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StudentPocketHandbookFinal 0 PDF
StudentPocketHandbookFinal 0 PDF
Pocket
Handbook
PQ142-328T-PFM 7/12/01 2:39 PM Page 1
The AIChE
Pocket Handbook
ISBN 0-8169-0342-5
PQ142-328T-PFM 7/12/01 2:39 PM Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Good Luck!
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
I. COMMON DEFINITIONS
[C ]c[D]d
Kc ([ ] refers to molarity)
[A]a[B]b
p cC p dD
Kp ( p partial pressure)
p aA p bB
Kw [H][OH]
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pH log10[H]
2
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3
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4
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5
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
6
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1. Alkane or paraffin
(also saturated
hydrocarbons)
2. Alkene or olefin
(unsaturated
hydrocarbons)
3. Alkyne
4. Alcohol
5. Ether
6. Aldehyde
7. Ketone
8. Carboxylic Acid
9. Grignard reagent
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11. Anhydride
12. Ester
13. Amide
15. Nitrile
B. Cyclic Compounds
1. Cycloparaffin
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2. Cycloalkene
3. Aromatic
4. Naphthalenic
9
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B. Mechanisms
1. Free radical (unshared electron)
(no charge)
3. Carbanion
(excess of electrons)
(negative charge)
(carbon with eight electrons)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Tb Kbm
R(Tbp)2Ma
Kb
Hv(1000)
10
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R ideal-gas constant
Tbp solvent boiling point, absolute tem-
perature
3. Clausius Equation
dp Hm
dT (V v) T
where p pressure
T absolute temperature
Hm molal heat of vaporization
V molar vapor volume
v molal liquid volume
4. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation—Where the volume
of liquid can be ignored (or v 0) and where the
ideal-gas law holds (or V RTp) the Clausius
equation becomes
d( ln p) 1 dp Hm
dT p dT RT 2
Hm T2 T1
c d
p2
ln
p1 R T1T2
11
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6. Faraday’s Laws
First Law: The mass of a substance reacting
at the electrodes is directly proportional to the
quantity of electricity passed through the solu-
tion.
Second Law: The masses of different sub-
stances produced during electrolysis are directly
proportional to their equivalent weights; 96,496
coulombs of electricity 1 faraday electricity to
yield 1 gram equivalent of any substance.
7. Freezing Point Depression (Tf)—The follow-
ing equations hold for a dilute solution of a
nonionic solute in which the solid phase is pure
solvent.
Tf Kf m
R (Tf p)2Ma
Kf
Hf (1000)
12
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pa xa Pa
d ( ln K ) H
at constant pressure
dT RT 2
H T2 T1
ln a b c d
K2
K1 R T1T2
13
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Ma
Y Y
Mb
pa
Hr 100
Pa
Y pa (P Pa)
Hp 100 100
Ysat Pa (P pa)
FLUID FLOW
Mass velocity
G V
14
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g
Pa Pb Rm ( a b)
gc
32 L V
Pa Pb
gc D 2
Average velocity, V
DV DV
NRe
Pa g V 2a Pb g V 2b
Za Ws Zb Hf
a gc 2gc a b gc 2gc b
Hydraulic radius
s, cross-sectional area
rH
Lp, the wetted perimeter
Equivalent diameter, De
15
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II. FRICTION
Skin friction
2 f LV 2
Hfs
Dgc
16 16
laminar f
DV NRe
1
turbulent 4.0 log (NRe f. .5) 0.4
f. .5
Equivalent
Fittings and Valves resistance,
pipe diameters
45-degree elbows 15
90-degree elbows (standard radius) 32
90-degree square elbows 60
180-degree close return bends 75
T’s (used as elbow, entering run) 60
T’s (used as elbow, entering branch) 90
Couplings Negligible
Unions Negligible
Gate valves (open) 7
Globe valves (open) 300
Angle valves (open) 170
V 2a
a1 b
sa 2
Hfe
2 gc sb
16
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KcV 2b
Hfc
2 gc
Venturi meter
2gc ( ps P)
V Cp
B
Cu , Cp coefficients of velocity
D diameter
g acceleration of gravity 32.2 ft /s 2 9.81 m/s2
gc Newton’s conversion factor 32.2 ft-lbm /(lbf -s2)
1 m-kg/(N-s 2 )
Hf head loss due to friction
Hfs head loss due to skin friction
Hfc head loss due to contraction of cross section
17
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HEAT TRANSFER
I. CONDUCTION
kAT T
q
x R
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unsteady state
T k 2T
x
t Cp x 2
Resistance in Series
T
q
xA xB xC
kA A kB A kC A
T
RA RB RC
II. CONVECTION
q hAT
q UAavg (T )
19
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1 Ar 1 xm 1 1 1
U UAr Ai Am Ao Ai Ao
hi km ho hFi hFo
Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar
IV. RADIATION
hiD
1.86(NRe)0.33(NPr)0.33( w)0.14(DL)0.33
k
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ho Do
0.35 0.56(NRe)0.52
kf
where NRe the Reynolds Number DoG f
havg Do
b(NRe)n (b and n depend on geometry)
kf
where NRe the Reynolds Number DGmaxf
Vertical Tubes
k 3f 2f g
havg 1.13 c d
0.25
To L f
Horizontal Tubes
k 3f 2f g
havg 0.725 c d
0.25
To Do f
21
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IX. NOTATION
Subscripts
avg average
f film
i inside
o outside
r reference
22
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w wall
m mean or log mean
DISTILLATION
W dx
ln
Wo xo
yx
x(1 xo) 1 xo
ln c d ln c d
W 1
ln
Wo ( 1) xo(1 x) 1x
(yx)a pa
(yx)b pb
FDB
FzF DxD BxB
23
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Operating Lines
1. Rectifying Section
Total material: Vn1 Ln D
Component A: Vn1 yn1 Ln xn DxD
Ln DxD
yn1 xn
Ln D Ln D
2. Stripping Section
Total material: Lm Vm1 B
Component A: Lm1 xm Vm1 ym1 BxB
Lm BxB
ym1 xm
Lm B Lm B
3. Reflux Ratio
Ratio of reflux to overhead product
L VD
RD
D D
yn yn1
EME
y*n yn1
24
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IV. NOTATION
relative volatility
B moles of bottoms product
D moles of overhead product
F moles of feed
L molar liquid downflow
RD ratio of reflux to overhead product
V molar vapor upflow
W weight in still pot
x mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the liquid phase
y mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the vapor phase
zD mole fraction of the more volatile component in
the feed
Subscripts
B bottoms product
D overhead product
F feed
m any plate in stripping section of column
m 1 plate below plate m
n any plate in stripping section of column
n 1 plate below plate n
o original charge in still pot
25
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MASS TRANSFER
I. DIFFUSION
1. Molecular Diffusion
D pA
c d
NA pA NA NB
A P A A RT z
NA D ( pA2 pA1)
A RT z2 z1
pA 2pA
D
t z 2
II. CONVECTION
1. Two-Film Theory
NA
kG ( pAG pAi) kL (CAi CAL )
A
kG ( pAG pA) kL (CA CAL)
26
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2. Overall Coefficients
1 1 H
KG kG kL
1 1 1
KL HkG kL
3. Transfer Unit
G
HTG
KG a
L
HTL
KL a
y2
1 y2
dy 1
NTG ln
y1
y* y 2 1 y1
x2
1 x1
dx 1
NTL ln
x1
x x* 2 1 x2
y1 y2
NTG
(y y*)lm
27
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0.5 f jH jD
where f Fanning friction factor
IV. NOTATION
28
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Greek Letters
density
viscosity
Subscripts
A, B components of mixture
G gas phase
L liquid phase
i interface
x mole fraction of liquid
y mole fraction of gas
z length in direction of travel
* equilibrium concentration
THERMODYNAMICS
I. DEFINITIONS
29
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E U Ep Ek
In an isolated system E E2 E1 0
In a closed system E Q W
Esystem 0
H Ek Ep Q W
Ssystem Ssurroundings 0
Definition of entropy
dQrev
S
T
From First and Second Laws, with changes in Ek,
30
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V. PERFECT-GAS RELATIONSHIPS
T2
For any path: H T1
Cp dT or (HP)T 0
T2
For any path: U T1
Cv dT or (UV )T 0
(P2P1) (V1V2)
(T2T1)
(
1)
RT1
ca b 1 d (per mole)
P2 (
1)
Wnonflow U
1 P1
Wflow H
[Wnonflow] ( per mole)
P2 V1
P1 V2
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V2 P1
W RT ln RT ln ( per mole)
V1 P2
2
G RT ln ( f2f1) VdP ( per mole)
1
(constant-temperature path)
a ff0
B. Equilibrium
aA bB ∆ rR sS
G rG R sG S aG A bG B
a rR a sS
RT ln RT ln Ka
a aA a bB
C. Cells
At standard conditions
G nF RT ln Ka
32
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At actual conditions
a rR a sS
G nF
nF RT ln
a aA a bB
VIII. NOTATION
33
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Superscript
standard state
I. RATE OR REACTION
1 dNa
rA
V dt
dCA
rA
dt
rA k (T) f (CA, CB . . .)
34
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rA kC aA C bB . . .
k (conc)1 n(time)1
c d
k2 E 1 1
k koeERT or ln
k1 R T1 T2
dCA dXA
kCA or k(1 XA)
dt dt
CA
ln ln (1 XA) kt
CA0
35
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dCA
kCACB
dt
CB CA0 M XA
ln ln (CB0 CA0) kt
CB0 CA M(1 XA)
1 1 1 XA
kt
CA CA0 CA0 1 XA
dCA
kC nA
dt
C 1n
A C 1n
A0 (n 1) kt
1
For the reaction A ∆ R, K k1k2 with rate
2
dCA dCR
k1CA k2CR
dt dt
XAe XA CA CAe
ln ln (k1 k2)t
XAe CA0 CAe
36
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dCA
rA k f (CA, CB , . . .),
dt
XA CA
dXA dCA
t CA0
0
(rA ) CA0
k f (CA, CB , . . .)
CA 1 XA
CA0 1 A XA
where
VXA 1 VXA 0
A
VXA 0
XA
dXA
t CA0
0
(1 A XA)(rA)
37
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A. Capacity Measures
V VCA0
(units of time)
v FA0
In general
XA XA
dXA V dXA
CA0 or
0
(rA) FA0 0
(rA)
k (1 A) ln (1 XA) A XA
1
For reversible first-order reactions A ∆ rR
2
(isothermal)
A XA N A
k1 ln (1 NXA)
N N2
where
k2
N1 (1 A)
k2
38
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Tank) Reactor
CA0 XA V XA
or
(rA) FA0 (rA)
CA entering
(1 k per reactor) j
CA leaving
D. NOTATION
39
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Greek Symbols
Subscripts
e equilibrium value
CONVERSION FACTORS
Acceleration
Density
Flow
40
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0.4720 liter/s
472 cc/s
Length
1 ft 0.3048 m
1.894 104 mile
13 yd
12 in
30.48 cm
3.05 105 microns ()
1 Å 1010 m
108 cm
1 104 microns ()
Angle
1 rad 12 circle
0.1592 rev
0.637 quad
57.3 deg
3,438 min
2.063 105 s
Mass
1 lbm 0.4536 kg
4.464 104 long ton
5 104 short ton
4.536 104 metric ton
0.4536 kg
453.6 g
0.0311 slug
Pressure
1 lbf /in2 abs 6.895 103 N/m2
6.895 103 Pascal
41
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0.06805 atm
0.07031 kg/cm2
2.036 in Hg @ 32
F
2.307 ft H2O @ 39
F
70.307 g/cm2
51.72 mm Hg @ 32
F
51.72 torr
Power
1 ft-lb/min. 0.0226 W
2.26 105 kW
3.03 105 hp
3.24 104 kg-cal/min
0.001285 Btu/min
Temperature
F 1.8(
C) 32
K
C 273
R
F 459
Time
1 nanosecond 1 109 s
Velocity
42
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Viscosity
Volume
1 ft3 0.02832 m3
0.03704 yd3
0.80357 bushel (U.S.)
7.481 gal (U.S.)
6.229 gal (British)
25.714 qt (dry, U.S.)
29.92 qt (liq., U.S.)
1.728 103 in3
28.32 liters
2.832 104 cm3
2.832 104 ml
59.8 pt (U.S. liq.)
1 Btu 1054 J
2.93 104 kW-hr
3.93 104 hp-hr
0.252 kg cal
0.293 W-hr
10.41 liter-atm
252 g cal
778 ft-lb f
0.3676 ft3-atm
1.054 1010 ergs
43
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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Gas constants
R 0.0821 atm-liter/g-mole-K
1.987 g-cal/g-mole-K
1.987 Btu/lbm-mole-
R
8.314 joules/g-mole-K
1546 ft-lb f/lb m-mole-
R
10.73 (psi)-ft 3/lbm-mole-
R
0.7302 atm-ft 3/lbm-mole-
R
Avogadro’s number
Boltzmann’s constant
44
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Planck’s constant
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Velocity of light
33,136 cm /s 1,089 ft /s
Thermochemistry
F 96,500 coulombs/gram equivalent
45
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Dimensionless Groups
Name Symbol Formula
Fanning friction factor f pgcd2LV 2
Heat transfer factor jH (hcpG)(Cpk)23
Mass transfer factor jM (kc G)(D)23
Froude number NFr V 2gL
Graetz number NGz wcpkL
Grashof number NGr L32gT2
Nusselt number NNu hdk
Peclet number NPe LV cpk
Power number NPo Pgcn3d5
Prandtl number NPr cpk
Reynolds number NRe LV
Schmidt number NSc D
Sherwood number NSh Kc LD
Notation
46
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Abbreviations
atm atmosphere
Btu British thermal unit
cal calorie
cm centimeter
cu cubic
ft foot, feet
g gram
hp horsepower
hr hour
in inch
kg kilogram
km kilometer
kW kilowatt
lbm pound-mass
lbf pound-force
m meter
min minute
ml milliliter
pt pint
qt quart
quad quadrant
R degrees Rankine
rad radian
rev revolution
s second
yd yard
micron
47
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GREEK ALPHABET
, alpha ,
eta
, beta , theta
,
gamma , iota
, delta , kappa
, epsilon , lambda
, zeta M, mu
, nu , tau
, xi , upsilon
, omicron , phi
!, pi ", chi
#, rho $, psi
%, sigma &, omega
MATHEMATICS
a b (a b)(a b)
2 2
a3 b3 (a b)(a2 ab b2)
a3 b3 (a b)(a2 ab b2)
b 2b2 4ac
a x 2 bx c 0 x
2a
Area of circle r 2
Circumference of circle 2 r
dax adx
dx n nx n1 dx
48
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d(u v) du dv
vdu udv
dc d
u
v v2
deax aeax dx
dax ax logea dx
d sin x cos x dx
d cos x sin x dx
d tan x sec 2 x dx
(u v) dx udx vdx
udv uv vdu
x n dx x n1(n 1) for n 1
x
dx
loge x ln x
eax
eax dx
a
Binomial series
n(n 1)
(x y)n x n n x n1y
2!
x n2
y (y
x )
2 2 2
Taylor series
xa (x a) 2
f (x) f (a) f (a) f '(a)
1! 2!
49
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MacLaurin series
x x2
f (x) f (0) f (0) f '(0)
1! 2!
Exponential series
x2 x3
ex 1 x
2! 3!
2ab
Harmonic mean
2ab
ab
Logarithmic mean
ab
ln ab
Solution of
dy
Py Q
dx
50
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52
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BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Contributed by David Murhammer
I. COMMON DEFINITIONS: GENERAL CONCEPTS
54
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dX
X,
dt
dX
YX/S ,
dS
dCL
KLa(C * CL),
dt
55
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vmax[S]
v ,
KM [S]
ln(2)
PDT .
56
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P
NP ,
N 3D 5
m[S]
,
Ks [S]
where is the specific growth rate, m is the maximum
specific growth rate when [S ] W K s, [S ] is the sub-
strate concentration, and Ks is the saturation constant
or half-velocity constant and is equal to the substrate
concentration when 1⁄2 m.
Stationary Phase—Phase in growth curve following the
exponential growth phase in which there is no net
growth. This phase is commonly associated with nutri-
ent depletion.
57
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