UIW Feik School of Pharmacy: Basic Drug Knowledge

The purpose of the Basic Drug Knowledge list is to ensure our students have a readily-retrievable knowledge of the top
300+ outpatient drugs and the top 50+ inpatient drugs. Readily-retrievable knowledge is necessary to provide a
framework for higher-level learning skills. The information provided here is basic, foundational knowledge that will be
expanded upon in our curriculum and is essential for safe, effective patient care. This list is not all inclusive of every
indication, formulation, route, brand name, side effect, and precaution. Many of the facts included in the “Essential
Knowledge” column are important to include in patient counseling. In the infectious diseases sections, antibiotic activity
against common pathogens are listed; however, the pathogen list is not all-inclusive.

All drug information presented in these charts were reviewed by pharmacotherapeutics faculty and a subcommittee of
the curriculum committee. All drug information was verified using package inserts, drug information resources (i.e., Lexi-
Comp, Micromedex), and professional textbooks.

Abbreviations found throughout document:

 ISMP: Institute for Safe Medication Practices
 PO: oral
 IV: intravenous
 IM: intramuscular
 subQ: subcutaneous
 D/C: discontinue/discontinuation
 CI: contraindicated

Other abbreviations are provided below each section as appropriate.

Textbook References:
DiPiro, J.T., Talbert, R.L., Yee, G.C., Matzke, G.R., Wells, B.G., & Posey, L.M. (2016). Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic
Approach (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Brunton, L.L., Chabner, B.A., & Knollman, B.C. (2011). Goodman and Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
(12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Katzung, B.G., Masters, S.B., & Trevor, A.J. (2015). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.

Last Updated: May 16, 2018

 HEAD, EARS, EYES, NOSE, THROAT 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: ocular hypersensitivity, drowsiness, allergic
brimonidine
Alphagan P Alpha2 agonist Elevated IOP conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular pruritus
(ophthalmic)
Other Notes: CI with MAOI therapy
dorzolamide Carbonic anhydrase Key Side Effects: ocular hypersensitivity, burning, and stinging,
Trusopt Elevated IOP
(ophthalmic) inhibitor blurred vision, dysgeusia
cyclosporine Key Side Effects: ocular burning, stinging, and pruritus, foreign
Restasis Calcineurin inhibitor Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
(ophthalmic) body sensation, hypersensitivity reaction
Betimol, Timoptic,
timolol (ophthalmic) Non-selective beta-blocker Elevated IOP Key Side Effects: ocular stinging and burning
Timoptic XE, Istalol
permethrin (topical) Nix, Elimite Pediculocide Lice, scabies Key Side Effects: itching, redness, swelling of scalp
bimatoprost Elevated IOP, eyelash
Lumigan, Latisse
(ophthalmic) hypotrichosis
Key Side Effects: eyelash growth, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular
latanoprost Prostaglandin analog
Xalatan pruritus, iris color change, periocular hyperpigmentation
(ophthalmic) Elevated IOP
travoprost (ophthalmic) Travatan Z
dorzolamide and timolol
Cosopt, Cosopt PF See individual drug components.
(ophthalmic)
IOP: intraocular pressure; MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor
HEAD, EARS, EYES, NOSE, THROAT 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
chlorhexidine (topical, Skin cleanser, Key Side Effects: dysgeusia, increased tartar formation, mouth
Hibiclens, Peridex Antiseptic
PO) periodontitis, gingivitis discoloration, mouth irritation
Key Side Effects: sedation, nasal congestion, chills, chest
benzonatate (PO) Tessalon Perles Antitussive Cough numbness, bronchospasm
Other Notes: do not break capsule because it may cause choking
clobetasol (topical) Temovate, Clobex Key Side Effects: burning of skin, dryness of skin,
fluocinonide (topical) Vanos Psoriasis, atopic hypopigmentation, secondary infection
dermatitis Other Notes: do not use for > 2 weeks because it may cause
triamcinolone (topical) Kenalog adrenal suppression
fluticasone (intranasal) Flonase Corticosteroid
mometasone Allergic rhinitis Key Side Effects: nasal dryness, epistaxis, nasal burning, headache
Nasonex
(intranasal)
prednisolone Pred Forte, Pred Key Side Effects: glaucoma, cataract formation, corneal thinning,
Ophthalmic inflammation
(ophthalmic) Mild, Omnipred secondary infection
azelastine (intranasal) Astepro Allergic rhinitis Key Side Effects: headache, nasal dryness, epistaxis, bitter taste
diphenhydramine (PO, Allergic reaction, allergic
Benadryl Key Side Effects: drowsiness, constipation, xerostomia
IV) rhinitis, insomnia
Key Side Effects: dizziness, somnolence, xerostomia, blurred
hydroxyzine (PO, IV) Atarax, Vistaril Pruritis, nausea, anxiety
Histamine (H1) blocker vision, QTc prolongation
levocetirizine (PO) Xyzal Allergic rhinitis Key Side Effects: drowsiness, constipation, xerostomia

olopatadine
Pataday, Patanol Allergic conjunctivitis Key Side Effects: ocular burning, discomfort, dryness
(ophthalmic)

promethazine and Phenergan with Key Side Effects: dizziness, somnolence, xerostomia, blurred
codeine (PO) Codeine vision, constipation, respiratory depression (dose-related)
US Boxed Warning: concomitant use of opioids with
Histamine (H1) blocker and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol), may
Cough, cold
chlorpheniramine and Tussionex opioid analgesic result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and
hydrocodone (PO) Pennkinetic ER death
Other Notes: Opioid-containing cough and cold products no longer
indicated for use in patients <18 years of age
Key Side Effects: dizziness, somnolence, constipation, respiratory
codeine and guaifenesin Robitussin AC, Opioid analgesic and depression (dose-related)
Cough, cold
(PO) Cheratussin AC expectorant Other Notes: Opioid-containing cough and cold products no longer
indicated for use in patients <18 years of age
neomycin, polymyxin B,
Topical antibiotics and
and hydrocortisone Cortisporin Otic Ear infections Key Side Effects: local irritation, itching, burning
corticosteroid
(otic)
 RENAL 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
dutasteride (PO) Avodart BPH Key Side Effects: decreased libido, impotence, oropharyngeal
irritation (dutasteride only)
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor BPH, male pattern
finasteride (PO) Proscar, Propecia Other Notes: women who are pregnant or of child-bearing age
baldness should not touch; swallow whole (dutasteride only)
doxazosin (PO) Cardura Key Side Effects: dizziness, orthostatic hypotension,
Alpha1 blocker BPH, HTN
terazosin (PO) Hytrin priapism (rare), intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (rare)
Key Side Effects: dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, priapism
tamsulosin (PO) Flomax Alpha1a blocker BPH (rare), intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (rare)
Other Notes: take 30 min after the same meal daily
fesoterodine (PO) Toviaz
Key Side Effects: xerostomia, constipation, angioedema (rare)
solifenacin (PO) Vesicare Anticholinergic Overactive bladder
Other Notes: CI in uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma
tolterodine (PO) Detrol, Detrol LA
Key Side Effects: xerostomia, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness,
Ditropan, Ditropan Anticholinergic, urinary
oxybutynin (PO) Overactive bladder angioedema (rare)
XL antispasmodic agent
Other Notes: CI in uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma
Azo Urinary Pain Symptomatic relief of Key Side Effects: stomach cramps, headache, dizziness
phenazopyridine (PO) Urinary analgesic
Relief, Pyridium dysuria Other Notes: may change bodily fluids red/orange
BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia; HTN: hypertension
RENAL 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: hypercalcemia, arrhythmia
calcium gluconate (IV) --- Hypocalcemia Other Notes: precipitation occurs with phosphate; do not
administer IM; vesicant
magnesium sulfate (IV, Hypomagnesemia, pre- Key Side Effects: cardiac arrest (with rapid undiluted IV infusion)
---
IM) eclampsia Other Notes: ISMP-high-alert medication; dilute before infusion
Key Side Effects (IV): hyperkalemia, cardiac arrest with rapid
undiluted infusion
Key Side Effects (PO): hyperkalemia, abdominal discomfort/pain,
potassium chloride (PO, PO: K-Tab, Klor- Electrolyte supplement
Hypokalemia diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting
IV) Con, Micro-K
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; dilute before infusion;
do not administer IV push; vesicant; tablets with wax coating may
appear in stool
Key Side Effects: hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, cardiac arrest
potassium phosphate (with rapid undiluted IV infusion)
--- Hypokalemia
(IV) Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; must dilute before
infusion; precipitation occurs with calcium; vesicant
ergocalciferol (vitamin Dietary supplement, Key Side Effects: hypervitaminosis D
--- Fat-soluble vitamin
D2) (PO) hypoparathyroidism Other Notes: CI with hypercalcemia
Secondary
calcitriol (PO) Rocaltrol Vitamin D analog Key Side Effects: hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
hyperparathyroidism
5%: hypovolemia
Albuminar,
albumin, 5% or 25% (IV) Colloid 25%: large volume Key Side Effects: hypervolemia
Plasbumin
paracentesis
0.9% sodium chloride
Normal saline Hypovolemia, carrier fluid Key Side Effects: hypervolemia, non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
(IV)
lactated ringers (IV) LR Hypovolemia Key Side Effects: hypervolemia
Crystalloid
Carrier fluid,
5% dextrose in water
D5W hypernatremia, Key Side Effects: hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypervolemia
(IV)
hypoglycemia
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
benazepril (PO) Lotensin
enalapril (PO) Vasotec
Angiotensin-converting Key Side Effects: cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema
lisinopril (PO) Prinivil, Zestril HTN, chronic HF, CAD
enzyme (ACE) inhibitor US Boxed Warnings: fetal toxicity (CI in pregnancy)
quinapril (PO) Accupril
ramipril (PO) Altace
irbesartan (PO) Avapro
losartan (PO) Cozaar
Angiotensin II receptor HTN, CAD Key Side Effects: hyperkalemia, angioedema
olmesartan (PO) Benicar
blocker (ARB) US Boxed Warnings: fetal toxicity (CI in pregnancy)
telmisartan (PO) Micardis
valsartan (PO) Diovan HTN, chronic HF, CAD
amlodipine (PO) Norvasc
Procardia XL, Key Side Effects: edema
Dihydropyridine calcium HTN, CAD
nifedipine (PO) Nifedical XL, Other Notes: not all generic products therapeutically equivalent
channel blocker (CCB)
Adalat CC
nicardipine (PO, IV) Cardene Hypertensive crisis Key Side Effects: flushing, headache, edema, hypotension
Cartia XT,
Cardizem,
diltiazem (PO, IV) Non-dihydropyridine
Cardizem CD, AF (rate control), HTN,
calcium channel blocker Key Side Effects: bradycardia, peripheral edema, constipation
Cardizem LA CAD
(CCB)
Calan, Calan SR,
verapamil (PO)
Verelan
chlorthalidone (PO) Thalitone
Thiazide diuretic HTN, volume overload Key Side Effects: hypokalemia, hyponatremia
hydrochlorothiazide (PO) Microzide
metolazone (PO) Zaroxolyn Thiazide-like diuretic HTN, volume overload Key Side Effects: hypokalemia, hyponatremia
amlodipine and
Lotrel
benazepril (PO)
lisinopril and
Prinzide
hydrochlorothiazide (PO)
losartan and
Hyzaar
hydrochlorothiazide (PO)
olmesartan and See individual drug components.
Benicar-HCT
hydrochlorothiazide (PO) (note: information on triamterene as monotherapy is not included as it is not a Top 300+ drug)
telmisartan and
Micardis HCT
hydrochlorothiazide (PO)
triamterene and
Dyazide, Maxzide
hydrochlorothiazide (PO)
valsartan and
Diovan-HCT
hydrochlorothiazide (PO)
HTN: hypertension; HF: heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2
Pharmacologic
Generic Name Brand Name Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Category
Potassium-sparing Key Side Effects: gynecomastia, hyperkalemia
spironolactone (PO) Aldactone HTN, chronic HF, ascites
diuretic US Boxed Warnings: tumorigenic
bumetanide (PO, IV) Bumex
Key Side Effects: hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia
furosemide (PO, IV) Lasix Loop diuretic Volume overload
US Boxed Warnings: fluid and electrolyte loss
torsemide (PO) Demadex
atenolol (PO) Tenormin Key Side Effects: bradycardia
AF (rate control), CAD, HTN US Boxed Warnings: avoid abrupt D/C
metoprolol tartrate (PO, IV) Lopressor Other Notes: masks symptoms of hypoglycemia
Beta1-selective beta-
blocker Chronic HF, AF (rate control),
metoprolol succinate (PO) Toprol-XL Key Side Effects: bradycardia
CAD, HTN
Other Notes: masks symptoms of hypoglycemia
nebivolol (PO) Bystolic HTN
Chronic HF, AF (rate control),
carvedilol (PO) Coreg, Coreg CR Key Side Effects: bradycardia
CAD, HTN
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; masks symptoms of
PO: HTN,
labetalol (PO, IV) Trandate Non-selective beta- hypoglycemia
IV: hypertensive crisis
blocker
Key Side Effects: bradycardia
Inderal LA,
propranolol (PO) HTN, CAD US Boxed Warnings: avoid abrupt D/C
Inderal XL
Other Notes: masks symptoms of hypoglycemia
PO: Catapres, Key Side Effects: xerostomia, drowsiness
clonidine (PO, transdermal) Transdermal: Alpha2 agonist HTN, ADHD US Boxed Warnings: avoid epidural use
Catapres-TTS Other Notes: do not D/C abruptly; taper to reduce rebound HTN
Direct arterial Key Side Effects: orthostatic hypotension, drug-induced lupus-like
hydralazine (PO, IV) Apresoline HTN
vasodilator syndrome
Beta1 and beta2 Key Side Effects: tachyarrhythmias
dobutamine (IV) --- ADHF, cardiogenic shock
agonist; inotrope Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Advanced cardiac life support, Key Side Effects: tachyarrhythmias, peripheral ischemia, lactic
Beta1, beta2, and
epinephrine (IV, IM, subQ) Adrenalin shock, anaphylaxis, acidosis
alpha1 agonist
bradycardia Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Key Side Effects: tachyarrhythmias, peripheral ischemia
Alpha1 agonist
US Boxed Warning: extravasation (central line administration
norepinephrine (IV) Levophed (predominantly), beta1 Shock
preferred)
and beta2 agonist
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
bisoprolol and See individual drug components.
Ziac
hydrochlorothiazide (PO) (note: information on bisoprolol as monotherapy is not included as it is not a Top 300+ drug)
HTN: hypertension; HF: heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; ADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHF: acute decompensated heart
failure
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 3
Generic Name
dabigatran (PO)
apixaban (PO)
rivaroxaban (PO)
warfarin (PO)
enoxaparin (subQ)
heparin (IV, subQ)
clopidogrel (PO)
dipyridamole and aspirin
(PO)
prasugrel (PO)
alteplase (intracatheter, IV)
AF: atrial fibrillation; VTE: venous thromboembolism; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; HIT: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; STEMI: ST segment
elevation myocardial infarction; PE: pulmonary embolism; HTN: hypertension
Pharmacologic
Brand Name Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Category
Key Side Effects: bleeding, dyspepsia
US Boxed Warnings: premature D/C increases risk of thrombotic
Anticoagulant, direct
Pradaxa AF (stroke prevention), VTE events
thrombin inhibitor
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; swallow whole; dispense
and store in original packaging; discard 4 months after opening
Eliquis Key Side Effects: bleeding
Anticoagulant, factor US Boxed Warnings: premature D/C increases risk of thrombotic
AF (stroke prevention), VTE
Xarelto Xa inhibitor events
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Key Side Effects: bleeding
US Boxed Warnings: bleeding risk
Other Notes: narrow therapeutic index drug (toxicity may occur at
Coumadin, Anticoagulant, vitamin concentrations close to therapeutic range; therapeutic monitoring
AF (stroke prevention), VTE
Jantoven K antagonist recommended with INR)
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; dose dependent tablet
colors; uniform vitamin K intake recommended; many drug
interactions
Key Side Effects: bleeding, hyperkalemia, HIT
Anticoagulant, low US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of epidural or spinal hematoma
Lovenox molecular weight ACS, VTE in patient undergoing spinal puncture
heparin Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; do not expel air bubble
form syringe prior to injection
Key Side Effects: bleeding, hyperkalemia, HIT
--- Anticoagulant ACS, VTE
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Key Side Effects: bleeding
Plavix CAD, stroke
US Boxed Warnings: diminished effectiveness in poor metabolizers
Aggrenox Stroke Key Side Effects: bleeding, headache
Antiplatelet agent
Key Side Effects: bleeding
Effient CAD US Boxed Warnings: bleeding risk
Other Notes: CI in patients with history of stroke
Intracatheter: Intracatheter: catheter Key Side Effects: bleeding
Cathflo, Fibrinolytic clearance Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication, CI in patients with
IV: Activase IV: STEMI, ischemic stroke, PE severe uncontrolled HTN
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 4
Generic Name
amiodarone (PO, IV)
sotalol (PO, IV)
isosorbide mononitrate
(PO)
nitroglycerin (PO, IV)
colesevelam (PO)
digoxin (PO, IV)
ezetimibe (PO)
fenofibrate (PO)
gemfibrozil (PO)
atorvastatin (PO)
lovastatin (PO)
pravastatin (PO)
rosuvastatin (PO)
simvastatin (PO)
omega-3 fatty acids (PO)
niacin (extended release)
(PO)
ezetimibe and
simvastatin (PO)
AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure
Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pulmonary
toxicity, hepatotoxicity
Cordarone, AF, ventricular fibrillation,
US Boxed Warnings: life-threatening arrhythmias, pulmonary
Pacerone ventricular tachycardia
Antiarrhythmic toxicity, hepatotoxicity
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication; many drug interactions
Key Side Effects: bradycardia, arrhthymias
Betapace AF (rhythm control)
US Boxed Warnings: life-threatening proarrhythmia
Imdur
Vasodilator CAD Key Side Effects: headache
Nitrostat,
NitroQuick
Welchol Bile acid sequestrant Dyslipidemia Key Side Effects: constipation, dyspepsia
Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, visual changes
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication narrow therapeutic index
Digitek, Digox, AF (rate control), chronic
Cardiac glycoside drug (toxicity may occur at concentrations close to therapeutic range;
Lanoxin HF
therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended); signs of toxicity
include nausea, vomiting and visual changes; many drug interactions
Cholesterol absorption
Zetia Dyslipidemia Key Side Effects: diarrhea
inhibitor
Tricor, Trilipix Key Side Effects: dyspepsia, myopathy/rhabdomyolysis, elevated
Fibric acid derivative Dyslipidemia
Lopid hepatic transaminases
Lipitor
Mevacor Key Side Effects: myopathy/rhabdomyolysis
HMG-CoA reductase
Pravachol Dyslipidemia, CAD, stroke US Boxed Warnings: fetal toxicity
inhibitor
Crestor Other Notes: avoid excessive grapefruit juice intake
Zocor
Lovaza Omega-3 fatty acids Dyslipidemia Key Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, dysgeusia, eructation
Niaspan Water-soluble vitamin Dyslipidemia Key Side Effects: flushing, pruritus
Vytorin See individual drug components.
 PULMONARY
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
beclomethasone
Qvar
(inhalation) Key Side Effects: oral candidiasis, hoarseness (dysphonia), sore
Pulmicort, throat
budesonide (inhalation) Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) Asthma, COPD
Pulmicort Flexhaler Other Notes: rinse mouth with water and spit to prevent Candida
fluticasone propionate Flovent HFA, infection
(inhalation) Flovent Diskus
fluticasone and Advair Diskus,
salmeterol (inhalation) Advair HFA Key Side Effects: oral candidiasis, hoarseness (dysphonia), sore
Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)
budesonide and throat
Symbicort and long-acting beta2 Asthma, COPD
formoterol (inhalation) Other Notes: rinse mouth with water and spit to prevent Candida
agonist (LABA)
mometasone and infection
Dulera
formoterol (inhalation)
Leukotriene receptor
montelukast (PO) Singulair Allergic rhinitis, asthma Key Side Effects: headache
antagonist
tiotropium (inhalation) Spiriva Long-acting anticholinergic Asthma, COPD Key Side Effects: xerostomia
Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, abnormal dreams, headache,
varenicline (PO) Chantix Partial nicotine agonist Smoking cessation
insomnia, irritability
Key Side Effects: tachycardia, headache, nausea, insomnia, tremor
Other Notes: narrow therapeutic index drug (toxicity may occur at
Theo-24, Phosphodiesterase
theophylline (PO) Asthma, COPD concentrations close to therapeutic range; therapeutic drug
Theochron enzyme inhibitor
monitoring is recommended); may cause seizures and cardiac
arrhythmias at high concentrations
Short-acting
ipratropium (inhalation) Atrovent HFA COPD Key Side Effects: xerostomia, nausea, dysgeusia
anticholinergic
Proventil, Ventolin,
albuterol (inhalation) Short-acting beta2 agonist Asthma, COPD
ProAir, VoSpire ER Key Side Effects: tremor, tachycardia, nervousness, excitement
(SABA)
levalbuterol (inhalation) Xopenex Asthma
ipratropium and
Combivent See individual drug components.
albuterol (inhalation)
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
penicillin V potassium
Beta-lactam antibiotic Pharyngitis, SSTI
(PO), penicillin G ---
(natural penicillin) Activity against: Streptococcus pyogenes
potassium (IV)
Otitis media, pharyngitis
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity
amoxicillin (PO) --- Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
reactions
Beta-lactam antibiotic Streptococcus pyogenes
(aminopenicillin) Intrapartum group B Streptococcus prophylaxis
ampicillin (PO, IV) --- Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity
Otitis media, bacterial sinusitis
amoxicillin and Augmentin, reactions
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
clavulanate (PO) Augmentin XR Other Notes: various ratios of amoxicillin and
Beta-lactam antibiotic Haemophilus influenzae
clavulanate available
(aminopenicillin) and
ampicillin and DFI, IAI
Unasyn beta-lactamase inhibitor
sulbactam (IV) Activity against: MSSA, Bacteroides species Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity
piperacillin and HAP, DFI, IAI reactions
Zosyn
tazobactam (IV) Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Beta-lactam antibiotic
CRBSI, endocarditis, SSTI Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity
oxacillin (IV) --- (penicillinase-resistant
Activity against: MSSA, Streptococcus pyogenes reactions, elevated hepatic transaminases
penicillin)
SSTI
cephalexin (PO) Keflex Beta-lactam antibiotic
Activity against: MSSA, Streptococcus pyogenes
(first generation
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery, CRBSI, SSTI
cefazolin (IV) Ancef, Kefzol cephalosporin)
Activity against: MSSA, Streptococcus pyogenes
Beta-lactam antibiotic Bacterial sinusitis
IV: Zinacef,
cefuroxime (IV, PO) (second generation Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
PO: Ceftin Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity
cephalosporin) Haemophilus influenzae
reactions
Otitis media, bacterial sinusitis
cefdinir (PO) Omnicef Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Beta-lactam antibiotic
Haemophilus influenzae
(third generation
cefotaxime (IV) Claforan Meningitis, CAP, pyelonephritis
cephalosporin)
Activity against: Streptococcus pneumoniae,
ceftriaxone (IV, IM) Rocephin
Escherichia coli
Beta-lactam antibiotic Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity
Meningitis, CAP, HAP, pyelonephritis
cefepime (IV) Maxipime (fourth generation reactions, seizures or encephalopathy with
Activity against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
cephalosporin) excessive doses
SSTI: skin and soft tissue infection; DFI: diabetic foot infection; IAI: intra-abdominal infection; HAP: hospital-acquired pneumonia, MSSA: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus
aureus; CRBSI: catheter-related bloodstream infection
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Meningitis, HAP, DFI, IAI
Activity against: Pseudomonas Key Side Effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity reactions,
meropenem (IV) Merrem Carbapenem
aeruginosa, ESBL-producing seizures with excessive doses
Enterobacteriaceae
Pyelonephritis, HAP Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, QTc
ciprofloxacin (PO, IV) Cipro Activity against: Pseudomonas prolongation, tendon rupture, increased hepatic
aeruginosa, atypicals transaminases; photosensitivity
CAP, pyelonephritis US Boxed Warnings: may cause disabling and potentially
Activity against: Pseudomonas irreversible serious adverse reactions including tendinitis
levofloxacin (PO, IV) Levaquin
Fluoroquinolone aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS
antibiotic atypicals effects; may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with
myasthenia gravis
Ophthalmic: bacterial conjunctivitis,
Ophthalmic: Other Notes: take oral fluoroquinolones 2 hours before or 6
moxifloxacin PO, IV: CAP
Vigamox, hours after products containing divalent or trivalent cations
(ophthalmic, PO, IV) Activity against: Streptococcus
PO, IV: Avelox (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified juices, oral
pneumoniae, atypicals
multivitamins, mineral supplements)
Zithromax, Z-
azithromycin (PO, IV) CAP Key Side Effects: diarrhea, QTc prolongation
Pak, Zmax
Macrolide antibiotic Activity against: Helicobacter pylori,
clarithromycin (PO,
Biaxin, Biaxin XL Chlamydia trachomatis, atypicals Key Side Effects: diarrhea, metallic taste, QTc prolongation
IV)
Key Side Effects: esophagitis, photosensitivity
Other Notes: may cause permanent gray-brown
discoloration of teeth and/or enamel hypoplasia when given
Vibramycin, SSTI, CAP
doxycycline (PO, IV) to pediatric populations; take oral tetracyclines 2 hours
Doryx, Activity against: MRSA, atypicals
before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or
trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified
juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements)
Tetracycline antibiotic
Key Side Effects: vestibular side effects, photosensitivity
Other Notes: may cause permanent gray-brown
discoloration of teeth and/or enamel hypoplasia when given
SSTI
minocycline (PO, IV) Minocin to pediatric populations; take oral tetracyclines 2 hours
Activity against: MRSA
before or 6 hours after products containing divalent or
trivalent cations (e.g., dairy products, calcium-fortified
juices, oral multivitamins, mineral supplements)
HAP: hospital-acquired pneumonia; DFI: diabetic foot infection; IAI: intra-abdominal infection; CAP: community-acquired pneumonia; SSTI: skin and soft tissue infection; MRSA:
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES 3
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, Clostridium difficile diarrhea
US Boxed Warnings: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
SSTI, pharyngitis
clindamycin (PO, IV) Cleocin Lincosamide antibiotic (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all
Activity against: MRSA
antibacterial agents, including clindamycin, and may range
in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis
Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes
(rarely SJS or TEN), hyperkalemia, increased serum
sulfamethoxazole and Bactrim, SSTI
Sulfonamide antibiotic creatinine, hypersensitivity reactions
trimethoprim (PO, IV) Bactrim DS Activity against: MRSA
Other Notes: fixed ratio (8:1) of sulfamethoxazole and
trimethoprim; dosing based on trimethoprim component
Cystitis
nitrofurantoin (PO) Macrobid Urinary antibiotic Key Side Effects: nausea, pulmonary fibrosis (chronic use)
Activity against: Escherichia coli
HAP, pyelonephritis, neonatal sepsis
Aminoglycoside
gentamicin (IV) --- Activity against: Pseudomonas Key Side Effects: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
antibiotic
aeruginosa, Escherichia coli
IV: SSTI, HAP, meningitis, endocarditis,
CRBSI
Key Side Effects: nephrotoxicity, Red Man’s syndrome
vancomycin (IV, PO) Vancocin Glycopeptide antibiotic PO: CDI
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication if given intrathecal
Activity against: MRSA, Clostridium
difficile
Anaerobic infections, CDI
metronidazole (PO, Key Side Effects: nausea, metallic taste, alcohol intolerance,
Flagyl Antibiotic Activity against: Bacteroides species,
IV) peripheral neuropathy (long-term use)
Clostridium difficile
mupirocin (topical) Bactroban Antibiotic MRSA decolonization Key Side Effects: no major side effects
SSTI: skin and soft tissue infection; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; SJS: Stevens-Johnson syndrome; TEN: toxic epidermal necrolysis; HAP: hospital-acquired
pneumonia; CRBSI: catheter-related blood stream infection; CDI: Clostridium difficile infection
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 4
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, elevated
terbinafine (PO, topical) Lamisil Allylamine antifungal Onychomycosis
hepatic transaminases
Key Side Effects: nausea, increased hepatic transaminases,
acyclovir (PO, IV) Zovirax crystalluria
Antiviral Herpes simplex virus
Other Notes: vesicant
valacyclovir (PO) Valtrex Key Side Effects: nausea, increased hepatic transaminases
Vulvovaginal candidiasis, Key Side Effects: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, QTc
fluconazole (PO, IV) Diflucan
oropharyngeal candidiasis prolongation, increased hepatic transaminases
Key Side Effects: nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, QTc
prolongation, increased hepatic transaminases
Azole antifungal US Boxed Warnings: use only when other effective antifungal
ketoconazole (PO, therapy is not available or tolerated and the potential benefits are
Nizoral Fungal infections
topical) considered to outweigh the potential risks; serious hepatotoxicity,
including cases with a fatal outcome or requiring liver
transplantation, have occurred; may cause QTc prolongation and
drug interactions leading to QTc prolongation
Neuraminidase inhibitor Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, neuropsychiatric events (e.g.,
oseltamivir (PO) Tamiflu Influenza
antiviral confusion, delirium, hallucinations) in pediatric patients (rare)
Oropharyngeal
nystatin (PO) Bio-Statin Key Side Effects: no major side effects
candidiasis
Polyene antifungal Cutaneous and
Key Side Effects: burning, itching
nystatin (topical) --- mucocutaneous fungal
Other Notes: only use oral solutions for thrush
infections
micafungin (IV) Mycamine Echinocandin antifungal Invasive candidiasis Key Side Effects: no major side effects
Key Side Effects: burning, itching, dryness, skin atrophy
betamethasone and Glucocorticoid and azole Cutaneous fungal
Lotrisone Other Notes: do not use for diaper dermatitis; adrenal suppression
clotrimazole (topical) antifungal infections
with long-term use over large areas of skin
 MUSCULOSKELETAL 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, hypotension, dizziness, xerostomia,
tizanidine (PO) Zanaflex Alpha2 agonist Spasticity
weakness
Key Side Effects: retinal toxicity, rash, diarrhea
hydroxychloroquine Other Notes: use has been associated with cardiomyopathy, bone
Plaquenil Aminoquinolone RA, SLE, malaria
(PO) marrow suppression, and neuromuscular effects (i.e., myopathy,
palsies, and progressive weakness)
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, bone marrow
colchicine (PO) Colcrys Antigout agent Gout
suppression, myotoxicity (including rhabdomyolysis)
diclofenac (PO) Voltaren Key Side Effects: diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain,
ibuprofen (PO) Motrin, Advil flatulence, nausea
meloxicam (PO) Mobic OA, RA, acute pain US Boxed Warnings: may increase the risk of serious (and
nabumetone (PO) Relafen NSAID potentially fatal) cardiovascular thrombotic events; may increase
piroxicam (PO) Feldene the risk for serious (and potentially fatal) gastrointestinal adverse
indomethacin (PO) Indocin events including ulceration, bleeding, and perforation
OA, RA, acute pain, gout US Boxed Warning (only for ketorolac): indicated for short term
naproxen (PO) Naprosyn, Anaprox
ketorolac (PO, IV) Toradol NSAID Pain use (≤ 5 days)
Other Notes: may reduce renal blood flow and compromise
celecoxib (PO) Celebrex NSAID, COX-2 selective OA, RA, acute pain existing renal function (avoid in patients with renal disease, heart
failure, and cirrhosis)
Voltaren Gel,
diclofenac (topical) NSAID OA Key Side Effects: pruritus, rash
Solareze
RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; OA: osteoarthritis
MUSCULOSKELETAL 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, dizziness, xerostomia, fatigue
cyclobenzaprine (PO) Flexeril Muscle spasm Other Notes: use may cause prolonged cardiac, arrhythmias, and
tachycardia; CI within 14 days of MAOI inhibitor therapy
baclofen (PO) Lioresal Spasticity
carisoprodol (PO) Soma Skeletal muscle relaxant Key Side Effects: drowsiness
methocarbamol (PO) Robaxin Other Notes: drug abuse potential (carisoprodol only)
metaxalone (PO) Skelaxin, Metaxall Muscle spasm
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, dizziness, xerostomia, fatigue
orphenadrine (PO) Norflex
Other Notes: use caution in patients with cardiac disease
Key Side Effects: hypotension
Marcaine, US Boxed Warning: bupivacaine 0.75% should not be used for
bupivacaine (IV) Local anesthetic Epidural anesthesia
Sensorcaine obstetrical anesthesia due to reports of cardiac arrest and death
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Key Side Effects (transdermal): dermatitis, erythema, urticaria,
Transdermal: Transdermal: topical Transdermal: pain, skin depigmentation, skin edema
lidocaine (transdermal,
Lidoderm, analgesic, IV: ventricular Key Side Effects (IV): bradycardia
IV)
IV: Xylocaine IV: antiarrhythmic arrhythmias Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication (IV), patch may remain in
place for up to 12 hours in any 24-hour period, patch may be cut
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, rash, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia
allopurinol (PO) Zyloprim Xanthine oxidase Inhibitor Gout Other Notes: rare association with severe (and potentially fatal)
allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (risk highest in certain Asian
populations)
Key Side Effects: hyperkalemia, myalgia, malignant hyperthermia
(rare)
Depolarizing Neuromuscular blockade
US Boxed Warning: acute rhabdomyolysis and hyperkalemia
succinylcholine (IV) Anectine neuromuscular blocking for intubation or
leading to cardiac arrest and death in pediatric patients with
agent procedures
undiagnosed skeletal muscle disease
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
 ENDOCRINE 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Glucophage,
metformin (PO) Biguanide Type 2 DM, PCOS US Boxed Warnings: lactic acidosis
Glucophage XR
Other Notes: CI if creatinine clearance <30 mL/min
saxagliptin (PO) Onglyza Key Side Effects: headache, nasopharyngitis
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-
Type 2 DM Other Notes: heart failure requiring hospitalization and
sitagliptin (PO) Januvia 4) inhibitor
pancreatitis have occurred
Glucagon-like peptide-1 Type 2 DM, chronic Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
liraglutide (subQ) Victoza, Saxenda
(GLP-1) receptor agonist weight management US Boxed Warnings: may increase risk of thyroid c-cell tumor
Humulin N, Insulin, intermediate
insulin NPH (subQ)
Novolin N acting
insulin detemir (subQ) Levemir
Insulin, long acting Type 1 DM, type 2 DM Key Side Effects: hypoglycemia, weight gain
insulin glargine (subQ) Lantus, Toujeo
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
insulin aspart (subQ) Novolog
Insulin, rapid acting
insulin lispro (subQ) Humalog
insulin regular Humulin R, Type 1 DM, type 2 DM,
Insulin, short-acting
(subQ, IV) Novolin R DKA
glimepiride (PO) Amaryl
Glucotrol, Key Side Effects: hypoglycemia, weight gain
glipizide (PO) Sulfonylurea Type 2 DM
Glucotrol XL Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
glyburide (PO) Glynase
Key Side Effects: edema, weight gain, hypoglycemia, upper
pioglitazone (PO) Actos Thiazolidinedione (TZD) Type 2 DM respiratory tract infection
US Boxed Warnings: may exacerbate congestive heart failure
levothyroxine (PO, IV) Synthroid, Levoxyl Key Side Effects: weight loss, palpitations, diarrhea, insomnia, heat
intolerance
US Boxed Warnings: not intended for use for weight loss
Thyroid product Hypothyroidism Other Notes: narrow therapeutic index drug (toxicity may occur at
thyroid, dessicated (PO) Armour Thyroid concentrations close to therapeutic range; therapeutic monitoring
is recommended); not all generic products are therapeutically
equivalent
sitagliptin and Janumet, Janumet
See individual drug components.
metformin (PO) XR
DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; DM: diabetes mellitus; PCOS: polycystic ovarian syndrome
ENDOCRINE 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
drospirenone and
ethinyl estradiol (PO)
levonorgestrel and
ethinyl estradiol
(monophasic) (PO)
norethindrone and
ethinyl estradiol (1/35) Key Side Effects: nausea, changes in menstrual flow, breast
(PO) tenderness, thromboembolic disorders, headache
norethindrone, ethinyl US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of cardiovascular events in
Various Contraceptive Contraception, acne
estradiol, and ferrous women >35 years old who smoke
fumarate (PO) Other Notes: CI in hepatic dysfunction, thromboembolic disorders,
norgestimate and breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease
ethinyl estradiol (PO)
norgestimate and
ethinyl estradiol
(triphasic) (PO)
norgestrel and ethinyl
estradiol (PO)
estrogens (conjugated) Key Side Effects: abdominal pain, breast tenderness,
Premarin
(PO, topical) thromboembolic disorders, irritation at application site
(transdermal patch only)
Vasomotor symptoms
US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of breast cancer; should not be
associated with
used for dementia prevention; increased risk of endometrial
Estrogen derivative menopause, vaginal
cancer if not used concomitantly with progestin in women with a
estradiol (transdermal) Vivelle Dot atrophy associated with
uterus; should not be used for prevention of cardiovascular disease
menopause
Other Notes: CI in hepatic dysfunction, thromboembolic disorders,
cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and estrogen-dependent
tumor
Key Side Effects: acne, abnormal menstrual bleeding, headache,
amenorrhea
US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of breast cancer; should not be
Abnormal uterine
medroxyprogesterone used for dementia prevention; should not be used for prevention
Provera Progestin bleeding, secondary
(PO) of cardiovascular disease
amenorrhea
Other Notes: CI in thromboembolic disorders, cardiovascular
disease, estrogen or progesterone-dependent tumors,
undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding, hepatic impairment
estrogens (conjugated)
and Prempro,
See individual drug components.
medroxyprogesterone Premphase
(PO)
 ENDOCRINE 3
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: contact dermatitis, acne, increased prostate
specific antigen (PSA), emotional lability, hypertension
testosterone gel AndroGel, US Boxed Warnings: secondary exposure may result in virilization
Androgen Hypogonadism
(topical) Fortesta, Vogelxo (especially in children); long term use may increase risk of breast
cancer; CI in males with breast or prostate cancer and pregnant
women
Key Side Effects: dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease,
hypocalcemia, atypical fractures, osteonecrosis of the jaw
Fosamax Other Notes: CI in patients with abnormalities of the esophagus;
alendronate (PO)
administer ≥30 minutes before food or drink (except plain water);
remain upright for 30 minutes following dose to reduce
esophageal irritation
Bisphosphonate Osteoporosis
Key Side Effects: dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease,
hypocalcemia, atypical fractures, osteonecrosis of the jaw
Other Notes: CI in patients with abnormalities of the esophagus;
ibandronate (PO) Boniva
administer ≥60 minutes before food or drink (except plain water);
remain upright for 60 minutes following dose to reduce
esophageal irritation
Key Side Effects: hot flashes, leg cramps, peripheral edema,
Selective estrogen arthralgia
Osteoporosis, breast
raloxifene (PO) Evista receptor modulator US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of thromboembolism;
cancer prevention
(SERM) increased risk of death caused by stroke in patients with
cardiovascular disease
sildenafil (PO) Viagra, Revatio ED, PAH Key Side Effects: priapism, headache, flushing, visual disturbance
Phosphodiesterase-5
Other Notes: CI with concomitant use of nitrates (may cause
tadalafil (PO) Cialis enzyme (PDE5) inhibitor ED, BPH severe hypotension)
Key Side Effects: postpartum hemorrhage, nausea, vomiting,
uterine rupture, arrhythmias (rare)
Labor induction, post-
oxytocin (IV) Pitocin Oxytocic agent US Boxed Warnings: should only be used when medically
partum uterine bleeding
necessary
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
ED: erectile dysfunction; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia
 NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, weight gain, xerostomia, increased
appetite, constipation
mirtazapine (PO) Remeron Alpha2 antagonist MDD
US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of suicidal thinking and
behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults
Key Side Effects: tachycardia, headache, agitation, dizziness,
insomnia, weight loss
US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of suicidal thinking and
Wellbutrin SR, Norepinephrine-dopamine
bupropion (PO) MDD behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults; serious
Wellbutrin XL reuptake inhibitor
neuropsychiatric reactions have occurred
Other Notes: use may increase risk of seizures (CI in patients with
seizure disorders and/or eating disorders)
atomoxetine (PO) Strattera ADHD
Key Side Effects: headache, xerostomia, nausea, vomiting,
desvenlafaxine (PO) Pristiq constipation, decreased appetite, insomnia
Serotonin-norepinephrine
duloxetine (PO) Cymbalta MDD US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of suicidal thinking and
reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
venlafaxine (PO) Effexor, Effexor XR behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults
Other Notes: CI within 14 days of MAOI; do not D/C abruptly
milnacipran (PO) Savella Fibromyalgia
citalopram (PO) Celexa
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, insomnia, nausea, vomiting,
fluoxetine (PO) Prozac xerostomia, sexual dysfunction, headache
Selective serotonin
escitalopram (PO) Lexapro MDD US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of suicidal thinking and
reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
paroxetine (PO) Paxil behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults
Other Notes: CI within 14 days of MAOI; do not D/C abruptly
sertraline (PO) Zoloft
Key Side Effects: sedation, headache, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea
Serotonin reuptake
trazodone (PO) Desyrel Insomnia, MDD US Boxed Warnings: antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal
inhibitor
thinking and behavior in children, adolescents and young adults
Selective serotonin
Key Side Effects: headache, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness, insomnia
reuptake inhibitor
vilazodone (PO) Viibryd MDD US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of suicidal thinking and
(SSRI)/5-HT1a partial
behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults
agonist
MDD, diabetic Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, orthostatic hypotension,
amitriptyline (PO) Elavil neuropathy, migraine sexual dysfunction, xerostomia
prophylaxis US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of suicidal thinking and
imipramine (PO) Tofranil Tricyclic antidepressant
behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults
(TCA) MDD
nortriptyline (PO) Pamelor Other Notes: CI within 14 days of MAOI; do not D/C abruptly
Key Side Effects: somnolence, sedation, nausea
doxepin (PO) Silenor Insomnia
Other Notes: CI within 14 days of MAOI; do not D/C abruptly
MDD: major depressive disorder; ADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor
 NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: blurred vision, confusion, constipation, dry
benztropine (PO) Cogentin Anticholinergic Parkinson's disease
mouth, sedation, urinary retention
donepezil (PO) Aricept Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
rivastigmine (PO, Cholinesterase inhibitor Dementia
Exelon Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness
transdermal)
dexmethylphenidate
Focalin XR ADHD
(PO) Key Side Effects: insomnia, headache, anxiety, weight loss,
dextroamphetamine Adderall, decreased appetite, hypertension
ADHD, narcolepsy
and amphetamine (PO) Adderall XR CNS stimulant US Boxed Warnings: high potential for abuse
lisdexamfetamine (PO) Vyvanse ADHD Other Notes: may increase cardiovascular events in patients with
Concerta, underlying heart problems
methylphenidate (PO) ADHD, narcolepsy
Metadate, Ritalin
pramipexole (PO) Mirapex Key Side Effects: nausea, hallucinations, peripheral edema,
Dopamine agonist Parkinson's disease, RLS
ropinirole (PO) Requip compulsive behaviors
N-methyl D-aspartate
memantine (PO) Namenda Dementia Key Side Effects: constipation, confusion, dizziness, headache
(NMDA) antagonist
guanfacine (PO) Intuniv Selective alpha2a agonist ADHD, HTN Key Side Effects: bradycardia, hypotension, sedation, skin rash
Decarboxylase inhibitor Key Side Effects: nausea, orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesias
carbidopa and levodopa Sinemet,
(carbidopa), dopamine Parkinson's disease Other Notes: CI within 14 days of MAOI, CI in narrow-angle
(PO) Sinemet CR
precursor (levodopa) glaucoma
ADHD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor; RLS: restless legs syndrome; HTN: hypertension
 NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE 3
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: tremor, acne, hypothyroidism, weight gain,
polyuria, polydipsia
US Boxed Warnings: ability to promptly monitor levels is necessary
lithium (PO) Lithobid Antimanic agent Bipolar disorder
Other Notes: narrow therapeutic index drug (toxicity may occur at
concentrations close to therapeutic range; therapeutic drug
monitoring is recommended)
sumatriptan (PO,
intranasal, subQ, Imitrex
transdermal) Antimigraine Migraine Key Side Effects: fatigue, somnolence, dizziness, chest tightness
Maxalt,
rizatriptan (PO)
Maxalt-MLT
Key Side Effects: sedation, EPS, xerostomia, urinary retention,
First-generation constipation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, QTc prolongation
haloperidol (PO, IV, IM) Haldol Schizophrenia
antipsychotic US Boxed Warnings: elderly patients with dementia-related
psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs at increased risk of death
Key Side Effects: sedation, xerostomia, urinary retention,
constipation, orthostatic hypotension, sialorrhea
US Boxed Warnings: may cause severe neutropenia; may cause
orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope; may cause
Treatment-resistant
clozapine (PO) Clozaril seizures; may cause fatal myocarditis and cardiomyopathy; elderly
schizophrenia
patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic
drugs at increased risk of death
Other Notes: risk of neutropenia requires monitoring of absolute
neutrophil count (ANC) to receive prescription
Schizophrenia, bipolar
lurasidone (PO) Latuda Key Side Effects: sedation, EPS, xerostomia, urinary retention,
depression
constipation, orthostatic hypotension
PO: Abilify, Second-generation US Boxed Warnings: antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal
aripiprazole (PO, IM) IM: Abilify antipsychotic thinking and behavior in children, adolescents and young adults;
Maintena
elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with
Seroquel, Seroquel
quetiapine (PO) Schizophrenia, bipolar antipsychotic drugs at increased risk of death
XR
olanzapine (PO, IM) Zyprexa disorder, MDD (adjunct
to antidepressants)
PO: Risperdal,
risperidone (PO, IM) IM: Risperdal Key Side Effects: sedation, EPS, xerostomia, urinary retention,
Consta constipation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain
ziprasidone (PO, IM) Geodon US Boxed Warnings: elderly patients with dementia-related
PO: Invega, psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs at increased risk of death
paliperidone (PO, IM) IM: Invega Schizophrenia
Sustenna
MDD: major depressive disorder; EPS: extrapyramidal symptoms
 NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE 4
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, headache, ataxia, nausea,
vomiting, hyponatremia
carbamazepine (PO) Seizure disorders, bipolar US Boxed Warnings: risk of serious dermatologic reactions
Tegretol
disorder (including SJS and TEN) in patients with certain genetic
predisposition (presence of HLA-B*1502 allele); may cause aplastic
anemia and agranulocytosis
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, weight gain, tremor, hair loss,
thrombocytopenia
Depakote, Seizure disorders, bipolar
divalproex (valproic acid US Boxed Warnings: may cause hepatic failure resulting in fatality;
Depakote ER, disorder, migraine
derivative) (PO) may cause life-threatening pancreatitis; fetal toxicity (pregnancy
Depakene prophylaxis
category X for migraines and category D for seizures/bipolar
disorder)
levetiracetam (PO, IV) Keppra Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness, diplopia, nausea,
zonisamide (PO) Zonegran vomiting, ataxia, weakness
Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness, diplopia, nausea,
oxcarbazepine (PO) Trileptal
Anticonvulsant vomiting, ataxia, weakness, hyponatremia
phenobarbital (PO, IM,
--- Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness
IV)
Seizure disorders Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness, gingival hyperplasia,
hirsutism
phenytoin (PO, IV) Dilantin Other Notes: narrow therapeutic index drug (toxicity may occur at
concentrations close to therapeutic range; therapeutic drug
monitoring is recommended)
Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness, diplopia, nausea,
primidone (PO) Mysoline
vomiting, ataxia
gabapentin (PO) Neurontin Seizure disorders, Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, fatigue, diplopia,
pregabalin (PO) Lyrica neuropathic pain xerostomia, blurry vision
Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, somnolence, skin rash
Seizure disorders, bipolar
lamotrigine (PO) Lamictal US Boxed Warnings: risk of serious dermatologic reactions,
disorder
including SJS
Seizure disorders, Key Side Effects: somnolence, dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, memory
topiramate (PO) Topamax
migraine prophylaxis impairment, weight loss
SJS: Stevens-Johnson syndrome; TEN: toxic epidermal necrolysis
NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE 5
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
buspirone (PO) Buspar Antianxiety agent Anxiety Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea
alprazolam (PO) Xanax Anxiety
clonazepam (PO) Klonopin Anxiety, seizure disorders
Anxiety, seizure Key Side Effects: daytime sedation, performance impairment,
diazepam (PO, IV) Valium disorders, acute alcohol tolerance, dependence, anterograde amnesia, withdrawal
withdrawal Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Benzodiazepine
Anxiety, seizure Other Notes (lorazepam IV only): parenteral formulation contains
lorazepam (PO, IV) Ativan disorders, acute alcohol propylene glycol and may be associated with toxicity if used ≥ 48
withdrawal hours
midazolam (IV) Versed Anesthesia, sedation
temazepam (PO) Restoril Anxiety, insomnia
Key Side Effects: decreased ability to function the next morning,
eszopiclone (PO) Lunesta Insomnia
somnolence, headache, dizziness, xerostomia
Ambien, Hypnotic Key Side Effects: decreased ability to function the next morning,
zolpidem (PO) Ambien CR, Insomnia somnolence, headache, dizziness, xerostomia, anterograde
Intermezzo amnesia
Sedation for mechanical
Key Side Effects: hypotension, hypertriglyceridemia, propofol-
ventilation, procedural
propofol (IV) Diprivan Sedative, anticonvulsant related infusion syndrome (rare)
anesthesia, status
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
epilepticus
Sedation for mechanical Key Side Effects: bradycardia, hypotension
dexmedetomidine (IV) Precedex Alpha2 agonist, sedative
ventilation or procedures Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
 GASTROENTEROLOGY 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Asacol, Canasa, 5-aminosalicylic acid Crohn's disease,
mesalamine (PO, rectal) Key Side Effects: eructation, abdominal pain, constipation
Lialda derivative ulcerative colitis
dicyclomine (PO) Bentyl IBS
Anticholinergic Key Side Effects: constipation, xerostomia, blurred vision, dizziness
hyoscyamine (PO) Anaspaz, Levbid Diarrhea
Key Side Effects: nausea, diarrhea, headache, dyspnea
IBS with constipation,
lubiprostone (PO) Amitiza Chloride channel activator Other Notes: CI in known or suspected mechanical bowel
chronic constipation
obstruction
DexPak, Inflammatory diseases,
dexamethasone (PO, IV)
DoubleDex cerebral edema
methylprednisolone Inflammatory diseases,
Medrol Key Side Effects: hyperglycemia, increased appetite with weight
(PO, IV) COPD exacerbation,
gain, behavioral disturbances, osteoporosis (chronic use), Cushing's
prednisolone (PO) Orapred Corticosteroid asthma exacerbation,
syndrome (chronic use)
prednisone (PO) Deltasone acute gout
Other Notes: risk of adrenal suppression with prolonged use
Rectal: Anusol-HC,
hydrocortisone (rectal,
Anucort-HC, Hemorrhoids
IV)
IV: Solu-Cortef
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, dystonia, akathisia, EPS, QTc
metoclopramide (PO, Gastroparesis, GERD,
Reglan prolongation
IV) nausea, vomiting
US Boxed Warnings: may cause tardive dyskinesia
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, dizziness, xerostomia, blurred vision,
Dopamine (D2) antagonist
constipation, QTc prolongation
prochlorperazine (PO,
Compazine Nausea, vomiting US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of death in elderly patients
IV)
with dementia-related psychosis
Other Notes: do not administer IV push
Key Side Effects: drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, QTc
prolongation
promethazine (PO, IM, Motion sickness, nausea, US Boxed Warnings: potential for fatal respiratory depression in
Phenergan Histamine (H1) blocker
IV) vomiting patients < 2 years old; injection can cause peripheral extravasation
(preferred parenteral route is IM)
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Enulose, Kristalose, Constipation, hepatic Key Side Effects: abdominal cramps, abdominal distention,
lactulose (PO) Laxative
Constulose encephalopathy diarrhea, flatulence
Selective serotonin (5-HT3) Key Side Effects: headache, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, QTc
ondansetron (PO, IV) Zofran, Zofran ODT Nausea, vomiting
antagonist prolongation
Key Side Effects: nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, xerostomia,
diphenoxylate and Opioid agonist and tachycardia, urinary retention
Lomotil Diarrhea
atropine (PO) anticholinergic Other Notes: addition of atropine to diphenoxylate may
discourage diphenoxylate abuse
IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; EPS: extrapyramidal symptoms
 GASTROENTEROLOGY 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
ranitidine (PO, IV) Zantac GERD, erosive Key Side Effects: headache, constipation, diarrhea, mental status
Histamine (H2) blocker
famotidine (PO, IV) Pepcid esophagitis, SUP changes
dexlansoprazole (PO) Dexilant
esomeprazole (PO, IV) Nexium Key Side Effects: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, bone fracture,
Proton pump inhibitor GERD, PUD, erosive
lansoprazole (PO) Prevacid vitamin B12 deficiency, hypomagnesemia
(PPI) esophagitis, SUP
US Boxed Warnings: increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection
omeprazole (PO) Prilosec
pantoprazole (PO, IV) Protonix
sucralfate (PO) Carafate Gastrointestinal protectant PUD Key Side Effects: constipation, bezoar formation
Esophageal varices
octreotide (IV) Sandostatin Somatostatin analogue Key Side Effects: diarrhea, abdominal pain, hyperglycemia
bleeding
GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; SUP: stress ulcer prophylaxis; PUD: peptic ulcer disease
 PAIN, HEMATOLOGY, AND ONCOLOGY 1
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Transdermal: Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation,
fentanyl (transdermal,
Duragesic, respiratory depression (dose-related)
IV)
IV: Sublimaze US Boxed Warnings (all opioid analgesics): use exposes to risks of
PO: Exalgo, opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse which can lead to overdose and
hydromorphone (PO, IV)
PO, IV: Dilaudid death; serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may
MS Contin, occur; accidental ingestion, especially in children, may result in fatal
morphine (extended
MorphaBond, overdose; prolonged use in pregnancy may result in neonatal opioid
release) (PO)
Kadian withdrawal syndrome; concomitant use of opioids with
morphine (immediate PO: Roxanol, benzodiazepines or CNS depressants (including alcohol), may result in
release) (PO, IV) IV: Duramorph profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death
US Boxed Warnings (only for oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl):
concomitant use with cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may increase
Pain
serum concentrations
US Boxed Warnings (only for oxycodone, morphine, and
hydromorphone): several formulations available including
Oxycontin, concentrated solution, take care to avoid dosing errors among
Roxicodone, strengths and between mg and mL
oxycodone (PO)
Oxaydo, Xtampza US Boxed Warnings (only for morphine): avoid alcohol consumption
ER with ER capsules as alcohol may increase plasma morphine levels
Opioid analgesic
US Boxed Warnings (only for transdermal fentanyl): exposure of
application site to direct external heating sources (e.g., heating pads,
heating lamps, hot baths, saunas) may increase absorption and lead to
overdose and/or death
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication
Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation,
respiratory depression (dose-related), QTc prolongation
US Boxed Warnings (all opioid analgesics): use exposes to risks of
opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse which can lead to overdose and
death; serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may
occur; accidental ingestion, especially in children, may result in fatal
Dolophine, Opioid use disorder, overdose; prolonged use in pregnancy may result in neonatal opioid
methadone (PO, IV)
Methadose severe chronic pain withdrawal syndrome
US Boxed Warnings (only for methadone): for detoxification and
maintenance of opioid dependence, methadone should be
administered in accordance with documented treatment standards,
including limitations on unsupervised administration; QTc interval
prolongation and serious arrhythmia (torsades de pointes) have
occurred during treatment with methadone
mg: milligrams; mL: milliliters
 PAIN, HEMATOLOGY, AND ONCOLOGY 2
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: nausea, vomiting, increased hepatic transaminases
PO: Tylenol, Analgesic (non-opioid), US Boxed Warnings: dosing errors (confusion with mg and mL) can lead to
acetaminophen (PO, IV) Pain, fever
IV: Ofirmev antipyretic accidental overdose and death; total daily dose from all sources should not
exceed maximum daily limit; hepatotoxicity
Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation,
respiratory depression (dose-related)
US Boxed Warnings: serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression
Ultram,
tramadol (PO) Central analgesic Pain may occur
Ultram ER
Other Notes: lowers seizure threshold (use caution in patients with a seizure
history, those at risk of seizures, and those on other drugs that may lower
seizure threshold)
Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation,
respiratory depression (dose-related)
US Boxed Warnings (all acetaminophen products): products containing
Central analgesic and
tramadol and acetaminophen have been associated with acute liver failure (maximum daily
Ultracet nonopioid analgesic Pain
acetaminophen (PO) dose is 4,000mg from all sources)
combination
Other Notes: lowers seizure threshold (use caution in patients with a seizure
history, those at risk of seizures, and those on other drugs that may lower
seizure threshold)
hydrocodone and Lortab, Vicodin, Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation,
acetaminophen (PO) Norco, Xodol respiratory depression (dose-related)
Percocet, US Boxed Warnings (all opioid analgesics): use exposes to risks of opioid
oxycodone and Endocet, addiction, abuse, and misuse which can lead to overdose and death; serious,
acetaminophen (PO) Roxicet, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur; accidental
Opioid and nonopioid
Xartemis XR Pain ingestion, especially in children, may result in fatal overdose; prolonged use
analgesic combination
in pregnancy may result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
Tylenol with US Boxed Warnings (only for oxycodone and hydrocodone): concomitant
codeine and Codeine #3, use with cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may increase serum concentrations
acetaminophen (PO) Tylenol with US Boxed Warnings (all acetaminophen products): products containing
Codeine #4 acetaminophen have been associated with acute liver failure (maximum daily
dose is 4,000mg from all sources)
buprenorphine (PO, IV, Opioid use disorder, Key Side Effects: headache, opioid withdrawal syndrome in opioid-
Subutex Partial opioid agonist
IM, transdermal) pain dependent populations, pain, diaphoresis
naloxone (IV, IM, subQ, Other Notes: potentially life-threatening respiratory depression (particularly
Narcan Opioid antagonist Opioid overdose
intranasal) when combined with other CNS and respiratory depressants); prescribing for
treatment of opioid use disorder limited to physicians meeting qualifying
buprenorphine and Partial opioid agonist criteria and with a specific DEA number (begins with “X”); addition of
Suboxone Opioid use disorder
naloxone (PO) and opioid antagonist naloxone to buprenorphine reduces possibility of parenteral misuse by
producing opioid withdrawal symptoms when injected
mg: milligrams; mL: milliliters
 PAIN, HEMATOLOGY, AND ONCOLOGY 3
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: stomatitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting,
thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, increased hepatic transaminases,
pulmonary fibrosis (rare), pneumonitis (rare)
US Boxed Warnings: serious toxic reactions (only use in life-
threatening neoplastic disease, severe psoriasis, or severe
rheumatoid arthritis); may cause fetal death and/or congenital
abnormalities (avoid in pregnancy); severe (sometimes fatal) bone
marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, and toxicity have been
reported with concomitant administration of methotrexate and
NSAIDs; elimination is reduced in impaired renal function, ascites,
or in patients with pleural effusions (careful monitoring necessary);
may cause hepatotoxicity, fibrosis, and cirrhosis (generally only
Rheumatoid arthritis,
after prolonged use); methotrexate-induced lung disease, including
Trexall, Antimetabolite (folic acid psoriasis, various
methotrexate (PO, IV) acute or chronic interstitial pneumonitis may occur; severe
Rheumatrex antagonist) hematologic and solid
(sometimes fatal) gastrointestinal toxicity has been reported with
tumors
concomitant administration of methotrexate and NSAIDs;
secondary malignancy may occur; may induce tumor lysis
syndrome in patients with rapidly growing tumors; severe
(sometimes fatal) dermatologic toxicity has been reported;
potentially fatal opportunistic infections (especially Pneumocystis
jirovecii pneumonia) may occur
Other Notes: ISMP-high alert medication, folic acid
supplementation may be taken during use to reduce hematologic,
gastrointestinal, and hepatic side effects; harmful (sometimes
fatal) errors have been associated with incorrect dosing (verify
dosing frequency based on indication – for most indications, oral
doses are often only given once weekly)
Key Side Effects: rash, flushing, hot flashes, arthralgia, nausea,
Hormone receptor- vomiting, hypertension, peripheral edema, osteoporosis
anastrozole (PO) Arimidex Aromatase inhibitor
positive breast cancer Other Notes: cardiovascular side effects (i.e.,
hypercholesterolemia, CAD); fetal toxicity (CI in pregnancy)
Key Side Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness
butalbital,
Fioricet, Esgic, US Boxed Warnings (all acetaminophen products): products
acetaminophen and Analgesic Tension headaches
Zebutal containing acetaminophen have been associated with acute liver
caffeine (PO)
failure (maximum daily dose is 4,000mg from all sources)
mg: milligrams
PAIN, HEMATOLOGY, AND ONCOLOGY 4
Generic Name Brand Name Pharmacologic Category Common Indications Essential Knowledge
Key Side Effects: hypertension, nausea, dizziness, xerostomia,
primary pulmonary hypertension (rare)
Other Notes: only approved for short-term use (a few weeks); CI in
phentermine (PO) Adipex-P, Lomaira CNS stimulant Obesity
those with a history of cardiovascular disease or drug abuse,
pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, or within 14 days of MAOI inhibitor
therapy
Vitamin B12 deficiency
cyanocobalamin
--- (manifests as macrocytic Key Side Effects: no major side effects
(vitamin B12) (PO, IM)
anemia)
Folic acid deficiency
Water-soluble vitamin
(manifests as macrocytic
folic acid (PO, IV) --- anemia), prevention of Key Side Effects: no major side effects
neural tube defects in
pregnancy