u m%fhdack ,nd
.; yels ùu
Y%S ,xldj yd wfkl=;a ksjr®;k l,dmSh rgj,
wdrlaIs; .Dy fyda oe,a .Dy ;=< WIaK;ajh by<
ke.Su m%Odk .egΩjls' újD; ixirk c, frdams;
j.d l%u" WIaK;ajh wvq ls¯u i|yd ;rula bjy,a
fõ'
jy, uq≥fkys jd ljqΩ ;eîu" ≤,a fh¥ jy,hg
uola by<ska fmd,s;Ska wdjrKh fh°u" WIaK;ajh
jeä jkúg c,h ó≥ula f,i biSu (misting),
ú≥,s mxld (exhaust fans) u.ska jd ixirKh
ls¯u" fhd∞ .kakd NdPk iy k, iq≥ meye;s ùu
fyda iq≥ meyeh wdf,am ls˙u WIaK;ajh wvqls¯u
ioyd ;j≥rg;a bjy,a fõ'
j.djkays we;súh yels
.egΩ yd tajd uÛyrjd
.ekSu
idudkH lafIa;% j.djl° fukau c,frdams; j.djka
j,°o m,sfndaO ydks" fnda. ldhsl widudkH;d yd
fmdaIl úIu;d fya;=fjka úúO .egΩ ;;a;aj
we;súh yelsh'
34
fnda. ldhsl widudkH;d 2' ;lald,s M, me,Su
Concentric cracking and
laI◊l md˙i˙l fjkialñ" WIaK;aj úp,kh" catface
wl%uj;a fmdfydr yd c, iemhqu jeks fya;= ksid
we;sjk ;;a;aj fuhg wh;a fõ' iuyrla m%fNao ;lald,s me,fha kgqj jgd pl%dldrj iuflakaøsl
fujeks ;;a;aj j,g blaukska md;%s fõ' me,Sï fyda kgqfõ isg úys° hk me,Sï we;sfõ ^49
iy 50 jk rEm&' †jd l, wêl WIaK;ajh iy †jd
1' ;lald,s M, w. l=Kq ùu rd;%s WIaK;aj fjki jeä ùu jeks md˙i˙l ;;a;j a
Blossom end rot ksid we;sjk fuu widudkH;djh wdrlaIs; .Dy
;=< md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a wju lr .; yels fõ'
;lald,s M,fha w. fl<jr ≥Uqre meye;s .sÆKq
me,a,ï we;s fõ ^48 jk rEmh&' uQ,sl jYfhka
le,aishï W!k;djh" laI◊l f;;uk fjkiaùï"
uQ, uKav, ,jK idkaøKh wêl ùu" wêl khsgc% ka
iemhSu jeks ;;a;aj fuhg fya;= jk neúka tu
;;a;ajhka u.yerùu u.ska fuu widudkH;d
u.yrjd .;yels fõ'

49 jk rEmh( ;lald,s iu flakaøsl M, me,Su

48 jk rEmh( ;lald,s M, w. l=Kq ùu

picture courtesy: Compendium of
tomato diseases
50 jk rEmh( ;lald,s kgqfõ isg úysfok me,Sï
picture courtesy: Compendium of
tomato diseases

35
3' fn,a fmmr® f.ä yels,Su
Shirnk cracks
fn,a fmmr® f.ä j, Wrysia jgd M,h ;=<g .sΩKq"
meΩï wdldrhg fuu widudkH;dj fmkakqï lrhs
^51 jk rEmh&' M,h u; we;s c, ìx≥ CI◊lj
jdIam ùu" †jd rd;%s WIaK;aj fjkialï fuhg
fya;= fõ' rd;%s ld,fha hym;a jd ixirKhla
we;sùug bvye¯u u.ska fuh md,kh lr .; yels
fõ'
51 jk rEmh( fn,a fmmr® f.ä yels,Su
4' i,do msms[a∆ f.ä
jl%dldrj keóu
Fruit crooking
≥r® j , fmda I Kh" M, uq , a wjêfha wys ; lr
WIaK;ajhka" f;;ukh wêl ùu jeks ;;a;aj
ksid fuh we;s fõ' fujeks ,CIK iys; M, uq,a
wjia:dfõ°u bj;a ls¯u jvd;a iq≥iqh ^52 jk
rEmh&'
52 jk rEmh( i,do
msms[a∆ f.ä
jl%dldrj keóu
frda. iy lDñ ydks
idudkH j.djl° fukau c,frdams; j.djka j,°o
fnda." lDñ yd frda. ydks j,g md;%s ùu is≥úh
yelsh' ksfrda.S frdamK øjHh Ndú;h" fnda.
ikSmdrlaIdj" jr®Okh i|yd iq≥iq m˙ir ;;a;aj
md,kh" ksjer† YIH l%u Ndú;h fuu ydks md,kh
lr .ekSfï uQ,sl wä;d,u fõ' frda. yd m,sfndaO
ydks ksjer†j y∫kdf.k õjD; lafIa;% j.dfõ°
md,kh i|yd Ndú;d lrk l%u wkq.ukh ls¯u
iy wjYH;djh wkqj ksr®foaYs; m<sfndaOkdYl
Ndú;d ls¯u;a l< hq;=h'
fmdaIl úIu;d
Nutritional disorders
c,frdams; j.djka j,° fmdaIl ødjKh fnda.hg
m%Yia: f,i fkd,enqKfyd;a fmdaIl W!k;d fukau
fmda I l úIùï we;s ú h yel' fuu úIu;d
fndfydauhla Ydl jr®Ok fõ.h" m%udKh" m;% yevh"
>klu" lf|a jr®Kh" mr®j w;r ≥r" uQ,uKav,fha
iajNdjh" M, yg .ekSu yd M, j, iajNdjhkays
we;sjk fjkialï yd jr®K úmr®hdi u.ska ndysrj
fmkakqï lrhs' fuu ndysr ,laIK fnda.h wkqj
fjkia fõ' fmdaIl úIu;d ksid fnda.hka fmkakqï
lrk fmd≥ ,laIK j.= wxl 5 ys i|yka jk w;r
tjeks fmd≥ ,CIK lsysmhla rEm igyka wxl 53-
60 u.ska fmkakqï lrhs'
36
j.= wxl 5( fmdaIl úIu;d fya;=fjka me<Eá fmkakqï lrk fmd≥ ,CIK
uQ,øjHh W!k;d ,CIK
khsg%cka Ydl jr®Okh wvqjk neúka mr®j flá fõ' l| isyska
fõ' mer◊ m;% m<uqfjka ly meye jk w;r
iuia:hla f,i Ydlh ly ñY% fld, meyehla .kS'
fmdiamria me<EÜ l=reùu" ;o fld, meye;s fyda r;= fyda oï
meye;s m;% fyda m;% kgq iys; fõ'
fmdgEishï mer◊ m;% y˙;CIh iys; ,m yd uereKq fldgia
j,ska hq;= ùu yd r;= jr®Kl iys; fldgia ;sîu fyda
†,sfik iajNdjfhka hqla; fõ'
i,a*r® idudkHfhka W!k;d fmkaùu úr, w;r W!k;djhl°
m;% ly meye ùu is≥ fõ' W!k;d ,laIK ,mÜ m;%
j, m<uqj fmkakqï lrhs'
ue.akSishï m;% fl,jr fyda kdrá w;r y˙;CIh fmkajk
w;r y˙;CI ,CIK m;% fl,j˙ka wdrïN fõ'
le,aishï jr®Ol ia:dk yd ,má m;% úh<S ue¯ hhs' m<;=re
fNda. j, fmkakqï lrk ,CIK fnda.hg úfYaIs;
fõ' ;lald,s yd fn,a fmmr® j, M, w. l=Kq ùu
we;súh yel'
hlv ,má m;% j, kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;sjk w;r
wêl W!k;djhl° iïmQr®K m;%hu iq≥ ly meye ù
ñh hhs'
laf,da¯ka y˙;CIfhka wdrïNù" m;% ue,fjk w;r ,m
wdldrhg mgl uefr®' uq,a l=re ù" uq,a w.%ia: >K
fõ'
uex.kSia kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;s fõ' wêl úg ,m fyda b˙
f,i mgl ñh hhs' y˙;,j wixúOdkh fõ'
fndafrdaka jr®Ol ia:dk ue¯ hhs' mdr®Yaúl wxl=r msms¯u" M,
úlD;s ùu" m;% yev fjkia ùu is≥ fõ'
iskala m;% l=vd ùu yd yevh fjkia úh yel" mr®j w;r
≥r wvq ùu ksid m;% fiõjka†hla f,i ≤lsh yel'
yg.;a m;%" kdrá w;r y˙;CI ,m we;s fõ'
fldmr® W!k;d ,CIK wvqh' ,má m;% ;o fld< meyeùu yd
yevh fjkia fõ' mrd.Kh yd M, yg.ekSu wvq fõ'
fud,síäkï m<uqj kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;s fõ' fndfyda úg
mer◊ m;% j,ska ,laIK wdrïN fõ'
wêlùu fyda úIùu ksid fmkajk ,CIK
;o fld, meye;s fõ' m;% fl,jr ms,siaiSu" uQ,
uKav,h jr®Okh ≥r®j, fõ' u,a yg.ekSu" îc
ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
,má m;% j, kdrÜ w;r yrs;CIh we;sfõ' hlv
iy ;U W!k;d ,CIK fmkakqï l< yel'
idudkHfhka jeämqr wjfYdaIKh fkdlrhs' jeämqr
we;s úg th ue.akSishï W!K;djh we;s lrk w;r
uex.kSia" iskala iy hlv W!k;d o we;s úh yelsh'
jr®Okh wvqjk w;r m;% l=vd fõ' l,d;=rlska m;%
fl,jr ms,siaiSu yd kdrá w;r y˙;CIh we;s fõ'
fmkakqï lrk ,CIK b;d wvqh'
fmkakqï lrk ,CIK b;d wvqh'
iuyr úg ≥Uqre meye;s ,m we;s fõ'
m;% w.% yd ∞r ms,siaiSu" ≥Uqre meyeùu" m;% m˙K;
ùug fmr ye,S hdu yd y˙;CI ,CIK olakg ,efí'
jr®Ok fõ.h wvq fõ'
mer◊ m;% fyda m;% w. fl,j˙ka y˙;CIh wdrïN
fõ' iuyr úg m;% jl% fõ' jr®Okh wvq fõ'
m,uqj ,m f,i yg.kakd kdrá w;r y˙;CI ,CIK
fmkajhs'
hlv W!k;d ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs'
jr®Okh ≥r®j, ù hlv W!k;djh;a iu. w;= yg
.ekSu wvq fõ' uq,a uy;aùu yd wiajdNdúl l=vd ≥r®jr®K
jQ uq,a we;s fõ'
l,d;=rlska olakg ,efí' ;lald,s m;% rkajka lymdg
fõ' u,a f.dajd îc me, oïmdg fõ'
37
 53 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs le,aishï W!k;djh 57 jk rEmh( ;lald,s khsg%cka W!k;djh

54 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs hlv W!k;djh 58 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs iskala W!k;djh

55 jk rEmh( ;lald,s uex.kSia W!k;djh 59 jk rEmh( ;lald,s ue.akSishï W!k;djh

56 jk rEmh( ;lald,s hlv W!k;djh 60 jk rEmh( iafg%dafnrs i,a*r® W!k;djh

picture courtesy: Compendium of tomato diseases, Compendium of Strawberry diseases-The
American Phytopathological Society

38
ksishdldrj M, yg fkd.ekSu
wdrlaIs; .Dy ;=< j.d ls¯fï° mrd.khg Wmld˙
lDñka fkdue;s ùu" b;d jeä yd wvq WIaK;aj j,
mrd. ls%hdld˙ fkdùu" iQr®hdf,dalh m%udKj;a
fkdùu" iajNdúl iq<x Odrdj,g md;%S fkdùu jeks
úúO idOl ksid j.dj fyd¢ka jr®Okh ù u,a
yg.;a; o M, ≤¯u wvqúh yel'
ksih
s dldrj mrd.kh is≥ fkdfõkï lD;%u
S mrd.kh
i|yd my; i|yka l%u Ndú;d l< yel'
ffcj l%u - lDóka u.ska mrd.khg bv ie,iSu
hdka;%sl l%u - Ydl fi,ùug Ndckh ls¯u i|yd
iq<x Odrd heùu
Ydl laI◊l lïmkhlg ,la l,
yels ir, lïml Ndú;h
ridhksl l%u- fydarf® udak Ndú;h ^fï i|yd Tlaik
S ndysr ,CIK fmdaIl ødjKfha fhda.H;djh
ldKavhg wh;a 0'15% 4CPA
merdlaf,dafrd mSfkdlais weisála
wï,h ;lald,s j.djka j,° M,
,nd .ekSu i|yd cmdkfha nyq,j
Ndú;d fõ' ;lald,s u,a lsks;a;l
mqIam 3-4 la msmqkq wjia:dfõ° u,a
j,g fydafudakh biskq ,nhs' jeä
idkaøkfhka fyda tlu u,g lsysm
jdrhla biSu fya;=fjka wNHka;rh
fc,suh iajNdjh iys; M, yg
.ekSug bv we;'
fnda.h iy ;sfnk iïm;a wkqj iq≥iq l%uhla f;dard
.; yel'
c,frdams; j.dfõ kv;a;=
iy md,k wjYH;djhkaa
idr®:l j.djla mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd j.dlrejka
úiska my; i|yka lreKq flfrys ie,ls,a, fhduq
ls¯u w;HdjYH fõ' tu lreKq tlla fyda iSudld¯
jqjfyd;a wdr®:sl jákdlula iys; j.djla ,nd.;
fkdyels jkq we;'
l fmdaIl ødjKfha mStÉ w.h 5'8-6'5 w;r
mj;ajd.; hq;=h' úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj
ógrhg fvisiSuka 1'5-2'5 w;r mrdihl
;sîu fnda. jr®Okh i|yd iq≥iq fõ' by;
mStÉ iy úoHq;a ikakdhl;d mrdi j,ska jeä
fyda wvq w.hl mej;Su ødjKfhka fm`Il
wjfYdaIKhg iy fnda.fha uQ, uKav,hg ydks
is≥ ùug fya;= úh yelsh' me<Eá fmkakqï lrk
ms<sn| fydou or®Ylh fõ' tu ,CIK
y∫kdf.k fmdaIl ødjKh ksjer† ls¯u l<
hq;=h ^61 jk rEmh&'
61 jk rEmh( fmdaIl W!K;d iys; iafg%dafn˙ me<hla
l fmdaIl ødjKfha CIksl idkaøK fjkialï
kqiq≥iqh' fï ksid mStÉ iy úoHq;a ikakdhl;d
w.hka fjkia fõ'
39
l m%udKj;a whq˙ka ødjKfha WIaK;ajh mj;ajd
.; hq;h= ' WIaK;ajh by< hk úg Ydl iajik
fõ.h jeä jk neúka Tlaiscka wjYH;djh
jeä fõ' ta iuÛu ødjKfha Tlaiscka †hùfï
yelshdj wvqh' fuh jvd;a ydkslr jkafka
y¯; iy ≤,a .Dy ;=< †jd ld,fha WIaK;ajh
jeä jkúg °h' tjeks ;;a;aj u.ye¯u i|yd
wjYH ;;a;aj ,nd†h hq;=h'
l me<Eá j, wjfYdaIKh i|yd iEu úgu fmdaIK
ødjKfha †h jQ Tlaic
s ka m%udKj;a whq˙ka ;sìh
hq;=h' Tlaiscka idkaøKh wvq jQ úg fmdaIl
wjfYdaIK fõ.h wvq jk fyhska th wiajkq
wvq ùug fya;=jla jk w;r uq,a l=Kq ùu i|yd
o fya;= ldrl fõ' újD; l%ufha° kej; Ndú;d
lrk fmdaIl ødjKh iajdNdúlj jd;kh jk
fia by< isg fmdaIl ødjK gexlshg jeàug
ie,eiaùu l< yelsh'
l újD; j.d l%u j,° ixirKh is≥ fkdjk
fyhska n∫fka fmdaIl ødjKhg by<ska m%udKj;a
ysia wjldYhla ;sîug bv ye˙h hq;=h ^62 jk
rEmh&' ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%ufha
idr®:lNdjh rπ mj;skfa ka uq,j
a , iS>% jr®Okh
i|yd jd;hg ksrdjrKh jk uq,a m%udKh u;h'
uq,a uÛska fnda.hg wjYH jk Tlaiscka
wjfYdaIK lrk neúka <má uq,a j, by< 2$3
fldgi jd;hg ksrdjrKh jk f,i iy b;s˙
fldgi fmdaIK ødjKfha mdfjk whq˙ka ;sîu
jvd;a fhda.Hh fõ'
62 jk rEmh ( uQ,uKav,h fyd¢ka jr®Okh jQ j.djla
l újD; j.d l%u j,° fnda.h jr®Okh jk úg
n∫fka fmdaIK ødjK uÜgu wvqjk w;r fï
ksid ,jK idkaøKh jeä úh yelsh' tjeks
;;a;aj fnda. jr®Okhg fhda.H fkdfõ' tjeks
wjia:djl° b;s˙ ù we;s ødjKh bj;a lr
wÆ;a ødjKhla msrùu wjYH fõ'
l j.dj i|yd m%udKj;a whq˙ka wdf,dalh iy
wfkl=;a wjYH;djka idudkH fCIa;% j.djl°
fukau c, frdams; j.dfõ° o ,nd †hhq;= fõ'
l c,frdams; j.djka j,° mdxY= ckl CIqø
„úkaf.ka is≥jk ydks fndfyda ≥rg wju fõ'
flfia kuq;a idudkHfhka iq,n frda. iy lDñ
ydks we;súh yelsh' ks;r m¯CIdfjka
isàu;a uQ,sl wjia:dfõu ydks y∫kd.ekSu;a"
tjeks .egΩ u.yrjd .ekSug Wmld¯ fõ' j.dj
ms˙is≥j mj;ajd .ekSu;a ksjer† YIH md,k
l%u wkq.ukh yd ;=,;s fmdaIl ñY%k Ndú;h;a
tjeks .egΩ we;sùu wvq lrhs' ksfrda.S †˙u;a
j.djla mj;ajd .ekSu m,sfndaO ydks wju
ls¯ug fya;=fõ'
l ieu úgu j.dj wdrïN ls˙u i|yd frda.
iy lDñ ydks j,ska f;dr frdamk øjH Ndú;d
lrkak' frda.S Ydl ≥gq ú.i .,jd úkdY
lrkak'
l >k udOHh ;=< j.dfõ° jgmKqjkaf.a ydks
olakg ,efíkï ish¨u me< úkdY lr j.d
udOH ‚jdkqyrKh lrkak' Ndú;d lrk c,ho
jgmKqjkaf.ka f;dr ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
l frda. iy lDñ wdidok j,oS lDIs ridhksl
Ndú;d ls¯u wjYH úh yel' m˙irhg iy
md˙fNda.l
s hdg ydkshla fkdjk fia lDIs ridhk
øjH Ndú;d lrkak' ieu úgu lDIs ridhk
j,ska f;dr ksIamdokhla ls¯ug W;aidy l<
hq;=h'
40
l fmdaIl ixirKh jk k, iy n∫ka ;=<
we,a.S Ydl jr®Okh ù k, wjysr úh yel'
tjeks ;;a;aj uÛyerùu i|yd we;=<; lÆ
meye;s k, Ndú;d lrkak' tla j.djla
wjika jQ miqj ;kql laf,da¯ka ødjKhla
fhd∞ k, ms˙is≥ lr kej; j.djg fmr
ms˙is≥ c,fhka fida∞ y˙kak'
l wdrCIs; .Dy ;=< isria fy` ;sria j.d u¨
Ndú;d jk l%u j,° we;=<; fma<s j,g
m%udKj;a f,i iQr®hdf,dalh fkd,eîu ksid
jr®Okh iy wiajekak wvq úh yel' fï ksid
fma<s msysgqùfï° fï ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh
hq;=h'
l lD;Suj mrd.Kh l< hq;= wjia:djkays° ta
i|yd iq≥iq l%u wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'
l >k udOHh iys; ixirKh fkdjk j.d l%u
j,° fmdaIl c,h ,nd °fuka wk;=rej c,
iïmdokh ls¯fï° fmdaIl laIrKh ùfï
yelshdj jeäh' fï fya;=fjka fnda. fmdaIl
W!k;djhka j,g myiqfjka Ndckh úh yels
neúka ta ms<sn|j wjOdkfhka hq;=j lghq;=
l< hq;=h'
l fnda. w;r m%udKj;a mr;rhla ;eîu;a" je,a
fnda. j.d lrk úg wdOdrl iemhSu;a jeo.;a
fõ'
l Ydl l=vd l, isgu mqyqKq lsrSu;a" ksjeros
wdldrhg lmamd≥ lsrsu;a b;d jeo.;ah'
c,frdams; j.dfõ jdis
l úYd, N+ñhla wjYH fkdfú' uy,a ksjdi
j, by< ud,fha l=vd bvl fukau wdrlaIs;
.Dy ;=<o j.d l< yelsh'
l mia Ndú;d fkdlrk ksid j.dlrejd ms˙is≥
j.d m˙irhl kshef,a'
l md;a;s ieliSu" j,a fk,Sï" c, iïmdokh
jeks lïlre Y%uh wêl" ≥Ialr ldr®hhka
fkdue;'
l wLKav j.djla mj;ajdf.k hdug yels fõ'
l mdxY= ckl frda. yd jgmKq ydks wju fõ'
l wjdrfha ksIamdokhla ^újD; m˙irfha
foaY.=◊l idOl iq≥iq fkdjk ld,m˙Éf√o
j,& l< yelsh'
l úfkda∞xYhla f,i l< yels j.djls'
l c, frdams; l%ufha° fndfyda fnda. blaukska
wiajkq ,nd foa'
l ksjer† md,k l%u hgf;a jvd jeä wiajekakla
,nd .; yel'
l j.d l%uh jvd;a wdlr®YkSh ksid ^mia iuÛ
iïnkaO fkdjk neúka& lïlrejka fh°ug
myiq fõ'
l mqΩ,a mrdihl t<jΩ yd u,a m%fNao j.d
l< yelsh'
l c, ydksh wju l< yelsh'
l ;rÛld˙ fjf<| fmd, i|yd mia rys;
me< yd uq,a weoao jQ w;= me< ,nd .; yel'
41
iSudld¯ idOl
l uQ,Ok úhou wêl fõ' wdrCIs; .Dy ;=<
c, frdams; j.djla lrkafka kï fuh ;j;a
jeä fõ'
l fmdaIl udOH ieliSu" mStÉ yd úoHq;a
ikakdhl;dj uekSu" fmdaIl udOHh ksjer†
ls¯u" m˙ir md,kh jeks lghq;= i|yd
;dlaI◊l ≤kqula iys; mqyqKq Y%uh wjYH
fõ'
l uQ,sl ksIamdok úhou wêl fyhska jeä
jákdlï iys; fnda. i|yd iSud fõ'
l tAllh l%shd;aul ls¯u i|yd bkaOk fyda
ú≥,sh wjYH fõ'
l WIaK;ajh m%Yia: uÜgñka mj;ajd .ekSu
i|yd wu;r fhojqï ,nd °ug is≥fõ'
l fld, t<jΩ-i,do" f.ä i,do (Head
lettuce), lkal=ka" f.dgqfld,
l t<jΩ-;lald,s" ngq" fndaxÑ" îÜ" oU," udΩ
ñ˙ia" fn,a fmmr®" f.dajd" u,a f.dajd"
msms[a∆" rdnq" i,do-msmsCoaC∞
l u,a$úis;=re me<-weka;+˙hï" fu˙f.da,aâ"
flda,shdia" frdai" ldfkaIka" ´lsâ" cr®fnrd"
lmqre
l m<;=re-iafg%dfn˙" fu,ka
l l=Ω nvq-mdia,s" ñkaÑ" T˙.fkd
(Oregano), iaùÜ fíis,a (Sweet basil)
l ;DK yd OdkH-fida.ï" ndr®,s" nr®uqvd ;DK"
ù" nvb˙Û=
l T!IO me<-fl`ud˙ld

j.d l< yels fnda.

mqΩ,a mrdihl fnda. j.d l< yel ^63 jk rEmh&'
fjf<| fmd, b,a¨u wkqj jvd jeä jákdlula
iys; fnda. j.d ls¯u fyda md˙fNdackh i|yd
.DydY%;
s j wjYH jk fld, t<jΩ yd fjk;a t<jΩ
j.d ls¯u iq≥iq fõ'

63 jk rEmh( c,frdams; f,i j.d l< yels fnda. lsysmhla

42
c,frdams; j.dfõ wiajkq
fk<Su" fY%aKs.; ls¯u yd
b†˙m;a ls¯u
c,frdams; j.dfõ° by< .=Kd;aul wiajkq ,nd
.ekSu uQ,sl wruqKls' fuys° wiajkq fjf<| fmd,g
b†˙m;a ls¯fï° w∞, m%ñ;Ska ,nd .ekSug my;
mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'
l kshñ; wjia:dfõ wiajkq fk<Su'
l fjf<|fmd, b,aÆu wkqj wiajkq fY%aKs.;
ls¯u'
l weis¯u" .nvd ls¯u yd m%jdykh'
wiajkq fk<Su
kshñ; wjia:djg wiajkq fk<Su u.ska mYapd;a
wiajkq ydks wju lr .; yels fõ' l,a bl=;a ùug
fmr yd miq wiajkq fk<Sfï° is≥jk ydks je<elaùug
M,fha fyda Ydlfha jhi ksjr†j ≤k .ekSu wjYHh'
fï i|yd j.d jdr®;d igyka Ndú;d l< hq;=h'
fld< t<jΩ jr®. i|yd wiajkq fk<Sfï° uOHia:j
fïrE wjêh f;dard .; hq;=h' w,xldr Ydl fyda
u,a j.dfõ°o ta ta jr®.hg WÑ; wiajkq fk<Sfï
wjëka we;s neúka iq≥iq wji:dfõ° fk<d .;
hq;=h'
wiajkq fY%a◊.; ls¯u yd
.nvd ls¯u
widudkH yeve;s fyda ydks jQ fyda me,a,ï iys;
f.ä bj;a lr l=vd" uOHu yd úYd, hkqfjka
f.äj, m%udKh wkqj fY%a◊.; l< hq;=h'
bka miq wjYH kï ksIAmdolhd y∫kd.ekSug f.ä
u; l=vd f,an,a we,úh yel' fnda.h m<sfndaOkdYl
j,ska f;dr kï ta nj jQ f,an,ao fuf,i we,úh
yel'
fjf<| fmd,g b†˙m;a lrk ;=re fk,d .;a wiajkq
YS;-úh<s ;;a;ajhl .nvd lr ;eìh hq;=h' ta
i|yd l%uj;aj weis˙h yels" jd is≥re iys; iq≥iq
m%udKfha wiqrK Ndú;d l< hq;=h'

fn,a fmmr® M,h Ydlfha ;sìh°u m%fNaohg kshñ; fjf<| fmd,g b†˙m;a ls¯u
meyeh ,enqKq miq fk<sh hq;=h' ;lald,s" i,do
ksIamdokh yd fjf<| fmd, b,a¨u wkqj iq≥iq
i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka kï M,h iïmQr®Kfhkau
weiqreï yd f,an,a Ndú;d ls¯fuka ksIamdokfha
r;a meye .ekaùug m%:u ly r;= meye wjia:dfõ°
fjf<| jákdlu jeälr .; yelsfõ ^64 jk
fk<d .; hq;=h'
rEmh&'
i,do msmsCoaC∞ fï¯ug m%:u" fi'ó' 15-20la muK
os.e;s" uOHia:j fïrE M, fk<d .; hq;=h'

iafg%dafn˙ M,h r;a meye .ekajqk úg° wiajkq

fk<d.; hq;=h'

wiajkq fk<Sfï° M,h kgqfjka fjka fkdjk fia

iq≥iq WmlrKhlska lmd .; hq;=h' fn,a fmmr®
i|yd kgqj fi'ó' 4-6 †.g ;sîu iq≥iq fõ' M,
;e,Su fyda ;=jd, is≥ fkdjk m˙† ms˙is≥ w;ajeiqï
yd „jdKqy˙; msyshd fyda l;=re Ndú;d l< hq;=h' 64 jk rEmh( fp˙ ;lald,s fjf<|fmd,g
b†˙m;a lrk wdldrhla
43
c,frdams; j.djka i|yd
wjYH WmlrK
c, fmdïmh
fnda. j.d moaO;sfha Od˙;djh yd j.d l%uh wkqj
iq≥iq c, fmdïm f;dard .; hq;=h' c, fmdïmhla
f;dard .ekSfï° my; i|yka lreKq .ek ie,ls,u
s ;a
úh hq;=h'

l u, fkdnefok jdfka fyda fmd,sldnfkaÜ

bïfm,rh iys; úh hq;=h'

l c, fmdïmh yd bïfm,rh w;r

c, ldka≥ ùula is≥ fkdúh hq;=h'

tallfha úYd,;ajh wkqj fmdïmfha Od˙;djh

;SrKh l< hq;= w;r wjuh wYaj n, 0'5 j;a úh
hq;=h ^65 jk rEmh&' ixirKh jk c,frdams;
j.djkays°" ødjKh ;=< .s,aúh yels wdldr c,
fmdïm jqjo Ndú;d l< yel ^66 jk rEmh&'

66 jk rEmh( c,fha .s,aúh yels fmdïmhla

65 jk rEmh( .DydYs%; c, fmdïmhla

44
úoahq;a moaO;sh
y†isfha we;súh yels ú≥,s ldka≥ ùï je<elaúh
yels iajhxlS%h ú≥,s úixê ùfï Wmdx. wjYH fõ'
iajxlS%h WIaK;aj md,l
kshqá% ógrh
Nutri meter
úoHq;a ikakdhl;djhg wu;rj fmdaIl ødjKfha
wvx.= fmdaIl m%udKh ms<sn|j ≤k .ekSu i|yd
fuh wOdr fõ ^68 jk rEmh&'

iajhxlS%h ld,.kl udk

me<Eá uq,a ld,fha Tlaiscka yd fmdaIl ixirKh
l< hq;= ld,h iSudjk neúka ú≥,s n, wjYH;djh
wju fõ' fï ksid ld,.kl udk u.ska fmdaIl kshqá% ñgrh
ødjKh iemhsh hq;= ld,h iajhxlS%hj md,kh l<
yels fõ'

udml
ir, WIa K ;a j udk" f;;a yd úh,s n,a n
WIaK;ajudk" mStÉ udml" úoah;
q a ikakdhl;d udml
^67 jk rEmh& jeks ir, WmlrK Ndú;d ls¯fuka fmdaIl ødjKh
jvd;a ksrjoH md,s; ;;a;j
a hka we;slr .; yelsh'

68 jk rEmh( kshqá% ógrh Ndú;h

67 jk rEmh( ir< wdldrfha mStÉ yd

úohq;a ikakdhl;d udml

45
mSùiS fyda fmd,st;s,Ska k, mrd.Kh i|yd Ndú; l< yels
WmlrK
l fuu k, mdrcïnq, lsrK m%;sfrdaë ùu
uQ,l
s wjYH;djhls' tfia fkdjk k, Ndú;d l ir, lïml (Vibrator)
lrkafka kñ u;=mg
s iq≥ meye;s ;Sk;
a wdf,am
tla tla Ydlh fjka fjkaj laI◊l
l< hq;=h ^69 jk rEmh&'
lïmkhlg Ndckh ls¯u i|yd fuh Ndú;d
l ì;a;s >klu ms<sn| ie<ls,su;a úh hq;= lrhs'
w;r mSùiS k, y;rjk mx;sfha (class
l íf,dajr® (Blowers)
iv) ùu jvd;a iq≥iqh'
Ydl" iq<x Odrd u.ska fi,ùug Ndckh ls¯u
yd mrd. úiqrejd ye¯ug wdOdr fõ ^70 jk
rEmh&'

69 jk rEmh( mSùiS k, moaO;shla

l ng moaO;Ska i|yd 4§ mSùiS k, iq≥iqjk 70 jk rEmh( íf,dajrhla

w;r c, iïmdokh i|yd fmd,st;s,k S a k,
jvd iq≥iqh'

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