INDEX

 Introduction & History

 List of Problems identified

 Solutions provided

 Requirements Analysis

 Technologies Implemented

 Facilities and Benefit Analysis

 Comparative Analysis

 Conclusions

1
Introduction
Facebook, Inc. is an American online social media and social networking service company based in
Menlo Park, California. Its website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg, along
with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, DUSTIN
MOSKOVITZAND Chris Hughes. It is considered one of the Big Four technology companies along
with Amazon, Apple and Google.

The founders initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students and subsequently
Columbia, Stanford and Yale students. Membership was eventually expanded to the remaining Ivy
League schools, MIT, and higher education institutions in the Boston area. Facebook gradually added
support for students at various other universities, and eventually to high school students. Since 2006,
anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook,
though variations exist in this requirement, depending on local laws. The name comes from the face
book directories often given to American university students. Facebook held its initial public offering
(IPO) in February 2012, valuing the company at $104 billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly
listed public company. It began selling stock to the public three months later. Facebook makes most of
its revenue from advertisements that appear onscreen.

Facebook can be accessed from a large range of devices with Internet connectivity, such as desktop
computers, laptops and tablet computers, and smartphones. After registering, users can create a
customized profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Users can add other
users as "friends", exchange messages, post status updates, share photos, videos and links, use various
software applications ("apps"), and receive notifications of other users' activity. Additionally, users
may join commoninterest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, and
categorize their friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends". Additionally, users
can report or block unpleasant people.

Facebook has more than 2.2 billion monthly active users as of January 2018. Its popularity has led to
prominent media coverage for the company, including significant scrutiny over privacy and the
psychological effects it has on users. In recent years, the company has faced intense pressure over the
amount of fake news, hate speech and depictions of violence prevalent on its services, all of which it is
attempting to counteract.

2
HISTORY

2003–2006: Thefacebook, Thiel investment, and name change Zuckerberg wrote a program called
"Facemash" in 2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore (second-year student).
According to The Harvard Crimson, the site was comparable to Hot or Notand used "photos compiled
from the online facebooks of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to
choose the "hotter" person". Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four
hours online. The Facemash site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was
shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged
by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, and violating individual privacy.
Ultimately, the charges were dropped. Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by
creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded all art images to a website,
each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section, then shared the site with his
classmates, and people started sharing notes.

Original layout and name of Thefacebook, 2004

A “FACEBOOK” is a student directory featuring photos and basic information. In 2003, there were no
universal online facebooks at Harvard, with only paper sheets distributed and private online directories.
Zuckerberg told the Crimson that "Everyone's been talking a lot about a universal face book within
Harvard. ... I think it's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to
it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in a week." In January 2004, Zuckerberg began writing
code for a new website, known as "TheFacebook", with the inspiration coming from an editorial in the
Crimson about Facemash, stating that "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized
Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched
"TheFacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.

Six days after the site launched, Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya
Narendra accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them
build a social network called HarvardConnection.com. They claimed that he was instead using their

3
ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper
began an investigation.

They later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares
(worth $300 million at Facebook's IPO).

Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College; within the first month, more than
half the undergraduates at Harvard were registered on the service. Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz,
Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help manage the growth of the website. In
March 2004, Facebook expanded to the universities of Columbia, Stanford, and Yale. It later opened
to all Ivy League colleges, Boston University, New York University, MIT, Washington and gradually
most universities in the United States and Canada.

In mid-2004, Napster co-founder and entrepreneur Sean Parker—an informal advisor to Zuckerberg—
became the company's president. In June 2004, Facebook moved its operations base to Palo Alto,
California. It received its first investment later that month from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel. In 2005,
the company dropped "the" from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com for
US$200,000. The domain facebook.com belonged to AboutFace Corporation before the purchase. This
website last appeared on April 8, 2005; from April 10, 2005, to August 4, 2005, this domain gave a 403
error.

Mark Zuckerberg, co-creator of Facebook, in his Harvard dorm room, 2005

In May 2005, Accel Partners invested $12.7 million in Facebook, and Jim Breyer added $1 million of
his own money. A high-school version of the site was launched in September 2005, which Zuckerberg
called the next logical step. (At the time, high-school networks required an invitation to join.) Facebook
also expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and
Microsoft.

2006–2012: Public access, Microsoft alliance and rapid growth

On September 26, 2006, Facebook was opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email
address. In late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 business pages (pages which allowed companies to
promote themselves and attract customers). These started as group pages, but a new concept called
company pages was planned. Pages began rolling out for businesses in May 2009. On October 24,

4
2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving
Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion. Microsoft's purchase included rights to place
international advertisements on the social networking site.

In October 2008, Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin,
Ireland. Almost a year later, in September 2009, Facebook said that it had turned cash flow positive for
the first time. A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking
service by worldwide monthly active users. Entertainment Weekly included the site on its end-of-the-
decade "best-of" list saying, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers' birthdays,
bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?"

Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009. The company announced 500 million users in July
2010, and according to its data, half of the site's membership used Facebook daily, for an average of
34 minutes, while 150 million users accessed the site by mobile. A company representative called the
milestone a "quiet revolution."[46] In November 2010, based on SecondMarket Inc. (an exchange for
privately held companies' shares), Facebook's value was $41 billion. The company had slightly
surpassed eBay to become the third largest American web company after Google and Amazon.com.

In early 2011, Facebook announced plans to move its headquarters to the former Sun Microsystems
campus in Menlo Park, California. In March 2011, it was reported that Facebook was removing about
20,000 profiles every day for violations such as spam, graphic content, and underage use, as part of its
efforts to boost cyber security. Statistics by DoubleClick showed that Facebook reached one trillion
page views in the month of June 2011, making it the most visited website tracked by DoubleClick.
According to a Nielsen study, Facebook had in 2011 become the second-most accessed website in the
U.S. behind Google.

2012–2013: IPO, lawsuits and one-billionth user

Facebook eventually filed for an initial public offering on February 1, 2012. Facebook held an initial
public offering on May 17, 2012, negotiating a share price of US$38. The company was valued at $104
billion, the largest valuation to date for a newly listed public company. Facebook began selling stock
to the public and trading on the NASDAQ on May 18, 2012.[60] Based on its 2012 income of $5
billion, Facebook joined the Fortune 500 list for the first time in May 2013, ranked in position 462.

Facebook filed their S1 document with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2012.
The company applied for a $5 billion IPO, one of the biggest offerings in the history of technology.
The IPO raised $16 billion, making it the third-largest in U.S. history, after Visa Inc. in 2008 and AT&T
Wireless in 2000.

The shares began trading on May 18; the stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the
day, but set a record for the trading volume of an IPO (460 million shares). The first day of trading was
marred by technical glitches that prevented orders from going through; only the technical problems and
artificial support from underwriters prevented the stock price from falling below the IPO price on the
day. In March 2012, Facebook announced App Center, a store selling applications that operate via the
website. The store was to be available on iPhones, Android devices, and mobile web users.

5
Billboard on the Thomson Reutersbuilding welcomes Facebook to NASDAQ, 2012

On May 22, 2012, the Yahoo! Finance website reported that Facebook's lead underwriters, Morgan
Stanley (MS), JP Morgan (JPM), and Goldman Sachs (GS), cut their earnings forecasts for the company
in the middle of the IPO process. The stock had begun its freefall by this time, closing at 34.03 on May
21 and 31.00 on May 22. A "circuit breaker" trading curb was used in an attempt to slow down the
stock price's decline. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Schapiro, and Financial
Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Chairman Rick Ketchum, called for a review of the
circumstances surrounding the IPO.

Facebook's IPO was consequently investigated, and was compared to a "pump and dump" scheme. A
classaction lawsuit was filed in May 2012 because of the trading glitches, which led to botched orders.
Lawsuits were filed, alleging that an underwriter for Morgan Stanley selectively revealed adjusted
earnings estimates to preferred clients.

The other underwriters (MS, JPM, GS), Facebook's CEO and board, and NASDAQ also faced litigation
after numerous lawsuits were filed, while SEC and FINRA both launched investigations. It was
believed that adjustments to earnings estimates were communicated to the underwriters by a Facebook
financial officer, who used the information to cash out on their positions while leaving the general
public with overpriced shares. By the end of May 2012, Facebook's stock lost over a quarter of its
starting value, which led The Wall Street Journal to label the IPO a "fiasco".Zuckerberg announced to
the media at the start of October 2012 that Facebook had passed the monthly active users mark of one
billion. The company's data also revealed 600 million mobile users, 219 billion photo uploads, and 140
billion friend connections.

6
MANAGMENT
Facebook's key management personnel consists of Mark Zuckerberg (Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer), Sheryl Sandberg (Chief Operating Officer), David Wehner (Chief Financial Officer), Mike
Schroepfer (Chief Technology Officer), and Chris Cox (Chief Product Officer). As of June 30, 2017,
Facebook has 20,658 employees.
Revenues
(in millions US$)

Yea Revenue Growth

r

2004 $0.4 —

2005 $9 2150%

2006 $48 433%

2007 $153 219%

2008 $280 83%

2009 $775 177%

2010 $2,000 158%

2011 $3,711 86%

2012 $5,089 37%

2013 $7,872 55%

2014 $12,466 58%

2015 $17,928 44%

7
2016 $27,638 54%

2017 $40,653 47%

Website

Main articles: List of Facebook features and Facebook Platform

Profile shown on Thefacebook in 2005

Previous Facebook logo in use from August 23, 2005 until July
1, 2015

THE PROBLEM FACEBOOK FACED AND SOLVED

Facebook can't stand that its users are no longer posting their own content like they used to. That's why
on Wednesday Mark Zuckerberg's company announced a major overhaul to its News Feed algorithm
that will prioritize users' posts--and push publishers' content further down--in an effort to encourage
more original content sharing.

According to The Information, the amount of original content published by Facebook users declined
21 percent in 2015 from the year before. That drop has contributed to a 5.5 percent decrease in overall
sharing. It's arguably the worst thing that could happen to Facebook, which relies on a steady stream
of engaging content to keep users coming back to the service. The company needed to make the
algorithm change to nip this problem before it gets out of hand.

8
"Our top priority is keeping you connected to the people, places and things you want to be connected
to-starting with the people you are friends with on Facebook," Lars Backstrom, Facebook engineering
director, wrote on the company's blog.

Think of this News Feed change as a stimulus package for social media. By putting user content front
and center, Facebook will show its users that 'Hey, everyday people just like you are also posting their
ideas, photos, videos, and live streams!' This is in direct contrast to the strategy the company had taken
over the past couple of years, prioritizing professional-quality content from brands and publications. It
was a strategy implemented for the sake of driving ad sales, but one that also had the unintended effect
of making many users feel their content no longer had a place on the platform.

News Feed stories are ranked "so that people can see what they care about first, and don't miss important
stuff from their friends," said Adam Mosseri, Facebook's vice president of News Feed product
management, in a blog post. "If the ranking is off, people don't engage, and leave dissatisfied. So one
of our most important jobs is getting this ranking right."

The losers in this shift will no doubt be publishers and Facebook Page owners. Facebook isn't shy about
this fact. "We anticipate that this update may cause reach and referral traffic to decline for some Pages,"
Backstrom said.

For some publishers, that string of words is a death sentence. In this overhaul, Facebook said it will
rank content starting with users' friends and family first, followed by informative posts (i.e., news) and
then entertainment (i.e., news about Kim Kardashian and Justin Bieber).

So what can businesses do to ensure their posts still get some News Feed attention? Facebook
recommends that you post content your followers will be more likely to engage with and share with
their friends. "If a lot of your referral traffic is the result of people sharing your content and their friends
liking and commenting on it, there will be less of an impact than if the majority of your traffic comes
directly through Page posts," said Backstrom, adding that publishers should also be sure to check out
Facebook's "Best Practices" page for more tips.

And more likely than not, Facebook will likely prefer publishers whose posts include plenty of rich
media, like photos, videos, or even more complex content such as 360-degree photos or Facebook Live
broadcasts.

While there are these ways of getting around the algorithm change, publishers still have every right to
feel betrayed. Facebook has been encouraging brands and publications to post more of their work and
dedicate more of their time on the social network, promising lucrative page views and ad dollars. The
company has been busy rolling out products specifically designed to fill these needs, ranging from
Instant Articles to Facebook Live, its broadcast streaming feature. And now, all of a sudden, Facebook
is pulling the rug right out from underneath all of its publishing partners.

Ultimately, though, Facebook is making the right choice for itself by being proactive. It has to do
something to spur content sharing. Perhaps this algorithm shift will accomplish that goal; perhaps it
won't, but laying back and relying on publishers was not solving its problems either.

PUBLISHED ON: JUN 29, 2016

9
Nearly everyone uses Facebook, but can we all agree that it kind of sucks? For every great story or
picture you see on Facebook, you’ll have a dozen low-quality memes, annoying posts, and even
frustrating user interface elements.

Let’s put a stop to all that for good. We’ll cover fixes for some of Facebook’s most obnoxious issues
so you don’t have to put up with them anymore.

1. Shut Up Excessive Posters

We all know someone like this:Your uncle posts too many political rants.Your grandpa has no idea
how to use Facebook and posts nonsense every day.That one friend takes too many pictures of their
pet.

A friend from college copies and pastes a post riddled with grammatical errors to let you know that
they really hate cancer.

These scenarios result in a dilemma. You don’t want to unfriend these people and hurt their feelings,
but you’re also sick of seeing their posts. The solution is to unfollow them; you won’t see their updates
anymore but you remain friends.

To unfollow someone, just visit their profile page. On the right side of their cover photo, you should
see a Following box. Click that, and select Unfollow [Name]. Now you won’t have to suffer from that
person’s posts. You’ll still be friends, so you can visit their timeline anytime if you want to check out
what they’re up to.

Unfollowing someone doesn’t send them a notification, so don’t worry — you’re incognito. Enjoy your
clutter-free timeline.

10
2. Keep Important Friends First
On the opposite end of the spectrum are friends whose posts you don’t want to miss. Facebook’s
everchanging algorithms mean you might not even see certain updates from friends. To combat this,
you can specify your closest friends and see their updates at the top of your feed, every time.

Visit the friend’s page whose posts you can’t miss. Click the Following box again, but this time select
See First. Now Facebook will always show you those updates right away. Whether you use this for
creeping or not is up to you.

When you really can’t miss an update from a certain someone, you can get notifications every time
they post. Visit their page, then click the Friends box. You can choose Get Notifications, and Facebook
will send you a notification every time that friend posts.

If you like, you can also add that person to the Close Friends group. Doing so will automatically enable
notifications when they post, and you can also share posts exclusively with your Close Friends group.

3. Opt Out of Targeted Ads

Facebook makes an unfathomable amount of money from advertising. Thus, it spends a lot of time
trying to serve you the most relevant ads in the hopes you’ll interact with them. By default, Facebook
tracks you everywhere you go and uses your browsing habits to come up with the best ads for you.

11
You can opt out of these personalized ads and see more general ones for your age group and gender.
To do so, click the small drop-down arrow in the top-right of Facebook’s window and select Settings.
Select Ads on the left sidebar, and open the Ad settings category on the resulting page.

Here, you can set the first two options to No and the third to No One. This will stop Facebook ads from
using your browsing history to show you ads both on and off Facebook. The Ads with your social
actions option prevents Facebook from using your Likes as ads to your friends.

4. Stop Sharing Posts With Everyone

Just like you get sick of seeing others’ posts, sometimes you don’t want to share your own updates with
some friends. Maybe you don’t want your boss seeing what you were up to on your day off, or don’t
need another round of your sister’s commentary on what you have to say. Using a few methods, you
can easily hide your posts from certain people.

If you only want to hide a post from someone once, click the audience selector button (it probably says
Friends or Public) on the post. Select Friends except… and search for the friends you don’t want to see
the post. Click the red Remove button to keep them from seeing the post, then Save Changes to finish.

To add keep someone from seeing your posts all the time, you can add them to your Restricted list.
People on this list won’t see anything you post unless it’s set to Public or you tag them in it. Visit
someone’s page, select the Friends button, and then click Add to another list… Scroll down and click
the Restricted list.

12
5. Disable Photo Tag Suggestions for Friends
Photo tagging is a fun feature on the surface, but it’s a problem for Facebook privacy. If someone takes
an embarrassing picture of you and tags you in it, all your friends will be able to see that picture. And
there’s always the risk that someone could use a tagged photo to obtain too much personal information
on you.

You can’t block photo tags on Facebook, but you can disable suggestions. Visit Settings again, and
select Timeline and Tagging from the left sidebar. On the Who sees tag suggestions when photos that
look like you are uploaded? option, choose No One.

Friends can still enter your name to tag you in a picture, but Facebook won’t offer suggestions based
on its recognition algorithms. Thus, they won’t see these popups:

13
6. Block Annoying Auto-Playing Videos
Nobody likes videos that play as soon as you scroll past them. They’re loud and can catch you off-
guard if you thought you had your volume muted. Plus, if you’re on a metered connection, they’re a
waste of data.

To turn off video autoplay, click the top-right arrow anywhere on Facebook and choose Settings. Click
the Videos tab on the left, and then set the Auto-Play Videos option to Off.

7. Block Annoying App Invites

Facebook features hundreds of stupid games, all of them designed to waste time and take your money.
If you’re sick of friends pleading for extra lives in Candy Crush, you can block all Facebook invites
and requests by game or by person.

Your Complete Guide to Blocking Facebook Invites Your Complete Guide to Blocking Facebook
Invites But game invites can fill up your notifications. How do you stop them?! Hint: The answer does
not involve posting a status update.

Take another trip to Settings, and pick the Blocking tab this time. Find the Block app invites field and
enter any friend who’s invited you one too many times. You’ll automatically block all requests in the
future. This won’t affect any other part of your interaction with them on Facebook.

14
If you’d like, you can also enter an app’s name in the Block apps field. This will prevent it from
contacting you and using your Facebook information.

8. Change the Interface to Your Liking

Some elements of Facebook are unchangeable through default options. If you want to take your
Facebook customization to the next level, you’ll need to install a Facebook browser extension.

15 Extensions to Transform Your Facebook Experience 15 Extensions to Transform Your Facebook

Experience From finding out who unfriended you to keeping to removing those annoying boxes in the
sidebar, here are the 15 best extensions for a better Facebook. The best one is Social Fixer. It’s available
as a browser extension for Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Opera. Once you install it, you’ll see a wrench
icon in the upperright corner of every Facebook page. Click that and choose Social Fixer Options to
customize the experience, though it makes several improvements out of the box.

 Social Fixer offers too many options to cover here, but among the highlights:

 Automatically enable Most Recent view in your News Feed (General tab).

 Use Ctrl + Enter instead of Enter to submit comments (General tab).

 Enable the Friend Manager to get alerts when people unfriend you (General tab).

 Use the Hide Posts tab to hide any updates with certain words.

 Try some pre-made Filters to weed out politics, spoilers, and more.

15
 Dig into the Social Fixer options and you’ll find many more ways to change the most annoying
parts of Facebook.

 Common Facebook Errors

 We conclude with tips for a few common errors people deal with when trying to access Facebook.

9. Forgot Facebook Password

Far and away, forgetting your Facebook login information is one of the biggest issues folks run into.
We’ve written a full guide to recovering your Facebook account if you can’t log in. And if you think
your account was hacked, you need to act quickly.

How to Recover Your Facebook Account When You Can No Longer Log In How to Recover Your
Facebook Account When You Can No Longer Log InLearn everything you need to know about
Facebook account recovery. Follow these steps to be able to log back in.

10. Can’t Connect to Facebook

Since Facebook is one of the biggest sites on the web, it rarely experiences an outage. Next time you
can’t get on Facebook, follow a few steps to diagnose the problem:

Check a website like Down for Everyone to see if Facebook is really down. If it is, you can’t do much
more than wait.

Visit another website to make sure your connection is working. If not, follow our steps to fixing internet
connection problems.

Clear your browser cache and cookies, or try to open Facebook in an incognito window or another
browser. If this works, something about your current browser is the issue.

Disable any VPNs or tracker-blocking extensions you have running and try to connect to Facebook
directly.

Reboot your PC and router.

Facebook Chat Problems & Solutions

Facebook chat is an incredibly handy way to communicate with your friends and family members.
Whether or not you are new to Facebook chat and its video and voice calling features, you may
occasionally encounter some problems with your chat experience.

Here are common chat problems that users report along with possible solutions. If your problem and
solution aren't listed here, contact Facebook by clicking the question mark in the top-right corner of a
Facebook page, select Report a Problem and follow the instructions on the screen.

Unwanted Contact From Specific Facebook Chat Users

Are specific users creating problems for you on Facebook Chat? block individual user while allowing
others to send and receive chat messages from you by creating a block list.

16
Click the Options icon in the chat sidebar.

Select Block Settings.

Go to the Block Messages section and enter the name of the person you want to block from Facebook
Chat message. The people you block won't be able to send you chat messages or contact you in the
Messages app.

Having a Problem With Your Camera

One of Facebook Chat's lesser-known features is its voice and video-calling capability. You turn this
feature on using the Options icon at the bottom of the chat sidebar. If you have trouble with your
computer's camera during a chat:

Close any open applications on your computer that use the camera, particularly other chat or video
programs.

Restart your web browser.

Download the most recent drivers for your camera.

Having a Problem With Video Call Sound

When the video is working, but the sound is missing, check the following:

Some microphones and headsets have mute/unmute buttons. Check to confirm yours isn't set on mute.

If you use an external microphone, make sure it is plugged into the correct port on your computer.

Close any programs that use a microphone, particularly video calling and chat applications.

Nobody Is Available to Chat on Facebook Chat

If all the names in your Facebook Chat sidebar are grayed out, Chat is turned off. Turn it back on by
clicking the Options icon and selecting Turn On Chat. If the names are not grayed out and there are no
green dot indicators next to people's names indicating their availability to chat, they just aren't online
right now. Try back later.

Cannot Close the Facebook Chat Window

If the Facebook Chat sidebar appears stuck in the open position, select the Options tab on the chat panel
and select Hide Sidebar. Clicking on the Options icon again unhides the sidebar.

Too Many Friends to Scroll Through on Facebook Chat

Users with more friends than the chat bar can accommodate may find Facebook Chat is difficult to use.
You can turn off chat for some of your friends while leaving chat turned on for others.

Click the Options icon at the bottom of the chat sidebar.

Click Turn Off Chat.

In the screen that opens, click the radio button in front of Turn off chat for all contacts except...

17
Enter the names of friends or of groups you want to leave chat turned for. All others will be turned off.
Messages from people for whom chat is turned off go to your inbox where you can read them later.

Click Okay.

If you only want to turn off Chat for a few people, it is faster to choose Turn off chat for only some
contacts... instead and enter those names into the field provided, leaving Chat turned on for everyone
else.

Benefit given by facebook

At Facebook, we take care of our people so they can take care of bringing the world closer together.
Through Life@Facebook, our holistic approach to benefits and perks, we make sure you and your loved
ones receive the resources and care that you need to thrive. We offer a wide range of competitive
benefits in areas including health, family, finance, community, convenience, growth, time away and
relocation.

Health
 Our holistic wellness programs, including physical and mental health services, help you stay
healthy in all areas of life.

 Health insurance to keep you and your family healthy

 Medical second opinion service to make sure you get the best care

 Wellness reimbursement to support all your healthy activities

 Family

 Facebook is a great place for families, with programs to give you the support you need to make
sure your family feels cared for.

 Paid leave for new parents

 Support for family planning including adoption and surrogacy assistance and baby cash to help
with newborn expenses

Community
 At Facebook, we’re committed to nurturing and empowering community—internally as well as
externally.

 Join a Facebook Resource Group —or create your own. We provide funding and support to help
you build meaningful friendships at Facebook

 Opportunities to volunteer in the local community

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Finance
 We offer financial benefits and services to give you financial peace of mind.

 Competitive retirement plans

 Life insurance and survivor support

 Convenience

 Onsite amenities help you optimize your valuable time.

 Dry cleaning and laundry services

 Vending machines for commonly used electronics

 Time Away

 We want you to take time away when you need it.

 Generous vacation days

 A 30-day break every five years

 Growth

 Never stop learning! We offer the tools and resources you need to grow in your career.

 6-month onboarding program

 Classroom and online learning to help you develop professional and leadership skills

 Self-paced learning programs—so you can learn anytime, anywhere

 Coaching and mentoring

 Relocation

 We make it easy to say yes to a Facebook job offer

 Excellent relocation packages for new hires

Requirement Analysis

Software used

In some ways Facebook is still a LAMP site (kind of) which refers to services using Linux, Apache,
MySQL, and PHP, but it has had to change and extend its operation to incorporate a lot of other
elements and services, and modify the approach to existing ones.

For example:

19
Facebook still uses PHP, but it has built a compiler for it so it can be turned into native code on its web
servers, thus boosting performance.

Facebook uses Linux, but has optimized it for its own purposes (especially in terms of network
throughput).

Facebook uses MySQL, but primarily as a key-value persistent storage, moving joins and logic onto
the web servers since optimizations are easier to perform there (on the “other side” of the Memcached
layer).

Then there are the custom-written systems, like Haystack, a highly scalable object store used to serve
Facebook’s immense amount of photos, or Scribe, a logging system that can operate at Facebook’s
scale (which is far from trivial).

But enough of that. Let’s present (some of) the software that Facebook uses to provide us all with the
world’s largest social network site.

 Memcached

Memcached is by now one of the most famous pieces of software on the internet. It’s a distributed
memory caching system which Facebook (and a ton of other sites) use as a caching layer between the
web servers and MySQL servers (since database access is relatively slow). Through the years,
Facebook has made a ton of optimizations to Memcached and the surrounding software (like optimizing
the network stack).

Facebook runs thousands of Memcached servers with tens of terabytes of cached data at any one point
in time. It is likely the world’s largest Memcached installation.

 HipHop for PHP and HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM)

PHP, being a scripting language, is relatively slow when compared to code that runs natively on a
server. HipHop converts PHP into C++ code which can then be compiled for better performance. This
has allowed Facebook to get much more out of its web servers since Facebook relies heavily on PHP
to serve content.

20
A small team of engineers (initially just three of them) at Facebook spent 18 months developing
HipHop, and it was used for a few years. The project was discontinued back in 2013 and then replaced
by HHVM (HipHop Virtual Machine).

 Haystack

Haystack is Facebook’s high-performance photo storage/retrieval system (strictly speaking, Haystack

is an object store, so it doesn’t necessarily have to store photos). It has a ton of work to do; there are
more than 20 billion uploaded photos on Facebook, and each one is saved in four different resolutions,
resulting in more than 80 billion photos.

And it’s not just about being able to handle billions of photos; web performance is critical. As we
mentioned previously, Facebook users upload around 147,000 photos every minute which makes it
2,450 photos per second.

 BigPipe

BigPipe is a dynamic web page serving system that Facebook has developed. Facebook uses it to serve
each web page in sections (called “pagelets”) for optimal performance.

For example, the chat window is retrieved separately, the news feed is retrieved separately, and so on.
These pagelets can be retrieved in parallel, which is where the performance gain comes in, and it also
gives users a site that works even if some part of it would be deactivated or broken.

 Cassandra (Instagram)

Cassandra is a distributed storage system with no single point of failure. It’s one of the poster children
for the NoSQL movement and has been made open source (it’s even become an Apache project).
Facebook used it for its Inbox search.

Other than Facebook, a number of other services use it, for example Digg. We’re even considering
some uses for it here at SolarWinds® Pingdom®.

Facebook abandoned Cassandra back in 2010 but the solution has been used at Instagram since 2012
replacing Redis.

 Scribe

Scribe was a flexible logging system that Facebook used for a multitude of purposes internally. It’s
been built to be able to handle logging at the scale of Facebook, and automatically handles new logging
categories as they show up (Facebook has hundreds). As of 2019, Scribe’s GitHub repository states
that this project is no longer supported or updated by Facebook which probably means that it’s not in
use anymore.

 Hadoop and Hive

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Hadoop is an open source map-reduce implementation that makes it possible to perform calculations
on massive amounts of data. Facebook uses this for data analysis (and as we all know, Facebook has
massive amounts of data). Hive originated from within Facebook, and makes it possible to use SQL
queries against Hadoop, making it easier for non-programmers to use.

Both Hadoop and Hive are open source (Apache projects) and are used by a number of big services,
for example Yahoo and Twitter.

 Thrift

Facebook uses several different languages for its different services. PHP is used for the front-end,
Erlang is used for Chat, Java and C++ are also used in several places (and perhaps other languages as
well). Thrift is an internally developed cross-language framework that ties all of these different
languages together, making it possible for them to talk to each other. This has made it much easier for
Facebook to keep up its crosslanguage development.

Facebook has made Thrift open source and support for even more languages has been added.

 Varnish

Varnish is an HTTP accelerator which can act as a load balancer and also cache content which can then
be served lightning-fast.

Facebook uses Varnish to serve photos and profile pictures, handling billions of requests every day.
Like almost everything Facebook uses, Varnish is open source.

 React

React is an open-source JavaScript library created in 2011 by Jordan Walke, a software engineer at
Facebook. Later, Facebook introduced React Fiber, which is a collection of algorithms for rendering
graphics. Interestingly, React is now one of the world’s most widely used JavaScript libraries.

Technical aspects
The website's primary color is blue as Zuckerberg is red-green colorblind, a realization that occurred
after a test undertaken around 2007; he explained in 2010: "blue is the richest color for me—I can see
all of blue." Facebook is built in PHP which is compiled with HipHop for PHP, a "source code

22
transformer" built by Facebook engineers that turns PHP into C++. The deployment of HipHop
reportedly reduced average CPU consumption on Facebook servers by 50%.

Facebook is developed as one monolithic application. According to an interview in 2012 with Chuck
Rossi, a build engineer at Facebook, Facebook compiles into a 1.5 GB binary blob which is then
distributed to the servers using a custom BitTorrent-based release system. Rossi stated that it takes
about 15 minutes to build and 15 minutes to release to the servers. The build and release process has
zero downtime and new changes to Facebook are rolled out daily.

Facebook uses a combination platform based on HBase to store data across distributed machines. Using
a tailing architecture, new events are stored in log files, and the logs are tailed. The system rolls these
events up and writes them into storage. The user interface then pulls the data out and displays it to
users. Facebook handles requests as AJAX behavior. These requests are written to a log file using
Scribe (developed by Facebook).

Data is read from these log files using Ptail, an internally built tool to aggregate data from multiple
Scribe stores. It tails the log files and pulls data out (thus the name). Ptail data are separated out into
three streams so they can eventually be sent to their own clusters in different data centers (Plugin
impression, News feed impressions, Actions (plugin + news feed)). Puma is used to manage periods of
high data flow (Input/Output or IO). Data is processed in batches to lessen the number of times needed
to read and write under high demand periods (A hot article will generate a lot of impressions and news
feed impressions which will cause huge data skews). Batches are taken every 1.5 seconds, limited by
memory used when creating a hash table.

After this, data is output in PHP format (compiled with HipHop for PHP). The backend is written in
Java and Thrift is used as the messaging format so PHP programs can query Java services. Caching
solutions are used to make the web pages display more quickly. The more and longer data is cached
the less realtime it is. The data is then sent to MapReduce servers so it can be queried via Hive. This
also serves as a backup plan as the data can be recovered from Hive. Raw logs are removed after a
period of time.

On March 20, 2014, Facebook announced a new open-source programming language called Hack.
Before public release, a large portion of Facebook was already running and "battle tested" using the
new language.

Facebook uses the Momentum platform from Message Systems to deliver the enormous volume of
emails it sends to its users every day.

23
Comparative Analysis
Facebook Vs Instagram: a Comparison

No. of Users

Facebook has more users than Instagram because some people do not know about the Instagram as it
comes quite later than Facebook. You will find more of your friends on Facebook than on Instagram.

So for this Facebook took more score than Instagram.

Facebook = +2

Instagram = +1

Demographics

Instagram is used by the youngster or showbiz people, whereas Facebook is equally used by all ages of
users. And it has seen that most of the adults or older are using Facebook more interestingly than kids
and youngsters. So if you want to make your advertisement accordingly, you should do an
advertisement for the youngster on Instagram and for older people, make your advertisement on
Facebook.

Facebook = +2

Instagram = +1

Privacy

Facebook provides you more options regarding privacy. You can change the privacy for your each post,
status, and activity. And can deal with many other timeline privacy settings. While on Instagram, you
can either make your account public or private, no privacy settings for individual posts.

Here Facebook gets more score in Privacy Settings.

Facebook = +3

Instagram = +0

Algorithm Techniques

Both Facebook and Instagram are using strong and advanced algorithms to make the content best and
approachable or users. If you talk about video and photo contents than Instagram is better in techniques,
while Facebook gives you better regarding status, posts and text contents. Lately, Facebook has started
showing more ads on the timeline which is irritating for most users as the ads are almost blended into
the timeline. Facebook = -2

Instagram = +1

Interface

24
The Facebook interface is simple and easy to use with lots of options and features, which sometimes
cause confusion for a user who is new to Facebook because he does not even know how to use
Facebook’s all features and things.

While Instagram is only meant to post videos and photos, and that is easy for a new user too. But the
Instagram’s interface is a little bit messy due to photos and video contents. But user finds it easy to use
at his first time.

Facebook = +0

Instagram = +1

Advertising Platform

Both are good for advertising your business or products or any other stuff. If you want a detailed ad for
your stuff, then you should go to Facebook. Sometimes the user isn’t interested in reading all ads and
wants a quick and brief info about your ad so this drew his attention.

But if you want to attract user abruptly, then post your attractive ad on Instagram to capture the user’s
attention.

Here Instagram gets more score than Facebook.

Facebook = +2

Instagram = +1

Devices

Facebook can be used on any device via the App or Desktop Version. But Instagram is only used for
mobile or tablet as an App. Because Instagram is new and hopefully its other device supported version
will be available soon.

Here Facebook gets more score than Instagram.

Facebook = +3

Instagram = -2

Other Accounts Integration

Facebook do not let you integrate any of your other accounts with it, while in Instagram you can
integrate your Facebook, Google Drive, twitter, Dropbox, and Pinterest accounts.

Facebook = -1

Instagram = +2

Play Games

25
Facebook allows you to play many games in the Facebook game room, but Instagram does not have
any games for users to play. Because Instagram’s database is small and it is only available in App
version so far.

Here Facebook gets more score than Instagram.

Facebook = +1

Instagram = +0

Conclusion
According to my comparison, you can see that, at somewhere Facebook is better while in some cases,
Instagram is better to use. But overall Facebook is more popular and cluttered with features. Whereas
Instagram is also on its way to get equal popularity as of Facebook and so far it is already becoming
very famous and can compete with Facebook easily.

Let’s conclude my article by providing you the comparison table for quick and better review of both
social media sites.

Visual comparison of Facebook and Instagram

Below is the table which will allow you to have a quick overview of the comparison of both Facebook
and Instagram. It will help you in getting to know each platform clearly.

Facebook Instagram

No. of Users 2 1

Interface 1

Demographics 2 1

Privacy 3

Al -2 1

Interface 1

Advertising 3 1

Devices 3 -2

Other accounts Integration -1 2

Total Score 10 6

In the year 2012, Facebook made a huge spend amounting to $1 Billion. The reason? It went ahead to
buy the not-so-popular, photo-sharing app Instagram! But why would Facebook spend so much on an

26
app which wasn’t even performing exceedingly well? The answer was simple. Facebook wanted to
come as a strong frontrunner in the world of mobile, and Instagram was the answer.

When this path-breaking purchase was made, Facebook was clear about one aspect – Instagram will be
kept independent, and will not be integrated into the parent app. Little did anyone know at that point in
time, that this seemingly tiny photo-sharing app, will one day give stiff competition to Facebook. Well,
that day has arrived and how!

Usage Statistics

As per the research firm eMarketer, in the year 2017, Facebook lost as many as 2.8 million users under
25, in the United States alone. This is the first time, the social networking giants have experienced such
a significant decline in users, and if speculations are to be believed the situation is not going to improve
anytime soon. On the other hand, www.statista.com reports an increase in active monthly users on
Instagram from 600 million in December 2016, to 800 million in September 2017.

Many experts are now predicting, that Instagram will take over Facebook in user statistics by the end
of 2020.

Mobile Friendliness

With large-screen smartphones, iPads, and Tablets making their way into the common man’s lifestyle,
mobile friendliness is a key feature in determining the success of a social media network. Thanks to its
humble origins on this very platform, Instagram offers a much better experience to the users!

Story Integration

Neither Instagram nor Facebook came up with the revolutionary idea of self-destructing stories. It was,
in fact, brought about by Snapchat. But, Instagram proved to be more successful in integrating it with
its platform, while Facebook seemed to be at a loss both – in displaying the stories on the newsfeed, as
well as force feeding them to the users via Facebook Messenger.

And do we even need to tell you, Instagram even managed to beat Snapchat at the ‘stories’ game. Well,
that’s the trait of a winner!

Integration of E-Commerce

All major social media networks are availed to the average user, completely free of cost. It is the ad
revenues from e-commerce businesses that keep these networks up and running. While Facebook was
the first to integrate e-commerce into the experience, it did not gain much success. The reason was
simple. The layout looked forced, and rather than attracting the users, it started to put them off. Another
problem? Facebook went too far with the idea, so much so that an average timeline today looks more
like a stream of ads than one filled with relevant posts from friends and family.

Instagram on the other hand, was more sophisticated with its approach. It integrated the commerce in
a rather effortless manner. And now with its in-app payment feature, it wouldn’t be wrong to say, that
the platform has mastered the art of selling stuff online!

The Vibe

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The vibe generated by a platform is a rather subjective issue, but it wouldn’t be wrong to say that
trolling is something that has almost always be a part of Facebook, and for some reason, the giant hasn’t
done enough to control the same.

Instagram, on the other hand, seems to be on the better side of things. If it is just by sheer luck or by
design, we couldn’t say. But looks like, the community is a little more sophisticated here and doesn’t
like to make a fiasco of every little thing.

The verdict? Instagram offers a more positive and pleasing experience, though not to a huge extent!

All being said, the fact that Facebook still entertains 2.20 billion active monthly users, is enough to
mock Instagram’s rather minuscule count of 800 million active monthly users. Whether the latter is
able to take over its parent company in this aspect, is something which only time can truly tell!

Difference Between WhatsApp and Facebook

Content: WhatsApp Vs Facebook

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR WHATSAPP FACEBOOK

COMPARISON

Meaning WhatsApp is an application that Facebook is an online website, that

permits user to enjoy texting allows user to connect with a lot of
service over the internet. people to build a social circle.

Created by Brian Acton Mark Zuckerberg

Released in 2009 2004

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 Features The user can chat and call with The user can chat, make a call (both
their WhatApp contacts along voice & video), play games online,
with sharing videos, photos, news feed and updates, pages,
audio and voice message. groups, sharing stuff, etc.

Like and No Yes

Comment option

Privacy option in Nobody, My contacts, Everyone Only me, Friends, Custom, Public
profile picture

Phone Number Must Depends on the user's discretion.

Who can join you? Only your phone contacts. Anyone can join you by simply
sending a friend request.

Need to log in No Yes

Key Differences Between WhatsApp and Facebook

The following are the major differences between WhatsApp and Facebook:

WhatsApp is a famous instant messaging application. Facebook is the best social networking website
made so far, where any person can expand its social circle.

WhatsApp is introduced by Brian Acton in 2009 while Facebook is launched by Mark Zuckerberg.

WhatsApp allows only your mobile contacts to join you whereas through Facebook even a person miles
away from you can join you.

Facebook has like and comment options which are not there in WhatsApp.

In terms of security, Facebook is more has more privacy options as compared to WhatsApp.

WhatsApp uses a phone number as the priority for making ID. Conversely, in Facebook either an email
id or a mobile number can help you to make your ID.

WhatsApp has no option of login or log out, but Facebook has the same.

29
Conclusion
There is no competition between the two as they both are the best at their place, i.e. WhatsApp for
chatting and Facebook for connecting and sharing. Both played a catalytic role in reforming the means
of communication. As we had discussed above that Facebook owns WhatsApp since Feb 2014. So,
there is no conflict between the two as they are separate entities, and both are serving people in specific
areas. There is no comparison between the two, but the differences do exist.

Conclusion

The official Facebook app is a complete and total mess, but despite that, you can still tweak it to make
it bearable. However, that doesn’t stop me from wholeheartedly recommending you either switch to
the mobile site, or use a third-party app instead. If you’re going to spend a good chunk of your day on
Facebook, you should be able to without needing a spare battery.

30
Introduction of Instagram....
Instagram (also known as IG[9]) is a photo and video-sharing social networking service owned by
Facebook, Inc. It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and launched in October 2010
exclusively on iOS. A version for Android devices was released a year and half later, in April 2012,
followed by a feature-limited website interface in November 2012, and apps for Windows 10 Mobile
and Windows 10 in April 2016 and October 2016 respectively.

The app allows users to upload photos and videos to the service, which can be edited with various
filters, and organized with tags and location information. An account's posts can be shared publicly or
with pre-approved followers. Users can browse other users' content by tags and locations, and view
trending content. Users can "like" photos, and follow other users to add their content to a feed.

The service was originally distinguished by only allowing content to be framed in a square (1:1) aspect
ratio, but these restrictions were eased in 2015. The service also added messaging features, the ability
to include multiple images or videos in a single post, as well as "Stories"—similar to its main
competitor Snapchat— which allows users to post photos and videos to a sequential feed, with each
post accessible by others for 24 hours each.

History of instagram..
Instagram began development in San Francisco, when Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger chose to focus
their multi-featured HTML5 check-in project, Burbn, on mobile photography. As Krieger reasoned,
Burbn became too similar to Foursquare, and both realized that it had gone too far. Burbn was then
pivoted to become more focused on photo-sharing.The word Instagram is a portmanteau of instant
camera and telegram.

On March 5, 2010, Systrom closed a $500,000 seed funding round with Baseline Ventures and
Andreessen Horowitz while working on Burbn.Josh Riedel joined the company in October as
Community ManagerShayne
Sweeney joined in November as an engineer, and Jessica Zollman joined as a Community Evangelist
in August 2011

31
Kevin Systrom posted the first photo to Instagram on July 16, 2010] The photo shows a dog in Mexico
and Systrom's girlfriend's foot; the photo has been enhanced using Instagram's X-PRO2 filter. On
October 6, 2010, the Instagram iOS app was officially released through the App Store

In February 2011, it was reported that Instagram had raised $7 million in Series A funding from a
variety of investors, including Benchmark Capital, Jack Dorsey, Chris Sacca (through Capital fund),
and Adam D'Angelo. The deal valued Instagram at around $20 million.

On April 3, 2012, Instagram was released for Android phonesand it was downloaded more than one
million times in less than one day

On May 11, 2016, Instagram revamped its design, adding a black-and-white theme for the app and a
more abstract, "modern" and colorful icon Rumors of a redesign first started circulating in April, when
The Verge received a screenshot from a tipster, but at the time, an Instagram spokesperson simply told
the publication that "This is a design test only"

On September 24, 2018, Krieger and Systrom announced in a statement they would be stepping down
from Instagram.On October 1, 2018, it was announced that Adam Mosseri would be the new head of
Instagram

Instagram adds alternative text features to photo posts allowing visual impaired user to listen to
descriptions of each photo which has alternative text, either automatic generated text or user-input text.

Problems and their solution:-

1) There was no option for users to opt out of the changed Terms of Service without deleting their
accounts before the new policy went into effect on January 16, 2013.The move garnered severe
criticism from users, prompting Instagram CEO Kevin Systrom to write a blog post one day later,
announcing that they would "remove" the offending language from the policy. Citing misinterpretations
about its intention to "communicate that we'd like to experiment with innovative advertising that feels
appropriate on Instagram", Systrom also stated that it was "our mistake that this language is confusing"
and that "it is not our intention to sell your photos". Furthermore, he wrote that they would work on
"updated language in the terms to make sure this is clear".

The policy change and its backlash caused competing photo services to use the opportunity to "try to
lure users away" by advertising their privacy-friendly services, and some services experienced
substantial gains in momentum and user growth following the news. On December 20, Instagram
announced that the advertising section of the policy would be reverted to its original October 2010
version. The Verge wrote about that policy as well, however, noting that the original policy gives the
company right to "place such advertising and promotions on the Instagram Services or on, about, or in
conjunction with your Content", meaning that "Instagram has always had the right to use your photos
in ads, almost any way it wants.

32
The policy update also introduced an arbitration clause, which remained even after the language
pertaining to advertising and user content hadbeen modified.

2)Illicit drugs

Instagram has been the subject of criticism due to users publishing images of drugs they are selling on
the platform. In 2013, the BBC discovered that users, mostly located in the United States, were posting
images of drugs they were selling, attaching specific hashtags, and then completing transactions via
instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp. Corresponding hashtags have been blocked as part
of the company's response and a spokesperson engaged with the BBC explained:

Instagram has a clear set of rules about what is and isn't allowed on the site. We encourage people who
come across illegal or inappropriate content to report it to us using the built-in reporting tools next to
every photo, video or comment, so we can take action. People can't buy things on Instagram, we are
simply a place where people share photos and videos.

However, new incidents of illegal drug trade have occurred in the aftermath of the 2013 revelation,
with Facebook, Instagram's parent company, asking users who come across such content to report the
material, at which time a "dedicated team" reviews the information.

3)Allegations of censorship

In October 2013, Instagram deleted the account of Canadian photographer Petra Collins after she posted
a photo of herself in which a very small area of pubic hair was visible above the top of her bikini
bottom. Collins claimed that the account deletion was unfounded because it did not break any of
Instagram's terms and conditions. Audra Schroeder of The Daily Dot further wrote that "Instagram's
terms of use state users can't post "pornographic or sexually suggestive photos," but who actually gets
to decide that? You can indeed find more sexually suggestive photos on the site than Collins', where
women show the side of "femininity" the world is "used to" seeing and accepting." an October 2015
explanation from CEO Kevin Systrom highlighted Apple's content guidelines for apps published
through its App Store, including Instagram, in which apps must designate the appropriate age ranking
for users, with the app's current rating being 12+ years of age. However, this statement has also been
called into question due to other apps with more explicit content allowed on the store, the lack of
consequences for men exposing their bodies on Instagram, and for inconsistent treatment of what
constitutes inappropriate exposure of the female body.

4)Timeline algorithm

In April 2016, Instagram began rolling out a change to the order of photos visible in a user's timeline,
shifting from a strictly chronological order to one determined by an algorithm. Instagram said the
algorithm was designed so that users would see more of the photos by users that they liked, but there
was significant negative feedback, with many users asking their followers to turn on post notifications
in order to make sure they see updates. The company wrote a tweet to users upset at the prospect of the
change, but did not back down,nor provide a way to change it back.

33
5)Negative comments

In response to abusive and negative comments on users' photos, Instagram has made efforts to give
users more control over their posts and accompanying comments field. In July 2016, it announced that
users would be able to turn off comments for their posts, as well as control the language used in
comments by inputting words they consider offensive, which will ban applicable comments from
showing up. the ability to ban specific words began rolling out early August to celebrities followed by
regular users , the company began rolling out the abilities for users to turn off the comments and, for
private accounts, remove followers.

In September 2017, the company announced that public users would be able to limit who can comment
on their content, such as only their followers or people they follow. At the same time, it updated its
automated comment filter to support additional languages.

In June 2017, Instagram announced that it had introduced a new comment moderation system, that will
automatically attempt to filter offensive, harassing, and "spammy" comments by default. The system
is built using a Facebook-developed deep learning algorithm known as DeepText (first implemented
on the social network to detect spam comments), which utilizes natural-language processing
techniques, and can also filter by user-specified keywords.

6)Mental health

In May 2017, a survey conducted by United Kingdom's Royal Society for Public Health, featuring
1,479 people aged 14–24, asking them to rate social media platforms depending on anxiety, depression,
loneliness, bullying and body image, concluded that Instagram was "worst for young mental health".
In response, Instagram stated that "Keeping Instagram a safe and supportive place for young people
was a top priority".

In 2017, researchers from Harvard University and University of Vermont demonstrated a machine-
learning tool that successfully outperformed general practitioners' diagnostic success rate for
depression. The tool used color analysis, metadata components, and face-detection of users' feeds.

7)"Shadowban"

In mid-2017, reports surfaced that Instagram had begun efforts to reduce the prominence of accounts
using many irrelevant hashtags to increase their respective reach on the social network and users who
pay money to a service in order to receive a high amount of post engagement. Known as
"shadowbanning", the effort hides applicable accounts from appearing in search results and in the app's
Explore section. In a now-deleted Facebook post, Instagram wrote that "When developing content, we
recommend focusing on your business objective or goal rather than hashtags".

8)Algorithmic advertisement with rape threat

In 2016, Olivia Solon, a reporter for The Guardian, posted a screenshot to her Instagram profile of an
email she had received containing threats of rape and murder towards her. The photo post had received
three likes and countless comments, and in September 2017, the company's algorithms turned the photo
into an advertisement visible to Solon's sister. An Instagram spokesperson apologized and told The

34
Guardian that "We are sorry this happened – it's not the experience we want someone to have. This
notification post was surfaced as part of an effort to encourage engagement on Instagram. Posts are
generally received by a small percentage of a person's Facebook friends". As noted by the technology
media, the incident occurred at the same time parent company Facebook was under scrutiny for its
algorithms and advertising campaigns being used for offensive and negative purposes.

9)August 2017 hack

In August 2017, reports surfaced that a bug in Instagram's developer tools had allowed "one or more
individuals" to gain access to the contact information, specifically email addresses and phone numbers,
of several high-profile verified accounts, including its most followed user, Selena Gomez. However,
the following month,more details emerged, with a group of hackers selling contact information online,
with the affected number of accounts in the "millions" rather than the previously-assumed limitation
on verified accounts. Hours after the hack, a searchable database was posted online, charging $10 per
search. The Daily Beast was provided with a sample of the affected accounts, and could confirm that,
while many of the email addresses could be found with a Google search in public sources, some did
not return relevant Google search results and thus were from private sources. The Verge wrote that
cybersecurity firm RepKnight had found contact information for multiple actors, musicians, and
athletes,and singer Selena Gomez's account was used by the hackers to post naked photos of her ex-
boyfriend Justin Bieber. The company admitted that "we cannot determine which specific accounts
may have been impacted", but believed that "it was a low percentage of Instagram accounts", though
TechCrunch stated in its report that six million accounts were affected by the hack, and that "Instagram
services more than 700 million accounts; six million is not a small number".

Instagram users' passwords were exposed accidentally. According to Instagram, the plaintext
passwords for some users who had used the "Download Your Data" feature were included in the URL
and also stored on Facebook's servers due to a security bug that was discovered by the Instagram
internal team.

Analysis of users:-
1)An Estimated 71% of US Businesses Use Instagram

Perhaps one of the most interesting Instagram statistics has to do with how fast the network is growing.
With regards to business growth, the aforementioned Instagram stat is almost double the number of
businesses (48.8%) that used Instagram in 2016!

35
The increase in the number of businesses that use Instagram has a lot to do with the release of Instagram
Business profiles and new ad platforms. Many businesses have jumped at the chance to transition their
profile to take advantage of features like:

Prominent contact information

Powerful analytics data

The ability to create new Instagram ads

There are currently 8 million Instagram Business profiles, up from 1.6 million in September 2016.
Small businesses currently make up the majority of Instagram advertisers and business profiles.

If you’re not well-versed in Instagram’s new Business profiles, these Instagram stats can help bring
you up to speed.

A Better Way to Manage Social

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2). 80% of Users Follow a Business on Instagram

An Instagram Business profile allows you to add additional contact information that isn’t available for
personal profiles. This information includes a business phone number and address. To go from a
personal profile to a Business profile, you’ll need to have a Facebook page for your business.

According to Instagram, 80% of users say they follow at least one business on the app, with 60%
hearing about a product and service through the platform. As of March 2017, over 120 million
Instagram usersvisited a website, got directions, called a business, emailed or direct messaged a
business.

Each of these activities signifies some level of interest, and in many ways, these Instagram fans can be
considered as leads.

36
To get more tangible, at least 30% of Instagram users have purchased a product they first discovered

on Instagram.

3) Posts With a Location Get 79% More Engagement

Instagram has continued to expand on its geo-tagging feature for a while now. So it should come as no
surprise that posts with location have 79% more engagement than those without.

37
On a final note, and before giving up, realize that it’s definitely possible to speed up Instagram growth
(and engagement) without buying followers or likes.

4) Instagram Users Engage More on Weekdays

The internet is full of studies claiming to know the best posting times for social networks. Often the
data can be somewhat conflicting. So we decided to roundup all the stats and studies we could find and
organize it to get a general consensus on the best times to post on Instagram.

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Our data found Tuesday through Friday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. were by far the safest days to post to maximize
engagement. Here are some of our other findings:Thursday has the highest amount of engagement in
the week.

Sunday has the weakest engagement of the week..The most recommended times are Wednesday at 3
p.m., Thursday at 5 a.m., 11 a.m., and 3 to 4 p.m. and Friday at 5 a.m.

5) 80% of Influencers Prefer Instagram for Brand Collaboration

In fact, Zine discovered almost 80% of influencers prefer Instagram for brand collaborations over any
other channel. What’s even more compelling about this report is the next highest channel is through
blogging at only 16%!

For brands wanting to collaborate with influencers, the very first step should be Instagram. Even if
you’re looking to promote across other channels, find your influencers through Instagram first.

10. Instagram Photos Generate 36% More Engagement Than Videos

What’s interesting about Instagram Video is while consumption has increased 40%, photos generate
36% more likes than videos. This could be due to any number of reasons. For instance, users could just
watch your video then keep scrolling.

6). 59% of 18-29 Year Olds Use Instagram

Understanding Instagram’s demographics is important for audience targeting and crafting your
messaging.
While older users have certainly started to gravitate to the app, 18-29 year olds are the primary users.

39
For brands, this means it’s the perfect social platform to reach a younger demographic of millennials
and even the up and coming Gen-Z. If that’s your target audience, Instagram should be a priority for
your social media and content strategy going forward.

7). 80% of Instagram Users Live Outside of the US

For international brands or brands just outside of the US, you’ll be happy to know that Instagram has
active users around the world. In fact, the company reported that 80% of its users live outside of the
US.

This stat is also important for brands who don’t serve customers in other countries. Just because they
may not buy from you doesn’t mean they can’t support or promote your page. Also, keep in mind that
some of your customers in the US may be from other parts of the world, so you don’t want to alienate
anyone.

Try to integrate multicultural visuals and content into your Instagram strategy to appeal to a wider
audience.

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Facilities and benifits:-
1. 7 out of 10 Hashtags on Instagram Are Branded:-

Hashtags are everywhere, from casual conversations on and offline, to TV commercials and billboards.
Hashtags for Instagram aid in content discovery and optimization.As brands increase their dependence
on user-generated campaigns, hashtags continue to be important for the acquisition and promotion of
Instagram content. Instagram posts with at least one hashtag have 12.6% more engagement than those
without.

And although each Instagram post allows up to 30 hashtags, research on the topic suggests that the
optimum number of hashtags is 11

One of the best ways to kick off a UGC campaign on Instagram is with the help of a branded hashtag.
A branded hashtag is unique to your business or marketing campaign. It can be as simple as the name
of your company, product or a related tagline.

A branded hashtag also doesn’t necessarily have to just be your company’s name. Feel free to get
creative, as BarkBox did with their #BarkBoxDay branded hashtag, driving awareness for their
products.

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2. User-Generated Content Has a 4.5% Higher Conversion Rate

You might also want to consider mixing products into your user-generated content campaigns. When a
consumer sees a photo from a person rather than a brand, they have a 4.5% higher chance of conversion.
This number increases to 9.6% if they interact with the photo.No brand exemplifies the power of user-
generated content on Instagram as much as AirBnB. Nearly their entire page consists of photos shared
by customers.

3. Over ⅓ of Instagram Users Have Used The App To Purchase A Product Online

4. Instagram’s Ad Platform Has Access To The Most Advanced Social Media Advertising Targeting
Options Available

Retargeting means targeting people again who have somehow already seen or heard of your brand and
business.

The most common form of retargeting is targeting your website visitors who haven’t made a purchase
yet (or filled out a contact us form, or completed whatever action you’re wanting them to take on your
site). Instagram offers this and more!you can create custom retargeting audiences based around
Instagram post engagement, customer email lists, Instagram video views and more.

You’d be surprised to learn that other social media platforms that have been established for a lot longer,
simply do not have some of the targeting capabilities that Instagram now has.

Having these options allows you to take your Instagram marketing strategy to the next level and
implement a specific sales funnel with your Instagram ads to achieve more results.

5. Instagram Differentiates Personal Profiles from Business Profiles

Like Facebook, Instagram differentiates account by personal accounts and business accounts.If you
turn your account into a business account, you will unlock a world of features to help promote your
business. Some of these features include having a call to action button for your page visitors, the ability
to promote your posts with ad dollars, and access to account insights.It also gives Instagram users a
clear understanding that the page they are on is owned by a business and is not just a personal Instagram
page.

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Making this adjustment allows you to set your account up for success to reap all of the benefits of
Instagram.

6. Instagram’s User Base Allows You To Tap Into An Otherwise Unreached Customer Base

We mentioned earlier that there are 500 million Instagram users who are active on the platform at least
once a day, and at least 266,666,667 of them are actively purchasing specifically via Instagram ads and
profiles.200 million Instagrammers actively visit the profile of a business every day, but your company
will not be one of them if you don’t have an Instagram account!

7. Build An Audience That Will Stay Connected With Your Brand

One of the beauties of Instagram is that it has all of the paid advertising capabilities of Facebook, but
it has something in addition to this that Facebook does not have: organic functionality.

When we refer to organic functions, we mean actions you can perform or results you can achieve
without having to directly pay for them in advertising dollars.On Instagram, you can build your
followers organically. This allows for a very natural relationship to occur between your brand and your
followers from the start as opposed to forcing the connection with paid ads.

It’s like a grassroots movement that takes effect where the more followers you have, the more others
start to follow you. That organic, word-of-mouth type follower growth is priceless, especially for newer
businesses.

In addition to whatever efforts you put forth into building your followers, 50% of Instagrammers follow
brands anyway!

This means that half of the 800 million people on the Instagram platform are specifically more likely
to follow your brand just for being on Instagram.

8. Strengthen Your Relationship With Your Followers And Potential Customers- Learn The Likes And
Dislikes Of Your Customer Base

Another one of the benefits of Instagram being an organic platform is that you can see a lot of
engagement on your posts without having to pay for it.

Engagement with brands on Instagram is 10 times higher than Facebook, 54 times higher than Pinterest,
and 84 times higher than Twitter.additionally, Instagram users “like” 4.2 billion posts per day.

Whether they are liking the post or commenting on it, they are making the decision to interact with
your post which shows interest in your brand.

Specifically within Instagram, once you like a post, it gets archived under your profile settings under
“Posts You’ve Liked.” This means that Instagram users who like your company’s posts are
simultaneously saving your posts to their bank of liked images that they can reference whenever they
choose!

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Businesses can capitalize on this opportunity to stimulate conversation and comment back directly with
their followers. On Instagram, you can use the @ sign to tag users and reply directly back to someone
who either liked the image or commented on the post.

The more transparent and responsive a brand is with their followers on Instagram, the more trust is built
between that brand and its potential customers. The more trust a consumer has with a brand, the more
likely they are to purchase from them over competitors.

it’s important to remember that a target market is more than just an audience with statistical
demographics and behaviors. A target market is comprised of real people, so your marketing efforts
have to stay as fluid and flexible as they are to stay in front of them.

Having said that, Instagram is a great tool to learning the ever-changing likes and dislikes of your
customer base and followers. You can see what kind of content they like best and are drawn to, and
which they aren’t. You can see which accounts they like to follow and which they don’t.

This information will be crucial to know as you create content for your Instagram account, but it’s also
valuable to know for your marketing strategy as a whole!

9. Instagram Is A Visual Platform

One of the main benefits of Instagram that separates it from all other social media platforms is that it’s
photocentric.Unlike other social media sites, Instagram is comprised solely of photos and videos that
can be accompanied with text, but text is not mandatory.

This instantly gives Instagram the leg up on other social media platforms that don’t require one of the
two to post!Having a photo or video centric platform allows your followers to remember your brand
betters, and it makes them more likely to engage with your content. Both of these factors bring your
followers on Instagram one step closer to a purchase.

10. You Can Constantly Use Instagram To Fuel Your Other Marketing Efforts

One of the biggest benefits of Instagram is that you can take all of the information and data you gather
from it and use it across all of your other marketing efforts.All of the website traffic you send from
Instagram can be retargeted on other platforms as well such as Facebook, Google etc.

You can even use your Instagram posts to promote other marketing efforts you have going on and vice
versa!

Opinion and views:-

Its more popular than any other app. Now a days its a trend to share post and stories on instagram…more
views are mention in comparision part.

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Conclusions:-
Put These Instagram Stats to Use

Knowing and understanding each of these Instagram stats is useful, but it’s what you actually do with
the information that makes a difference. So instead of just gathering these up to refer back to at random,
take the time to determine how each Instagram stat might help to improve your business.

Any changes you make to your strategy won’t mean a thing unless you’re prepared to track the
differences. With a social media management toollike Sprout Social, you can monitor hashtags, manage
comments and track engagement for multiple accounts. Additionally, you can easily run and share
reports on engagement, hashtags, followers, content and profile analytics.

Not only is Instagram a powerful platform for marketers and your brand, but now

you have the proof to back up the claim.

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Introduction to whatsapp

WhatsApp is a cross-platform mobile messaging app which allows you to exchange messages without
having to pay for SMS. WhatsApp Messenger is available for iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, Windows
Phone and Nokia. Those phones can call and message each other. Because WhatsApp Messenger uses
the same internet data plan that you use for email and web browsing, there is no cost to message and
stay in touch with your friends.

WhatsApp had become the largest messaging platform all around the world. WhatsApp was founded
by Jan Koum and Brain Acton, who was the former employes at Yahoo Inc. WhatsApp was initially
started for Android mobile devices.

In addition,to basic messaging WhatsApp users can create groups, send each other unlimited images,
video and audio media messages with friends.

WhatsApp is one of the best and one of the fastest growing messaging platforms that have ever existed.

WhatsApp allows the sending of text messages and voice calls, as well as video calls, images and other
media, documents, and user location.The application runs from a mobile device but is also accessible
from desktop computers; the service requires consumer users to provide a standard cellular mobile
number. Originally, users could only communicate with others individually or in groups of individual
users, but in September 2017, WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform that will enable
companies to provide customer service to users at scale. History of whatsapp

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WhatsApp, one of the most popular messaging platforms in the age of the internet. From humble
beginnings to widespread adaptation, the history of WhatsApp is example of a small tech startup turned
wildly successful company.

Origin of Whatsapp

Brian Acton and Jan Koum, the founders of WhatsApp, both worked as employees of Yahoo! Before
leaving the company. Shortly thereafter, they both applied for jobs at Facebook—jobs that had they
been accepted to would have likely left them unable to start WhatsApp—but were turned down. At the
time, Koum was living off of his savings from Yahoo!, with little direction as to where his next career
path would take him. In 2009, though, after purchasing an iPhone, Koum had the vision to see that an
entire industry was about to form based around mobile apps. Looking to capitalize on this up-and-
coming industry, Koum began to explore the possibility of creating an app that would let mobile users
better interact and engage with their friends, family, and business contacts. Teaming up with Brian
Acton, Koum managed to persuade five associates from Yahoo! To fund the app with $250,000, and
in 2009 WhatsApp was launched.

It was a bit of a rocky start for WhatsApp, though. After numerous crashes and failures, Koum grew
frustrated with the app’s development and reportedly considered giving it up entirely. It was Acton that
encouraged Koum to stick it out “a few more months” each time the duo hit a setback.

Luckily for the both of them, the duo did indeed stick it out and saw the app through to its eventual
success. By February of 2013, WhatsApp boasted 50 staff members and 200 million users. Shortly
thereafter, the app was bought out by Facebook for a staggering $19 billion—a number that stands as
the largest acquisition in the world to date.

Today, WhatsApp still logs over 100 million voice calls a day according the company’s blog. With
usage numbers like these combined with the app’s historic buyout, there’s no arguing the success of

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WhatsApp. But what role did the WhatsApp logo play in the app’s success, and what is the history of
this iconic design?

History of the WhatsApp Logo

Not a lot is known about the origins of the WhatsApp logo. The design appears to have been around
since the launch of the app itself, seeming to suggest that it was designed by Koum and Acton
themselves during the initial stages of the app’s development and launch. Of course the logo’s design
could have easily been outsourced to a third-party designer as well—the programming of the app itself
was outsourced, after all.

At the end of the day, though, we do know that the basic design of the WhatsApp logo hasn’t changed
over the years, even after the company itself changed hands. This speaks to the longevity and
effectiveness of the design and is a testament to the fact that a logo doesn’t necessarily have to have a
long and interesting history in order for it to be serving its purpose just fine.

Design Elements of the WhatsApp Logo

The WhatsApp logo features a few interesting design elements that are able to clearly communicate the
function of the app within a relatively simplistic design. WhatsApp serves as platform for both instant
messaging and audio/video calls, and the logo needed to effectively communicate those functions. To
do this, two separate elements of the design were used.

The first of these elements is a text bubble. Ever since the days of instant messaging started, the text
bubble has been the most common way to symbolize a sent or received message. Even today, most
every text message received is displayed in one of these text bubbles. Text bubbles indicating received
messages have a “tail” pointing to the left, while text bubbles indicating sent messages have a tail that
points to the right. By incorporating a text bubble with a left-pointing tail into their logo, WhatsApp is
able to signify that they are a messaging app while also subtly tapping in to the excitement people
experience when they see that they have received a message.

To communicate the secondary function of the app (voice and video calls), the designer of the
WhatsApp logo placed a telephone within the text bubble. One interesting thing to note is that even
though WhatsApp is an app that was obviously designed for modern, mobile phones, the inner part of
the app’s logo features an older, landline phone. Since the only purpose of a landline phone is to make

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calls—as opposed to a smartphone which has hundreds of functions—the landline phone in the
WhatsApp logo more effectively communicates the app’s function.

Popularity of the Whatsapp Logo

Due to the fact that people prefer for their mobile phones to have a neatly organized and aesthetically
pleasing user interface, it is especially important for mobile apps to have a crisp, attractive logo. With
over 1 billion users as of 2016, it is safe to say that people are entirely satisfied with the way the
WhatsApp logo looks on their phone.

In this way, the WhatsApp logo fulfills one of primary functions of a mobile app logo—do no damage.
While it is incredibly important for an app’s logo to be recognizable and unique, it is equally important
that the logo itself doesn’t give a user any reason to remove the app from their home page, or, even
worse, send it to the trash bin. The fact that almost one-seventh of the world’s population uses
WhatsApp is a testament to the likability of their logo and its effectiveness as part of a phone’s user
interface.

Due to factors such as these, designing a logo for a mobile app comes with its own set of challenges
and goals. The designers of the WhatsApp logo hit it out of the park, though, and the WhatsApp logo
serves as a great example of what to look for in app logo design.

Owner of whatsapp

WhatsApp co-founder Brian Acton is leaving the company to start his own non-profit. Acton, who
started at Facebook when WhatsApp was acquired for $19 billion in 2014, is the lesser-known of
WhatsApp’s two cofounders. (CEO Jan Koum is the other, and he’s not leaving the company.)

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Ironically, Acton interviewed at Facebook back in 2009 after leaving a job at Yahoo, but he was not
hired.

Acton led engineering internally for WhatsApp, and a source close to the company says he was a big
advocate for WhatsApp’s push into encryption. His role won’t be filled by any one employee, according
to a company spokesperson.

Acton announced the departure to colleagues at a WhatsApp all-hands meeting at Facebook

headquarters on Tuesday, and posted the news to his Facebook page later that afternoon.

“I am very fortunate at my age to have the flexibility to take new risks and focus on what I’m passionate
about,” Acton, 45, wrote in a Facebook post. “I’ve decided to start a non-profit focused at the
intersection of nonprofit, technology and communications. It’s something I’ve thought about for a
while, and now it’s time to just focus and execute. I’ll have more to share in the coming months.”

It’s not entirely clear what Acton will focus on with his new endeavor, but he certainly has money to
throw around. Forbes estimates Acton’s net worth at $6.5 billion.

His departure comes as WhatsApp, which has 1.3 billion users, is preparing to make some money. The
company is hiring for a number of key business positions, and sources say that WhatsApp is building
multiple enterprise products that will help businesses message and interact with customers using the
app. Right now, WhatsApp does not generate any revenue.

Problems in whatsapp

Unable to connect to Whatsapp

Wi-Fi or data connectivity issues are usually responsible for whatever Whatsapp connection problems
are encountered . If you are unable to call a friend or send them messages, then here are a few things
to try:Ensure you have the latest version of Whasapp installed.

Check that you have an internet connection, either Wi-Fi or 3G network data should be enabled. Go to
Settings >> Wireless and Network.

Make sure that your Whatsapp is not being affected by a Task Killer app.

Clear the app cache. Go to Settings >> Applications >> Whatsapp >> Clear Cache.

The last option, is to consider installing and then reinstalling

the app. Contacts not recognized by Whatsapp here are a few

simple solutions:

Check that you have the right contact numbers, or rather the ones they use on Whatsapp.

Make sure that they have an active Whatsapp account.

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Make sure that your Whatsapp is up to date by installing the latest version available.

Check that all your contacts in the contacts list are set to ‘viewable‘ or ‘visible‘.

Ensure that all your contact groups in your contact list are ‘visible‘ and/or ‘viewable‘.

 Can’t Delete Whatsapp account

First off, keep in mind that deleting your Whatsapp account is not the same thing as deleting the
Whatsapp app and vice versa. If you decide you don’t want Whatsapp on your phone, you can simply
uninstall it. However, if you want to later on, you can install it once again from the Play Store which
won’t be the same as having deleted your account.

If you want to uninstall the Whatsapp app fro your device then, head into Settings >> Apps >> find the
Whatsapp app and tap Uninstall.

To completely cut ties with Whatsapp and delete your account entirely: Launch Whatsapp tap Menu
>> Settings >> Account >> Delete My Account and then confirm your phone number. In this section,
you will also be able to change the Whatsapp number associated with the account.

 Can’t download WhatsApp media content

If your friend has sent a media file to you over WhatsApp and you can’t download it, then it means
there is an issue with your connectivity or data usage. Make sure that you have enabled the option of
media autodownload on your mobile data as well. Most of the times, it is only turned on for Wi-Fi
network. Go to Settings > Data usage and make relevant selections.

 Can’t play videos on WhatsApp

We can easily exchange videos and other media files on WhatsApp. Though, WhatsApp relies on third-
party apps to open them. For instance, if you are not able to open pictures or videos on your phone,
then chance are that there could be a problem with Google Photos. If you can’t play videos on
WhatsApp, then visit Play Store and update the “Google Photos” app. You can simply go to Play Store
Settings and make sure that the autoupdate option for apps is enabled.

 WhatsApp Error- 24

This is an error that occurs when trying to install WhatsApp to Android 4.4. The only solution to this
problem is to remove the file and reset your device to factory settings.

I cannot connect to WhatsApp, WhatsApp not working, or WhatsApp is down

Usually, WhatsApp connection problems are caused by your Wi-Fi network or data connection. If you
are unable to send a message, here are a few solutions:

Ensure that your phone is switched on

• Install the latest version of the app from the Play Store
• Check your internet connection, Wi-Fi or 3G (in Settings > Wireless and Network)
• Ensure that a Task Killer app is not affecting WhatsApp

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• Empty the app cache (Settings > Applications > WhatsApp > Clear Cache)
• Finally, the most extreme solution would be to uninstall the app and then reinstall it

At times, even the powerful WhatsApp faces server issues. If you think WhatsApp is not working
because the service is down, then go to the WhatsApp Status Twitter account, where outage updates
are provided.

 I can’t see ‘Last Seen’ on WhatsApp

If you are not able to see the Last Seen time stamp in a conversation, there could be a number of reasons.
If you have disabled your Last Seen time in Settings > Account > Privacy > Last Seen, then you will
not be able to see other people’s Last Seen time, either.

If the problem is only with one or some contacts, then it might mean that they have disabled the Last
Seen time in their WhatsApp settings. If they are still receiving and replying to your messages, this is
more or less the case.

Finally, it could be that a contact has blocked you. If your messages never go beyond the one grey tick,
then it is more certain that you have been blocked. Also, if you are unable to see the changes to the
contact’s profile, then you have certainly been blocked.

 WhatsApp is blocked in my country

We can solve this problem by using a VPN (virtual private network).

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Requirement Analysis
Functional requirements

 User Registration

User must be able to register for the application through a valid phone number. On installing the
applications, user must be prompted to register their phone number. If user skips this step, Application
should close. The user’s phone number will be the unique identifier of his/her Account on WhatsApp.

 Adding New Contacts

The application should detect all contacts from the user’s phone book. If any of the contacts. Have user
accounts with WhatsApp, those contacts must automatically be added to the user’s Contact list on
WhatsApp.If any of the contacts have not yet registered on WhatsApp, user should be provided with
an Invite option that sends those contacts a regular text message asking them to join WhatsApp Along
with a link to the WhatsApp application on Google Playstore.

 Send Message

User should be able to send instant message to any contact on his/her WhatsApp contact list.User should
be notified when message is successfully delivered to the recipient by displaying a. Tick sign next to
the message sent.

 Send Attachments

User should be able to send audio, video and images as attachments.Audio formats that the application
should support : mp3 wavVideo formats that the application should support : avi mp4 flv gif. Image
formats that the application should support: jpg png. File size must not exceed 2MB per message.

 Broadcast Message

User should be able to create groups of contacts. User should be able to broadcast messages to These
groups.

Non Functional Requirements/ Software Attributes

 Scalability

WhatsApp should be able to provide instant messaging services to 1 billion users at any given

Time.

 Privacy

Messages shared between users should be encrypted to maintain privacy.

 Robustness

In case user’s device crashes, a backup of their chat history must be stored on remote database Servers
to enable recoverability.

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 Performance

Application must be lightweight and must send messages instantly.

 Operational Requirements

Application must work on all mobile and tablet devices. User interface must be consistent on all
devices.

Technologies Used in WhatsApp

OS: FreeBSD.

Programming Language: Erlang.

Virtual Machine: BEAM.

Servers: Ejabberd and YAWS(For Multimedia Sharing)

Database: Mnesia and SQLite (for Offline services)

Stack: LYME/LYCE.

Message Delivery Protocol: XMPP (eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)

Voice Call: PJSIP Library.

WhatsApp server is almost completely implemented in Erlang.

Server systems that do the backend message routing are done in Erlang.

Great achievement is that the number of active users is managed with a really small server footprint.
Team consensus is that it is largely because of Erlang.

WhatsApp server has started from ejabberd

Ejabberd is a famous open source Jabber server written in Erlang.

Originally chosen because its open, had great reviews by developers, ease of start and the promise of
Erlang’s long term suitability for large communication system.

The next few years were spent re-writing and modifying quite a few parts of ejabberd, including
switching from XMPP to internally developed protocol, restructuring the code base and redesigning
some core components, and making lots of important modifications to Erlang VM to optimize server
performance.

To handle 50 billion messages a day the focus is on making a reliable system that works. Monetization
is something to look at later, it’s far far down the road.

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A primary gauge of system health is message queue length. The message queue length of all the
processes on a node is constantly monitored and an alert is sent out if they accumulate backlog beyond
a preset threshold. If one or more processes falls behind that is alerted on, which gives a pointer to the
next bottleneck to attack.

Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and
then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail (if applicable).

Some code is usually pushed every day. Often, it’s multiple times a day, though in general peak traffic
times are avoided. Erlang helps being aggressive in getting fixes and features into production. Hot-
loading means updates can be pushed without restarts or traffic shifting. Mistakes can usually be
undone very quickly, again by hot-loading. Systems tend to be much more loosely-coupled which
makes it very easy to roll changes out incrementally.

What protocol is used in Whatsapp app? SSL socket to the WhatsApp server pools. All messages are
queued on the server until the client reconnects to retrieve the messages. The successful retrieval of a
message is sent back to the whatsapp server which forwards this status back to the original sender
(which will see that as a “checkmark” icon next to the message). Messages are wiped from the server
memory as soon as the client has accepted the message

How does the registration process work internally in Whatsapp? WhatsApp used to create a
username/password based on the phone IMEI number. This was changed recently. WhatsApp now uses
a general request from the app to send a unique 5 digit PIN. WhatsApp will then send a SMS to the
indicated phone number (this means the WhatsApp client no longer needs to run on the same phone).
Based on the pin number the app then request a unique key from WhatsApp. This key is used as
“password” for all future calls. (this “permanent” key is stored on the device). This also means that
registering a new device will invalidate the key on the old device.

Benefits of whatsapp for users

WhatsApp is completely free for use.

Instantly send a message to anywhere in the world.

Easy to use, even a novice mobile user can use it.

Voice call support.

Video calling available.

Send to anyone Document files upto 100Mb such as PDF, Slideshows, etc.

It does not have any advertisements on display screen.

WhatsApp calling made it more reliable.

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It has also the features to delete the message that you have sent (So He/She won’t be able to read what
you have sent to them) in period of 1 hour.

It imports the contacts from your phone and tells you that how many of your friends are using
WhatsApp.

You can share your location, photos, status, images, documents, videos with your friends.

It do work without sim card, Only if your (Mobile No) account already registered.

You need not spend any money for chatting and sharing with your friends (except the internet charges)

It shows that your message sent or not and the receiver has received or read the message. (single tick
for sent and double tick for delivered, grey is for delivered and blue is to show that the message is read
by the person).

It also shows that the receiver received your voice message and listened to it. (Tips: Know The
WhatsApp Voice Message Played or Not.

Free calls to other WhatsApp users are supported.

One of the best feature is that it provides an easy way to change your number to another number without
losing your existing WhatsApp account.

App interface of WhatsApp is very simple and user-friendly, that’s why it is very easy to use.

WhatsApp started providing end-to-end encryption feature, which makes your WhatsApp
communication highly secure.

It has also extended it’s services for using direct in web browser and in Desktop System (Windows,
MacOS) It’s saves your money by reducing normal Text and Multimedia messages cost.

Facilities provided by whatsapp to users

1.Simple, Reliable Messaging

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Message your friends and family for free*. WhatsApp uses your phone’s Internet connection to send
messages so you can avoid SMS fees. 2.Groups to keep in touch

keep in touch with the groups of people that matter the most, like your family or coworkers. With group
chats, you can share messages, photos, and videos with up to 256 people at once. You can also name
your group, mute or customize notifications, and more.

3.Keep the Conversation Going

With WhatsApp on the web and desktop, you can seamlessly sync all of your chats to your computer
so that

you can chat on whatever device is most convenient for you. Download the desktop app or visit
web.whatsapp.com to get started.

4.Speak Freely

With voice calls, you can talk to your friends and family for free*, even if they’re in another country.
And with free* video calls, you can have face-to-face conversations for when voice or text just isn’t
enough. WhatsApp voice and video calls use your phone’s Internet connection, instead of your cell
plan’s voice minutes, so you don’t have to worry about expensive calling charges.

5.Security by Default

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Some of your most personal moments are shared on WhatsApp, which is why we built end-to-end
encryption into the latest versions of our app. When end-to-end encrypted, your messages and calls are
secured so only you and the person you’re communicating with can read or listen to them, and nobody
in between, not even WhatsApp.

6.Share Moments that Matter

Send photos and videos on WhatsApp instantly. You can even capture the moments that matter to you
most with a built-in camera. With WhatsApp, photos and videos send quickly even if you’re on a slow
connection.

7.Say What’s On Your Mind

Sometimes, your voice says it all. With just one tap you can record a Voice Message, perfect for a quick
hello or a longer story.

8.Document Sharing Made Easy

Send PDFs, documents, spreadsheets, slideshows and more, without the hassle of email or file sharing
apps. You can send documents up to 100 MB, so it’s easy to get what you need over to who you want.

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Comparative analysis
Comparison of whatsapp and Instagram

When comparing Instagram vs WhatsApp, the Slant community recommends WhatsApp for most
people. In the question“What are the best messaging apps for Android?” WhatsApp is ranked 8th while
Instagram is ranked 36th.

The most important reason people chose WhatsApp is: WhatsApp reported 1.5 billion users in 2018.
Your friends are most likely already using WhatsApp, so it’s easy to get setup.

Though WhatsApp is a instant messaging apps,. Instagram is completely different from whatsapp and
allows user to share and upload their photos and short video clips on the web. Moreover, it also lets
users follow their idols for tracking their movement on the social media.

WhatsApp has a broad user-base, from teens to adult to senior citizens. Rolling over to Instagram, the
clientbase of this app mostly consists of youths and middle-aged people who love to share their personal
memory of pictures and videos online.

While both Instagram and WhatsApp are owned and operated by Facebook.

Since 2010 January, WhatsApp has been around the social media, while Instagram came to the floor
on 2010 October.

WhatsApp was created in 2009 by two former employees of Yahoo – Brian Acton and Jan Koum. Later,
Facebook bought this app. Similarly, Instagram was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, and
dispatch for public use in October 2010.

Rolling over to the functionalities of both the apps, WhatsApp is a proprietary, cross-platform,
encrypted instant messaging client for smartphones. It uses the Internet to send text messages,
documents, images, video, user location and audio messages to other users using standard cellular
mobile numbers.

Moving over to the functionalities of both applications, WhatsApp is a fashionable, cross-stage, instant
messaging platform, exclusively designed to run on Smartphones. Through the use of the internet,
WhatsApp allows users to send instant messages, archives, pictures, video, locations and voice
recordings to other users. The complete system of WhatsApp runs on standard cellular mobile numbers.

Rolling over to Instagram, it is an online mobile photo and video sharing platform that allows users to
click pictures and videos, and share them on their profile either publicly or privately on the app. It also
facilitates clients to make their photos and videos publicize through a range of other social networking
sites like Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Flickr.

If you genuinely consider the distinctive points of both the apps,WhatsApp and Instagram are available
on PC.

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While WhatsApp has recently updated its privacy policy with end-to-end encryption for better and
stronger security, Instagram lack this facility.

Though both of these apps allow individuals to share their pictures and videos, rather than WhatsApp,
Instagram allows their users to send documents online.

Regarding network, WhatsApp rules over Instagram . WhatsApp has a massive 600 million user base,
while Instagram have 500 million active user base.

Comparison of whatsapp with Facebook

Facebook is a social networking site that allows users to connect to friends online. Whatsapp is a
multiplatform instant messaging application for smart phones. Facebook is a website, whereas
Whatsapp is an application that needs to be installed on a phone.

Facebook was founded in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg. It is a website that enables a user to
share photos, videos, posts, etc. Moreover, users can join communities of common interest known as
‘Groups’. Facebook has Online Chat feature that allows online users to chat. It further gives a ‘Like’
button which allows users to like a particular photo, video or comment. It is another way for a user to
express that he/her likes, supports or enjoys a certain photo or comment.

Facebook has a lot of branches like, ads, online games, video calls, recent updates of friends, etc. It
only requires an email id and an internet connection. A user can search his/her friends on Facebook and
add them into their ‘Friends List’. This is a very good feature by which the user who has lost contact
with others can connect with them on Facebook. Facebook is a widely used website by over 1 billion
active users.

Whatsapp is an application that is used on smart phones by people to text each other using internet
service on their phones. To text over internet is known as instant messaging. Whatsapp was founded in
2009 by Brian
Acton and Jan Koum in California. Whatsapp can be installed on a wide range of platforms. It is
available on Android, IOS, Symbian Series 40 and Series 60, BlackBerry OS, Blackberry 10 and
Windows Phone. It is available free of cost for one year and post that charges of $0.99 will be applied
every year.

To use Whatsapp, users only need to install it to their phone. Whatsapp gets configured on the user’s
phone number rather than using any email id. When installed, Whatsapp communicates to its main
server and compares the contacts in user’s phone. It automatically adds the people who are already
using Whatsapp to the ‘Contact List’ of the user. It is a faster way to send messages to people and that
too free of cost. Whatsapp also allows users to form a group and chat, known as ‘Group Chat’.
Moreover, it allows users to send photos, music, videos and contact details to other users. Till August
6, 2013, Whatsapp had over 300 million active users and shared over 325 million photos everyday.

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Whatsapp is a revolution for the instant messaging applications. Also, it is very effective and user
friendly. However, Facebook gives a complete social network platform to people. Both are excellent at
their platforms and do their best for service.

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CONCLUSION

WhatsApp for chatting and Facebook for connecting and sharing. Both played a catalytic role in
reforming the means of communication.

Facebook still entertains 2.20 billion active monthly users Instagram has 800 million active monthly
users

Social media has evolved communication to new heights. The ease of access and growth makes it very
beneficial to everyone from pastors to politicians.

As social media evolves, communication will improve and continue to soar to new heights. The positive
impact on communication definitely overcomes the negative and makes it very beneficial.

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REFERENCE

 https://developers.facebook.com/docs/instagram-api/reference/
 https://www.lifewire.com/facebook-chat-problems-solutions-
1949521
 https://joyofandroid.com/facebook-for-android-problems-
andquick-troubleshooting-solutions/
 https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/fix-facebook-problems-errors
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp
 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/whats-app-owner-founder-jan-
koum-facebook
 https://www.quora.com/When-was-Whatsapp-launched-
released-in-India

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