DOI : 10.5958/0974-4576.2016.00038.

4
©
J. ent. Res., 40 (3) : 207-212 (2016)

Antitermitic effect of invasive plants on subterranean termite,

Odontotermes wallonensis Wasmann. (Termitidae: Isoptera)

E. Adlin Pricilla Vasanthi*, S. Jeyarajan Nelson, N. Muthukrishnan, A. Ramanathan** and

D. Uma***
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
Aqueous extracts of nine invasive plant species viz., Calotropis procera, Datura metel, Lantana camara,
Coleus amboinicus, Eucalyptus globulus, Anacardium occidentale, Jatropha curcas, Tecoma stans and Prosopis
juliflora were screened to find out the antitermitic effect. Plant extracts at 10 per cent were evaluated on the
subterranean termite, Odontotermes wallonensis, a most common mound building species in South India.
All the treatments differed significantly from control and standard check (Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 0.1%). L.
camara was observed to be the most effective termiticide, which shows cent per cent mortality and low food
consumption (1.04 g). J. curcas was found to be a potential antifeedant where food consumption was very
low (0.25 g) compared to untreated check (1.75 g).

Key words : Plant extracts, termiticide, antifeedant, invasive plants, Odontotermes wallonensis, subterranean termite.

INTRODUCTION reduce the damage by termites, at the same time

Subterranean termites are one of the agriculturally
important insects and are known to cause enormous
economic losses to many crops, trees and buildings.
They are difficult to control due to their complex
social patterns and great extent colonies generally
made of several thousand individuals with an
outstanding ability to develop from one caste to
another (Sheets et al., 2000). The National Pest
Management Association International estimated
the global annual damage caused by termites as
$2 billion (Venkateswara Rao et al., 2005). O.
wallonensis is a most common subterranean termite
species found in India. They are responsible for
plant mortality (5-50%) and pod damage (46%) in
groundnut (Rajagopal, 2002). Chlorpyriphos has
been successfully employed as soil treatment against
subterranean termite. Continuous use of synthetic
termiticides for soil as well as crop treatment has
been allowed for the present time because of lack
of any effective substitute. World over, research is
going on for an effective formulation, which can
Ph.D. Scholar (Agricultural Entomology), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore - 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author’s E-mail : adlinpricilla.203@gmail.com
**Department of Plant Pathology, TNAU, Tamil Nadu, India
***Department of Plant Biochemistry, TNAU, Tamil Nadu, India
being environmentally acceptable.
About 2000 species of terrestrial plants have been
reported for their promising insecticidal properties. Soil
treated with 2.0 per cent solution of C. procera crude
extract controlled O. obesus damage in sugarcane
setts (Singh et al., 2002). According to Nilanjana and
Chattopadhyay (2003), the phytoextracts of different
plants like, Adhatoda vasica, Cynodon dactylon,
Pongamia pinnata, Rauvolfia serpentina, Cleistanthus
collinus, Tamarindus indica and Eichhornia crassipes
controlled the termites, Microcerotermes mycophagus.
Lantana plant materials can be used as an additive
to garden mulches against termites (Ding and Hu,
2010). Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus
amarus caused 40-56% and 64-91% mortality
respectively in M. bellicosus after 140 minutes of
exposure (Oyedokun et al., 2011). Acetone/ water
extracts of teak wood exhibited strong antifeedant
activity against Coptotermes curvignathus (Rudi et al.,
2012). Aqueous extracts of tobacco leaves caused
100 per cent mortality followed by Chrysanthemum
sp. (91.25%) in both workers and soldiers of
Macrotermes spp. (Tadele et al., 2014). Hexane
extract of L. camera (1000 ppm) produced 90.0
and 97.5 per cent mortalities in Psammotermes
hybostoma (Abdullah et al., 2014).
 Journal of Entomological Research, September 2016

173 alien plant species of invasive nature are
introduced accidentally or intentionally into India
over hundreds of years (Reddy, 2008). Among them,
17 per cent plants are found in cultivated fields.
Many of these plants are obnoxious weeds which
make allelopathy impacts and reduce the yield.
Convention for biological diversity (1992) visualize
“biological invasion of alien species as the second
worst thread after habitat destruction”. Control of
invasive plants is more difficult. It is evident that
some invasive plants possess insecticidal property
due to their high toxic secondary plant metabolites.
This situation necessitated to evaluate the antitermitic
activity of invasive plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of termites : The workers and soldiers of
the termite species O. wallonensis were collected
from the paddy straw baits in 9.5 × 8 cm sized
pots installed at various places around Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) campus,
Coimbatore.
Extraction of plants : Leaf and various parts of the
plants given in Table 1 were collected from pesticide
free plants and dried in a well ventilated area under
shade for few days. Shade dried leaves were reduced
to powder form by grinding with an electric grinder.
Plant powders were sieved through 0.25 mm pore
size mesh sieve to obtain uniform fine dust particle
(Jembere et al., 2005; Selase and Getu, 2009).
The resulting powders were kept separately in
plastic containers with tight cap and stored at room
temperature in dark prior to use. Ten gram of each
powder was soaked in 90 ml of distilled water and left
for 24 h. Thereafter, the extracts were decanted and
filtered using a muslin cloth. The resultant solution
was used for laboratory evaluation.
Evaluation of termiticidal activity of plant extracts :
Workers and soldiers of O. wallonensis were used
for the laboratory study. Screening was done at
Department of Agricultural Entomology, TNAU,
Coimbatore as per the procedure described by
Kang et al. (1990). Nine cm diameter corrugated
card board sheets were dipped in water extracts
and kept in Petri dishes. Fifty numbers of worker
and soldiers were randomly selected from stock
population and released with fine brush and utmost
care into Petri dishes containing the treated card
board sheets. 0.1 per cent Chlorpyrifos 20 EC
(0.1%) and distilled water served as a standard
check and control, respectively. The experiment
was laid out in CRBD and each treatment was
replicated thrice. Experimental set up was kept
under laboratory condition (25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5%
RH). A few drops of water were periodically dripped
on card board sheets. Mortality was recorded on
the regular intervals for each treatments upto 48 h.
Termites were treated as dead when they become
immobile and have shown no further activity to the
external stimuli.
Observation on mortality per cent was calculated by using the
following formula:
No. of termites dead
Per cent mortality = × 100
Total number of termites released
Evaluation of antifeedant activity of plant extracts :
Cardboard sheets weighing 2.5 g were taken and
moistened with distilled water and shade dried for
one hour. Then the sheets were thoroughly immersed
in the plant extracts and kept aside for drying.
Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 0.1 per cent solution was the

Table 1. Plants tested for antitermitic activity.

S. Plant species Family Origin Parts used
No.
1. Calotropis procera Asclepiadaceae Tropical Africa Leaves and flowers
2. Datura metel Solanaceae Tropical America Leaves and fruits
3. Lantana camara Verbenaceae Sub tropical and tropical America Leaves
4. Coleus amboinicus Lamiaceae South Africa Leaves
5. Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Australia Leaves
6. Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Brazil Leaves
7. Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Tropical America Leaves and seeds
8. Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae America Leaves
9. Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae Mexico and South America Leaves

208
 Effect of invasive plants on Odontotermes wallonensis
standard check. The treated sheets were placed in
the Petri dishes and 50 numbers of workers/soldiers
were released and covered. This set up was kept
in the BOD incubator at 25 ± 1ºC for 48 h. Once in
every six hour, the card board sheets were taken and
weighed to assess the quantity of food consumed
by the live termites.
Statistical analysis : The data on percentage values
and number were transformed into arcsine and
square root values, respectively before subjecting
them to statistical analysis (Gomez and Gomez,
1984). Analysis of variance was done in AGRESS
and AGDATA Packages. Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (Duncan, 1951) was applied for comparing the
treatment means.
RESULTS and Discussion
Termiticidal activity of plants : The insecticidal activity
of aqueous plant extracts on workers and soldiers
of O. wallonensis is shown in Table 2. L. camara
extract showed highly significant effect on termite
mortality (5.33%) at 2 HAT when compared to other
plant extracts. At 10 HAT, cent per cent mortality was
caused by Chlorpyrifos 20 EC which was followed
by C. procera leaves (62.66%), D. metel fruits
(41.43%), L. camara leaf (41.33%), C. amboinicus
(32.00%), E. globulus (31.33%), Datura metel leaves
(30.00%), J. curcas seeds (28.66%) and J. curcas
leaves (20.67%). L. camara leaves extract caused
cent per cent mortality after 36 h and was followed
by C. procera leaves (81.33%) and E. globulus (78%)
which were on par with each other. At 48 HAT, the
order of efficacy were J. curcas leaves (88.67%),
C. amboinicus (87.33%), J. curcas seeds (86.66%),
C. procera leaves (85.99%), E. globulus leaves
(83.33%), D. metel fruits (78.99%), D. metel leaves
(77.63%), C. procera flowers (63.33%), P. juliflora
leaves (48.99%), A. occidentale leaves (27.33%)
and T. stans (23.00%).
Antifeedant activity of plants : Except T. stans extract,
all of the plant extracts significantly reduced the
feeding by O. wallonensis as compared with control
(Table 3). At 48 HAT, food consumption was minimum
(0.25g) in J. curcas seeds. This was followed by C.
procera leaves (0.28 g), C. amboinicus leaves (0.86
g), C. procera flowers (0.92 g), D. metel fruits (0.93
g), J. curcas leaves (0.94 g), A. occidentale leaves
(0.99 g), D. metel leaves (1 g), L. camara leaves
(1.04g), E. globulus leaves (1.16 g) and P. juliflora
leaves (1.19 g). Standard check recorded 0.69 g
209
of mean food consumption. T. stans and untreated
control recorded maximum food consumption as 1.75
g and 1.49 g respectively.
From this study, aqueous extract of L. camara
showed cent per cent mortality after 48 h, which is
in agreement with the findings of Verma and Verma
(2006), who revealed that 5 per cent chloroform
extract of L. camara leaf exhibited excellent mortality
(68.7%) at 48 h of Microcerotermes beesoni. Even
though, same species (L. camara var. aculeata) was
used in both experiments, difference in mortality per
cent was found. It may be due to the difference in
termite species tested. Ding and Hu (2010) reported
that L. camara is one of the environmental factors
that may account for the absence of termites in
monitoring stations that had never been foraged
by termites. It may be due to compounds that are
released by L. camara which inhibit termites from
foraging within close vicinity to the plants. The finding
of present study is also confirmed with the results of
Yuan and Hu (2012), who showed that, chloroform
extract of L. camara Mozelle leaves exhibited strong
repellency, moderate reduction in feeding and toxicity
against workers of Reticulitermes flavipes.
In antifeedant activity study, termite feeding on
cardboard sheets treated with J. curcas seed extracts
was comparatively minimum (0.25 g) than other
treatments (Table 2). Current finding is synchronized
with the findings of Singh and Sushilkumar (2008).
They reported that, maximum wood protection
(18.77% weight loss) can be attained against M.
beesoni by using 20 per cent Jatropha oil in mango.
Acda (2009) also evaluated the oil extracted from
J. curcas seeds under laboratory for its barrier
and repellent activity against Coptotermes vastator
and reported high antifeedant effect with reduced
tunneling activity.
Other invasive plant extracts viz., C. procera, C.
amboinicus, D. metel, A. occidentale, L. camara, E.
globules and P. juliflora are also exhibited significant
antifeedant activity. Giridhar et al. (1988) reported the
termiticidal activity of Calotropis latex. Impregnation
of the wood with latex significantly reduced termite
attack (10.6-11.9% loss in weight). In present study,
L. camara leaves extract showed 1.04 g food
consumption which is confirmed with earlier report
demonstrated by Yuan and Hu (2012). Exposure of
filter paper treated at 0.212 and 0.106 mg/cm2 of L.
camara leaf extract resulted in 78 per cent and 40
per cent reduction in termite feeding.
 Table 2. Percentage mean mortality effects of O. wallonensis to aqueous plant extracts.
Treatment Plant extract Dose Cumulative mean per cent mortality*
% 2 HAT 4 HAT 6 HAT 8 HAT 10 HAT 12 HAT 24 HAT 36 HAT 48 HAT
T1 Calotropis procera 10 0.00 0.66 10.00 48.00 62.66 71.33 80.00 81.33 85.99
leaves (0.44)c (4.76)e (18.39)f (15.00)b (52.38)b (57.05)b (63.08)c (63.84)b (67.15)bc
T2 Calotropis procera 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.66 30.66 46.00 63.33
flowers (0.44)c (0.44)f (0.44)h (0.44)k (0.44)d (22.45)ef (33.69)i (42.59)e (53.55)f
T3 Datura metel leaves 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.66 30.00 46.00 75.33 75.99 77.63
(0.44)c (0.44)f (0.44)h (14.80)i (33.04)b (42.39)bcde (60.11)d (59.98)c (61.80)e
T4 Datura metel fruits 10 0.00 0.00 16.03 39.00 41.43 58.99 62.33 74.00 78.99
(0.44)c (0.44)f (23.61)d (38.42)c (39.23)b (49.56)bc (52.11)e (59.16)c (62.60)de
T5 Lantana camara 10 5.33 8.67 25.33 34.00 41.33 53.33 85.33 100.00 100.00
(13.34)a (16.75)b (30.35)b (35.45)d (39.25)b (45.83)bcd (71.06)b (86.99)a (86.99)a
T6 Coleus amboinicus 10 0.00 5.00 25.33 28.66 32.00 39.33 47.33 74.66 87.33
(0.44)c (12.66)d (29.91)b (32.00)e (34.18)b (38.61)bcde (43.77)fg (59.31)c (66.36)bc
T7 Eucalyptus globules 10 0.00 18.00 24.00 27.33 31.33 34.67 50.00 78.00 83.33
(0.44)c (25.46)a (28.82)c (31.11)f (33.87)b (35.90)cde (45.19)f (61.52)bc (64.27)cd
T8 Anacardium occidentale 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 5.00 10.96 27.33

210
(0.44)c (0.44)f (0.44)h (0.44)k (0.44)d (7.35)fg (12.90)k (19.60)g (31.69)h
T9 Jatropha curcas leaves 10 2.00 6.67 12.67 18.00 20.67 24.00 44.67 64.67 88.67
(8.17)b (14.81)c (20.79)e (25.20)h (26.84)bc (29.76)de (42.18)g (52.88)d (68.08)b
T10 Jatropha curcas seeds 10 0.00 0.00 16.00 24.66 28.66 41.33 62.66 74.66 86.66
(0.44)c (0.44)f (23.24)d (29.62)g (32.22)bc (39.04)bcde (52.40)e (57.58)c (68.41)bc
T11 Tecoma stans 10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 6.23 23.00
(0.44)c (0.44)f (0.44)h (0.44)k (0.44)d (0.44)g (2.43)l (14.34)h (28.99)i
Journal of Entomological Research, September 2016

T12 Prosopis juliflora 10 0.00 0.00 0.10 2.50 11.33 30.00 37.99 43.33 48.99
(0.44)c (0.44)f (1.81)g (9.15)j (19.66)c (33.01)cde (37.78)h (41.39)e (43.61)g
T13 Chlorpyrifos 20 EC 0.1 0.00 0.00 78.00 93.87 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
(0.44)c (0.44)f (62.02)a (76.89)a (86.99)a (86.99)a (86.99)a (86.99)a (86.99)a
T14 Control - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 9.33 10.00 10.00 13.33
(0.44)c (0.44)f (0.44)h (0.44)k (5.62)d (17.70)cde (18.50)j (18.50)f (20.88)i
SEm ± 0.03 0.11 0.19 0.39 6.56 10.10 0.86 1.64 1.83
CD at 5% 0.07 0.24 0.40 0.80 13.45 20.70 1.77 3.36 3.75
*Mean of three replications
Figures in parentheses are arc sin transformed values
Mean with the same letter is not significantly different at 5% DMRT
 Effect of invasive plants on Odontotermes wallonensis

Table 3. Antifeedant effect of plant extracts on O. wallonensis.

Treatment Plant extract Dose Mean weight of food consumed (g)*
(%) 6 HAT** 12 HAT 18 HAT 24 HAT 30 HAT 36 HAT 42 HAT 48 HAT
T1 Calotropis procera 10 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.19 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.28
leaves (1.00)a (1.00)a (1.07) (1.43)a (1.12)b (1.13)b (1.13)b (1.13)b
T2 Calotropis procera 10 0.00 0.16 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.68 0.82 0.92
flowers (1.00)a (1.07)f (1.12) (1.58)c (1.22)e (1.29)d (1.34)de (1.38)e
T3 Datura metel 10 0.00 0.20 0.35 0.57 0.73 0.88 0.98 1.00
leaves (1.00)a (1.09)h (1.16) (1.75)f (1.31)h (1.37)f (1.40)g (1.41)f
T4 Datura metel fruits 10 0.00 0.08 0.19 0.50 0.71 0.77 0.80 0.93
(1.00)a (1.03)b (1.09) (1.70)e (1.30)h (1.33)e (1.34)d (1.38)e
T5 Lantana camara 10 0.00 0.12 0.49 0.68 0.86 1.04 1.04 1.04
(1.00)a (1.05)e (1.22) (1.82)g (1.36)i (1.42)i (1.42)h (1.42)g
T6 Coleus amboinicus 10 0.00 0.42 0.49 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.80 0.86
(1.00)a (1.18)k (1.22) (1.74)f (1.28)g (1.31)e (1.34)d (1.36)d
T7 Eucalyptus 10 0.00 0.19 0.40 0.43 0.48 0.65 0.83 1.16
globules (1.00)a (1.09)g (1.18) (1.65)d (1.21)d (1.28)d (1.35)e (1.46)h
T8 Anacardium 10 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.50 0.55 0.99 0.99 0.99
occidentale (1.00)a (1.00)a (1.04) (1.70)e (1.24)f (1.41)h (1.41)g (1.41)f
T9 Jatropha curcas 10 0.00 0.37 0.67 0.77 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.94
leaves (1.00)a (1.16)j (1.29) (1.87)h (1.37)i (1.38)g (1.39)f (1.39)e
T10 Jatropha curcas 10 0.00 0.10 0.13 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25
seeds (1.00)a (1.04)d (1.06) (1.44)b (1.10)a (1.11)a (1.11)a (1.11)a
T11 Tecoma stans 10 0.01 0.09 0.15 0.98 1.07 1.12 1.53 1.75
leaves (1.00)b (1.04)c (1.07) (1.98)j (1.43)k (1.45)j (1.59)j (1.65)k
T12 Prosopis juliflora 10 0.12 0.26 0.38 0.92 0.98 1.07 1.11 1.19
leaves (1.05)c (1.12)i (1.17) (1.95)i (1.40)j (1.43)i (1.45)i (1.47)i
T13 Chlorpyrifos 20 EC 0.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.38 0.40 0.50 0.69
(1.00)a (1.00)a (1.00) (1.44)b (1.17)c (1.18)c (1.22)c (1.30)c
T14 Control - 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.56 1.08 1.28 1.38 1.49
(1.00)a (1.00)a (1.12) (1.74)f (1.44)l (1.50)k (1.17)k (1.22)j
SEm ± 0.001 0.002 1.28 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.003
CD at 5% 0.002 0.004 2.63 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.006 0.006
*Mean of three replications
**HAT = Hours After Treatment. Figures in parentheses are √0 + 0.5 transformed values

Among the aqueous extracts of the invasive
plants, L. camara was observed to be the most
effective termiticides which shows hundred percent
mortality and low food consumption. J. curcas
was found to be a potential antifeedant. The other
botanicals were found to be moderately toxic to
termites over 48 h of exposure.
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