CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Compensation of reactive power is one of profitable applications of power

hardware innovation. Air conditioning and dissemination framework, different
kinds of static receptive power compensator have been proposed. Voltage
Stability and Power Factor can be improved utilizing shunt remuneration.
This device in light of source converter is the most developed responsive
compensator of power. Not at all like Thyristors based receptive power
compensators, The STATCOM legitimately produces responsive power and
furthermore has great symphonious attributes because of the utilization of
completely controlled semiconductor switches.
For the air conditioner control transmission and conveyance, arrangement
remuneration is contemplated. A compensator which is arranged in static and
synchronous, is a source converter of voltage associated with lattice
arrangement, more often than not by a transformer. It is viewed as an
arrangement pay adaptation of the STATCOM.
The utilization of arrangement pay is to drop the current undesirable Series
Inductance in this way it is required to infuse little level of voltage contrasted
with the framework voltage. In this manner, line recurrence exchanging can be
a choice since created symphonious segments in all out voltage and effect to
the current can be inside a satisfactory sum.
A door commutated arrangement capacitor (GCSC), is the other kind of
arrangement compensator, which is an arrangement associated air conditioning
shunt something with capacitor as appeared in Figure 1(a), and is worked line
recurrence exchanging. Attractive vitality recuperation switch (MERS) is
additionally prescribed as an arrangement compensator, as it comprises of a
solitary stage in Fig1(b) and furthermore it is worked with line recurrence
exchanging.
 1.1 System configuration

Fig.1.1 Power Compensators

The above demonstrates a characterization of conceivable power-gadgets

controlled responsive compensation of power. Both of Source converted
voltage as appeared (an) and source converted current as appeared (c) can go
as receptive compensator. Typically the capacitance of VSC and the
inductance of CSC are relatively expensive to accepted as a consistent source
and voltage. The STATCOM and SSSC can work in the capacitive and
inductive fields, just gadget evaluations will limit working extent. A full
connect arrangements can deliver multi-beat control, which causes PWM
Modulations. The Figure 2(b) demonstrates a capacitor which switch
controlled. The design is explained in as the 2- way switch arrangement is only
a shunt of capacitor. The bidirectional change in control expected to capacitor
and the shunt, in any case, very well may supplanted by two turned around
switches which is conductive as appeared in the figure. Self turn-off capacity
is required for the switches. The shunt capacitor which can be short circuited
at the season of zero capacitor voltage and it additionally has a zero voltage
period in each half line cycle.

The basic equal capacitance can be constrained by controlling the length. This
arrangement does not permit the multi-beat control; along these lines, just line
recurrence exchanging can be connected. The working extent is restricted in
capacitive range, and the greatest identical reactance is constrained with X
<Xc , where X , the proportional compensator reactance at the recursion.
A two way switch is additionally expected to manage the span of the inductors
conduction of current, which is very well may be supplemented by t invert
blocking switches as appeared ..The automatic turn down capacity isn't
required and should not kill when the current is streaming. This sort
additionally acknowledges just line recurrence exchanging. Thyristor
controlled reactor (TCR) is the most outstanding usage of this sort.
Every one of the sorts appeared can be connected in the shunt and
arrangement compensators. The (a) and (b) are capacitor directed topological
and source of voltage attributes; in this way, can't be associated with different
source of voltage straight forwardly, with extra induction has been expected in
framing a compensation of shunt for source of voltage matrix. Then again,
they are connected with arrangement in compensation with the devices.c and
d have source of current attributes; in this manner, can shape a shunt
compensator with no other detached segments; anyway a capacitor is expected
to frame an arrangement compensator. The figure 1.2 represents
compensation of power in reactive single phase full-bridge..
Fig.1.2 Single-phase full-bridge series reactive power compensator

1.2 STATCOM concept

MERS ( magnetic energy recovery switch) is used for compensation of

capacitance in collaboration with reduction in it for switching of
frequency in lines. Figure 3 shows configuration of circuit,for source of
voltage in full bridge compensation in which capacitor energy and
frequency of line is characterized. The operation of the source of voltage
device is same as the frequency of the switched line. They have different
attributes though. Waveforms of the same which has frequency of
switched lines have been represented. This is basically an explanation of
the two devices which has the same operation. This is an asset to the
device. Possible Current paths are managed and discovered to achieve the
required amount of reduction in capacitance.
 Fig.1.3 Schematic waveforms in various equivalent reactance operations with
the line frequency switching. (a)Discontinuous mode, X <Xc. (b)Balance mode,
X = Xc. (c)Dc-offset mode, X >Xc.
 Fig.1.4 Possible Current paths

The Above shows conceivable current ways of the arrangement

compensator. Vertical sets of switches ux and vy are managed with
supportable exchanging like normal source of voltage converting devices
that, implies one of the switch is up ,the next capacitor which is shunted
and voltage isn't infused to the air conditioner circuit The MERS has
proposed as line recurrence exchanging arrangement compensator. The
circuit arrangement, source of voltage connect as appeared in the third
figure; which is described generally little prepared type of recurrence
exchanging. In this manner, its activity rule of the standard source of
voltage and line recurrence exchanging is comparative; in any case, there
are some recognized attributes. Figure 4 demonstrates conceivable current
ways of the arrangement compensator. Vertical sets of ux and vy switches
are managed and exchanged with source of voltage convertors which has
the switch on and the next switch off. It has no change in the source of
voltage convertors which is associated with air conditioning circuit in
arrangement on the other side with various extremity, or shunted.
Astounding ways of b and g, is being accomplished if the capacitor
voltage is made zero, and in the following ways, the shunted capacitor is
made ready and will not infuse voltage in the air conditioner circuit. The
capacitor is likewise being shunted by the present ways with outstanding
capacitor voltage appeared c, d, h. Both alternatives exist for a current
heading which is ought to get utilized on other side from the purpose of
warm administration. The required waveforms with the recurrence of line
exchanging has appeared in Figure 5.We can control this stage distinction
if the streaming current and the exchanging d. At the point when d = 0,
capacitor isn't charged by the streaming current; along these lines, voltage
isn't infused to the circuit by the compensator. By expanding d, the present
charges and releases the capacitor; along these lines, some voltage shows
up with specific image appeared in Figure 5.It is alluded by intermittent
modeo. At the point when di = 90, the infused voltage waveform ends up
unadulterated sinusoidal as appeared in Figure 5, and as a similar
plentifulness as the instance of utilizing a fixed capacitor having
capacitance same as that of capacitor. This waveform mode is alluded as
Balance mode. The infused ovoltage can be higher than the equalization
mode,to control the voltage of the capacitor having some balanced as
appeared in Figure o5, and this waveform mode is alluded as balance of dc
mode.

From the dc-counterbalance mode,kthe balance jvoltage, Vc; minp, and the
obligation proportion dictated byo appeared in Figure 5 can be
controlled, and the blend with Vc;min and i to accomplish the given
comparable reactance ought to get streamlined from the purpose of music
decrease. From all waveform modes, key segment regarding infused voltage is
with 90 degree stage distinction to one of the streaming current, and
plentifullness is controlled, which obviously says that with this circuit fills in
as a movable capacitor in their crucial parts. This equal reactance ofk the
compensator at the line recurrence, Xp, can fluctuate fromi 0 to 1 paying little
mind to its prepared capacitor. X = Xc is accomplished with equalization
mode, kX <Xc by the intermittent modeo and X >Xc has been accomplished
with the dc-balance mode, wherel Xc, which has been the reactance of the
prepared kcapacitor characterized as 1=j!C. Activity ofkexceptionally high oX
contrasted with Xc, causes high prepared capacitance, which is viewed as
source of voltage actualized responsive powerp compensator, as SSS.
Choosing extensively low capacitance so that the working extent incorporates
the parity mode results in the recognized waveforms like appeared, and has
preferences of relatively lowo music with the liney recurrence exchanging
activity.

1.3 STATCOM EXISTING SYSTEM

 Harmonics level is high

 Circuit simplicity and lossless power conversion taken

 Reducing1capacitor size and ranges.

PROPOSED SYSTEM .

 Normal comprehension between 'vsc based' and 'capacitori based'

responsive power compensators is talked about in this undertaking,
and balance of the device.

 The proposed compensator has focal points from the two sorts,
low music qualities because of the regulation that originates from
the (VSC),a compensator and little capacitance which is required
originates from the capacitor based compensator.

 Applied
for voltage sag compensation using proposed
STATCOM circuit configuration.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 SPECIALITY OF STATCOM OVER OTHER DEVICES

Quick acting static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), an illustrative of

FACTSo family, to this great extent utilized for responsive power control in
transmission and appropriation framework. Throughout the most recent few
decades, Path breaking research has been made by the specialists on this
which is innovative, STATCOM Controllers are being created and financially
put in task which they control framework which is focused conditions on
control.
As a result of its wide scope of characteristics, STATCOM has created as
subjectively better controller relative than the line commutating static VAR
compensator (SVC). Diverse phrasings are utilized to call this controller as
STATIC COMPENSATOR displayed static VAR compensator, propelled
static VAR generator or static VAR generator, STATIC CONDENSER,
synchronous strong state VAR compensator, SVC dependent on VSC or self-
commutated SVC or static synchronous compensator (SSC).
Different utilization of STATCOM controller, topologies of strong state
convertors,fmagnetic arrangements, controlling calculations, exchange of
procedures and their improvement, will be all around announced in writing
for its flexible applications in power framework. The cutting edge
STATCOM innovation has been looked into and further research potential are
exhibited grouping in excess of 300 research productions.

2.2 STATCOM AND ITS FEATURES

The primary goal is to get a neutralized harmonics consonant and three-stage
controlled AC yield voltage waveforms of STATCOM at the purpose of
regular coupling (PCC) to manage responsive current stream by ingestion and
age of controllable receptive power by the strong state exchanging
calculation. The P-Q connection of STATCOM is found by following where
S is the obvious power stream, P the dynamic power stream, Q the responsive
power stream, Vs the primary AC stage voltage to nonpartisan (rms), Vc the
STATCOM essential yield AC stage voltage (rms), X is the spillage
reactance, L the spillage inductance, f the framework recurrence.

CHAPTER 3
STATCOM CONTROL AND REDUCTION

3.1 Block diagram

Fig.3.1 Block diagram

Block diagram, Reactive-power management and voltage control are aspects

of the commercial transactions, production and compensation is completely
needed. It gives a great load strength. They are also used power transmission,
distribution and generation. The Static Synchronous Compensator
(STATCOM) is a shunt associated responsive remune 55 ion gadget that is
sufficient of engrossing and creating receptive power whose yield can be
changed in order to oversee control of explicit parameters of the electric
power framework.
The STATCOM produces working attributes like a pivoting synchronous
compensator which does not have mechanical idleness, the STATCOM is
utilized in strong state control exchanging gadgets so 12th stage voltages are
quickly controlled, both in extent and stage point. Transport of voltage backing
is by balancing transport voltages amid dynamic unsettling influences so as to
give better transient attributes, improve the transient soundness edges and to
sodden out the framework motions because of these aggravations. The VSC
produces a controllable AC voltage source behind the spillage reactance. This
voltage is contrasted and they AC transport voltage framework; when the AC
transport voltage extent is over that of the VSC voltage greatness, the AC
framework sees the inductance as STATCOM associated with its terminals.
Something else, if the VSCu voltage extent is over the flexible AC transport
voltage greatness, the AC framework sees the STATCOM as a capacitance
associated with its terminals. When voltage sizes are equivalent, the responsive
power trade is zero. The DC source is available for vitality stock piling, this
can be genuine for the framework of power. Accomplishment of this can be
done by altering the stage edge of AC control framework and the edge of the
stage in STATCOM terminals. The point when VSI stage edge drives 114 stage
edge of the AC control framework, the STATCOM assimilates genuine power,
where the AC framework is slacking the genuine statcom supplies with the
help of framework of AC. STATCOM has numerous topologies, however in the
major majority common sense applications DC to AC converter is utilized,
which is likewise called a Voltage Source converter (VSC) in 3-stage setup
(essential square). The essentialo hypothesis of VSC is to create a lot of
controllable 3-stage yield voltages/flows at the central recurrence of the AC
transport voltage from a DC input voltage source, for example, a charged
capacitor or a DC vitality supply gadget. By changing the stage edge and
greatness of the yield current and voltage, the rade dynamic/responsive power
between the AC and DC transports, and the AC transport voltage is controlled.
3.2 Reactive power remuneration

Receptive power is a subject of incredible worry for the activity of

exchanging current (AC) control frameworks. It has dependably been a
test to acquire the harmony between a base measure of receptive power
stream (to augment limit with respect to dynamic power stream) and an
adequate measure of responsive power stream to keep up an
appropriate framework voltage profile. In spite of the fact that it
doesn't do much valuable work however its remuneration is essential
for some reasons viz; Reactive power (VARSk) is required to keep up
the voltage to convey dynamic power (wattsl) through transmission
lines and to keep up a System Healthy. It is uneconomical to build
voltage level and it might be progressively beneficial to offer thought
to line remuneration by methods for capacitors or other pay gadgets to
expand the monetary furthest reaches of intensity transmission. The
nature of the electrical vitality supply can be assessed basing on
various parameters. In any case, the most essential will be dependably
the nearness of electronics vitality and the number and length in
intrudes. A long haul, wide-spread interfere with a power outage drives
for the most part to cataclysmic misfortunes. It is hard to envision that
in all the nation there is no electrical supply. One reason prompting a
power outage is receptive power that left the control. Vitality provider
charge a client for responsive power which constrain the business
plants and individual clients to limit vitality utilization, including
receptive power. Henceforth the responsive power must be controlled
and kept up at required dimension by repaying gadgets. Because of
downsides in customary pay gadgets STATCOM, the third era
adaptable AC transmission framework gadget, that these days getting
the consideration for receptive power remuneration in light of the fact
that; STATCOM has quicker reaction 15 requires less space as massive
latent segments, (for example, reactors) are disposed of It can be
interfaced with genuine power sources, for example, battery, energy
component or SMES A STATCOM has unrivaled execution amid low
voltage situation as the responsive current can be looked after
consistent. It is more conceivable to expand the receptive current in a
STATCOM under transient conditions if the gadgets are appraised for
the transient over-burden. It doesn't add to hamper. It has a symmetric
lead-slack capacity. It has no moving parts and henceforth the upkeep
is simpler. It has no issues of loss of synchronism under a noteworthy
aggravation.

3.3 Reactive power and voltage control

Receptive power and voltage control Voltage control and responsive power the
board are two parts of a solitary action that the two backings unwavering
quality and encourages business exchanges crosswise over transmission
systems. On a rotating current (AC) control framework, voltage is constrained
by overseeing creation and assimilation of responsive power. Receptive Power
is useful to keep up a System Healthy. We generally by and by to decrease
responsive capacity to improve framework productivity. This are satisfactory at
some dimension, if framework is absolutely resistively or capacitance it make
cause some issue in Electrical framework. Air conditioning frameworks supply
or devour two sort of intensity: genuine power and receptive power. While
dynamic power is the vitality provided to run an engine, heat a home, or
enlighten an electric light, responsive power gives the vital capacity of
managing voltage. In the case when voltage on the framework isn't sufficiently
high, dynamic power can't be provided. Responsive power is utilized to give
the voltage levels important to dynamic capacity to do helpful work.
Responsive power is basic to move dynamic power through the transmission
and circulation framework to the client. For productive and solid task of
intensity frameworks, the control of voltage and receptive power ought to
fulfill the accompanying destinations: Voltages at the terminals of all hardware
in the framework are inside satisfactory points of confinement. Both utility
gear and client hardware are intended to work at a specific voltage rating.
Drawn out activity of the gear at voltages outside the passable range ought to
antagonistically influence their execution and potentially cause them harm.
Framework soundness is upgraded to expand use of the transmission
framework. Voltage and receptive power control significantly affect framework
steadiness. The receptive power stream is limited in order to lessen Rl2 and
X12 useful least. This guarantees the transmission framework works
proficiently, i.e., principally for dynamic power exchange. The issue of keeping
up voltages inside as far as possible is entangled by the way that the power
framework supplies capacity to countless and is sustained from many
producing units. As burdens shift, the receptive power prerequisites of the
transmission framework fluctuate.

Since receptive power can't be transmitted over long separations, voltage

control must be affected by utilizing unique gadgets scattered all through the
framework. This is as opposed to the control of recurrence which relies on
the general framework dynamic power balance. The correct determination
and coordination of gear for controlling receptive power and voltages are
among the significant difficulties of intensity framework building. Voltage
control is confused by two extra factors. To begin with, the transmission
framework itself is a nonlinear shopper of receptive power, contingent upon
framework stacking. At exceptionally light stacking the framework produces
receptive power that must be ingested, while at overwhelming stacking the
framework devours a lot of responsive power that must be supplanted. The
framework's receptive power necessities additionally rely upon the age and
transmission setup. Thus, framework responsive necessities differ in time as
burden levels and burden and age designs change. The mass power
framework is made upon of numerous bits of hardware, any of which can
come up short whenever. Consequently, the framework is intended to to keep
working without affecting any clients. That is, the framework is intended to
withstand a solitary possibility. Taken together, these two components result
in a dynamic receptive power necessity. The passing of a generator or a
noteworthy transmission line can have the aggravating impact of diminishing
the receptive supply and, in the meantime, reconfiguring streams with the end
goal that the framework is expending extra responsive power.
Somewhere around a bit of the receptive supply must be fit for reacting rapidly to
evolving responsive power requests and to keep up worthy voltages all through the
framework. Along these lines similarly as an electrical framework requires genuine
power Reactive power remuneration utilizing STATCOM 20 stores to react to
possibilities, so too it must keep up responsive power holds. Burdens can likewise
be both genuine and responsive. The receptive bit of the heap could be served from
the transmission framework. Receptive burdens bring about more voltage drop and
responsive misfortunes in the transmission framework than do comparative size
(MVA) genuine burdens. Vertically coordinated utilities regularly incorporate
charges for arrangement of receptive capacity to loads in their rates. With
rebuilding, the pattern is to confine burdens to task at close to zero responsive
power request (a 1.0 power factor). The framework administrator proposition limits
burdens to control factors between 0.97 slacking (retaining receptive power) and
0.99 driving. This would keep up unwavering quality of the framework and
maintain a common distance from the issues of market control in which an
organization could utilize its transmission lines to restrict rivalry for age.

3.4 Production and absorption of reactive power

The investigation of generation and ingestion of receptive power in the power

framework is fundamental since the responsive power is extremely valuable in
keeping the voltage of the power framework stable. While recurrence is the marker
of dynamic power balance, voltage is the sole pointer of responsive power balance.
The segments in charge of the age and assimilation of receptive power in the power
framework are:
 Synchronous Generator
 Transmission Line
 Transformers
 Loads

 Synchronous Generators

Synchronous generators can produce or retain responsive power contingent upon

the excitation. At the point when overexcited they supply receptive power, and
when under energized they retain responsive power.

 Transmission line

Transmission line is separated into two sections: Overhead and Underground lines.
Overhead l ines, contingent upon burden current, either retain or supply responsive
power. At burdens beneath the characteristic (flood impedance) load, the lines
produce receptive power; at burdens over the normal burden the lines ingest
responsive power. Underground links, inferable from their high capacitance, have
high common burdens. They are constantly stacked beneath their normal burdens,
and consequently produce receptive power under every single working condition.

 Transformers

Dependably assimilate responsive power paying little respect to their stacking;

at no heap, the shunt polarizing reactance influences prevail; and at full
burden, the arrangement spillage inductance impacts prevail.

Regularly assimilate receptive power. An ordinary burden transport provided

by power framework is usually made of expansive number of gadgets. The
piece changes relying upon the day, season and climate conditions. The
formed qualities are ordinarily with the end goal that a heap transport retains
responsive power. Modern purchasers are ordinarily charged for responsive
power just as dynamic power; this gives them a motivating force to improve
the heap control factor y utilizing shunt capacitors.

Repaying gadgets are normally added to supply or ingest responsive power

and along these lines control the receptive power balance in an ideal way. In
what issues, we will talk about the qualities of these gadgets and the standards
of utilizations. Indeed, even little varieties, especially those that reason flash,
are regularly shocking. Responsive power remuneration utilizing STATCOM.
The need to direct voltage profiles in the system to avoid pointless
progressions of receptive power on transmission lines. To this end,
remuneration of receptive power can be utilized to keep up transmission
misfortunes to a commonsense least. While the responsive remuneration must
be balanced or changed occasionally to keep up least misfortunes, the
modifications. Transient soundness and dynamic security in framework will
upgrade. The practical prerequisite of receptive shunt compensators utilized
for expanded power transmission, improved voltage and transient steadiness
and power wavering damping can be outlined as pursues: The compensator
should remain in synchronous task with AC framework at the repaid transport
under every single working condition including major and minor unsettling
influences. The transport voltage ought to be lost briefly because of adjacent
deficiencies, the compensator must most likely recover synchronism promptly
to blame clearing. The compensator ought to have the capacity to manage the
transport voltage for the help of voltage and improved transient steadiness, or
control it for power swaying damping and upgrade of transient security, based
on need as framework conditions may require. For a transmission line
associating two frameworks, the best area for VAR pay is in center, while for
a spiral feed to a heap the best area is at the heap end.

CHAPTER 4

MATLAB SIMULATION

4.1 General
Simulation has turned into an amazing asset on the business application.
MATLAB is used by electrical specialist to comprehend the idea of
reenactment and get familiar with its utilization in different applications.
Amongst the most ideal approaches to think about the framework conduct
without harming . The instruments for doing the reproduction in different
fields are accessible in market for designing experts. Numerous enterprises are
investing a lot of energy and cash in doing reproduction before assembling
their item. Majority of innovative work (R&D) work, the reenactment
assumes a vital job. Without recreation it is tranquil difficult to continue
further. It ought to be noticed that in power gadgets, PC reenactment and a
proof of idea equipment model in the research facility are complimentary to
one another.

Anyway PC reproduction shouldn’t be considered as substitute for equipment

model. Goal of this section here is portray reproduction of impedance source
inverter with different loads utilizing MATLAB instrument.
4.2 Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB is a language for specialized computing.
It does calculation and programming in simple ways to represent condition by
documenting it in a scientific way. Typical it is used in Mathematical and
computational development of Algorithm and also Data Modeling, simulation,
and prototyping Data, exploration. It also includes visualization of graphics
App development, including GU interface building MATLAB framework

The following are the main industry where matlab is used in real life (if by real
life you meant not research):
 Aerospace industry- Hardware-in-loop simulations,
mathematical modeling, embedded system-in-loop simulation
 Automobile industry - Vehicle networking, simulations, vehicle-
in-loop simulation
 Computational science - biological data mining
 Embedded system

MATLAB is used for a lot of research purposes. In making new technological

advancement, and investigation of any new inventions without having any
negative consequences. MATLAB has a group of arrangements named tool
compartments. The most Important application of MATLAB is to learn and
application of the techniques in many innovation. These are far reaching
accumulations of MATLAB capacities (M-documents) that stretch out the
MATLAB condition to tackle specific classes of issues. Territories in which
tool stash are accessible incorporate flag preparing, control frameworks, neural
systems, fluffy rationale, wavelets, reenactment, and numerous others.

4.3 The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

 Desktop Tools and Development Environment

This is the arrangement of facilities and tools that assistance you use
MATLAB capacities and documents. A large number of these instruments are
graphical Uls. It incorporates the MATLAB work area and Command Window,
an order history, a supervisor and debugger, a code analyzer and different
reports, and programs for survey help, the workspace, records, and the inquiry
way.

 The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

This is a huge gathering of computational calculations extending from

rudimentary capacities, similar to total, sine, cosine, and complex number
juggling, to progressively advanced capacities like grid opposite, network
eigen esteems, Bessel capacities, and quick Fourier changes.

 The MATLAB Language

This is an abnormal state grid/exhibit language with control stream

explanations, capacities, information structures, input/yield, and article
arranged programming highlights. It permits both "programming in the little"
to quickly make no fuss discard projects, and "programming in the huge" to
make huge and complex application0Programs.

 Graphics

MATLAB has broad offices for showing vectors and frameworks as charts,
just as explaining and printing these diagrams. It incorporates abnormal state
capacities for two-dimensional and three-dimensional information perception,
picture preparing, activity, and introduction designs. It additionally
incorporates low-level capacities that enable you to completely alter the
presence of illustrations just as to construct total graphical Uls on your
MATLAB applications.

 The MATLAB External Interfaces/API

This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact
with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB
(dynamic 48 ing), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for
reading and writing MAT-files.

 MATLAB Documentation

MATLAB gives broad documentation, in both printed and online

configuration, to enable you to find out about and utiliz 22he majority of its
highlights. On the off chance that you are another client, begin with this
Getting Started book. It covers all the essential MATLAB highlights at an
abnormal state, including numerous precedents.

 The MATLAB online help

gives task-situated and reference data about MATLAB highlights. MATLAB

documentation is likewise accessible in printed structure and in PDF design
MATLAB Online Help To view the online documentation, select MATLAB
Help from the Help menu in MATLAB. The MATLAB documentation is
organized into these main topics:

 The Role of Simulation in Design

Electrical power frameworks are mixes of electrical circuits and electro

mechanical gadgets like engines and generators. Designers working in this
control are
continually improving the execution of the frameworks. Necessities for
radically expanded productivity have constrained power framework
architects to utilize control electronic gadgets and modern control
framework ideas that duty conventional examination apparatuses and
methods.

Further confounding the investigator's job is the way that the framework is
frequently so nonlinear that the best way to comprehend it is through
reproduction. Land-based power age from hydroelectric, steam, or different
gadgets isn't the main utilization of intensity frameworks. A typical property of
these frameworks is their utilization of intensity gadgets and control
frameworks to accomplish their execution targets.

Sim Power Systems is an advanced structure instrument that enables

researchers and architects to quickly and effectively assemble models that
recreate control frameworks. Sim Power Systems utilizes the Simulink
condition, enabling you to manufacture a model utilizing basic snap and drag
techniques. Not exclusively would you be able to draw the circuit topology
quickly, however your investigation of the circuit can incorporate its
communications with mechanical, warm, control, and different orders.

This is conceivable in light of the fact that all the electrical pieces of the
reproduction connect with the broad Simulink displaying library. Since
Simulink utilizes MATLAB as its computational motor, creators can likewise
utilize MATLAB tool stash and Simulink square sets. Sim Power Systems and
Sim Mechanics share a unique Physical Modeling square and association line
interface.

4.4 SIM Power system libraries

You can quickly give Sim Power Systems something to do. The libraries
contain models of commonplace power hardware, for example,
transformers, lines, machines, and power gadgets. These models are
demonstrated ones originating from reading material, and their legitimacy
depends on the experience of the Power Systems Testing and Simulation
Laboratory of Hydro-Québec, an extensive North American utility situated
in Canada, and furthermore on the experience of Ecole de Technologie
supérieure and Université Laval. The 18 pacities of Sim Power Systems for
displaying a run of the mill electrical framework are shown in exhibit
records.

Furthermore, for clients who need to revive their insight into power framework
hypothesis, 16 ere are additionally self-learning contextual analyses.
 Fig. 4.1 Matlab Library

The Sim Power Systems main library, powerlib, organizes its blocks into
libraries according to their behavior. The powerlib library window displays the
block library icons and names. Double-click a library icon to open the library
and access the blocks.

The main Sim Power Systems powerlib library window also contains the
powergui block that opens a gra49 ical user interface for the steady-state
analysis of electrical circuits.

4.5 Simulation
Fig 4.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.3 Block Diagram

Fig 4.4 Without SVAR compensator

Fig 4.5 Without SVAR output

Fig.4.6 With SVAR compensator

Fig.4.7 With SVAR output

 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 General

For the hardware implementation we use different components. They are

listed below as

1. Transformers

2. Diode bridges

3. Filters

4. MOSFETs

5. PIC microcontroller 16F877A.

6. Driver unit IC IR2110 for the amplification of the pulses given

by PIC16F877A

5.2 Hardware block diagram

 Fig. 5.1 Block diagram of hardware

5.3 Power supply circuit

Fig.5.2 Power circuit

Few significant points regarding the power circuit:

 A step-down transformer (230/15) V is used to give input
supply to the power circuit.
 The 15V AC input is rectified into 15V pulsating DC with the
help of full bridge rectifier circuit.
 The ripples in the pulsating DC are removed and pure DC is
obtained by using a capacitor filter.

 The positive terminal of the capacitor is connected to the input pin

of the 7812 regulator for voltage regulation.

 An output voltage of 12V obtained from the output pin of 7812 is

fed as the supply to the pulse amplifier.

 An output voltage of 5V obtained from the output pin of 7805 is

fed as the supply to the micro controller.
  From the same output pin of the 7805, a LED is connected in
series with the resistor to indicate that the power is ON.

5.4 PIC Controller

In this task the equipment is actualized utilizing the PIC Microcontroller "PIC
16F877A". The benefits of the Pic-microcontroller is that the guidance set of
this controller are less than the typical microcontroller. In contrast to
Conventional processors, which are commonly unpredictable, guidance set PC
(CISC) type, Pic microcontroller is a RISC processor.

The advantages of RISC processor against CISC processor are:

1. RISC instructions are simpler and consequently operate faster.

2. A RISC processor takes a single cycle for each instruction, while

CISC processor requires multiple clocks per instruction ( typically, at
least three cycles of throughput execution time for the simplest
instruction and 12 to 24 clock cycles for more complex instruction),
which makes decoding a tough task.

3. The control unit in a CISC is always implemented by a micro-

code, which is much slower than the hardware implemented in RISC.

The idea of using the Pic microcontroller is because:

1. To employ the frequently used instructions as the instruction set

while using a few instructions to achieve the same function performed
by a much more complex instruction in a CISC.

2. The RISC itself has a large number of general purpose registers,

largely reduced the frequency of the most time-consuming memory
access.

3. In terms of clock rate, the RISC with its much simpler circuits 4
an have a higher clock rate that again increases the performance of a
processor.
Overall the RISC processor can provide processing power more than three
times of a CISC processor in a particular field of application.

 Features of PIC-microcontroller "Pic16F877A”

 Only 35 single word instructions to learn

 All instructions single-cycle except for program branches which

are two-cycle

 Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns

instruction cycle

 1024 words of program memory

 68 bytes of Data RAM

 64 bytes of Data EEPROM

 14-bit wide instruction words

 8-bit wide data bytes

 15 Special Function Hardware registers

 Eight-level deep hardware stack

 Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes

 Four interrupt sources:

- External RBO/INT pin

- TMRO timer overflow

- PORTB<7:4> interrupt-on-change
- Data EEPROM write complete
 Fig 5.3 Block Diagram of "PIC16F877A"

Fig.5.4 Pin Diagram of PIC16F877A

In this task the equipment is actualized utilizing the PIC Microcontroller

"PIC 16F877A". The benefits of the Pic-microcontroller is that the
guidance set of this controller are less than the typical microcontroller. In
contrast to Conventional processors, which are commonly unpredictable,
guidance set PC (CISC) type, Pic microcontroller is a RISC processor.
These functions include:

 External interrupt

 Change on PORTB interrupts

 Timer clock input

 Memory Organization

There are two memory hinders in the PIC16F877A. These

are the program memory and the information memory. Each0block0
has its own0bus, with the goal that entrance to each square can happen
amid a similar oscillator cycle. The information memory can
additionally be separated into the universally useful RAM and the
Special Function Registers (SFRs). The activities of the SFRs that
control the "center" are portrayed here. The SFRs used to control the
fringe modules are depicted in the area examining every individual
fringe module. The information memory territory likewise contains the
information EEPROM memory. This memory isn't legitimately mapped
into the information memory, yet is in a 2 roundabout way mapped.
That is, a circuitous location pointer indicates the location of the
information EEPROM memory to peruse/compose. The 64 bytes of
information EEPROM memory have the location extend Oh-3Fh.

 Data EEPROM Memory

The EEPROM information memory is comprehensible and writable

amid typical activity (full VDD extend). This memory isn't
straightforwardly mapped in the register record space. Rather it is by
implication tended to through the Special Function Registers. There are
four SFRs used to peruse and compose this memory.

These registers are

• EECON1

• EECON2 (not a physically implemented register) ·

•EEDATA

•EEADR

EEDATA holds the 8-bit information for read/compose, and EEADR holds
the location of the EEPROM area being gotten to. PIC16F84A gadgets have
64 bytes of information EEPROM with a location go from Oh to 3Fh. The
EEPROM information memory permits bytes read and compose. A byte
compose naturally deletes the area and composes the new information
(eradicate before compose). The EEPROM information memory is
evaluated for high delete/compose cycles. The compose time is constrained
by an on-chip clock. The compose time will fluctuate with voltage and
temperature just as from chip to chip.

If it's not too much trouble allude to AC determinations for accurate points of
confinement. At the point when the gadget is code secured, the CPU may
proceed to peruse and compose the information EEPROM memory. The
gadget software engineer can never again get to this memory.

 I/O Ports

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for
the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is
enabled, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin.

 Timer 0 Module :
The Timer 0 module
timer/counter has the following features:
• 8-bit timer/counter
• Readable and writable
• Internal or external clock select
• Edge select for0external clock
• 8-bit software programmable pre-scaler

 Special Features of PIC16F877A

What sets0a microcontroller separated from different processors are extraordinary

circuits to manage the necessities of continuous applications.

The PIC16F877A has a large group of such highlights planned to augment

framework dependability, limit cost through disposal of outside parts, give control
sparing working modes and offer code assurance. These features are:
• OSC Selection
• RESET
- Power-on Reset (POR)
-Power-up Timer (PWRT)
-Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Interrupts
• Watchdog0Timer (WDT)
• SLEEP
• Code Protection
•ID0Locations
• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP)

The PIC16F877A has a Watchdog Timer0which can be closed off just through
arrangement bits. It keeps running off its very own RC oscillator for included
unwavering quality. There are tricksters that offer fundamental deferrals on
catalyst.

One is the Oscillator0Start-up Timer (OST), proposed to keep the chip in RESET
until the precious stone oscillator is steady. The other is the0Power-up Timer
(PWRT), which gives a fixed deferral of 72 ms (ostensible) on catalyst as it were.
This structure keeps the gadget in RESET while the0power supply balances out.
With these tricksters on-chip, most0applications need no outside RESET hardware.

Rest mode offers an extremely low current shut down mode. The client can wake-
up from SLEEP through outside RESET, Watchdog Timer Time-out or through an
intrude. A few oscillator choices are given to enable the part to fit the application.
The RC oscillator alternative spares framework cost while the LP precious stone
choice spares control.

A lot of arrangement bits are utilized to choose the different alternatives.

 Oscillator Types
The PIC16F877A can be operated in four different oscillator modes.
The0user can program two configuration bits (FOSC1 and FOSC0) to select one
of0these four modes:
• LP Low Power Crystal
• XT Crystal/Resonator
• HS High Speed Crystal/Resonator0
• RC Resistor/Capacitor

 Reset0
The PIC16F877A differentiates0between various kinds of RESET:
• Power-on Reset (POR)
• MCLR during normal0operation
• MCLR during0SLEEP
• WDT Reset (during normal operation)
• WDT0Wake-up (during SLEEP)

 Power On Reset(POR)
A Power-on Reset beat is created on-chip when VDD rise is distinguished (in
the scope of01.2V -1.7V). To exploit the POR, simply tie the MCLR stick
legitimately (or through a resistor) to VDD.

This will take out outer RC parts typically expected to make Power-on Reset. A
base ascent time for VDD must be met for this to work appropriately. At the point
when0the gadget begins ordinary task (leaves the RESET condition), gadget
working parameters (voltage, recurrence, temperature, and so forth.) must be met
to guarantee activity. On the off0chance that these conditions are not met, the
gadget must be held in0RESET until the working conditions are met.

 Power-up Timer (PWRT)

The Power-up0Timer (PWRT) gives a fixed 720ms ostensible time-out (TPWRT)
from POR. The Power-up Timer works on an inward RC0oscillator. The0chip is
kept in RESET as long0as the PWRT0is dynamic. The PWRT delay enables the
VDD to ascend to a worthy dimension. An arrangement bit, PWRTE, can
empower/handicap the PWRT. The activity of the PWRTE bit for a specific gadget.

The catalyst time delay TPWRT will change from chip0to chip due to VDD,
temperature, and procedure variety.

 Interrupts
The PIC16F877A has 4 sources of interrupt:
• External interrupt RB0/INT pin
• TMR0 overflow interrupt
• PORTB change interrupts (pins RB7:RB4)
• Data EEPROM write0complete interrupt

The intrude on control register (INTCON) records singular interfere with

solicitations in banner bits.
It additionally contains the individual and worldwide hinder empower bits. The
worldwide hinder empower bit, GIE (INTCON<7>), empowers (whenever set) all
exposed hinders or impairs (whenever cleared) all interferes. Singular hinders can
be impaired through their comparing empower bits in INTCON register. Bit GIE is
cleared on RESET.
The "arrival from intrude on" guidance, RETFIE, exits interfere with standard just
as sets the GIE bit, which re-empowers interferes. The RB0/INT stick interfere
with, the RB port change hinder and the TMR0 flood intrude on banners are
contained in the INTCON register. At0the point when a hinder is reacted to, the
GIE bit is cleared to debilitate any further intrude on, the arrival address is pushed
onto the stack and the PC is stacked with 0004h.
For outer intrude on occasions, for example, the RB0/INT stick or PORTB change
interfere with, the interfere with dormancy will be three to four guidance cycles.
The careful inactivity depends when the interfere with occasion happens. The
idleness is the equivalent for both one and two cycle directions. Once in the
Interrupt Service Routine, the source(s) of the hinder can be controlled by
surveying the interfere with banner bits.
The interfere with banner bit(s) must be cleared in programming before re-
empowering hinders to maintain a strategic0distance from vast intrude on
solicitations.

5.5 Driver unit

Fig. 5.5 Driver Circuit

 Fig.5.6 TTL Logic

Transistor– transistor rationale (TTL) is a0class of advanced circuits worked

from bipolar intersection transistors (BJT) and0resistors.
It is called transistor– transistor rationale on the grounds that both the rationale
gating capacity (e.g., AND)0and the intensifying capacity are performed0by
transistors (balance this with0RTL and DTL). TTL is eminent for being a
boundless coordinated circuit (IC) family utilized in numerous applications, for
example, PCs, mechanical controls, test gear and instrumentation, buyer gadgets,
synthesizers, and so forth.
The assignment TTL is here and there used to mean TTL-perfect rationale levels,
notwithstanding when not related straightforwardly with TTL incorporated circuits,
for instance as a name on the information sources and yields of electronic
instruments. The contribution to a TTL0circuit is constantly through0the
emitter(s)0of the info transistor, which shows a low information obstruction.
The base of the info transistor, then again, is associated with the Vcc line, which
makes the information transistor pass a 0current of0about 1.6 mA0 when the
information voltage0to the emitter(s) is rationale '0', i.e., near ground. Giving a
TTL a chance to include 'drift' (left detached) will for the most part influence it to
go to rationale '1', however such a state is defenseless against stray signs, which is
the reason it is great practice to associate TTL contributions to Vcc utilizing 1K
ohm draw up resistors. The most essential TTL circuit has a solitary yield transistor
arranged as an inverter with its producer grounded and its authority attached to Vcc
with a draw up resistor, and0with the0 yield taken from its gatherer.
Most TTL circuits, in any case, utilize a chain of command yield circuit, which
replaces the draw up resistor with a Vcc-side transistor sitting over the GND-side
yield transistor. The producer of the Vcc-side transistor (whose authority is
attached to Vcc) is associated with the gatherer of the GND-side transistor (whose
producer is grounded) by a diode. The yield is taken from the authority of the
GND-side transistor.
Figure 1 demonstrates a fundamental 2-input TTL NAND entryway with a
command hierarchy yield.

5.5.1Optocouplers
There are0numerous circumstances0where signs and information0should
be0exchanged starting with one subsystem then onto2the next inside a0bit of
hardware0gear, or starting3with one5bit of hardware then onto7the next,
without2making a7direct ohmic electrical association.
Regularly this is on the grounds that the source and goal are (or might be now and
again) at altogether different voltage levels, similar to a microchip which is
working from 5V DC yet being utilized to control2a triac7which is exchanging
240V AC. In7such circumstances4the connection7between the7two must7be a
disconnected one, to7shield the7microchip from1over voltage7harm.

Figure 5.7 Optocouplers

Opto-couplers Transfers can likewise give this1sort of separation, yet littler
transfers will in general be genuinely massive contrasted and ICs and
huge7numbers5of the present other small scale circuit parts. Since they're electro-
mechanical, transfers are additionally not as solid ó and just prepared to do
generally low speed activity.
Where little size,7higher speed8and more7noteworthy dependability are critical, a
vastly improved8option is to7utilize an opto-coupler. These\utilization
a\light\emission8to transmit7the signs or/information/over an/electrical/boundary,
and7accomplish phenomenal confinement. Opto-couplers commonly arrive in a
little 6-stick or 8-stick IC bundle, yet are basically a mix of two particular gadgets:
an optical transmitter, normally a gallium arsenide LED (light-discharging diode)
and an optical recipient, for example, a phototransistor or light-activated diac.
The two are isolated by a straightforward hindrance which obstructs any electrical
flow stream between the two, yet allows the entry of light. The fundamental
thought is appeared in Fig., alongside the typical circuit image for an opto-coupler.
The most imperative parameter for most Opto-couplers is their exchange
proficiency, normally estimated as far as their present exchange proportion or
CTR.
This is just the proportion between a present change in the yield transistor and the
present change in the info LED which created it. Average qualities for CTR run
from 10% to half for gadgets with a yield phototransistor and up to 2000% or so
for those with a Darlington transistor pair in the yield. Note, anyway that in many
gadgets CTR will in general fluctuate with outright current dimension.
Commonly it tops at a LED current dimension of about 10mA, and falls away at
both higher and lower current dimensions. Other opto-coupler parameters
incorporate the yield transistor's most extreme gatherer producer voltage rating
VCE (max), which restrains the supply voltage in the yield circuit; the information
LED greatest current rating IF (max), which is utilized to ascertain the base an
incentive for its arrangement resistor; and the Opto-couplers data transfer capacity,
which decides the most noteworthy flag recurrence that can be exchanged through
it decided predominantly by inner gadget development and the execution of the
yield Phototransistor.

5.5.2 IR 2110 – high7and low7side0driver

 Some of the features of IR 2110 are:

  Floating channel0designed for/bootstrap8operation
 Gate drive7supply range7from710 to020V
 Under voltage lockout7for both8channels
 3.3V logic7compatible
 Separate4logic8supply range7from 3.3V power ground + 5V power
ground + 5V7offset7
 CMOS Schmitt-triggered7inputs with8pull down7
 Cycle by cycle2edge-triggered2shutdown logic1
 Matched propagation4delay for2both channels
 Outputs7in phase7with inputs
The previously mentioned part, that is, IR2110 is a0high4voltage and fast power
MOSFET driver and it likewise contains autonomous high and5low
side7referenced yield channels. It can work in Voltages extending from +500V to
+600V and it is tolerant/to negative5transient/voltage dV/dt.
The Logic inputs that are given are perfect standard7CMOS or7LSTTL7yield,
down7to 3.3V rationale. A high heartbeat momentum cradle organize intended for
least driver cross-conduction is highlighted by the yield drivers. For utilization in
high recurrence applications proliferation delays are coordinated.
The skimming channel can be utilized to drive a N-channel control MOSFET or an
IGBT in the high side design which works in the scope of 500 or 600 volts.
 Fig 5.8 Pin Diagram

5.6 Lead definitions

Symbol Description
VDD Logic Supply
HIN Logic input for high side gate drive output (HO), in
phase
SD Logic input for shut down
LIN Logic input for low side gate driver output (LO), in
phase
VSS Logic ground
VB High side floating supply
 HO High side gate drive output

VCC Low side supply

LO Low side gate drive output
COM Low side return

Fig 5.9 Control circuit

5.6 Lead definitions Symbol Description VDD Logic Supply HIN Logic input7for
high side/gate drive7output (HO), in7phase SD Logic input for shut down LIN
Logic input for7low side7gate driver7output (LO), in7phase VSS Logic ground
VB High side floating supply HO High side gate7drive7output VCC Low side
supply LO Low side gate7drive7output COM Low side return Fig 5.9 Control
circuit

5.7 MOSFET

5.7.1 Introduction & pin diagram

The accompanying segments portray the parts utilized and their properties
influencing the structure of staggered inverter. The MOSFET or Metal
Oxide7Semiconductor7Field Effect Transistors by the far most normal field impact
transistor in both computerized and simple circuits. The MOSFET is made7out7of
a channel2of7n-type7or p-type7semiconductor material, and is in like manner
called as NMOSFET or a PMOSFET.

Shockingly, semiconductors with prevalent electrical properties than silicon like

gallium arsenide don't shape great entryway oxides and consequently are not
appropriate for MOSFETS. The entryway terminal is a layer7of poly silicon
(polycrystalline silicon) or aluminums put over a channel, however isolated from
the channel by a flimsy layer of protecting silicon dioxide. A rearranged outline of
the N-channel upgrade MOSFETS is appeared in figure.

Higher conduction high doped districts are utilized to make Drain and source
associations. Electrical detachment of metal door from the P-type substrate is
finished by a layer of non-directing silicon oxide (SiO2). An electric7field will be
made pointing far from the base and over the P-locale legitimately under the base
when a positive voltage is7connected7to the entryway concerning the source. The
electric field will cause positive charges in the P-locale to move far from the base
instigating or upgrading a N-district in its place.

Conduction would then be able to occur between the N+ (channel) N (upgraded

area) N+ (sources). Expanding or diminishing in size in this way controlling
conduction. Shifting the voltage between the door and body adjusts the
conductivity of this layer and makes it conceivable to control the present stream
among channel and source.
 Fig. 5.10 N-channel enhancement type MOSFET

Practically speaking, a genuinely vast current in the request of 1-2A can be

required to charge the door capacitance at swing ON to guarantee that exchanging
times are little. In light of the entryway spillage current, so as to7keep7up the door
voltage once the gadget is ON nano-amps are required.

A negative voltage is regularly connected at swing OFF to release the entryway for
rapid turn OFF. Clearly with all around planned entryway driver circuits quicker
exchanging paces can be acquired Fig. 5.11 n-channel MOSFET

5.7.2 Features of power mosfets

Despite7the fact7that Power MOSFET gives lower exchanging misfortunes, its on-
obstruction and conduction misfortunes are more.
MOSFET is a voltage-controlled gadget. MOSFET has positive temperature co-
effective for opposition which makes it simple for parallel task of MOSFET. At
first if a MOSFET shares expanded current, it warms up quicker and accordingly
its obstruction rises and this expanded opposition makes the mutual expanded
current move to different gadgets in parallel. In MOSFET auxiliary separate does
not happen, in light of the fact that it has positive temperature co-efficient. Power
MOSFETS in higher voltage evaluations have more conduction misfortunes.

5.7.3 IRF 840- Power MOSFET

1) Dynamic dv/dt Rating
2) Repetitive Avalanche Rated
3) Fast switching
4) Ease of paralleling
5) Simple Drive requirements

5.7.4 DESCRIPTION
The IRF-840 gives quick exchanging, ruggedized gadget configuration, low on-
opposition and cost adequacy. The TO-220 bundle is favored all around for all
business and modern applications at dissemination dimensions of intensity set to
roughly 50 watts. The warm opposition and bundle cost being low for the TO-220
adds to its fame and acknowledgment all through the business.
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
The minimization of capacitance for static reactive power compensation in single-
phase has been proposed in this7paper.7The capacitance can be reduced to
considerably low value theoretically, compared with one to7achieve7the7same
reactive power generation by a fixed ac capacitor, but limited by some7factors.
One7is the7peak voltage7appears7in the capacitor as discussed in this paper.
Additionally,7capacitor current7must be7taken7in account.
For example, in the7case of7using electrolytic7capacitor, the limiting7factor for7
selecting the capacitor would obviously be the current ripple rating. Therefore, it
should be said that the capacitance can be reduced to the value which achieves the
capacitor current being equal to its rating, and good utilization of ratings can be
achieved. For power transmission and distribution applications, film capacitors are
preferred to be used for reliability reasons.
In that scenario, the proposed way can be used to reduce the7size7of the capacitor.
Or the proposed way can replace the electrolytic capacitor with film capacitors; in
that case, the reliability of the power transmission and distributed applications can
be improved without significant increase in size.
However, more detail considerations about the capacitor including current rating;
loss and resulting dimension are needed to make the advantages of the proposed
method clear. By using the reduced capacitance, switching loss can be reduced.
The switching loss reduction means higher efficiency and reduced size of the
cooling devices; therefore, results in compactness.
The switching loss reduction provides a significant increase in impact for high
power applications. In applications with high power, the possibility to increase
switching frequency significantly is not there due to poor switching characteristics
of high power semi-conductor devices. If the switching frequency is not enough
high to eliminate restricted harmonic components, some filters are needed.
The possibility of more high power reactive power compensator without filters can
be introduced using switching loss reduction. This paper proposed the
basic7concept7of the control for reduced capacitance; therefore, discussed only
steady state operation and step change with limited condition. However,
STATCOM is required to keep connected to the grid when the frequency and phase
quickly change and set-point must be updated instantaneously; for example, in grid
fault.
The proposed STATCOM has reduced capacitance of the capacitor, which means
reduced energy storage; therefore, high-speed response can be specially required,
in addition to that it is naturally required even with conventional STATCOM. If the
set-point changing at any timing is allowed, more complex issues will be involved.
Transient characteristics and control improvement should be investigated. This
paper only discussed the7line frequency7switching and a fixed carrier frequency
modulation; however, use of both is a practically good solution.
Harmonics with the line frequency switching at a high current operation around the
balance mode can be acceptable and further switching loss reduction by the
switching frequency reduction in this high current operation is attractive.
Additionally, 3-pulse and 5-pulse switching with a off-line calculated special pulse
pattern can be introduced between them.
That feature will extend the possible Capacity of the static7var7compensator
without filters.
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and
Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. IEEE Press, December1999. [2]
B. Singh, R. Saha, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad, “Static synchronous
compensators (STATCOM): A review,” IET Power Electronics,vol.2,pp.297–
324(2009)
[3] L. Gyugyi, C. D. Schauder, and K. K. Sen, “Static synchronous series
compensator: A solid-state approach to the series compensation of transmission
lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12,no.1,pp.406–417,(1997)
[4] G. G. Karady, T. H. Ortmeyer, B. R. Pilvelait and D. Maratukulam,
“Continuously regurated series capacitor,” Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 8,
No. 3,pp.1348–1355,(1993)
[5] E. H. Watanabe, L. F. W. de Souza, F. D. de Jesus, J. E. R. Alves
and A. Bianco, “GCSC - gate controlled series capacitor: a new facts
device for series compensation of transmission lines,” 2004 IEEE/PES
Transmission and distribution conference and exposition: Latin america, pp. 981–
986, (2004) [6] T. Takaku, T. Isobe, J. Narushima, H. Tsutsui and R. Shimada,
“Power factor correction using magnetic energy recovery current switches,”
Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 160, No. 3, pp. 56–62, (2007)
[7] J. A. Wiik, F. D. Wijaya, and R. Shimada:, “Characteristics of the
magnetic energy recovery switch (MERS) as a series FACTS controller”, IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.24, No.2, pp.828–836 (2009) [8] D. Shiojima, M.
Cheng, T. Isobe and R. Shimada, “Control and Design Principle of SVC-MERS - a
New Reactive Power Compensator with Line Frequency Switching and Small
Capacitor -,” Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) 2012, pp.
2045–2052, (2012) [9] H. F. Bilgin, M. Ermi, K. N. Kose, A. Cetin, I. Cadirci, A.
Acik,T. Demirci, A. Terciyanli, C. Kocak, and M. Yorukoglu, “ReactivePower
Compensation of Coal Mining Excavators by Using a New Generation
STATCOM,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,Vol.43,No.1,pp.97–
110(2007) [10] TakanoriIsobe, Kazuto Kobayashi, Kazuyuki Wakasugi, Ryuichi
Shimada, “Efficiency Improvement of Contactless Energy Transfer Systems Using
Series Compensation Device Named MERS,” European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications (EPE) 2011,Birmingham,UK(2011) [11] J. S. Lai, and
F. Z. Peng, “Multilevel converters - A new breed of power converters”,IEEE
Transactions nIndustryApplications,Vol.32,No.3,pp.509–517(1996) [12] F. Z.
Peng, J. S. Lai, J. W. McKeever, and J. VanCoevering, “A
multilevel voltage-source inverter with separate DC sources for static
VAr generation”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 32,
no.5,pp.1130–1138(1996)
[13] H. Akagi, S. Inoue, and T. Yoshii, “Control and performance of a
transformerless cascade PWM STATCOM with star configuration,” IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1041–1049(2007)
[14] K. Sano, M. Takasaki, “A transformerless D-STATCOM based on
a multi-voltage cascade converter requiring no DC sources,” Energy
Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) 2011,