Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 08

I Bracket the adverbial clauses in the sentences below and identify their meanings.

OVERVIEW OF ADVERBIAL MEANINGS AND CLAUSES

Clauses of time (recognize by time subordinators when, while, after etc. )
Clauses of place (recognize by place subordinators where, wherever etc. )
Clauses of condition (conditional subordinators if, unless etc. + inversion in conditional clauses,
IF=AKO)
Clauses of concession (concessive subordinators although, while, whereas, even if etc.)
Clauses of contrast (subordinators whereas, while, whilst, reinforced by conjunct by contrast)
Alternative conditional-concessive clauses (whether ….. or = meaning EVEN IF)
Universal conditional concessive clauses (wh-word + ever = meaning NO MATTER WHAT/HOW etc.)
Clauses of exception (subordinators except, except that, but that, save that etc.)
Reason clauses (subordinators because, since, as, seeing that etc.)
Purpose clauses (subordinators in order to, so as to, so that+modal) Prevod: da bi
Result clauses (subordinators so, so that) Prevod: tako da
Clauses of similarity and comparison (subordinators - similarity: as, like, comparison: as if, as
though, like) Prevod: kao vs. kao da
Clauses of proportion (proportionality/comparison = the …. the, as….so)
Clauses of preference (subordinators rather than, sooner than)

1. The kitchen was flooded so we had to go to a restaurant. RESULT

2. Bernard was an hour late because he missed his train. REASON
3. Leave a window open to let the steam out. PURPOSE
4. Hamilton lost the case, so he had to pay all the costs. RESULT
5. I will make you a veggie burger as you do not eat meat. REASON
6. The microphone wasn’t working so no one could hear him. RESULT
7. The school closes earlier so that the children can get home before dark. PURPOSE
8. Sandra left early because she has an interview tomorrow. REASON
9. Rather than go there by air, I’d take the slowest train. PREFERENCE
10. Please do as I said. SIMILARITY
11. Fill in the application form as instructed. SIMILARITY
12. Turn the volume down so as not to wake the baby. PURPOSE
13. He didn’t turn the volume down, so the baby started crying. RESULT
14. She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger. COMPARISON
15. She sang completely out of tune, so that permission was seldom granted. RESULT
16. Rather than leave this paradise, they decided to settle there forever. PREFERENCE
17. He writes as if he is left-handed. COMPARISON
18. I can’t play the guitar as you do. SIMILARITY
19. The long journey over, we relaxed in a warm sunshine. TIME/REASON
20. He talks to me as if he were my grandfather. COMPARISON
21. These protests will be stronger because The Cabinet has already changed its mind on a number
of issues. REASON
22. As there was no quorum, the meeting was postponed. REASON
23. Since we live near the sea, we often go sailing. REASON
24. Paul has played music since he was six years old. TIME
25. I lent him the money because he needed it. REASON
26. As Jane was the eldest, she looked after the others. REASON
27. He felt better after he had talked to her. TIME
28. Do as I say. SIMILYRITY
29. Smithy jumped as though he had been struck by a lightning. COMPARISON

II Which of the dependent clauses below express purpose and which express result?
(1) The police used a megaphone so everybody in the building heard them. RESULT
(2) They used a megaphone so that everyone could hear them. PURPOSE
(3) We planted hundreds of roses, so that the garden would look beautiful at the time of the wedding.
PURPOSE
(4) We watered the garden thoroughly, so that it smelled fresh when the guests arrived yesterday
morning. RESULT

IV Identify relative clauses in the following examples. Say whether they are examples of a
relative clause functioning as a postmodifier in an NP, or if they are sentential relative clauses.
Identify the antecedent in case of both.
(1) They provided me with a map and a notebook, which were very helpful.
(2) They provided me with a map and a phrase book, which was very helpful.
(3) He is an idealist who energetically promotes a healthier environment.
(4) He has written all these poems, which is interesting.
(5) The scientists can only wait and hope. Which is what I shall be doing for the next three
months.
(6) He had five encores, which was a very generous acknowledgement of the welcome he had received.
(7) He gave five encores, which were quite new to the audience. . RELATIVE; postmodifier in
an NP
(8) He admires Mrs Hewitt, which I find strange. SENTENITAL
 (9) We apply laboratory tests to every bottle of Buzz, which is then hygienically corked. .
RELATIVE; postmodifier in an NP

VI Comment clauses

We distinguish the types that have the structure of:

(i) the matrix clause: There were no other applicants, I believe, for that job.
(ii) an adverbial finite clause (introduced by as): I’m working the night shift, as you know.
(iii) a nominal relative clause: What was more upsetting, we lost all our luggage.
(iv) to-infinitive clause (style adverbial): I’m not sure what to do, to be honest.
(v) ing-clause : I doubt, speaking as a layman, whether television is the right medium for that story.
(vi) ed- clause: Stated bluntly, he had no chance of winning.

If the underlined part of each of the following sentence constitutes a comment clause, answer
YES. Identify the type of the clause i –vi.

1. I suppose that Burke was an eloquent speaker. NO

2. Burke, I suppose, was an eloquent speaker. YES; MATRIX (DETACHED)

3. His audience listened attentively as he spoke. NO

4. His audience listened attentively, as I’ve already said. YES; ADVERBIAL FINITE

5. Burke endeavored to be sincere in all his speeches. NO

6. Sometimes, to be sincere, I felt his eloquence concealed the real truth. YES-, TO-INFINITIVE

7. What is important, he believed passionately in the cause he was

8. What was important for him was this passionate belief.

9. Speaking as a patriot, I feel that he is playing a dangerous game.

10. Speaking as a patriot is always popular when the country is threatened.

11. Summed up in a word, he is a fool.

Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 09

I In each sentence blow, bracket the comparative/degree complement clause, bracket the
phrase in which it occurs and analyze it in details: say what what type of a phrase it is, explain
its structure, say what its the function at the clausal level is.
1) They were more impressed than I was.

ADJP (more impressed than I was) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB more + ADJECTIVE HEAD impressed + CLAUSE OF

COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

2) They were less impressed than I was.

ADJP (less impressed than I was) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB less + ADJECTIVE HEAD impressed + CLAUSE OF

COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

3) He spoke more rashly than he used to.

ADVP (more rashly than he used to) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB more + ADVERB HEAD rashly + CLAUSE OF COMPARISON

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

4) He got a bigger loan than was necessary.

NP (a bigger loan than was necessary) functioning as DIRECT OBJECT: DETERMINER a

+ PREMODIFIER ADJECTIVE bigger + NOUN HEAD loan + CLAUSE OF

COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

5) We performed better than we did last year.

ADVP (better than we did last year) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER: ADVERB

HEAD better + CLAUSE OF COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

6) Spain’s financial problems were less acute than were those of Portugal.

ADJP (less acute than were those of Portugal) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB less + ADJECTIVE HEAD acute + CLAUSE OF

COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

7) She spoke more persuasively than her father had.

ADVP (more persuasively than her father had) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB more + ADVERB HEAD persuasively + CLAUSE OF

COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

8) Norman played as fiercely as I expected.

ADVP (as fiercely as I expected) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB as + ADVERB HEAD fiercly + CLAUSE OF EQUIVALENCE

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

9) I can’t run as fast as I used to.

ADVP (as fast as I used to) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER: PREMODIFIER

ADVERB as + ADVERB HEAD fast + CLAUSE OF COMPARISON AS COMPLEMENT

CLAUSE

10) The swimming pool is as deep as it is wide.

ADJP (as deep as it is wide) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT: PREMODIFIER

ADVERB as + ADJECTIVE HEAD deep + CLAUSE OF SIMILARITY AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE
11) It wasn’t as expensive as she expected.

ADJP (as expensive as she expected) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB as + ADJECTIVE HEAD expansive + CLAUSE OF

SIMILARITY AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

12) I didn’t do as well as I wish that I had.

ADJP (as well as I wish that I had) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB as + ADJECTIVE HEAD well + CLAUSE OF PREFERENCE

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

13) It moves too quickly to see it.

ADVP (too quickly to see it) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER: PREMODIFIER

ADVERB to + ADVERB HEAD quickly + TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE AS COMPLEMENT

CLAUSE

14) The children were too excited to sit still in their seats.

ADJP (too excited to sit still in their seats) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB too + ADVERB HEAD excited + TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

15) He was too ill to travel.

ADJP (too ill to travel) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT: PREMODIFIER

ADVERB too + ADVERB HEAD ill + TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE AS COMPLEMENT

CLAUSE
16) No one would be foolish enough to lend him money.

ADJP (foolish enough to lend him money) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

ADVERB HEAD foolish + POSTMODIFIER ADVERB enough + TO-INFINITIVE

CLAUSE AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

17) We are not moving fast enough to catch up with them.

ADVP (fast enough to catch up with them) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

ADVERB HEAD fast + POSTMODIFIER ADVERB enough + TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

18) Is Evans healthy enough to play?

ADJP (healthy enough to play) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT: ADVJECTIVE

HEAD healthy + POSTMODIFIER ADVERB enough + TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

19) It isn’t strong enough to hold the weight.

ADJP (strong enough to hold the weight) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

ADVJECTIVE HEAD strong + POSTMODIFIER ADVERB enough + TO-INFINITIVE

CLAUSE AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

20) She told the story so vividly that everybody cried.

ADVP (so vividly that everbody cried) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVERB HEAD vividly + CLAUSE OF RESULT AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE
21) He was so obnoxious that he was expelled.

ADJP (so obnoxious that he was expelled) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVJECTIVE HEAD obnoxious + CLAUSE OF REASON

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

22) He behaved so obnoxiously that he was expelled.

ADVP (so obnoxiously that he was expelled) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVERB HEAD obnoxiously + CLAUSE OF RESULT AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

23) They drove so fast that they didn’t even enjoy the ride.

ADVP (so fast that they didn’t even enjoy the ride) functioning as ADJUNCT OF

MANNER: PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVERB HEAD fast + CLAUSE OF RESULT

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

24) It was so awful that I tore it up.

ADJP (so awful that I tore it up) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVJECTIVE HEAD awful + CLAUSE OF REASON AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

25) He wanted it so urgently that he fidgeted in his chair.

ADVP (so urgently that he fidgeted in his chair) functioning as ADJUNCT OF MANNER:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVERB HEAD urgently + CLAUSE OF REASON AS

COMPLEMENT CLAUSE
26) You have presented such an elegant solution that we could only admire it.

NP (such an elegant solution that we could only admire it) functioning as DIRECT

OBJECT: PREDETERMINER such + DETERMINER an + PREMODIFIER ADJECTIVE

elegant + NOUN HEAD solution + CLAUSE OF RESULT AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

27) His temper was so violent as to make even his closest companions fear him.

ADJP (so violent as to make even his closest companions fear him) functioning as SUBJECT

COMPLEMENT: PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVJECTIVE HEAD violent +

CLAUSE OF PURPOSE AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

28) My newfound anti-regulatory spirit goes so far as to object to the movement in Congress to

set the rates that Cable TV companies can charge.

ADVP (so far as to object to the movement in Congress to set the rates that Cable TV

companies can charge) functioning as ADJUNCT OF DEGREE: PREMODIFIER

ADVERB so + ADVERB HEAD far + CLAUSE OF PURPOSE AS COMPLEMENT

CLAUSE

29) He wasn’t so tired as he claimed he was.

ADJP (so tired as he claimed he was) functioning as SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:

PREMODIFIER ADVERB so + ADVJECTIVE HEAD tired + CLAUSE OF SIMILARITY

AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

30) It wasn’t such a good story as he would want us to believe.

NP (such a good story as he would want us to believe) functioning as DIRECT OBJECT:

PREDETERMINER such + DETERMINER a + PREMODIFIER ADJECTIVE good +

NOUN HEAD story + CLAUSE OF SIMILARITY AS COMPLEMENT CLAUSE

Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 10

II Underline linking (copular) verbs and comment of their complementation in terms of its form
and function.
1) The diamonds appeared genuine. ADJP; SC
2) The diamonds appeared to be genuine. TO-INF; CAT.COMP
3) This appears a good solution. NP; SC
4) This seems like a good solution. PP; SC
5) It’s nice fabric – it feels like velvet. NP; SC ● PP; SC
6) The last few days seemed like a dream. PP: SC
7) Her breathing sounded very loud. ADJP; SC
8) Her laughter sounded like a growl. PP; SC
9) He doesn’t seem to have understood the question. TO-INF; CAT.COMP
10) This is where they clean the planes. NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSE; SC
11) All you have to do is squeeze the trigger slowly. BARE INFINITIVE CLAUSE; SC
12) The cookies are in the pantry. PP; OBLIGATORY ADVERBIAL/ADVERBILA OF PLACE

IV Bracket that clauses that follow monotransitive verbs in the following complex sentences.
Describe the verb phrase in the that-clause. Underline the matrix verb and say whether the matrix
verb is factual, suasive, emotive or hypothesis.
1) The general commanded that the lieutenant shoot at once. SUASIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE
2) Violet wished she were younger. HYPOTHESIS, PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
3) The witness stated that he had not seen the woman before. FACTUAL, PUBLIC
4) The prosecution has requested that all the charges be dropped. SUASIVE, MANDATIVE
5) She worried that she wasn’t doing enough to help. EMOTIVE, INDICATIVE
6) I wish this bus went to the university. HYPOTHESIS, INDICATIVE
7) Successive governments have declared that science is intimately linked with national wealth.
FACTUAL, PUBLIC, INDICATIVE
8) The government spokesman announced that the hostages had been released. FACTUAL,
PUBLIC, INDICATIVE
9) I know that you are lonely. FACTUAL, PRIVATE
10) I forgot that there was a speed limit there. FACTUAL, PRIVATE, INDICATIVE
V Bracket nonfinite clauses functioning as catenative complements/direct objects/prepositional
objects of monotransitive/catenative verbs in the following complex sentences. Comment on their
form. Specify whether there is an overt subject in the nonfinite clause.
1) Hedda loves listening to music late at night. GERUND PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE; NO OVERT
SUBJECT
2) The janitor refused to lock the door. TO-INFINITIVAL CLAUSE; NO oS
3) He didn’t want to squeeze the trigger slowly. TO-INF CLAUSE; NO oS
4) I couldn’t bear to be beaten by a six-year-old. TO-INF CLAUSE; NO oS
5) Brian enjoys his sister getting more attention. GP CLAUSE; oS
6) He objected to their entering the factory without permission. GP CLAUSE; oS
7) Brian enjoyed addressing the audience. GP CLAUSE; NO oS
8) He denied taking any money from the cash register. GP CLAUSE; NO oS
9) We would like for you to come to the office tomorrow. TO-INF CLAUSE; oS
10) He hoped to decorate the ceiling. TO-INF CLAUSE; NO oS
11) I’d prefer for the butler to taste it. TO-INF CLAUSE; oS
12) Carlos tried to visit the Queen. TO-INF CLAUSE; NO oS
13) Gunther hated arriving late. GP CLAUSE; NO oS
14) He risked losing the money. GP CLAUSE; NO oS
15) Her husband insists on her cleaning the house every day. GP CLAUSE; oS

VI Underline the monotransitive verbs, bracket their complements and analyze the structure of
their complements in terms of their form and function. You don’t have to analyze the subordinate
clause.
1) Anthony stroked his beard. NP; DO
2) The fire destroyed the warehouse. NP; DO
3) He suggested eating dinner at the airport. GP CLAUSE; DO
4) The critics have never noted that the script had a mistake. NOMINAL THAT; DO
5) He mentioned meeting the governor at the reception. GP CLAUSE; DO
6) I remember him constantly complaining about everything. GP CLAUSE; DO (CAT.COMP)
7) The store arranged for us to pay the money in three installments. TO-INF CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
8) Arnold claims that the sea was calm that night. NOMINAL THAT; DO
9) Marcel wondered who he had invited. WH-INTERROGATIVE; DO
10) I remember locking the door. GP CLAUSE; DO
11) I must remember to lock the door. TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
12) Martha was asking why he wore it on his foot. WH-INTERROGATIVE; DO
13) He is trying to enter a good university. TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
14) If you have constant headaches, try going to bed earlier. GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
15) We had intended for the children to come to church with us. TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
16) Max inquired whether Martha had seen his collection. YES/NO INTERROGATIVE; DO
17) You said Roland had sent a pie to the general. NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
18) She often dreams about having a lot of money to spend on luxuries. PP; PO
19) Marcel often wondered whether Gilbert or John gave Swan a kiss. ALTERNATIVE
INTERROGATIVE; DO
20) We believe that John had negotiated with the terrorists. NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
21) Osborne will deny whatever they are saying about him. NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSE; DO

22) Gunther forgot to lock the door. TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

23) Gladstone intended to support the legislation. TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
24) Gladstone did not regret supporting the legislation. GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
25) Nancy avoided saying whether she would speak. GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP ● YES/NO
INTERROGATIVE; DO
26) Jason and Marion enjoyed talking about their project but postponed doing anything on it. GP
CLAUSE; CAT.COMP ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
27) She usually gets what she wants. NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSE; DO
28) I took whatever they offered me. NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSE; DO
29) I don’t believe what a great time I had at your party. EXCLAMATIVE; DO
30) He strongly disapproved of what I had been doing. PP; PO
 Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 11

I Underline complex-transitive verbs in the following sentences, bracket their complements and analyze
them in terms of their form and function. You don’t have to analyze the subordinate clause.
1) They elected her their leader. NP; DO ● NP; OC
2) The heat had turned the milk sour. NP; DO ● AJP; OC
3) I named her my representative. NP; DO ● NP; OC
4) Some thug knocked him unconscious. NP; DO ● ADJP; OC
5) They finally set the hostages free. NP; DO ● ADJP; OC
6) The committee has elected you its chairman. NP; DO ● NP; OC
7) The committee has elected you as its chairman. NP; DO ● PP; PO
8) The woman mistook him for a well-known actor. NP; DO ● PP; PO
9) They intended those statements as a joke. NP; DO ● PP; PO
10) You can put your coat in my bedroom. NP; DO ● PP; A
11) I slipped the key into the lock. NP; DO ● PP; A
12) She stuck her hand into her pocket. NP; DO ● PP; A
13) I keep my car outside the house. NP; DO ● PP; A
14) We found her to be a very dull person. NP; DO (raised object) ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
15) They consider her to be an excellent tutor. NP; DO (raised object) ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
16) I believe William to have been in the garden. NP; DO (raised object) ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
17) No one knew him to speak Dutch. NP; DO (raised object) ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
18) We require her to leave at once. NP; DO (raised object) ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
19) We elected him to be our leader. NP; DO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
20) God appointed him to be the guardian of the city. NP; DO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
21) Jenny let the note fall to the ground. NP; DO ● BARE INF; CAT.COMP
22) I’ll have Hudson show you to your room. NP; DO ● BARE INF; CAT.COMP
23) I saw him leave with his suitcase. NP; DO ● BARE INF; CAT.COMP
24) She heard Tom go upstairs. NP; DO ● BARE INF; CAT.COMP
25) I saw him lying on the beach. NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
26) I caught him reading my private letters. NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
27) He found her quietly weeping. NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
28) I watched the children playing on the beach. NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
29) Did you notice him leaving the party? NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
30) We must get this work finished on time. NP; DO ● PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
31) He had his nose broken in a fight. NP; DO ● PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
32) I would like my car serviced. NP; DO ● PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
33) They found it odd that nobody had inquired into the matter. dummy object ● ADJP; OC ●
NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE: extraposed object
34) He made it very clear that he would not be coming back. dummy object ● ADJP; OC ●
NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; extraposed object
35) The use of computers had made it possible to work from home. dummy object ● ADJP; OC ●
TO-INF CLAUSE; extraposed object

II Say whether the underlined verbs below are monotransitive or complex-transitive and describe
their complementation in terms of form and function.
1) We admitted that a mistake had been made. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO
2) Louis was wondering whether she should support the Pope. MONO ● YES/NO
INTERROGATIVE; DO
3) They did not suspect they were being observed. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT (without that);
DO
4) Everyone considered the mistake to be very serious. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF;
CAT.COMP
5) We consider you to be one of our most loyal supporters. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF;
CAT.COMP
6) We find you innocent of all the charges. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● ADJ; OC
7) We think you to be indiscreet. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
8) Gemma saw the stranger looking at her intently. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
9) Gemma hated the stranger looking at her intently. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
10) I can’t bear John locking the door. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
11) I caught John locking the door. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
12) Chantal prefers travelling by plane. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
13) I prefer you to drive. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
14) I don’t like him taking all the credit. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
15) Never leave children playing near water. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

III Underline the matrix verbs (ignore the ones in embedded clauses) and say whether they are
intransitive, monotransitive, complex-transitive or linking and describe their complementation in
terms of form and function.
1) The girl became restless. LINKING ● ADJP; SC
2) She expected the bear to dance tango. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
3) The police denied that Sharon’s car had broken down. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO
4) I saw them waiting. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
5) The police caught Wilson climbing the wall. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
6) He can’t bear people smoking while he is eating. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
7) I wonder if I may have a drink. MONO ● YES/NO INTERROGATIVE; DO
8) I don’t approve of you climbing the cliffs. MONO ● PP; PO
9) They laughed uncontrollably. INTRANSITIVE
10) We understand that the findings are fair. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO
11) We understand the findings to be fair. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; DO ● TO-INF CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
12) Do you mind me opening the window? MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
13) Didn’t you hear your name called? COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● PP CAT.COMP
14) He wants all the newspapers delivered right away. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● PP CAT.COMP
15) I heard the whistle blow. MONO ● NP; DO
16) I tried to contact her at work. MONO ● TO-INF; DO
17) This appears to be the only solution. LINKING ● TO-INF; SC
Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 12

I Underline the ditransitive verbs, bracket their complements and analyze the structure of their
complements in terms of their form and function. You don’t have to analyze the subordinate clause.

1) I owe my parents several hundred pounds. NP; IO ● NP; DO

2) The scheme offers new investors very handsome dividends. NP; IO ● NP; DO
3) Show me your new laptop. NP; IO ● NP; DO
4) They will send their report to the members of the Ethics Board. NP; DO ● PP; PO
5) I can save a seat for you. NP; DO ● PP; PO
6) I explained the situation to my bank manager. NP; DO ● PP; PO
7) Natalie convinced Derek that she was right. NP; IO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
8) The administration had deceived us that Crenshawe had negotiated with the terrorists. NP; IO ●
NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
9) You should remind Private Brainwave that he is not the captain. NP; IO ● NOMINAL THAT
CLAUSE; DO
10) She finally convinced him that he needed a shave. NP; IO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
11) Estelle mentioned to me that her daughter was getting married. PP; PO ● NOMINAL THAT
CLAUSE; DO
12) She complained to me that no one came to the airport to greet her. PP; PO ● NOMINAL
THAT CLAUSE; DO
13) Johnson suggested to Boswell that they should buy the island. PP; PO ● NOMINAL THAT
CLAUSE; DO
14) She explained to me that she had been ill. PP; PO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
15) He had showed us what he had written. NP; IO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
16) Martin asked me what time the meeting would end. NP; IO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
17) Ask Tom whether he is arriving tonight or tomorrow. NP; IO ● ALTERNATIVE
INTERROGTIVE; DO
18) Ask your mum if you can come with us. NP; IO ● YES/NO INTERROGATIVE; DO
19) We asked the neighbors that they give us some privacy. NP; IO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE;
DO
20) They asked me why you didn’t come to the party. NP; IO ● WH-INTERROGATIVE; DO
21) Inform the clerk whether Mark needs a seat. NP; IO ● YES/NO INTERROGATIVE; DO
22) I persuaded Mark to see a doctor. NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
23) You can tell whoever is interested that I am cancelling the subscription. NOMINAL
RELATIVE CLAUSE; IO ● NOMINAL THAT CLAUSE; DO
24) You asked Roland to send the pie to the general. NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
25) I promised Bjorn to wear the wig. NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
26) I advised Astrid to make no comment. NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
27) She encouraged Muldoon to buy her diamonds. NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
28) Morgan begged Bill to give it a good review. NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

II Say whether the underlined verbs below are ditransitive or complex-transitive and describe
their complementation in terms of function and form.
1) Gail invited me to stay with her. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
2) I found the people to be very charming. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
3) Remind me to buy some milk. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
4) She inspired me to try for a scholarship. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
5) I never meant you to find out. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP
6) My mother taught me to treat others kindly. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP
7) Some people suppose the gossip to be true. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF CLAUSE;
CAT.COMP

III Underline the matrix verbs (ignore the ones in embedded clauses) and say whether they are
intransitive, monotransitive, complex-transitive, ditransitive or linking and describe their
complementation in terms of form and function.
1) The girl became restless. LINKING ● ADJP; SC
2) She expected the bear to dance tango. COMPLEX ● NP; IO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
3) She persuaded the bear to dance tango. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP

4) I wanted John to be alone. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP

5) The police denied that Sharon’s car had broken down. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO

6) Tell the doctors they must help the poorest patients. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● NOMINAL

THAT; DO

7) Carlos advised Conchita to visit the Queen. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
8) He ordered that the house be destroyed. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO

9) Morgan promised Bill to give it a good review. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF;

CAT.COMP

10) The teacher encouraged the girl to write short stories. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF;

CAT.COMP

11) I saw them waiting at the dock. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

12) I reminded him that he should take his medicine. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO

13) He thought that I should try again. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO

14) The police caught Wilson climbing the wall. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE;

CAT.COMP

15) I assured him that he would not get pneumonia. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● NOMINAL

THAT; DO

16) She explained to us he could not desert his comrades. DITRANSITIVE ● PP; PO ● NOMINAL

THAT; DO

17) He can’t bear people smoking while he is eating. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

18) I wonder if I may have a drink. MONO ● YES/NO INTERROGATIVE; DO

19) I don’t approve of you climbing the cliffs. MONO ● PP; PO

20) I am sorry (LINKING ● ADJP; SC) but I cannot advise you whether you should help your

parents or not. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVE; DO

21) Wendy did not tell me whether she had phoned earlier. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● YES/NO

INTERROGATIVE; DO

22) Alexander begged the girl to leave. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP
23) The beetle died under the refrigerator. INTRANSITIVE ● PP; ADJUNCT OF PLACE

24) I forgot whether you gave me the key or not. MONO ● ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVE;

DO

25) Do you mind me opening the window? MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

26) Didn’t you hear your name called? COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● PAST P. CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

27) He wants all the newspapers delivered right away. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● PAST P.

CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

28) I tried turning the key another way. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

29) They chose him as their leader. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● PP; OC

30) We consider your suggestion worthy of serious thought. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● ADJP; OC

31) The venue is near. LINKING ● OBLIGATORY ADVERBIAL

32) We talked for hours. INTRANSITIVE ● PP; ADJUNCT OF DURATION

33) The police caught him driving a stolen car. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● GP CLAUSE;

CAT.COMP

34) We believe her to be dominated by her mother. COMPLEX ● NP; DO ● TO-INF CLAUSE;

CAT.COMP

35) The investigation revealed that he had acted honestly. MONO ● NOMINAL THAT; DO

36) They warned him not to do that again. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ● TO-INF; CAT.COMP

37) They laughed uncontrollably. INTRANSITIVE ● no complementation

38) The light was shining. INTRANSITIVE ● no complementation

39) The company considers her to be a competent worker. COMPLEX ● NP; DO (raised object) ●

TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

40) They like telling stories. MONO ● GP CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

41) This appears to be the only solution. LINKING ● TO-INF CLAUSE; CAT.COMP

42) I could not decide whether I should help them. MONO ● YES/NO INTERROGATIVE; DO

43) They informed me that my application has been rejected. DITRANSITIVE ● NP; IO ●

NOMINAL THAT; DO
Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 13

III From each of the sentences below form it-cleft sentences that will focus the elements given in brackets.
1) Sartoris saw an enormous serpent approaching. (Subject, Direct object)
Subject: It was Sartoris saw an enormous serpent approaching.
Direct object: It was an enormous serpent that Sartoris saw approaching.

2) Captain Mackay reported this incident to Admiral Gage. (Subject, Direct object)
Subject: It was Captain Mackay who reported this incident to Admiral Gage.
Direct object: It was this incident that Captain Mackay reported to Admiral Gage

3) Graves followed Sassoon up the marble staircase. (Subject, Direct object, Place adjunct)
Subject: It was Graves who followed Sassoon up the marble staircase.
Direct object: It was Sassoon whom Graves followed up the marble staircase.
Place adjunct: It was up the marble staircase that Graves followed Sassoon.

4) The book took a long time to write because it raised so many difficult questions. (Adverbial reason clause)
Adverbial reason clause: It was because it raised so many difficult questions that the book took a long time to write.

5) Traffic laws mostly apply to people. (Prepositional object, Prepositional complement in PO)
Prepositional object: It is to people that traffic laws mostly apply.
Prepositional complement in PO: It is people that traffic laws mostly apply to.

6) Are we supposed to play on this field? (Place adjunct)

Place adjunct: It is on this field that we are supposed to play?

7) The most striking feature of malaria is its high endemicity. (Subject complement)
Subject complement: It is its high endemicity that is the most striking feature of malaria.

8) He gave up medicine after his first novel had been accepted for publication. (Adverbial time clause)
Adverbial time clause: It was after his first novel had been accepted for publication that he gave up medicine.

9) You need that kind of attention when you are young. (Adverbial clause of time, Direct object)
Adverbial clause of time: It is when you are young that you need that kind of attention.
Direct object: It is that kind of attention that you need when you are young.

10) Buck and the huskies did not need food, but Δ rest. (Direct object, then second cleft with second DO with ellipsis)
 Direct object: It is not food that Buck and the huskies need, but rest.
second cleft with second DO with ellipsis: It is rest Buck and the huskies need, and Δ not food.

11) I began to suspect something that morning. (Time adjunct)

Time adjunct: It was that morning that I began to suspect something.

12) The manager is sending Celia to Singapore on Tuesday. (Direct object, Place Adjunct, Time adjunct)
Direct object: It is Celia whom the manger is sending to Singapore on Tuesday.
Place Adjunct: It is to Singapore that the manger is sending Celia on Tuesday.
Time adjunct: It is on Tuesday that the manger is sending Celia to Singapore.

13) The social workers believed that unemployment would demoralize the youth of the nation. (Subject)
Subject: It were the social workers who believed that unemployment would demoralize the youth of the
nation.

14) I am not defending my interest. (Direct object)

Direct object: It is my interest that I am not defending.

15) Miners didn’t start the fight. (Subject)

Subject: It was not miners who started the fight.

16) The French representative vetoed the new resolution on Iraq at the United Nations last week. (Subject, Direct
object, Place Adjunct, Time Adjunct)
Subject: It was the French representative who vetoed the new resolution on Iraq at the United Nations last
week.
Direct object: It was the new resolution on Iraq which French representative vetoed at the United Nations
last week.
Place adjunct: It was at the United Nations last week that the French representative vetoed the new
resolution on Iraq.
Time adjunct: It was last week at the United Nations week that the French representative vetoed the new
resolution on Iraq.

17) Our success depends on him. (Prepositional object)

Prepositional object: it is on him that our success depends.
Sintaksa složene rečenice, handout 14

FROM THE PREVIOUS HANDOUT: Produce pseudo-cleft sentences making sure that the marked focus
falls on the underlined item below.

1) I don’t like his pretentious behavior.

What I don’t like is his pretentious behavior.

His pretentious behavior is what I don’t like.

2) Colonists wanted to be free from external taxation.

What colonists wanted is to be free from external taxation.

3) His rashness really annoys me!

What really annoys me is his rashness.

4) Crenshaw wanted to sell off all the agricultural land.

What Crenshaw wanted was to sell off all the agricultural land.

5) We need to make people realize that drug-trafficking is self-destructive.

What we need to do is to make people realize that drug-trafficking is self-destructive.

6) We need to make people realize that drug-trafficking is self-destructive.

What we need to make people realize is that drug-trafficking is self-destructive.

7) But some people think that all drugs should be illegal.

What some people think is that all drugs should be illegal.

8) The incredibly fast growth of the microbes surprised the investigators.

What surprised the investigators was the incredibly fast growth of the microbes.

9) The social workers believed that unemployment would demoralize the youth of the nation.

What social workers believed was that unemployment would demoralize the youth of the nation.

10) Darlene used mud to patch up her walls.

What Darlene used to patch up her walls was mud.

11) The wording of the question confused me.

What confused me was the wording of the question.

12) I object to violence on TV.

What I object to is violence on TV.

13) You are saying that the pipeline is the sole means of life support in those parts.

What you are saying is that the pipeline is the sole means of life support in those parts.

14) I want you to come to the Hangman’s Inn.

What I want you to do is to come to the Hangman’s Inn.

15) He forgot to tell her to lock the front door.

What he forgot to tell her was to lock the front door.

I Extraposition: Rewrite the following, where possible, without it and with a canonical SV word order. Then analyze
them in terms of function.
1) It won’t be easy to persuade him.
To persuade him won’t be easy. SVC

2) I find it difficult to talk to him. extraposition obligatory

3) It will probably make no difference what you say.

What you say will probably make no difference. SVO

4) It seems that I misjudged him. extraposition obligatory

5) The use of computers has made it possible to work from home. extraposition obligatory

6) It seems clear that we’re quite likely to fail.

That we’re quite likely to fail seems clear. SVC

7) It is very easy to answer this question.

To answer this question is very easy. SVC

8) The president has made it clear that he is not going to change his mind. extraposition obligatory
9) I think it a good idea to sign a petition. extraposition obligatory
10) It seems that you have taken a dislike to him. extraposition obligatory

11) It doesn’t matter who you know.

Who you know doesn’t matter. SV
 12) It is extremely important to emphasize the benefits of the economic reform.
To emphasize the benefits of the economic reform is extremely important. SVC

13) It won’t be too difficult to do this exam.

To do this exam won’t be too difficult. SVC

14) It surprises me to hear that.

To hear that surprises me. SVO

II Indicate whether each of the following sentences has an extraposed counterpart. If so, give the extraposed
counterpart. If in some of the sentences extraposition is obligatory, indicate so and mark the ungrammatical
sentence without extraposition with an asterisk.

1) To be awarded the first prize in this contest is a great honour.

It is a great honour to be awarded the first prize in this contest.

2) Insulting the boss in front of everyone was a dumb idea.

It was a dumb idea insulting the boss in front of everyone.

3) How house prices rise and fall is entirely arbitrary.

It is entirely arbitrary how house prices rise and fall.

4) To be denied the right to a fair trial would be outrageous.

It would be outrageous to be denied the right to a fair trial.

5) Paying off our mortgage has markedly improved our financial position. NO EXTRAPOSITION

6) How they manage to finish on time is not clear to us.

It is not clear to us how they manage to finish on time.

7) That the senator enjoys such popularity among the general public surprises many conservatives.
It surprises many conservatives that the senator enjoys such popularity among the general public.

8) That they cancelled the concert is a pity.

It is a pity that they cancelled the concert.

9) *Who pays for my ticket doesn’t matter. EXTRAPOSITION OBLIGATORY

It doesn’t matter who pays for my ticket.
10) To say when they are arriving is impossible.
It is impossible to say when they are arriving.

11) Having a good self-image keeps me sane. NO EXTRAPOSITION

12) To make mistakes is human nature.

It is human nature to make mistakes.

13) Whether negotiations between the employers and the employees have broken down has not been
announced.
It has not been announced whether negotiations between the employers and the employees have
broken.