1.Give two applications of X-rays .

(March 2018)
X-rays are used as 1)Diagnostic tool in medicine. (To study fracture in
bones). 2)To study crystal structure.

2.Mention any Two application of Light emitting Diode.(July 2014)

1. As indicator in electronic devices ,in remote controls
2.In Seven segment display, Traffic signal etc.
3.Mention two applications of infrared radiations. (March 2015)
1) IR rays are used in remote control of electronic devices
2) IR rays are used in cameras.
4.Write any two uses of UV rays. (June 2018)
1) UV rays are used in LASIK eye surgery
2) UV lamps are used to kill germs in water purifiers
5.Mention three applications of total internal reflection of light. (M-
2014) 1. In optical fibre 2. In total reflection prisms. 3. In Endoscopy
6. Write any two uses of Cyclotron .(July 2014)
(i) To accelerate charged particles to high energies .
(ii) It is used to synthesize new elements(radioactive isotopes ).
7.Mention any two advantages of Eddy Currents in practical
applications.[March 2014]
1.Eddy currents are used inelectromagnetic damping.
2.Eddy currents are used to melt metal in a Induction furnace.
8.Mention any three applications of Polaroid. (M-2017)
1.To control the intensity of light entering aeroplanes.
2. To view 3-dimensional cinema and images.
3. In polarising sunglasses.
9. Write Uses of nuclear reactor
(i) In electric power generation.
(ii) To produce radioactive isotopes for their use in medical ,agriculture
.

1
10. Mention Any two advantages of LED
The advantages of LEDs over incandescent lamps. (i) LEDs operate at low
voltages and consume less power. (ii) LEDs have long life, are rugged and
have fast switching (on-off) capability.
11.Mention one of the applications of Zener diode.
It can be used asVoltage regulator.

12.What is photo diode? Mention its one use. March-2015

A photodiode is a special purpose PN junction diode which detects the
optical signals. It can be used in burglar alarms, photo detectors etc.
13.Write uses of Van Ge Graff generator
It is used to accelerate charged particles (electrons, protons, ions) to
high energies
14. Write uses of Radioisotopes
(1) In medicine For testing blood circulation , For detecting brain
tumor.
(2) For detecting leakage in oil or water pipe lines (3) For
determining the age of planets.
15. Write Applications of Optical Fibre
The optical fibres can be used as a ‘light pipe’ in medical and optical
examination. It can also be used for optical signal transmission.
16.Mention two sources of energy loss in transformer. [March 2017]
In a transformer energy loss occurs due to
(a) Flux Leakage.
(b) Resistance of the windings
17. Mention any two demerits/ Limitations of Bohr’s Theory.
i) The theory is applicable only for hydrogen atom.
ii)The fine structure of spectral lines cannot be explained.
18. Mention any two Limitations of Rutherford atom model.
(i) It could not explain the stability of an atom
(ii) It did not explain the distribution of electrons outside the nucleus.

2
1. Why sky is blue in color?
Blue has a shorter wavelength than red and is scattered much more
strongly than any other color. Violet scatters more than that of blue, but
our eyes are more sensitive to blue than violet. Therefore sky appears
blue.

2. Why sun is red at rise and set?

At sunset and sun rise, sun is at horizon. Sun rays have to pass through
larger distance in the atmosphere. Most of the blue and other shorter
wavelengths are removed by scattering. The least scattered red light
reaches our eyes. Hence sun is red at rise and set.

3.What is rainbow ? mention the effect for the formation of

rainbow.
The rainbow is nature’s most spectacular display of spectrum of light.
The phenomenon of rainbow is due to combined effect of dispersion,
refraction and reflection of sunlight by the spherical water droplets of
rain.
4.What is the principle behind the working of a transformer?
Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
5.What are Eddy Currents?
Currents are induced when bulk pieces of conductors are subjected to
changing magnetic flux. These currents are called eddy currents
6. What is Half life ?
Half life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time during which
the number of nuclei reduces to half of its initial value
7.What are isotopes and isobars? (2016 March)
Isotopes : The nuclei having same atomic number (Z) but different mass
number (A).
Isobars : The nuclei having same mass number (A) but different atomic
number (Z).

3
1.Write three differences between n – type and p – type
semiconductors.(March-2017 July 2016, March 2014)
P- Type N-Type
1) This is formed when trivalent This is formed when an intrinsic
impurity is doped to an intrinsic semiconductor is doped with a
semiconductors pentavalent impurity

2)Holes are the majority charge Electrons are the majority charge
carries carriers

3) Electrons are the minority charge Holes are the minority charge
carriers carriers
2.Write any three differences between interference and diffraction.
(J-2017) Interference Diffraction
1. Interference is the modification 1. Diffraction is the bending of
in the distribution of light energy light around the edges of an
due to the superposition of two or obstacle and spreading into the
more waves. region of geometrical shadow.
2. Intensities of bright fringes are 2. Intensities of secondary maxima
equal. decrease with increase in order.
3. Interference fringes are of equal 3. Diffraction bands are of unequal
width. width.

3. Declination Inclination or dip

Magnetic declination: The angle
between the geographic meridian
and magnetic meridian.
The angle between the true north
and the north shown by a
compass needle.
Inclination or dip: The angle made
by the earth’s total magnetic field
and its horizontal component.
The angle made by a magnetic
needle with horizontal in the
magnetic meridian

4
4. Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductors.
Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
It is a semiconductor doped with It is a pure semiconductor crystal
impurities Contains same number of holes and
electrons
Number of electrons and holes are
not same Conductivity is because of both the
electrons and holes
Conductivity is mainly due to the Conductivity increases rapidly with
majority charge carriers. (holes in p- temperature
type and electrons in n-type)

5. Myopia (short sightness) Hypermetropia (March-2016)

If the light from a distant object
arriving at the eye lens gets
converged at a point in front of the
retina, then this type of defect is
called myopia.
It can be corrected by using a
concave lens or diverging lens
If the light from a nearer object
arriving at the eye lens gets
converged at a point beyond the
retina, then this type of defect is
called Hypermetropia.
It can be corrected by using a
convexlens or converging lens

5. Write differences between Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion

Reaction
1.The process of splitting of a In nuclear fusion two or more than
heavy nucleus into two lighter two lighter nuclei combine to form
nuclei of comparable masses (after a single heavy nucleus.
bombardment with a energetic
particle) with liberation of energy is
called nuclear fission
The energy released in H fusion is
2. The energy released in U235
about 17.5 MeV or 4.5 MeV per
fission is about 200 MeV or 0.8
nucleon.
MeV per nucleon.

5
6. Paramagnetic Substance Ferromagnetic substance
1.Relative permeability isslightly 1. Relative permeability is much
greater than one  r  1 Magnetic greaterthan one  r  1
2.susceptibility is small and 2.Magnetic susceptibility is large and
positive 0     positive
3.Do not exhibit magnetic hysteresis 3.Exhibits magnetic hysteresis
4.Weakly attracted by magnetic field 4.Strongly attracted by magnetic field
5.Magnetic field lines are weakly 5.Magnetic field lines are highly
concentrated inside the substance concentrated inside the substance
Diamagnetic Substance
1.Relative permeability is positive and less than one
2.Susceptibility is small and negative
3.Weakly repelled by magnetic field
4.Move from a region of weaker magnetic field to stronger field in
external magnetic field
5.Magnetic field lines are expelled by the substance, field inside the material
decreases rapidly
7.Distinguish between conductors, insulators and semiconductors
on the basis of band theory. March-2015

Conductors: Materials which allow the current to pass through them

are called conductors. In metals the conduction Band and valance bands
overlap . Hence large number of charge carriers is available for
conduction even at zero Kelvin. Hence they have high conductivity.
Insulators: In these materials valance band and conduction band are
separated by a large energy gap (Eg> 3eV). Hence the conductivity is
very low.
Semi-conductor: There are the materials in which the valance band and
conduction band are separated by a moderate energy gap (Eg< 3eV).
Hence when a small energy is supplied the conductivity of these
materials increases.
6
8. How to convert galvanometer into an Ammeter / voltmeter
Ammeter Voltmeter

Voltmeter is a device used for

An ammeter is a device used for
measurement of P.d. across any
measurement of current in ampere.
conductor in volt.
Galvanometer can be converted A galvanometer can be converted
into an ammeter by connecting a in to a voltmeter by connecting a
low resistance“S” in parallel with high resistance in series with the
the galvanometer galvanometer.

“ ” is the current required to produce full scale deflection “ ”is the

galvanometer resistance.
9. Controlled chain reaction Uncontrolled chain reaction
Controlled by artificial method No control over this type of nuclear
reaction
All neurons are absorbed except one More than one neutron takes part
into reaction
It’s rate is slow Fast rate
Reproduction factor k = 1 Reproduction factor k > 1
AC circit containg Pure Inductor and Pure Capacitor
Here current is lagging the Here current is leads the
applied emf by an angle 900 applied emf by an angle 900
Inductive reactance (XL) Capacitive reactance (XC)

7
1.State and explain Coulomb’s law of electrostatics. [M 2014]
Statement: The electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between
two point charges is directly proportional to product of magnitude of
two charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them and acts along the line joining the charges.

Explanation: Let and be two charges separated by a distance r..

Let F be the electrostatic force between them.

Form Coulomb’s Law, 

Where is the absolute permittivity of free space.
2. State and explain Gauss’s law in electrostatics [June 2017]

Statement: The total electric flux through any closed surface is

times the total charge enclosed by surface.
Explanation: If q is the charge enclosed by the closed surface S, then
electric flux through it is given by, = , where is the permittivity
of the free space.
3. State Kirchhoff’s II law or voltage law or loop rule. [March 2018]
The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving
resistors and cells in the loop is zero.
OrIn a mesh (or loop) the algebraic sum of the products of current and
resistance is equal to the algebraic sum of the emfs in that mesh.

8
4. State and explain Kirchoff’s I law or current law or junction rule.
[March 2017, June 2017, March 2018]
Statement: Algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero. i.e.  I = 0
Illustration:
Consider a point O in an electrical circuit at
which I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 are the currents in different
branches.By convention the current entering a node
is taken as positive and that leaving a node is taken
as negative.
Applying the law to the above circuit,
I1 + I2 - I3 - I4 + I5 = 0 OR I1 + I2 + I5 = I3 + I4
i.e. sum of the currents entering the node = sum of the currents
leaving the node.
State Ampere’s circuital law .(March 2015)
“The line integral of magnetic field around a closed loop is equal to
times the total current I passing through the loop”.

5. State and explain Lenz’s law for induced EMF. [March 2014]
Statement: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a
current which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
6. What is significance of Lenz’s law? [March 2017] [July 2016]
Law of conservation of energy.
It also signifies the polarity of induced emf.

7. State and explain Ohm’s law. [March 2017, July 2018]

The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference between its ends when its temperature and other
physical conditions remain constant.
If I is the current through a conductor and V is the p.d between its
ends then I  V
V
Or I =
R
9
8.State the laws of refraction. (July-2014)
First law: The incident ray , the refracted ray and the normal to the interface
at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
Second law: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction is a constant for a given pair of media and for light of
given colour.

9. State radioactive decay law (2014 March)

The number of nuclei undergoing decay per unit time is directly proportional
to the total number of nuclei present in the sample at that instant of time

10. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

[March 2017]
Statement:”The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the
time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit”.
d B
Explanation: Mathematically, the induced emf is   
dt
dB
Where  is induced emf is rate of change of magnetic flux.
dt

11. Mention any two limitations of Ohm’s law [July 2014, March 2015)
1.Ohm’s law is applicable only for conductors at constant temperature
and if all physical conditions of conductor remain the same.
2.It is not applicable for semiconductors (diode, transistor), thermistor,
superconductors, vacuum tubes (triode, pentode), discharge tubes and
electrolytes.
12. State and explain Brewster’s law.
According to the law refractive index of the reflecting medium is equal to the
tangent of the polarising angle.
If ‘n’ is the refractive index of the reflecting medium and P is the
polarising angle then n = tan P

10
13. Laws of reflection.
1.The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface
at the point of incidence lie in the same plane
2. The angle of reflection (i.e., the angle between reflected ray and the
normal to the reflecting surface or the mirror) equals the angle of
incidence (angle between incident ray and the normal).

14. State and explain Biot-Savarts Law

Consider a conductor XY carrying current
I. There we choose an infinitesimal element
dl of the conductor. The magnetic field dB
due to this element is to be determined at a
point P which is at a distance ‘r’ from it. Let
ø be the angle between dl and the position
vector ‘r’.
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnitude of the magnetic field dB
at a point p is proportional to the current I, the element length |dl|, and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance r and dB is directed
perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r .

here o = 4x10-7 Hm-1 is a constant called permeability of vacuum

15.State and explain Gauss law in magnetism.

Statement : The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
Consider a small vector area element s of closed surface S. According
to Gauss law in magnetism, net flux though closed surface,
 B=  all area element B.s =0.
The implication of Gauss law is that isolated magnetic poles do not
exist.

11
1.Give any two characteristics of photon.( MAR 2014)
The photon energy and momentum depend only on frequency of the
radiation .It is independent of intensity of the radiation.
Photons travel with speed of light .
Photons are electrically neutral
2.State Bohr’s postulates. (July-2015,March-2018)

i) In anatom, electron revolves in certain stable orbits called stationary

orbits, without the emission of radiant energy.

ii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus only in those orbits in which
the angular momentum of electron is some integral multiple of h/2.
L= , where n is an integer

iii)An electron might make a transition from one of its specific non-radiating
orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted
having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final
states. The frequency of emitted photon is given by,,

h = Ei- Ef

3.Write any two properties of magnetic field lines.(July

2014),(March2015)
i. Magnetic field lines form closed loop.
ii. Magnetic field lines do not intersect.
iii. They can pass through conductor and insulators.
4.Write two properties of electric field lines. [March 2017]
i. Electric field lines originate from positive charge and terminate on
negative charge.
ii. They are perpendicular to the surface of charged conductor
iii. They donot intersect each other.

12
5.Mention any three experimental observations of photoelectric efeect.
( sep 2016)
For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation,
the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident
radiation.
For a given photosensitive surface and frequency of incident radiation,
saturation current is proportional to intensity of incident radiation whereas
stopping potential is independent of intensity.
The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
7.Mention two characteris tics of electromagnetic waves .
1.Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated oroscillating
charge. 2.No material medium is required for their propagation.
3.They are transverse waves.
8. Write three characteristics of nuclear forces. (2016 March, 2014
July, March-2018)
Ans : Features of nuclear force :
1. Nuclear force is the strongest force in nature.
2. Nuclear force is charge independent force.
3. Nuclear forces have the property of saturation.
4. Nuclear force is attractive force.
5. Nuclear force is short range force.
9.Mention any three properties of electric charges. [July2014,
March 2018] i. Charges are quantized.
ii. Charges are conserved
iii. Charges are additive in nature.
10.Write the two conditions for total internal reflection to take place.
(July-2015)
1.A ray must tend to travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
2. Angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.

13
1.Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of two
capacitors in series. [July 2018]

and are the capacitances of A and B respectively,, and are the

potential differences across A and B respectively, V is the potential
difference across the combination, Q be the charge on the each capacitor.
In series combination, V= ———(1)

We have, and [Q is same on both A and B]

V=

V= ———(2)
If the combination is replaced by an equivalent capacitor of capacitance

(figure-2)We get, V = ——(3)

On comparing (2) and (3), we get ,

For 3 capacitors in series,

14
2.Derive an expression for the equivalent capacitance of two
capacitors in parallel. [March 2017]

and are the capacitances of A and B respectively,,

and are the charge on capacitors A and B respectively,,
V is the potential difference applied across the combination.
In parallel combination, Q= ——(1)
We have, and
[V is same across A and B]
———(2)
If the combination is replaced by an equivalent capacitor of
capacitanceCP (figure-2),
—— (3)
On comparing (2) and (3),
we get,
For 3 capacitors in parallel,

3.Derive an expression for electric potential due to isolated point

charge. [March 2018]

15
From the figure, q is the point charge placed at O in free space,
x is the distance between q and 1C, P is the point at a distance r from O
E is the electric field due to charge q, +1C is the charge placed at a point
A, Let A and B are two points separated by a small distance of dx.
From Coulomb’s law,

F= ————(1)

The work done in moving 1C of charge from A to B is

dW=-F dx [Work done= Force × displacement]
where negative sign indicates that work is done opposite to the direction
of electric field.
The total work done in moving 1C of charge from x= to x=r can be
calculated by using integration.

 

For a charge of 1C, V=W.

4.Derive an expression for electric field at a point outside the
uniformly charged spherical shell placed in vacuum using Gauss’s
law.[July 2014,March 2014, July 2018]
In the figure, E is the electric field, R is the
radius of a thin spherical shell of centre O,
r is the distance between the point P and O,
P is the point at a distance r from O, A is the area element around the point P.
Let q be the charge uniformly distributed over the surface of the shell.
The electric flux though the Gaussian surface is given by,
φ=  E ΔA = E ΔA where ΔA= area of sphere=4

16
 φ = E×4 —— (3) From Gauss’s law, φ= ——(4)
From equation (3) and (4) we get, E × 4 =

E= The direction of E is along OP produced

5.Derive an expression for the electric field due to a dipole at a

point on an axial line [March 2016, June 2018]

Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment and centre O. Let P be a

point at a distance r from its centre along the axial line.

Electric field at P due to +q is, = ——— (1)

Electric field at P due to -q is, = —— (2)

Net electric field at P is =

= =

= For short dipole a<<r =

6.Derive an expression for electric field at a point due to electric

dipole at apoint on an equatorial line.[March 2015
Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment whose centre is O.
Let P be a point at a distance r from its centre along the equatorial line.
17
Electric field at P due to +q is,

= along AP

Electric field at P due to -q is,

= along PB.

The components normal to the dipole axis cancel away. The components
along the dipole axis add up. The total electric field is opposite to .

Net electric field at P is,

At large distance r >> a

  1  
p
E   
3 
 4Π o r  
7.Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor. [March 2015]
Consider a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C. d is the distance
between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. A is the area of each
plate, E is the uniform electric field between the plates,
Let q be the charge on the capacitor.
V be the potential difference between the plates,
be the surface density of charge.

We have, C= ——— (1)

18
Electric field between the plates is given by E= (2) And E =

comparing equations(2) and (3), we get, = V = --(4)

Substituting Equation (4) in equation (1) C = C =

But = q= C=  C=

8. Obtain the expression for the equivalent resistance, when two

resistors are in Series.
R­1 and R2 are two resistors connected in series. Let V be the p.d across
the combination.
let V1 and V2 be the p.d across R­1 and R2
such that V= V1+ V2 —— (1)
RS

I R1 R2 I
≅

E, r E,r
From Ohm’s law V = IR or V1 = IR1 Similarly V2 = IR2
V = IR1 + IR2
V / I = R1 + R2 -------------(1)
If Rs is the equivalent resistance of the combination, then V = IRs or
V/I =Rs -------(2)
From eqn(1) and (2)
Rs = R1 + R2
19
9.Obtain the expression for the equivalent resistance, when two
resistors are in parallel. [March 2014, March 2015]
If R­1 and R2 are two resistors connected in parallel. Let V be the p.d
across the combination.
Let I be the main current and let I1 and I2 be the branch currents such
that I = I1+ I2 —— (1)

R1
I1 Req
A B
I2 R2  I
I
V
V
V V
From Ohm’s law V = I1R1 or I1 = R Similarly I2 = R
1 2

V V
 In eqn(1), I= R + R
1 2


1 1 
I = V  R  R  —— (2)
 1 2 

If R­P­ is the equivalent resistance

V
of the combination, then V = IRP or I = R
P

V  1 1  1 1 1
In eqn(2), R = V    therefore R = 
P  R1 R 2  P R1 R2

10.Derive the expression for equivalent emf and equivalent internal

resistance when two cells are connected in series. [March 2017]

1 2
eq

A I B C A I I C
r1 r2 req

20
Consider two cells having emfs E1, E2 and internal resistances r1, r2
respectively connected in series. Let I be the current through the
combination.
Let V1 and V2 be the terminal potential differences across the cells
respectively.
V1  E1  I r1 —— (1) ( terminal p.d V  E  Ir )
V2  E 2  I r2 ——— (2)
Let V be the terminal p.d across the combination
then V  V1  V2
V = (E1 – I r1) + (E2 – I r2)
From (1) and (2)
V = E1 + E2 – I( r1+ r2) ——— (3)
If the combination is replaced by a single cell of emfEeqand internal
resistance req, then
V = Eeq– I req ——— (4)
Comparing (3) and (4),
Eeq= E1 + E2 and req= r1 + r2
11. Derive the expression for equivalent emf and equivalent internal
resistance when two of cells are connected in parallel. [March 2018]
E1

I1 Eeq
I1
r1
A
I
B1 E2 B2
I
C A I I C
I2 I2 req
r2
Consider two cells having emf’s E1, E2 and internal resistances r1, r2
respectively connected in parallel.
Let I1 and I2 are the currents through the cells respectively, then the
main current is
I = I1 + I2 …….. (1)
21
If V is the terminal p.d across each cell then for the first cell,
E1  V
V = E1 – I1r1 or I1  r1

E2  V
And for the second cell, V = E2 – I2r2 or I2  r2

E1  V E2  V
Substituting I1 and I2 in eqn.(1), I  r1

r2

E1 E2 1 1 
I   V       (2)
r1 r2  r1 r2 

Let the parallel grouping of cells be replaced with a single cell of emf
Eeq and internal resistance req then, V = Eeq– I req
Eeq V
Or I  r  r ……………(3)
eq eq

12. Derive the expression for the conductivity of the material of the
conductor. [June 2015, July 2018] E
v d

Consider a conductor of length  and area of

I

cross section A. Let a p.d of V be applied
|
across its ends so that an electric field E is setup inside the conductor.
V

Ee
Drift velocity of electrons |vd| = —— (1)
m
Resulting current in the conductor is I = nAe|vd| —— (2)where n is free
2
 Ee    n A e  

electron density Sub (1) in (2), I = nAe m   
  E
   m 

 2 
I ne 
or A   m  E
 

 n e2  
 E    E  I = J =  E where  - conductivity of the material.

 m  A

22
13. Derive an expression for magnetic field strength at any point on
the axis of a circular current loop using Biot- Savart’s law .(March
2015)
Consider a circular loop of
radius carrying a current
Let “ ” be a point on
the axis of loop at a distance
“ ” from the centre “ ”.
Consider an small conducting
element of length ‘dl’ .
Magnetic field due to dl at P is given by Biot –Savart’s law
 

dB  0
I dl xr  
4 r3
Since any element of the loop will be perpendicular to the displacement
 
vector from the element to the axial point , x r  rdl
dl

 0 Idl  0 Idl
dB  
4 r 2 4 x 2  R 2
The direction of dB is shown in the diagram. dB has x-component dBx
and y-component dB 
But  dB    dB sin   0 (since each due to diametrically opposite
Idl cancel.
Thus the net magnetic field at is B   dB X   dB cos
But R R
cos    0 Idl R
1  B
r 4 x 2  R2 1

x 2
R 2 2
 x 2
R 
2 2

23
 0 IR
B
4 3
2 R   dl  2 R 
x 2
R 2 2

0 2 IR 2
B 3
4
x 2
R 2
 2

14. Obtain the expression for balanced condition of the Whetstone’s

network. [March 2014, July 2014, March 2016, July 2016, March 2017]
B

Q
P Ig
I3 = I1 – Ig
I1
G C
A

I2

R S
I = I1+I2
I4 = I2 +Ig

E, r

Let I1, I2, I3, I4 and Ig be the currents through the resistances P, R, Q, S and
galvanometer respectively.
From KCL, I3 = I1- Ig and I4 = I2 + Ig
Applying voltage law to the mesh ABDA, I1P + IgG - I2R = 0 —— (1)
Applying voltage law to the mesh BCDB,
(I1-Ig) Q - (I2+Ig)S - IgG = 0 ——— (2)
The network is said to be balanced if no current flows through the
galvanometer. i.e. Ig= 0
Equation (1) reduces to I1P - I2R = 0 or I1P = I2R —— (3)

Equation (2) reduces to I1Q - I2S = 0 or I1Q = I2S —— (4)

P R
Equation (3)/(4) gives 
Q S
This is the condition for balance of Wheatstone’s network.
24
15.Show that voltage leads current by /2, when AC voltage is
applied to a pure inductance. [March 2015]
Consider an ac source ε generating ac voltage
v=vmsinωt........(1) connected to a purely 
L
inductive circuit.
Using the Kirchhoff’s loop rule, Σε (t) = 0 ,
and since there is no resistor in the circuit,
di di
v L 0 where  L is the induced emf
dt dt
emf in the inductor; and L is the self-inductance of the inductor. The
negative sign follows from Lenz’s law
di di v v m sin  t
vL  
dt dt L L
To obtain the current, we integrate di/dtwith respect to time:
di vm
 dt dt   L sin( t ) dt
v
i   m cos(  t )
L
vm  
i Sin  t  
L  2    
  cos  t  Sin  t  2 
  
 
i  i m Sin  t   ………….(2)
 2
Equations (1) & (2) show that the voltage leads the current by π/2.
16. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of series circuit
containing inductor, capacitor and resistor. [July 2014]
Resonance condition for a series RLC circuit is the frequency at which
inductive and capacitive reactance become equal, impedance of the circuit
becomes minimum and current reaches maximum. XL = XC
1 1
 0 L  0 
o C LC
25
17. Assuming the expression for radius of the orbit, derive an
expression for total energy of an electron in hydrogen atom.
Consider an electron of mass ‘m having charge –e, revolving round the
nucleus in an orbit of radius ‘r’ with a linear velocity ‘v’.
The orbiting electron has both Kinetic energy and Potential
energy
K.E of an electron in the nth orbit is
But from Bohr’s postulate,

K =
The potential energy of an electron = electrostatic potential energy

U =
Total energy of an electron in any orbit is E= K+U
=

Substituting r= E= 

E= Total energy of an electron in the

nth orbit of H-atom is E=

26
18.Derive for a radioactive element.(2017 March)
Statement : The number of nuclei undergoing decay per unit time is
directly proportional to the total number of nuclei in the sample.
Let = N0. of radioactive nuclei present in the sample at any instant t.
dN= Number of radioactive nuclei disintegrate at small time interval dt.

Then from decay law. 

Where λ is a constant called decay constant. Negative sign indicates that
number of nuclei N decreases with time.

Integrating both sides

19. With circuit diagram, explain the working of a full – wave

rectifier.
(March-2016 and March-2017July 2014)

27
 Input
voltage at
t
A circuit which gives recti-
fied output voltage corre-
Input
sponding to both the positive
voltage
as well as negative half of t

the input ac cycle is known Due to Due to Due to

as full-wave rectifier. Output

voltage
t
Working: Suppose the input voltage to A with respect to the centre tap
at any instant is positive. Now, voltage at B will be negative. So, diode
D1 gets forward biased and conducts. D2 being reverse biased will not
conduct. Hence, during this positive half cycle we get an output current
and a voltage across the load resistor RL. When the voltage at A be-
comes negative with respect to centre tap, the voltage at B would be
positive. Now, diode D1 does not conduct but diode D2 will conduct,
giving an output current through RL in the same direction as before.
Hence output is rectified.

20.Derive an expression for fringe width in case of young’s double

slit experiment. (M-2014, J-2014)
Consider two slits and separated by a distance d is illuminated by a
monochromatic light of wavelength λ.

28
From the figure, P)2 = D2 + = + + – xd

( P)2 = D2 + =D2+ x2+ d2 /4+ xd

(S1P)2 - S2P)2 = 2xd.

Path difference =( P- P) = ……………(1)

If d D , then ( P + P) = 2D

Path difference = =( P- P) = =

Hence x= ………………….(2)
Position of nth bright fringe on the screen is given by

= , where n = 0, for next = ,

The distance between two consecutive bright fringes is called fringe

width

fringe width = = (n + 1 - n ) =

21.Derive the lens maker’s formula. ( J-2016, M-2017, J-2017)

Consider a thin double convex lens of focal length ‘f’. R 1 and R2 are the
radii of curvatures of its surfaces N1 and N2. Figure (a) shows the
geometry of image formation.
Refraction at surface ABC
(i) The first refracting surface forms the image ‘I1’ of the object ‘O’.
(Fig-b)

29
 N1 A
n1 i1 n2
r1

B C1 I1
R1

C Fig (b)

For the first interface, ABC [fig (b)] we can write the refraction formula
as,
n1 n n  n1
 2  2
OB BI1 BC1 …………………….. (1)
Refraction at surface ADC
(i) The image I1 acts as a object for the second surface that forms
the image at ‘I’. (Fig-c)
A
n2 i2 r2

C2 D I I1

R2 n1
C
Fig (c)
Applying the refraction formula to the second interface ADC [fig(c)] gives,
n2 n n  n2 n n n  n1
  1  1 BI =DI  2  1  2 ………(2)
DI1 DI  DC 2 1 1 BI1 DI DC 2

Adding equations (1) and (2) we get,

30
n1 n1  1 1 
  n 2  n 1    ……………. (3)
OB DI  BC1 DC 2 
BC1   R 1 and DC2 = - R2. Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e.
OB   and DI = f , Then equation (3) becomes

n1 1 1 1  1 1 
 n2  n 1    n 21  1  
f R1 R 2  f R
 1 R 2

22.By assuming Bohr’s postulates derive an expression for radius of

nth orbit of electron, revolving round the nucleus of hydrogen
atom.(March-2015)
Consider an electron of charge –e and mass m revolving around the
nucleus in nth orbit of radius r with a linear velocity v in a hydrogen
atom
For orbital motion of an electron,
Centripetal force = Electrostatic force of attraction between the
nucleus and electron.

= .

. ————-(1)

From Bohr’s postulates ————(2)

squaring equation (2) we get = ————(3)

Dividing equation (3) by (1) we get

31
1.Sketch the electric field lines of forces due to apoint charge q.
[July 2016]

2.Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines of a bar magnet (M 2014)

3.Draw a schematic diagram to show the experimental arrangement

of Geiger-Marsden alpha scattering experiment.(March 2018)

32
4.Draw the ray diagram of image formation in case of compound
microscope. ( M-2015, Model Paper )

5.Draw the circuit symbol of pnp transistor. (March-2016)

C

E
6. Based on energy band diagram classify metals, insulator and
semiconductor.

7. Draw the Binding Energy Curve

8.0 He 56
Binding energy per

26Fe
nucleon (MeV)

6.0

4.0 Li

2.0 2
H
0
56 100 150 200
Mass number A

33
8.Draw the variation of magnetic field(B)
with magnetic intensity(H) when a
ferromagnetic material is subjected to a
cycle of magnetization.(March 2016)

9.Represent graphically the variation of resistivity of i) copper ii)

nichrome with absolute temperature. [July 2018] Resistivity(Ωm)

(i)Copper
Resistivity(Ωm)

(ii) Nichrome

Temperature (K) Temperature (K)

10.Write symbol and truth table of AND gate. (July 2014)

A B Y
A Y 0 0 0
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

11.Draw the truth table, circuit symbol and write Boolean equation
of NAND gate. A B Y
A
0 0 1
Y 0 1 1
B
1 0 1
1 1 0
Boolean equation Y = A . B
12.Write the logic symbol and truth table of OR gate.
A B Y
A
Y  A B 0 0 0
0 0 1
B
1 0 1
1 1 1

34
13. Draw the truth table, circuit symbol and write Boolean equa-
tion of NOR gate. A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
Boolean expression Y = A + B
1 1 0
14. Draw the block diagram of a transistor as an oscillator.
Input
Transistor
Amplifier Output

Feedback
circuit

15.Draw the block diagram of generalized communication system.

(March-2015)

Information Message Transmit Transmitted Received Receiver Message User

source Channel signal information
signal ter signal signal

Noise

16.Draw the block diagram of AM receiver. (March 2017)

Receiving antenna

Amplifier Out put

IF stage Detector Amplifier
Received
signal

17. Circuit symbol of pn-diode, Zenor diode ,LED

35
18. Draw a labelled diagram of a half wave rectifier. Draw the input and
output waveforms
D
T A
 
AC input RL DC output

B
T-step-down transformer,D-Diode, RL  Load Resistor

19. Draw the I – V characteristics of Zener diode

VI characteristics
I ( mA)

Forward bias
VZ
V
VC
Reverse bias
I (  A)

20. Represent the plane polarised light and unpolarised light dia-
grammatically
         

Unpolarised Plane polarised Plane polarised Partially polarised

21. Draw input characteristics of a transistor in CE mode and define input

resistance.

36
 1. S I unit of energy released.
Joules or electron volt (ev) or million electron volt (Mev)
1 Mev = 1.6 x 10–13 joules
2. S.I. of Unit of charge is called a coulomb and is denoted by the
3. Number of electrons required to make -1C of charge can be
calculates as follows.
q = ne 1C = n x 1.6x10-19C

4. SI unit of electric field is N/C. An alternate unit is V/m .

5. SI unit of dipole moment is Cm.

6. SI unit of Activity Becqueral (Bq), other units are Curie (Ci) and
Rutherford (Rd)
1 Becquerel = 1 disintegration/sec, 1 Rutherford = 106 dis/sec,
1 Curie = 3.7 x 1011 dis/sec
7. Define power of a lens. Write its S.I unit.
It is the ability of a lens to converge or diverge a beam of light falling on
it. P = 1/ f S.I unit of power is diopter (D)
8. What is the SI unit of inductance? Define it.
Answer: henry (H). One henry is defined as the inductance of a coil for
which there is a magnetic flux of 1 Wb is linked with it when a current
of 1 A
9. What is the SI unit of magnetic flux?
it is weber (Wb) or T m2
10. What is the unit of magnetisation?
Am-1.
11. Define SI unit of current ampere (A)
It is the value of that steady current which, when maintained in each of
the two very long, straight, parallel conductors of negligible cross-
section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce on each
of these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10-7 N per metre of length.
37
1. Mention the expression for de-Broglies wavelength of a particle
h
:   2mqV Where h= planck’s constant, m = mass of particle,

V= potential difference q = charge of particle

2. Write Einsteins photoelectric equation , Explain the terms
Kmax = h -
Kmax Maximum KE of photoelectronsh planck’s constant
frequency of incident radiation work function of metal
3. Mention the expression for Lorentz’s force.
In the presence of both electric field, E(r) and magnetic field, B(r) a
point charge ‘q’ is moving with a velocity v. Then the total force on that
charge is Lorentz force,
i.e F= Felectric + Fmagnetic = qE(r) + qvB(r)
4. Expression for wave number of Hydrogen atom

Wave number = =R

5. Expression for Mass defect m ={Zmp + (A-Z)mn } - M

Binding energy BE = m x 931 Mev

6. Atomic Mass Unit(amu) 1 / 12th the mass of one atomic nucleus of

carbon-12 is known as Atomic Mass Unit denoted by amu of u.
Energy equivalent to 1 amu =
2
= J
2
= eV

ev = 931Mevv

********************
38