PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

PREPARED BY:
Engr. Aamina Rajput
Lecturer CED
FLUIDS
SHEAR STRESS IN MOVING FLUID
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOLIDS
& FLUIDS
NEWTONIAN & NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
In fluid mechanics we shall
have cause to consider the
behavior of an ideal fluid,
which is assumed to have no
viscosity.
1. Plastic, for which the shear stress must reach a certain minimum value before flow
commences. Thereafter, shear stress increases with the rate of shear according to the
relationship

Where A,B and n are constants. If n=1, the material is known as a Bingham plastic (e.g.
sewage sludge).
2. Pseudo-plastic, for which dynamic viscosity decreases as the rate of shear increases
(e.g. clay, milk, cement & quick sand).
3. Dilatant substances, in which dynamic viscosity increases as the rate of shear
increases (e.g. Oobleck, wet sand, body armour).
4. Thixotropic substances, for which the dynamic viscosity decreases with the time for
which shearing forces are applied (e.g. thixotropic jelly paints, printer ink).
5. Rheopectic materials, for which the dynamic viscosity increases with the time for
which shearing forces are applied (e.g. cream)
6. Viscoelastic materials, which behave in a manner similar to Newtonian fluids under
time-invariant conditions but, if the shear stress changes suddenly, behave as if plastic.
Type of behavior Description Example
Thixotropic Viscosity decreases with Honey– keep stirring, and solid
stress over time honey becomes liquid
Rheopectic Viscosity increases with Cream – the longer you whip it
stress over time the thicker it gets
Pseudo plastic or Viscosity decreases with Tomato sauce
Shear thinning increased stress
Dilatant or shear Viscosity increases with Oobleck- cornstarch & water
thickening increased stress Body armour, wet sand
The behaviour of non-Newtonian fluids has important implications:
• If a house is built on certain types of clays and an earthquake puts stress on this
material through the sudden movement, the apparently solid clay can turn into a
runny liquid. This is called liquefaction.
• Body armour that behaves like a liquid so that you can move easily but turns into
a solid on impact from stress could be useful for police or the military.
UNITS OF VISCOSITY
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 • In MKS system
𝜇= = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
1 • force is represented by kgf
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗( )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∗𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 • Length by m
=
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ2 • In CGS system
𝐾𝑔𝑓 −𝑠𝑒𝑐
• force is represented by dyne
MKS unit of viscosity = • length by cm
𝑚2
• In SI system
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 −𝑠𝑒𝑐
CGS units of viscosity = =Poise • Force is represented by N
𝑐𝑚2
• Length by m
𝑁−𝑠𝑒𝑐
SI units of viscosity = = Pa-sec
𝑚2
CONVERSIONS – unit of viscosity from
MKS unit to CGS unit
one kgf−sec 9.81 N−sec
• =
m2 m2
• One Newton = one kg (mass) * one m/s2 (acceleration)
1000 gm ∗100 cm gm−cm
• = = 1000 * 100 = 1000 *100 dyne
sec2 sec2
cm
• Dyne =gm x
sec2
one kgf−sec dyne−sec dyne−sec
• = 9.81 *100000 = 9.81*100000
m2 m2 100∗100∗cm2
dyne−sec
• = 98.1 = 98.1 poise
cm2
one kgf−sec 9.81 N−sec
• = = 98.1 poise
m2 m2
one N−sec 98.1
• = poise = 10 poise
m2 9.81
N−sec
• 1 poise = 0.1
m2
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
• The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass
density
ν=μ/ρ
• Units: square metres per second (m2 s−1).
Note kinematic viscosity is often measured in stokes
One stoke = cm2 s-1 = 10-4 m2 s−1
• Dimensions: L2T−1.
• Typical values:
Water 1.14 × 10−6 m2 s−1
Air 1.46 × 10−5 m2 s−1
MASS DENSITY
• Mass density ρ is defined as the mass of the substance per unit volume.
𝑴
𝝆=
𝑽
• Units: kilograms per cubic metre (kg/ m3).
• Dimensions: ML−3.
• Typical values at p = 1.013 × 105 N m−2, T = 288.15 K
• Water density 1000 kg m−3
• Air density1.23 kg m−3.
SPECIFIC WEIGHT
• Specific weight w is defined as the weight per unit volume.
• Since weight is dependent on gravitational attraction, the specific weight will
vary from point to point, according to the local value of gravitational
acceleration g.
• The relationship between w and ρ can be deduced from Newton’s second law,
since
Weight per unit volume = Mass per unit volume × g
𝝎 = ρg
• Units: newtons per cubic metre (N m−3).
• Dimensions: ML−2T−2.
• Typical values:
• Water 9.81 × 103 N m−3
• Air 12.07 N m−3.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass density of a substance to
some standard mass density.
• For solids and liquids, the standard mass density chosen is the maximum
density of water (which occurs at 4 °C at atmospheric pressure):
S = ρsubstance / ρH2O at 4 °C
• For gases, the standard density may be that of air or of hydrogen at a specified
temperature and pressure, but the term is not used frequently.
• Units: since relative density is a ratio of two quantities of the same kind, it is a
pure number having no units.
• Dimensions: as a pure number, its dimensions are M0L0T0 = 1.
• Typical values:
• Water 1.0, Oil 0.9, Mercury 13.6
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
S (for liquids) =
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒂𝒔
S (for gases) =
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓
SPECIFIC VOLUME
• In addition to these measures of density, the quantity specific volume is
sometimes used, being defined as the reciprocal of mass density.
• Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a
unit mass.
𝑽 𝟏
Specific volume = =
𝑴 𝝆
Problem # 1
• Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of one
litre of a liquid which weighs 7N.

• Volume = 1 litre = 10-3 m3 = 1000 cm3

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 7
• Specific weight, 𝜔 = = = 7000 N/m3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 10−3
• Density 𝜌 = 𝜔/𝑔 = 7000/9.81 = 713.5 kg/m3
• Specific gravity = 713.5/1000 = 0.7135
Problem # 2
• Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of one litre of
petrol having specific gravity 0.7

• Volume = 1 litre = 10-3 m3 = 1000 cm3

• Specific gravity = 0.7
• Density 𝜌 = 𝑆 ∗ 𝜌𝐻 𝑜 = 0.7 * 1000 = 700 kg/m3
2
• Specific weight, 𝜔 = 𝜌 𝑔 = 700 ∗ 9.81 =6867 N/m3
• Weight = 𝜔* V = 6867 * 10-3 = 6.867 N
Problem # 3
2
If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by u= y− 𝑦 2 in which u is the
3
velocity in m/s at a distance y metre above the plate, determine the shear
stress at y=0 and y=0.15m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63 poise.

𝑁 𝑁
• 𝜏1 = 0.5756 & 0.3167
𝑚2 𝑚2
Problem # 4
A plate 0.025 mm distant from a fixed plate, moves at 60 cm/s and requires a
force of 2N/m2 to maintain this speed. Determine the fluid viscosity between
the plates.

• 𝜏 = 8.33 𝑥 10−4 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒

Problem # 5
A flat plate of area 1.5x106 mm2 is pulled with a speed of 0.4 m/s relative to
another plate located at a distance 0.15 mm from it. Find the force and power
required to maintain this speed, if the fluid separating them is having viscosity
of 1 poise.

• F = 400 N
• Power = F*u = 160 W