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HALVE MAEN
^uatterlp Magazine of Ctoe &utct) Colonial
B2JIS Hh Period in Mnterira 4*H8RI1

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Tublijbed by The Holland Society o/J^ezv T^or^

122 East 58th £treet J^ew Tor/^ 22, ^N^J? y
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 The Holland Society Editor's Corner
of New York We welcome to his new post Jonkheer Leopold
Quarles van Ufford who has been appointed Consul
122 EAST 58th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10022
General of the Netherlands in New York where he will
President:
succeed Mr. W. S. J. Campagne who has been
Carl A. Willsey appointed Netherlands Ambassador to Iran. Mr.
Quarles van Offord's most recent diplomatic post was
Advisory C o u n c i l of P a s t P r e s i d e n t s :
as Netherlands Ambassador to Brazil, a position which
Bruce S. Cornell Thomas M. Van der Veer he held for five years. He is, however, no stranger to
Walter E. Hopper Gerrit W. Van Schaick
Earle H. Houghtaling, Jr. Dr. Harold O. Voorhis
New York, having served as Deputy Permanent
Julian K. Roosevelt
Representative of the Netherlands to the United
Nations from 1965 to 1970. In the course of his thirty-
Vice-Presidents: five years in the diplomatic service he has also served
New York County Harry A. van Dyke
in Switzerland, Iran and Spain.
Long Island Adrian T. Bogart, Jr.
Dutchess County Gary J. Veeder Because of the close ties which have existed
Ulster County Stuart C. Smedes between the Consul General's Office and the Holland
Patroons Stanley L. Van Rensselaer Society, we look forward to their continuance and
Old Bergen County. N.J Peter D. Talman further development during Mr. Quarles vaniUfford's
Essex and Morris Counties. N.J Daniel S. Van Riper administration.
Central New Jersey James R. Van Wagner. Jr.
Connecticut-Westchester Harrold W. de Groff We have received advance notice of a Dutch
New England John O. Outwater American Historical Workshop to be held at Calvin
Mid West Henry N. Staats. Ill College in Grand Rapids, Mich, on Thursday and
Potomac John R. Kuykendall. Jr. Friday, Nov. 3 and 4. The program promises a real
Virginia and the Carolinas Erskine B. Van Houten. Jr. workshop experience with sessions on the present
Florida Harold H. Lowe state of Dutch-American Historical Affairs, the
Pacific Coast George E. Roosevelt. Jr.
Niagara Frontier Appelton Fryer collection and storage of Dutch-American historical
United States Army Col. William T. Van Atten, Jr. USA (Ret.) materials, research in Dutch-American History and the
United States Nauy Captain Rodman de Kay. USNR (Ret.) preservation of Dutch-American Culture. The final
United States Marine Corps. . . . Maj. Gen. Arthur J. Poillon. USMC luncheon session on Friday will discuss the question
United States Air Force Lt. Laurence C. Vliet, USAF "Where do we go from here?" The registration fee is
Treasurer: Secretary: $10.00. Further information may be obtained from
James P. Snedeker J. Alexander Onderdonk Dr. Henry Ippel at the Department of History, Calvin
Domine: Associate Domine: College, Grand Rapids, Mich., 49506.
Rev. Dr. Howard G. Hageman Rev. Louis O. Springsteen No one, I hope, will consider it impertinent of the
Editor to mention the Second Adrian Leiby Seminar
Trustees:
Richard H. Amerman (1978) Arthur R. Smock, Jr. (1978)
which was held at New Brunswick Seminary on May
John M. Baker (1978) Peter D. Talman (1981) 7. The principal lecturer was Dr. Henry W. Bowden of
Adrian T. Bogart. Jr. (1980) Wynant D. Vanderpool, Jr. (1978) the Department of Religion in Douglass College who
Frederick W. Bogert (1980) John H. Vender Veer (1979) presented a masterful survey and evaluation of
Ralph L. DeGroff, Jr. (1981) Arthur W. Van Dyke (1979) Colonial Dutch Missionary Efforts among the
Kenneth L. Demarest, Jr. (1980) Harry A. van Dyke (1981) American Indians. Possibly we shall be able to print at
William Dutcher (1978) Peter Van Dyke (1979)
Robert D. Nostrand (1981) Stanley L. Van Rensselaer (1979)
least a condensed version in some future issue. By
John A. Pruyn (1980) James R. Van Wagner, Jr. (1981) popular demand from those attending last year's
James E. Quackenbush (1979) Daniel H. Van Winkle (1978) Seminar there was another demonstration of Dutch
Tweed Roosevelt (1978) psalm singing and a hearty colonial luncheon menu.
Trustees Emeritus: At the afternoon session the Editor read a paper on
J. Cornell Schenck Wilfred B. Talman Charles A. Van Patten John Henry Goetschius: the German Underground in
the Dutch Church and there was a panel discussion of
Editor:
the importance of the historical works of the late
Rev. Dr. Howard G. Hageman
Adrian Leiby.
Editorial Committee: Finally, brethren, remember the Annual Banquet
Richard H. Amerman Wilfred B. Talman
which is to be held at the University Club in New York
Frederick W. Bogert James M. Van Buren III
Hendrik Booraem. Jr. John H. Vander Veer on the evening of November 2 with S. Dillon Ripley,
Ralph L. DeGroff Charles A. Van Patten Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, as our Guest
Voorhis D. Demarest Chase Viele of Honor!
Clayton Hoagland Elmer B. Vliet
Kenneth E. Hasbrouck Dr. Harold O. Voorhis
Lewis B. Sebring, Jr. George O. Zabriskie
Dutch Treat Luncheons
Burgher Guard Captain: Executive Secretary:
Tweed Roosevelt Mrs. Anne Cannon
Ever since last April, Dutch Treat Luncheons
have been held on the second Tuesday of each
Organized in 1KK5 to colled and preserve information respecting the settlement and early month at the Netherland Club of New York, 10
history of the City and Slate of New York: to perpetuate the memory, foster and promote
the principles and virtues of the Dutch ancestors of its memhers. to maintain a library re- Rockefeller Plaza. No reservations are necessary.
lating to the Dutch in America, and to prepare papers, essays, books, etc . in regard lo the All members of the Society are invited to attend.
history and genealogy of the Dutch in America
The Society is principally organized of descendants in the direct male line of residents
The next luncheon will be in September. Mark
of the Dutch Colonies in America prior to or during the year 1675 Inquiries respecting the the date in your calendar today.
several criteria for membership are invited.
De Halve Maen. published quarterly by the Society in April. July. October and J a n u a r y , Tuesday, S e p t e m b e r 13 at 12 noon
is entered at the post office at New York. N Y Communications lo the editor should be
directed to the Society's address. 122 F.asl 58th Street. New York. N Y 10022. telephone
The Netherland Club of New York
12121 PLaza 8-1675 10 Rockefeller Plaza
C o p y r i g h t / ; The Holland Society of New York 1977
 m
HALVE
VOL. LII • N o . 2
The Dutch Reformed Church
And The American Revolution -1
Dr. Tanis, Librarian and Professor of
History at Bryn Mawr, begins a study of
the positions taken by Dutch Reformed
ministers during the Revolution.
Originally given as a lecture at the
1976 Adrian Leiby Memorial Seminar
at New Brunswick Seminary, this
article appeared in an expanded form
in Wegen en Gestalten, a periodical
published by Ton Bolland in
Amsterdam.
The agony of politico-religious strife was not new to
the Dutch in the American Colonies. Their fathers
before them had secured their Protestant faith and
political liberty through years of revolutionary strife
against the powers of Spain. When the American
Revolution erupted in the Middle Colonies, the Dutch
there were just emerging from a century of intense
religious conflict between pietistic evangelicals and
formalistic conservatives. The clergy had led the
struggle. In the war against Great Britain, the old
religious contentions were revived in outwardly
political forms. Again the Dutch domines were the
spokesmen. 1
As the British armies advanced across Long Island
in late August of 1776, Domine Solomon Froeligh was
among those American patriots who fled before the
oncoming troops. Ordained the previous June,
Froeligh had preached for the fifteen months of his
youthful ministry to his Queen's County, New York,
congregations "with little visible success, and amidst
much conflict of mind, arising from their disaffection to
our Independence...." 2 Narrowly escaping capture
himself and losing all his earthly possessions in the
process, he made his way across Manhattan Island
'Though referred to throughout the paper simply as "Dutch,"
these Dutch-speaking domines, as well as their Dutch-speaking
parishioners, included numerous men of French Huguenot,
G e r m a n a n d Swiss R e f o r m e d and S c o t c h P r e s b y t e r i a n
backgrounds.
2
Demarest, Cornelus T., A lamentation over the Rev.
Froeligh ... who died at Schrallenburgh, N.J., October 8, 1827 ...,
New York, 1827, p. 26.
MAEN
SUMMER, 1 9 7 7 • NEWYORKCITY
by J a m e s Tanis
and pressed on across the Hudson River to his old
home-town village of Hackensack, New Jersey. On
the Sunday following his return he mounted the pulpit
of the little Dutch church there on the green,
preaching on the account in the book of Chronicles of
Rehoboam's attempt to recover his kingdom. His text
was God's word to his prophet: "Say to Rehoboam
son of Solomon, King of Judah, and to all the
Israelites in Judah and Benjamin, 'This is the word of
the Lord: You shall not go up to make war on your
kinsmen. Return to your homes, for this is my will.'" 3
The Whigs, who were the patriots in his congregation,
were heartened by his message; on the other hand,
the Tories, who were the loyalists among his listeners,
were so enraged by Domine Froeligh's words that
before his sermon was ended demonstrations broke
out against him. The Chronicler noted that the
followers of Rehoboam "listened to the word of the
Lord and abandoned their campaign...." The Tories of
Hackensack were of no mind to follow this example.
Among those attending worship at Hackensack that
Lord's Day in 1776 was Domine Archibald Laidlie of
the Collegiate Dutch Church in New York City. The
patriot Laidlie had fled New York at the impending
British capture of the city and, along with many
others, had sought refuge in the Hackensack Valley.
When the British General William Howe took New
York, he seized the Dutch churches as rebel property.
Froeligh's church in Jamaica was turned into a storage
house, two of the New York City churches were used
as prisons, and on Staten Island the Port Richmond
church was burned. General Howe at first assumed
that all the Dutch clergy were vehement patriots: most
of them were, but others were not. For the American
Dutch, the war just begun was no mere revolution
against Great Britain. It was, as well, a civil war
between two long-standing factions within their own
community.
Earlier in the century a deep rift had developed
within the Dutch Reformed denomination. The parties
had been labeled the "coetus" and the "conference."
As the patriot revolution against England spilled over
into civil war between Whig and Tory factions of the
colonists, these old divisions of coetus and conferentie
Solomon continued in new forms. The coetus clergy were to be
"Ibid., p. 69 (II Chronicles 11:1-4)
[1]
found on the side of the Whigs. Four of the most
determined conferentie pastors were Tory preachers,
and at least three more were Tory-inclined neutrals.
The coetus party had been born of the struggles of
the Dutch colonial church to have the power of
ordination transferred from the Classis of Amsterdam
to a subordinate American ecclesiastical body. The
proposal to create a coetus was initially an attempt to
bring fraternal order to the scattered American
churches; but, in fact, ordination soon became the
main issue. Many Dutch colonists had long felt the
need for a regularized procedure for American
ordination, in order to eliminate the dangerous and
costly sea voyage to the Netherlands which had been
required of those wishing to be ordained. Beginning in
the 1720's, American ordination had been a prime
goal of the revivalist party led by Domine Theodorus
Jacobus Frelinghuysen. The pietistic followers of
Frelinghuysen realized that the extension of the church
in the wilderness depended upon training and
ordaining zealous young men in increasing numbers.
The internal struggles between these colonial pastors
of a radical pietistic stripe and those of a conservative
formalistic set were so violent and divisive that the
Classis of Amsterdam was reluctant to extend such
liberties.
When in 1748 the Classis did establish a coetus, it
greatly circumscribed the coetus' powers of ordination.
The pietists, however, were ready with three
candidates who, after much trans-Atlantic pleading,
were finally ordained in America. Permission for
others, however, was frustrated. In 1752 two of
Domine Frelinghuysen's own sons were obliged to go
to Utrecht to complete their education, following
which they were ordained by the Classis of
Amsterdam. On their return voyage the two brothers
contracted smallpox and died at sea. The cry again
went up for a more effective and more powerful
American judicatory. An American classis was
proposed by those who felt the need to change "the
defective, fruitless, and disagreeable nature of the
present organization." 4
The conservatives, fearing the growing power of the
evangelicals, entered directly into correspondence
with the Classis of Amsterdam in an attempt to block
further extension of the coetus' activities. The matter
of American education was also a vital issue. The
conservative correspondents in lime formed their own
body, eventually termed the conferentie. Though the
differences between the coetus and conferentie
factions appeared to be ecclesiological, the crucial
issues were in fact theological, centering on the
experimental, revivalist doctrines of piety, soul-
searching and rebirth.
In 1771, under the leadership of Dr. John Henry
Livingston who had just returned with his degree from
the University of Utrecht, the coetus and conferentie
parties were finally brought into a meeting for union.
Of the thirty-four colonial pastors, twenty-two
attended the meeting. Of the thirteen coetus pastors,
ten attended; of the eleven conferentie pastors, seven
attended; and of the ten neutrals, five attended. 5
Finally in 1772, with the blessing of the Classis of
Amsterdam, the union was effected. The American
churches were arranged into a "General Body,"
subdivided geographically into five "Particular
"Corwin, Edward T., A manual of the Reformed Church in
America (formerly Ref. Prot. Dutch Church, 1628-1902), 4th ed..
New York, 1902, p. 106.
"IbicL.pr,. 121-122.
[2]
John Henry Liuingston, author of the plan of union re-uniting
coetus and conferentie.
Bodies." 6 (These awkward names were dropped at
the close of the Revolution, when the terms "Synod"
and Classis" were adopted). The reunion was most
effective in those areas where time had already
moderated the differences. Though most of the
ecclesiological differences were successfully
compromised, the theological differences remained.
With the outbreak of the Revolution, four years
later, those committed to experimental religion were
numbered among the Whigs; those embracing orderly
traditionalism were found among the Tories. From the
beginning of these divisions throughout the remainder
of the century, these two parties in their various guises
rent not only the churches, but families within the
churches. There was scarcely a Dutch name in the
Hackensack Valley that could not be found among
Whigs and Tories. At times it was not only cousin
against cousin, but brother against brother and father
against son.
The costly struggles born of politics and religion
were a part of the heritage of the Dutch, who had
thrown off the yoke of Romanism at great cost in the
sixteenth century only to be torn by internal strife
between Protestant factions in the seventeenth. They
knew that Christianity itself had been born in the
violence of the Crucifixion. They also knew that
violence could be redemptive. Blood runs down the
wood of the cross, they preached, but woe to them by
whom the blood is made to run. Augustine and Calvin
alike had taught them that nations have a conscience
and a moral responsibility just as individuals do; that
the Christian revelation is the foundation of civil as
well as ecclesiastical law. Under this revelation Calvin
(Continued on Page 15)
b
Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, The acts and proceedings of
the General Synod ... from 1771-1812 .... New York. 1859. p. 10.
The five Particular Bodies were New York (New York City, Long
Island, the Counties of New York and Westchester); Kingston. New
York (Dutchess and Ulster County); Albany, New York (Albany.
Gloucester and Cumberland Counties); New Brunswick. New
Jersey (Monmouth, Middlesex, Somerset, Hunterdon, and Sussex
Counties and also Staten Island, New York); and Hackensack, New
Jersey (Bergen, Orange, Essex and Morris Counties).
 First Official Salute
The American Flag«
by Col. Phillips Melville, U.S. Air Force (Ret.)
Col. Melville concludes the story of
the Dutch salute to the American flag
in St. Eustatius harbor in the fall of
1776.
S u c h was the situation when the ANDREW DORIA
swept into the roadstead at St. Eustatius on November
16th, 1776. Her approach did not go unremarked.
Shortly before her appearance, a small sloop had
arrived from St. Kitts and anchored in the vicinity of
the fort. On board were two British shipmasters,
Captains John Dean, and John Spicer, who had left
their vessels at anchor at Basseterre, at St. Kitts. With
them was a gentleman named James Fraser. They
were preparing to go ashore when Fraser sighted the
DORIA, and exclaimed - "There comes the tender
of a Man-o-war." "No! by G-d" replied Ean, "She's
an American privateer, for do you not see the flag of
the Continental Congress with the thirteen stripes?"
Delaying their departure for shore, they watched as
the DORIA came to anchor close at hand to port,
furled sail, and hoisted flags; a Grand Union ensign at
the stern; another at the fore-truck; a Navy "Jack" on
the bowsprit and to the Maintruck - "the position of
honor" - a Dutch ensign. Then, her guns having been
run-out from the ports in her black sides thundered a
thirteen-gun National Salute. Fort Oranje promptly
lowered its flag in acknowledgment, as was
customary, but there was no immediate reply to the
ANDREW DORIA's salute. The visitors from St. Kitts
now entered their dingy and pulled for the shore.
They had not reached the landing place when the fort
rehoisted its flag and its guns roared their reply -
eleven guns. The period of delay had been fifteen
minutes.
Captain Robinson's salute had signified that he had
a diplomatic mission to discharge. There was a cogent
reason for the delayed answer. Abraham Revene'
Commandant at the Fort, was well aware that a salute
fired in answer to that of the American warship would
signify recognition of the sovereignty of the United
States, then in rebellion against Great Britain. A salute
by a Dutch fort would be regarded by the latter as an
insult, and there would be serious repercussions. But
not only did the Dutch, particularity the inhabitants of
St. Eustatius, greatly favor the American cause, an
answering salute would also please the many
Americans then on the island. A decision was beyond
the scope of his authority, and leaving the situation in
"status quo", he left the fort to locate Governor
Johannes de Graaff and obtain instructions. The
latter, possibly forewarned of the coming of the
American warship and of the purpose of her visit,
appears to have been headed for the fort to advise its
Commandant in regard to the action he should take,
for they met, and the Governor immediately ordered
Revene' to return to the fort and fire an answering
salute, but with "two guns less" than the number fired
by the ANDREW DORIA. This Revene promptly
proceeeded to do. It is evident that de Graff wished to
please the Americans, the authors of the increasing
prosperity of 'Statia, hundreds of whom were then on
[3]
the island. But he also wished to avoid a basis for
complaint by the British. His explanation would be
that because the ANDREW DORIA's salute had not
been answered gun-for-gun, but by a lesser number, it
lacked formality and could only be regarded as a
courtesy that might be rendered any visiting vessel.
His theory had been put to the test. It remained to be
seen how the British would react. In the opinion of
those on the island who were informed on such
matters, the conclusion was that the British would react
promptly and emphatically.
Having completed the business that had brought
them to 'Statia, the three visitors from St. Kitts now
returned to their sloop and set sail to return. The time
of their arrival is unknown, but soon thereafter they
sought-out President Christer Greathead,
administrator of St. Christopher and Nevis, and
described for him the arrival of the American warship,
the exchange of salutes, and the effect it had on the
inhabitants and visitors at St. Eustatius.
They may not, however, been the first to reach St.
Kitts with the news. The first to do so may have been
young John Trottman, who had escaped from his
enforced service in the DORIA in the following
manner. Following a call on Governor deGraaff to
present the copy of the Declaration of Independence
intended for him, Captain Robinson lingered ashore
until sunset. He then entered his gig, but instead of
returning to the DORIA he directed its crew to row him
to an American pilot-boat at anchor in the roadstead
which he boarded. He then ordered them to return to
the brigantine and hoist the gig. As they paddled back
in the gathering darkness, Trottman, who was one of
its four-man crew, perceived an opportunity to escape
from his enforced service by rowing to St. Kitts,
looming dimly to the South. Disenchanted with life on
board the DORIA, or persuaded by an officer of a
reward, the others, two of whom were Frenchman,
agreed and the boat was headed in the direction of the
British island. It took them all night to make it, but
soon after sunrise they landed at Sandy Point and
were soon in the presence of President Greathead for
whom Trottman described the ANDREW DORIA, the
purpose of her voyage to 'Statia, and the exchange of
salutes on her arrival the preceding day.
The President of St. Kitts was pondering the action
which duty required him to take under the
circumstances when another outrage occurred for
which he considered the Governor of the Dutch
island responsible. On November 21st a privateer
sloop named BALTIMORE HERO, reputed to be
owned in part by Abraham van Bibber, Maryland's
enterprising agent at 'Statia, sailed out of the
roadstead and waylaid a British merchant brig which
had put out from Bassterre at St. Kitts a short time
before, making an easy capture. The vessel was the
MAY, William Taylor, Master, and the brig and its
cargo were the property of one Fosta M. Connell, a
British resident of Dominica. Connell lost no time filing
a bitter complaint with Greathead for allowing this "act
of piracy" to occur within the shadow of his domain.
Two aspects of the affair were particularly galling.
The first was that the captured brig's destination had
been St. Eustatius and the vessel had nearly attained
the protection of neutral waters when the capture took investigation made by Fosta Connell regarding the
place, the recognized limit being the range of the capture of his vessel, relative to which he remarked
cannon in the nearest Dutch battery. The other was that - "I flatter myself to be able to inform my masters
that the HERO had been permitted to return to her upon what a vague showing that matter rests." and
former anchorage, with her red-and-white striped, continued - "In regard to the reception given by the
rebel ensign proudly spanking the breeze, and was forts of this island under my commandment to the
thus safe from reprisal. Spurred to action by this vessel ANDREW DORIA, I flatter myself that, if my
latest offense to British interest and sensibilities, masters exact it, I shall be able to give such an account
President Greathead took to his pen, and composed a as will be satisfactory." In conclusion de Graaff
strong protest against the unfriendly and insulting remarked that Greathead's letter - "seems to bear the
activities that had been permitted to occur by the appearance of exacting an account of actions in my
Governor of the neighboring Dutch island. His letter government, that no one is entitled except my
of accusation and complaint to Governor Johannes gentlemen and masters."
de Graaff, dated December 17th. 1776, couched in
the somewhat pompous and stilted style of that period
is quite lengthy. Emphasising the prolonged friendship
based on numerous treaties that had existed between
their two nations, he expressed his distress at now
having the painful duty of making a formal protest
regarding the reprehensible attitude of the inhabitants
of St. Eustatius toward His Britannic Majesty's
rebellious subjects in North America. Becoming
specific, he dealt with the affair of the BALTIMORE
HERO, revealing that the destination of the captured
brig had been St. Eustatius and expressing indignation
that the capture had been permitted to occur "nearly
within reach of the cannon of St. Eustatius" and that
the privateer had then been permitted to return to her
former anchorage.
In regard to the ANDREW DORIA and the
exchange of salutes he wrote: "Also, that an armed
vessel called the ANDREW DORIA, commanded by
a Captain Robinson, belonging to and in the service
of the before-mentioned rebels, dropped anchor in the
roads of St. Eustatius, and with hoisted flag known to
be that of the rebels called Continental Congress, did,
about the middle of November last, salute with
thirteen shots the fortress of their High and Mighty the
Dutch Government, called the Orange Fort; and that
this salute was afterwards answered by that fort with
the same solemnity due to the flags of independent
sovereign states; and to that ship it was then permitted
to take on board a cargo of gunpowder, ammunition,
and provisions, at St. Eustatius, for the use of the
American army." Following further expressions of John De Graaff, Governor of St. Eustatius, 1770-1780.
indignation, he added, "I therefore exact from you,
sir, a sufficient reason for the offense done to his President Greathead, undoubtedly chagrined by the
Majesty's flag by the honor rendered his rebellious cavalier reception accorded his representatives by de
subjects and I require also, sir, — you will not only Graaff, on December 26th addressed a second letter
use your authority to prevent such violation of faith, to the Governor of St. Eustatius which - was milder
but will employ at the same time immediate means to than his first. In this, he insisted that the
give complete restitution to the sufferers by the piracy representations made in his former letter were "neither
committed by the sloop BALTIMORE HERO, and irregular nor without foundation." He admitted that
that the fellow-helpers and abbetors in that act, may be the complaint submitted by Connell in regard to the
discovered and apprehended and have the merited capture of the MAY lacked the solid evidence required
punishment that will be a terror to others." by Dutch law, but that the general accusations he
To insure that his letter would receive prompt (Greathead) had made against the inhabitants of St.
attention by Governor de Graaff, he forwarded it by Eustatius were fully justified.
the hand of his solicitor-general, Mr. John Stanley, In regard to the salute he wrote: - "The impartial
accompanied by a delegation from St. Kitts. Governor world will judge between us, whether these honor
de Graaff accepted the letter from Stanley, but refused shots, answered on purpose by a Dutch fort to a
to discuss its contents or meet the delegation. Instead, rebellious brigantine called ANDREW DORIA, with a
he replied by letter on December 23rd in which he flag known to the commander of that fort as the flag of
denied that he, or any member of his government, His Majesty's rebelling subjects, is or is not a partiality
had any knowledge of the alleged traffic in arms or the in favor of those rebels and a public offense done to
outfitting of privateers by the inhabitants of St. His Majesty's flag. Whether the rebel brigantine fired
Eustatius. He suggested that the President of St. Kitts thirteen or eleven honor shots, and whether they were
and Nevis had allowed himself to be misled by vague answered with an equal or lesser number, will not
rumors and false claims, originated by persons who alter, I think, the real ground of my complaint in this
wished to create discord between their two nations.
He further stated that he had examined a report of an (Continued on Page 13)

141
 Dutch Ancestry Of
Cornells Janszen Bongaert —II
by. P. H. Bogaard
. . .The well known genealogist of
Bilthoven, Utrecht, the Netherlands,
continues his comprehensive study of
the Dutch branch of the lower Rhine
family van den Bongard, represented
in this country by one of our best
known Dutch colonial families. Mr.
Bogaard's article has been prepared
for publication by his distant kinsman,
Cornelius V. R. Bogert III of Oreland,
Penna.
I n the genealogy which follows, the briefly given
facts about the first three generations are taken from
the works of Strange and De Bary unless otherwise
noted. The tracing of the family line begins with
generation IV, Bernardus van den Bongard. An article
about him and his lawful issue entitled Nyenrode was
published by Wittert van Hoogland. 15 The article
contains much information but it must be noted that
the author did not mention his primary sources so that
his work must be used with some caution.
It is surprising, however, that so little has been
published about this Dutch family. Perhaps what follows
will help in some way to fill the gap. Further research
will serve not only to complete and amplify this article,
but if more historical material is turned up, it will give a
more distinct character to the different persons in this
study. In that way what must be a more or less dry
genealogy could become an attractive history.
In such research an inconography should also be
included, though there can be no assurance in
advance that the results would have any great
significance. In this connection it should be noted that
we cannot say with any certainty that the portrait on p.
225 of the third volume of Netherlands Castles and
their History 16 is of Bernard van den Bongard (c.
1500-1543) 17 . If the portrait is in fact of a van den
Bongard, according to the style of the clothing it is
more likely to be of his grandson Bernard (c. 1560-
1629).
Finally, so far as the ways of spelling this
Netherlands name are concerned, out of the multitude
of possibilities which can be found, Van den Bongard
is used for the legitimate issue from the beginning and
Van den Bongaert for the illegitimate.
Genealogy
/. Eustacius or Stas van den Bongarde was
knight, hereditary chamberlain, and counselor to the
Duke of Julich. He was born around 1375 and he died
after 1443. He married Heylke Dortzant, daughter of
Hermann Dortzant, schepen of Aachen, and Heylke von
Hoekirchen. Heylke Dortzant was the widow of
E.B.F.F. Wittert van Hoogland, Nyenrode, hereafter cited as
Wittert van Hoogland, Nyenrode: Genealogical and Heraldic
Publications, 4th yr., 1909, pp. 318-321.
l6
Netherland Castles and their History, E.W. Moes, Vol. Ill,
Amsterdam, 1912-1915, hereafter cited as Netherlands Castles.
1 20
'Information from the Zentraluerwaltung des Freiherrn von
Fuerstenberg te Herdringen.
[5]
Johann van Eynenberg. In 1424 Stas married Nella
van Bergerhausen, heiress of Willem van den
Bungard v(van Bergerhausen) and Rychka van
Nuwenkirchen. Nella was the widow of knight Johann
Schillinck van Vilich the younger. According to her
marriage settlement, Nella brought as a dowry the
castle of Bergerhausen and all the property belonging
to it at Blatzheim, the castle of Bungart near Bonn, the
castle at Uckesdorf, and properties in the land of
Blankenberg and elsewhere. She died childless at the
end of 1442.
In 1410, Stas was mentioned as having a coat of
arms with a chevron and, as a crest, the trunk of a
man with a beard and turban. He appeared as a
witness in a charter dated November 11, 1419, in
which Duke Adolf of Berg and Duke Adolf of Kleef
entered into an alliance against Archbishop Dirk of
Cologne. About 1420, Stas followed his brother,
Goedert, in office. In another charter dated April
29, 1433, Stas appeared again as a witness in an
arbitration between Archbishop Dirk of Cologne and
Duke Adolf of Julich and Berg. The cathedral chapter
of Cologne and the knighthood of Cologne, Julich,
and Berg were named as arbitrators. On March 10,
1436, he witnessed the conclusion of an armistice
between Duke Adolf of Julich and Berg and Duke
Arnold of Gelre. The counselors to the Duke of
Burgundy acted as conciliators.
//. Godefridus van dem Bongart was a knight,
Lord of Paffendorf and Bergerhausen, hereditary
chamberlain and counselor to the Duke of Julich. He
was born about 1410 and he died in 1473. In 1432 he
married Cunegonde van Bourschied, daughter of
knight Bernard van Bourschied and N . N . van Eltern.
She died in the beginning of 1484. In 1450, he and his
wife founded the nunnery of St. George near
Kintzweiler. Perhaps it was this same Godefridus who
on May 10, 1461, promised to keep Dirk van Palant
indemnified because of a surety against Goedart
Zeylle, his wife Marie, and their daughter Joelent 18
and on August 27, 1468, acted as conciliator at a
reconciliation between Archbishop Roprecht of
Cologne etc. and Emont van Pallant c.s. 19
///. Joannes von dem Bongart was Lord of
Bongart, Paffendorf, and Bergerhausen, hereditary
chamberlain and counselor to the Duke of Julich.
bailiff of Norvenich and Monschau. He was born about
1450 and died in 1520. In 1484 he married Elisabeth
van Erckenthiel (died c. 1528), daughter of Jacob van
Erckenthiel and Elisabeth van Schoonhoven. On
October 1, 1484, Joannes acted as vassal at the sale
and enfeoffment of the house and garden
"Thoinsbachem" by knight Johan van Hemberg and
his son, Johan, to Emont van Pallant. 20 On July 12,
1486, Duke Willem of Julich promised to keep his
counselor, Emont van Pallant, indemnified against
Joannes. 2 1 On October 7, 1502, Count Philip of
nburo and Nuwenare. actina for the late Count
18
A.P. van Schilfgaarde. Het archief der heeren en graven
van Culemborg. The Hague, 1949, inv. 1432, summary 1661.
,9
Ibid., inv. 1402, summary 1898.
Ibid., inv. 7372, summaries 2347, 2348.
21
Ibid., inv. 1404, summary 2 3 9 1 .
Willem of Nuwenare, promised to keep Johan van
Pallant indemnified against Joannes. 2 2
IV. Bernard van den Bongard was bailiff of Grave,
chamberlain 23 to Floris van Egmond, stadtholder of
Holland, etc. He was probably born about 1500 at De
Bongard castle in Bocholtz and he died before June 6,
1543, 24 probably from wounds received from a
cannon explosion.
By 1530 he was listed as a member of the Utrecht
knighthood. 25 His coat of arms was a red field with a
silver chevron. 26 On January 3, 1532, Count Floris, in
the presence of the schapens of s' Hertogenbosch,
furnished him with a yearly rental of 180 electoral
guilders. Against this was pledged the land and manor
of Kranendonk, the town of Eindhoven, and the
villages of Woensel, Budel, Maarheeze, and
Soerendonk. 27 In 1523 he married Elisabeth Turck.
oldest daughter of Willem Turck, a member of the
knighthood of Utrecht, 28 and Josina van Nijenrode,
mistress of Nijenrode, the high manor Ter Lucht, a
manor at Langevelt, a house at Velsen, and half of De
Lier and Zouteveen, Pendrecht, and
Noordwijkerhout.
Nvenrode Castle. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum. Amsterdam
The castle of Nijenrode29 lies a little to the south of
the village of Breukelen on the Vecht River (a branch
of the Rhine). At the time, the Vecht was the most
important transportation route between Utrecht and
the districts to the north. The castle was built probably
about the middle of the 13th century. The Van
Nijenrodes took part in many wars, and their motto,
which can still be read on the castle gate, was Cedo
Nulli (I yield to no one). When Josina van Nijenrode
22
lbid.. inv. 1457, summary 2759.
23
S.W.A. Drossaers. Het archief van de Nassause domeinraad.
Vol. II-4, Regestenlijst van brieven 1 (1467-1542). The Hague.
1955, summary 304. (Hereafter Drossaers)
2
"Drossaers. Vol. II-5. Regestenlijst van brieven II (1543-1548).
The Hague. 1955. summary 1079
2h
Groot Placaatboek.. der.. .Staten's Lands van Utrecht:
mitsgaders van de...Stad Utrecht...door J. van de Water. Vol. I,
Utrecht, 1729, p. 283. (Hereafter Groot Placaatboek Utrecht).
26
Collection Muschart. Refers to W. J. d'ablaing van Giessenburg.
Wapenboek der ridders van de Duitsche Orde, Balye van Utrecht,
sedert 1581. The Hague. 1871, fol. 25. The Collection Muschart
has been split; the part of the collection giving access via heraldic
emblems is found at the Central Bureau voor Genealogie at The
Hague; the portion which is arranged according to family names is
in the possession of Dr. A. R. Kleyn at Zeist.
21
Drossaers. Vol. 11-3. Regestenlijst van oorkonden II (1460-
1580). The Hague, 1955, summary 1628.
28
Groot Placaatboek Utrecht. Vol. I, p. 2 8 3 .
29
The name "Nijenrode" comes from nye (new) and rode
(reclamations).
died in 1537, the main branch of this famous family
died out. The castle has been destroyed several times,
lastly by the French in 1673, but it has always been
rebuilt. Since 1673, it has been restored and
embellished repeatedly. During World War II, it was
occupied by the Germans and since 1946 it has
housed the N.O.I.B., since 1971 called Nyenrode,
Netherland School of Business.
The town of Breukelen has existed since the middle
ages. It was first mentioned in 1139 in a charter of
Bishop Andreas of Utrecht. The name was then
"Broclede", which is derived from broek (moor) and
lede (waterway). The population of the town is now
over 10,000. The American reader will recognize that
Breukelen is the place after which Brooklyn is named.
Immigrants to New Netherland who were natives of
Breukelen were probably the founders of Brooklyn.
Josina van Nijenrode was a rich heiress and a
principal figure in a drama that took place in 1504.
She and her younger sister, Johanna, both still under
age, were kidnapped from Nijenrode castle by Willem
Turck and lodged at the home of his uncle, the lord of
Usselstein. Their relatives tried in vain to have the
bishop and the States of Utrecht intervene in this
crime, but because Willem was not under the bishop's
jurisdiction and was not an inhabitant of the diocese of
Utrecht their efforts failed. Since Willem and Josina
were married in 1504, 30 the year of birth of their
daughter, Elisabeth, can be put at 1505 if not earlier.
On August 27, 1539, Elisabeth was enfeoffed by
Emperor Charles V, acting as Count of Holland, with
Nijenrode castle, the high manor of Ter Lucht, the
manor at Langevelt, and the house at Velsen." Three
days later she received in enfoeffment, from the
Utrecht cathedral chapter under the guardianship of
her husband, two hoevens 32 of the bishop's land in
Achtersloot near Usselstein." On July 10, 1540, she
was enfoeffed by Reinold, Lord of Brederode, with
the properties of the Court of Vianen which she
inherited from her mother, Josina. 34
On May 2 1 , 1545, Elisabeth wrote to Maximilian
van Egmond, son of Floris van Egmond and later
father-in-law of William of Orange, that she would
lend him money as she had promised earlier. She said
that she would ask her brother-in-law (Van den
Bongart), who had been keeping it for her children,
for it. She further stated in the letter that she would
rather give it to Count Maximilian than to anyone else
in the world, and that she hoped that he would always
help her and her four children because of the service
rendered to him by her late husband 35 .
In another letter dated June 29, 1545, she wrote
Maximilian that she had received an answer from her
brother-in-law stating that on his own he had already
disposed of the money. He further stated that he
would gladly see to it that the portion of money due
Elisabeth and her children be invested for. or loaned
to. Maximilian. t6
(Continued on Page 16)
,0
J.J. de Geer. Proeue eener geschiedenis van het geslacht van
Nijenrode. Uit de oorspronkelijke stukken bewerkt. (Overgedrukt uit
de Berigten van het Historisch Genootschap gevestigd to Utrecht.
Vol. IV. first part). Utrecht, 1851, pp. 52 ff.
"Ibid., p. 120.
32
1 hoeve = 16 morgen or 33.856 acres.
" A . J. Maris. Repertohum op de Stichtse leenprotocollen uit het
landsheerlijke tijdvak. Vol. I. De Nederstichtse leenacten (1394-
1581). The Hague, 1956, p. 4 6 8 .
34
De Geer, op. cit.. p. 120.
35
Drossaers. Vol. II-5, summary 1304.
M
Ibid., summary 1312.
 Dutch Women In Colonial Albany
Sherry Penney and Roberta Willenkin
Dr. Sherry Penney, Associate
Provost of Yale University, and
Roberta Willenkin, San Francisco law
student, conclude the study subtitled
Liberation and Retreat. Dr. Penney
delivered this lecture at Seminar III in
September, 1976.
A he broader economic role which was characteristic
of women in Albany before the decade of the 80's was
also reflected in the legal sphere and was particularly
evident in the greater consideration toward wives as
well as daughters in matters of inheritance. Married
females were treated as independent beings in Dutch
wills. One demonstration of this practice was found in
the use of a device known as the joint will. In Albany,
wills by married couples could be made either
separately, primarily by husbands, or jointly by
husbands and wives. In a joint will, the female was
considered equally with the male and the spouses
shared in making a disposition of property. The use of
a joint w:" further enabled a husband and wife to
dispose of the entire estate (each spouse's one half
portion) at the same time with one document.
An examination of 67 wills executed in Albany from
1648 to 1700 shows that before 1685, the majority of
executed wills were joint documents made by
husbands and wives together. (There were a handful
of other wills made by unmarried persons, widows,
and widowers.) However, after 1685 under the
operation of English law, separate wills executed
strictly by the husband became the prevalent mode. Of
the 153 wills recorded for the period 1700-1780 only
three were joint wills (one in 1709, one 1739, and the
last in 1766). During this same period there were ten
wills executed solely by females; eight of these
involved widows and two were by spinsters. The rapid
increase in separate wills executed by husbands after
1685 and the concurrent decline in joint wills coincides
with the imposition of the English court and reflected
the English common law which did not recognize a
wife's separate legal identity. The evidence for Albany
would suggest that the shift from the Dutch to the
English system had important consequences for the
female sex. 19
In the area of benefits to survivors, the passage of
time again brought about a significant difference. In
contrast to the English common law which allowed
only the dowers thirds, under the Roman Dutch law it
was provided that the survivor receives the legal
portion or half the community property. The
remainder might also go to the survivor or be equally
distributed to the children. 20 The data for Albany
indicates that before 1686 wives were the chief
beneficiaries in wills and that in 7 7 % of the
t e s t a m e n t a r y wills married w o m e n had the
opportunity to inherit at least half of the entire marriage
estate, with the remaining number of wills providing
'9Court Minutes of Fort Orange and Beverwyck, 1652-1656,
1657-1660; Early Records of Albany, IV, 117-205; Annals of
Albany, II, 62-65; Readings of the . . Common Law, 497-498;
John Dillon, The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America,
(1895), 362; Collections, I-IX.
20
Lee, Introduction, 390; Early Records of Albany, II, 359-391;
Early Records of Albany, IV, 117-205.
[7]
less than half to the wife. The expanded rights in
inheritance was perhaps the most important feature of
the seventeenth century Dutch will because not only
did Dutch women acquire as a minimum complete
control over half the estate but the potential was there
for acquiring the other portion as well.
As the century progressed, the numbers fell off, and
during the eighteenth century the trend was clearly in
the opposite direction. Instead of giving the wife half
or more of the estate, wills now stated that although
wives could live on the property during their period of
widowhood, their main function was to hold the estate
for the children and to see that its value was not
diminished. Concurrent with Dongan's charter and the
increase in separate wills, there was a significant rise in
the percentage of wills naming the wife merely as a
fiduciary -- the person to whom the property was
entrusted to manage for the minor children. After
1686, the percentage of wills in which restrictions were
placed on the married woman rose constantly. The
fiduciary status now became the norm, and children
supplanted wives as the chief heirs. 21
By the time of the Revolution wives had unrestricted
inheritance benefits in only 9% of the wills, and in one
interesting case the wife was altogether disinherited.
The husband stated: "I do wholly divest and exclude
my Putative wife, Ann Schuyler, and male child she
has (the same being none of my begetting) from all
rights to any part of my estate." 22 We can conclude
that up until 1685, the Dutch woman in Albany
received favorable treatment in matters of inheritance.
After that time, there was a new trend away from
equality, and Dutch married women were relegated to
an economic status which was often beneath their
children.
In addition to the expanded economic role and
significant consideration in matters of inheritance, an
independent legal standing was also evident for the
seventeenth century Albanian woman when she came
to court. The appearance of a married woman as an
independent agent was not in strict accordance with
the Roman Dutch law, but once again the exceptions
in the law made for a degree of flexibility. For
example, the law provided that in the antenuptial
contract a woman could be specified as a separate
administrator of property. However, Albanian women
who were not so designated also came into court
independently. Looking solely at court use we find
that out of a total of 2891 appearances, there were a
total of 538 appearances by Dutch females throughout
the seventeenth century with approximately 20-25%
of the men in Albany using the courts and 5-10% of
the women. 23 From 1648 to 1700 there were 301
male vs. female cases in Albany which were resolved
by a judicial decision. Included in the number were 53
incidents of married women appearing in behalf of
their h u s b a n d s , serving in essence as their
representatives in cases where the husband was either
a plaintiff or defendant.
Other questions which arise in regard to the
appearance of Albany women before the court are:
21
Lee, Introduction, 265; Early Records, IV, 117-205.
"Collections, VIII, 90.
"Court Minutes of Albany, Schenectady and Rensselaerswyck.
1668-1673. 1675-1680, 1680-1685, 1657-1660. I, II. Ill; Lee.
Introduction, 63-70
did they have a chance of winning their suits? what
kinds of cases brought them to court? and how were
they treated when fines were levied? An examination
of the recorded cases reveals that women did receive
similar treatment in many ways. Defendants, whether
male or female, lost cases more frequently than
plaintiffs, although women were slightly more likely
than men to be defendants than plaintiffs.
For example, for the time periods 1648-1660
women were defendants 6 7 % of the time, for 1669-
1672, 6 1 % , and for 1675-1685, 5 4 % . However, in
Albany the larger number of women appearing as
defendants was due primarily to women being more
frequently involved in suits for disobeying ordinances.
The number of women as defendants in the 301 cases
was 165 while the number as plaintiffs was 136. A
further breakdown shows that in the 165 cases where
Dutch women were defendants 122 suits (74%) were
for debts, 16 suits (10%) were for slander (11) and
assault (5), and 27 suits (16%) for disobeying
ordinances. A similar pattern emerges in the 136 cases
where women were plaintiffs. 107 (80%) were for
debt actions with slander and assault cases accounting
for the remainder. When women came to court as
plaintiffs, they fared slightly better than men which
tended to counterbalance their more unfavorable
position as defendants. 8 0 % of cases were won by
male plaintiffs while female plaintiffs won 8 5 % . (See
Chart 4) In cases where women appeared as plaintiffs
for their husbands, they fared even better and won
8 8 % of their cases. Husbands appearing in behalf of
wives as plaintiffs won 80% of the time.
The female clearly had an opportunity to receive
treatment from the court comparable to her male
counterpart and although the number of cases in
which women came to court decreased significantly
under British rule, in the few cases in which women
came to court, they continued to make a good
showing as plaintiffs. However, male plaintiffs also did
well, again demonstrating that plaintiffs were in all
cases in a more favorable position than defendants.
When the kinds of cases which brought men and
women into court are analyzed, it appears that there
were only minor differences for the sexes. Debt
actions comprised the bulk of cases for both males
(56%) and females (57%).
Other types of typical cases included theft, slander,
fornication, and disobeying local ordinances. Both
males and females violated ordinances prohibiting
trading with or selling liquor to Indians and drinking on
Sundays. In addition, both sexes were brought to
court for not fencing in their property and for refusing
to pay fines when they were levied. One area where a
difference was evident, however, was that men were
more frequently accused of aggressive behavior than
females, particularly in cases of homicide and murder.
However, the number of actual cases was quite small.
If we look beyond the typical cases to the
punishments handed out, we find that in general
women were treated more leniently when fines were
levied. The court apparently tried to protect women
when punishments were assigned. Yet when sexual
offenses were at issue, women tended to receive
harsher treatment. The court apparently maintained
a double standard in regard to sexual offenses for
the unmarried female. Single women who had fre-
quent sexual intercourse, labeled multiple "carnal
conversations", were punished with a public whipping
while their male partners were usually allowed to go
free. When pregnancy occurred, the court attempted
[8]
to determine paternity in all out of wedlock cases and
then tried to arrenge a marriage in order to prevent the
child from becoming a public charge. In most of the
recorded cases the woman was willing to marry, but
the man was not. In cases such as these the woman
was usually given the child, and the man was either
forced to put up a bond for child support or punished if
he could not meet the bond. 24
Moreover, in regard to the physical person, an
inferior position for women was evident. Husbands
exercised considerable physical power over their wives
in Albany. Dutch married women frequently came to
court demanding relief from their abusive husbands
who hit, kicked, beat or assaulted them in other ways.
The court's decision was usually to postpone or
otherwise avoid such issues and sentences were rarely
imposed on the husbands. A frequent admonishment
was to live in peace and harmony, and the court
consistently defended the husband's unlimited right to
discipline his wife.25 In sum, there were only slight
differences in the kinds of cases which brought men
and women to court, but in the area of treatment
received there were differences. Women were
defendants more often than men; women received
harsher punishment for sexual offenses but fines
assigned to women were often more lenient.
The courts' indecision in some of these areas reflects
somewhat the conflict between the restrictive law code
and the practical application of the code which
resulted in a degree of flexibility and leniency in
Albany. Another conclusion which emerges is that
court use by males increased during the seventeenth
century whereas use by females decreased. The peak
of female participation in the court system was in the
decade of the 70's but after 1685, at approximately
the same time as economic participation fell off, the
per cent of women utilizing the court declined. 26
Women had less need to use the court as their
participation in business ventures lessened and at the
same time, they were less involved in business
because it was more difficult to come to court when
some of the earlier loopholes began to dry up. The
English system with its more formal court procedure
did not permit women the degree of flexibility which
they had had with the Dutch.
The evidence for colonial Albany demonstrates that
during the seventeenth century the Dutch female
occupied an exalted position in many ways. First,
there is evidence that during the Dutch period,
daughters were treated on an equal basis with sons in
(Continued on Page 15)
"Court Minutes of Albany. Schenectady, and Rensselaerswyck.
1668-1673: 1675-1680: 1680-1685: Court Minutes of Fort Orange
and Beuerwyck. 1652-1656. 1657-1660: Douglas Greenberg,
"Patterns of Criminal Prosecution in Eighteenth Century New
York". New York History (April. 1975). 133-153.
Women appearing in court to represent their husbands
1653-1657 10
1658-1660 7
1668-1670 8
1675-1679 17
1680-1684 8
1694 1
1696 1
1698 1
53
According to Goebel and Naughton (393), the Dutch blurred the
distinctions between the criminal and civil process.
2b
Court Minutes of Albany. Schenectady, and Rensselaerswyck,
1657-1680: 16681673: Annals of Albany. IV, 16-17; Collections.
I, 2-52; Early Records. I, 233-35.
26
Ibid.: Albany Common Council Minutes 1689-1690, III A
 Reviews of Books
The United Churches of Hackensack and
Schraalenburgh, New Jersey, 1686-1822.
Bergen County Historical Society, 1976, by
Adrian C. Leiby, $12.95.
Adrian C. Leiby's last book is another distinguished
contribution to the history of the New Jersey Dutch.
Written for the 150th anniversary of the South
Presbyterian Church of Bergenfield. it tells the story of
that congregation during its 136 years of affiliation
with the Dutch Reformed communion. This period
included the pastorates of Guiliam Bertholf. who
almost single-handedly created the Dutch Reformed
Church in New Jersey. John Henry Goetschius. who
led the movement for an American-trained ministry.
Dirck Romeyn, who sustained his people's faith
through the tribulations of the Revolutionary War. and
Solomon Froeligh, who eventually led them out of the
Dutch Reformed denomination when they believed it
had fallen away from the faith of their fathers.
Leiby shows especially well how these local events
were part of larger movements. The puritanical
pietism of the New Jersey Dutch was fundamental to
the popular religious traditions their ancestors brought
from the Netherlands. In both the Netherlands and
America, differences of religious opinion could lead to
civil disorder; thus the schism between the Coetus and
the Conferentie determined the choice of loyalties
among the New Jersey Dutch over political issues a
generation later. The Revolution in the Hackensack
Valley therefore became a civil war between neighbors
not unlike that which rends Northern Ireland today,
and left bitter memories still handed down in families
two centuries afterwards.
Leiby depicts these intense feelings with the
detached fairness of a concerned layman who focuses
always on the people of the congregation, responding
to and sometimes determining the direction of the
leadership of their domines. Their need for a pastor
sent Bertholf to the Netherlands to be ordained; their
zeal prompted Goetschius to train American ministers
to guide it. Their faith sustained them through seven
years of life in the no-man's-land between the British
and Continental armies, when even the wily and
c o u r a g e o u s R o m e y n could visit them only
occasionally. Their stubborn adherence to traditional
doctrines supported Froeligh in his formation of the
True Dutch Reformed Church. But their deep
devotion also aroused v e h e m e n t hatred of
indifference, British oppression and unsound doctrine
which created lasting divisions in their community.
Leiby also raises a number of far-reaching questions
which can only be answered by the badly-needed
definitive history of the Dutch Reformed Church in
early America. To what extent were the views of such
Dutch religious minorities as the Arminians,
Lutherans, Labadists and Mennonites transplanted to
the Hudson Valley? What were the effects of the
coexistence in isolated frontier communities of the
diverse religious attitudes and customs of Walloons,
Frisians, Hollanders and other ethnic groups? What
conflicts arose between the tolerant, formal orthodoxy
of urban merchants and the intense rejection of
worldliness by rural farmers? By suggesting these
significant themes in a local study, Leiby has indicated
directions for professional historians and set a worthy
example for amateurs, who may well emulate his deep
knowledge of local traditic ;, his wide reading in
related literature, and his v ;se and compassionate
understanding of human nati re.
-Alice P. Kenney
The Van Cleef Family, (Polyanthus, Inc., 1976),
by Wilson V. Ledley C.G., Pp. 270; $17.50
The appearance in print of any New Netherland
family genealogy is always a welcome event whether it
be the Jans, the Vans or other Dutch clans. It is all the
more welcome when a lesser-known family such as
the Van Cleefs are the subject of the book. The same
can be said of a dozen or more families of similar New
Netherland background whose lines are waiting to be
set down.
Jan or John Van Cleef came to the Dutch West
India Company settlement at the mouth of the
Hudson river in 1653 "according to his oath of
allegiance in 1687." The family name "suggests that
his ancestors, or he, was from the Rhenish Duchy of
Cleve (Kleve or Cleves) adjacent to The Netherlands."
The duchy is perhaps best known as the homeland of
Anne of Cleves, the second wife of Henry VIII. who is
often referred to as "the Dutch princess" by English
historians. Domiciled at first in Gravesend, L.I., Jan
Van Cleef later moved to New Utrecht, becoming a
prominent citizen there and holding the office of
constable in 1678. In all, he sired 15 children of whom
four are listed by Wilson Ledley as "presumed" or
"possible" offspring and five whose lines of descent are
carried down to the fourth generation in this book.
Obviously one of the difficulties of compiling this
family line was the lack of documentary records in
some branches. One encounters such phrases as
"presumed third and youngest son" and "his wife has
not been identified but she is thought to have been a
Suydam." The wide dispersion of the family in later
generations throughout five New Jersey counties.
North Carolina. Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa. Illinois and
"elsewhere in the west" added other problems for the
compiler.
In some of the family lines an unorthodox departure
from the Dutch custom of naming sons in logical
sequence, employing the names of previous male
forbears, created additional genealogical problems.
For example, Samuel and Cary appear as the names
of Aaron Van Cleave as early as the third generation
although these names are not found on either side of
the family in preceding generations.
Ledley has annotated his book with informative and
descriptive notes on individuals and the sources he
used to obtain his data. The index at the rear of the
volume provides easy and rapid access to each person
carrying the family name and is further simplified by
listing not only the first name but also the year of birth,
the number assigned to each in the book and symbols
which classifies them as married, unmarried, or "died
young." One wishes he had carried the generations on
to even later years but the book provides an excellent
starting point.
-Fred W. Bogert

Society Activities
June Trustees Meeting
President Carl A. Willsey called the first Trustees'
Meeting of his administration to order on June 9 in the
Netherland Club in New York. After some opening
remarks in which he expressed his hopes for the
Society during his term of office, he called attention to
the need for filling three vacancies in the Trustees until
the next annual meeting. After some discussion
William Dutcher of Abington, Pa., Tweed Roosevelt
of Brooklyn, N.Y. and Daniel H. Van Winkle of
Rutherford, N.J. were elected to serve as Trustees
until April, 1978. On President Willsey's
recommendation Harrold W. deGroff of Farmington,
Conn, was named Vice-President for the Connecticut-
Westchester Branch.
President Willsey also appointed a special
committee consisting of Trustees Fred Bogert, Harry
van Dyke and James Van Wagner, Jr. The purpose of
this Committee will be to examine the possibility of
creating a directory of historic Dutch houses and
buildings and the further possibility of having plaques
placed in them by the Holland Society.
Secretary Alexander Onderdonk reported that the
membership of the Society currently stood at 935. The
necrology report included the names of the following:
Edgar Hatfield, Isaac Hopper, Robert Schenck, Philip
Swart, Henry Van Cleef, Dale Van Duzen and Past
President Walter Van Hoesen.
Treasurer James Snedeker reported an unrestricted
gift of $2,500 given to the Society by the Mandeville
Foundation. By vote of the Trustees this sum was
placed in the principal of the Endownment Fund.
Trustee Peter Van Dyke reported for the Investment
Committee that the principal of the Endowment Fund
currently stood at $590,354 yielding an annual
income of $36,690.
Trustee Stanley Van Rensselaer reporting for the
History and Tradition Committee announced that the
Acquackanonk Church Records were ready for the
press. Fifty copies would be produced in the first run
and others as needed in multiples of twenty. With
regard to the Index of the Society's Publications he
reported that the cost of producing 1.500 copies,
enough to present one to each member of the Society,
would be $535 over the original appropriation. The
extra amount was voted so that each member of the
Society could have a copy of this important work.
The Chairman of the Committee on Branches,
Trustee James Van Wagner, Jr., reported that his
committee was surveying the possibility of new
branches in the Philadelphia-Delaware area, the area
of greater Boston and the central part of New York
State. In each of these areas his committee saw good
prospects for the future. The request of the new
Capital District Branch to be called the Patroons was
approved.
Reporting for the Committee on Archives, Trustee
James Snedeker called attention to the need for
certain kinds of materials to be placed in a controlled
environment which is not possible in the Society's
Library. He was authorized to investigate the
possibility of placing such materials with the New York
Historical Society on a permanent loan basis.
Reporting for the Scholarship Committee, Trustee
John Vander Veer stated that in response to letters
sent to several colleges and universities the Committee
had received a reply from Hofstra University that a
[10]
graduate student there was interested in research in
the Dutch Colonial Period in North America. The
Committee was urged to pursue the matter together
with the Committee on History and Tradition, asking
the student to submit an outline of his project in
application for the grant of $500.
Trustees Richard Amerman and J a m e s Van
Wagner, Jr. were appointed to serve on the Executive
Committee for the coming year.
Upon r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of the Genealogical
Committee, Trustee Fred Bogert, Chairman, the
following new members were elected.
Thomas R. Brinkerhoff, Jr. - Medford Lakes, N.J.
George D. Hegeman, Jr. - Glen Head, N.Y.
Richard W. Hoagland - Bethlehem, Pa.
David L. Smock - American Embassy, APO, N.Y.
John C. Van Rensselaer - Wilton, N.Y.
William A. Van Siclen - Bayside, N.Y.
John I. Ver Planck, Jr., - Norton Hill, N.Y.
Kenneth W. Zabriskie - Aurora, N.Y.
Stephen L. Zabriskie - Poplar Ridge, N.Y.
Old Bergen Branch Meeting
Twenty-four members and two guests gathered at
the historic Old "76" House restaurant in Tappan,
N.Y., Wednesday evening, May 4th, for the annual
spring dinner meeting of the Old Bergen Branch. The
meeting place, known in colonial times as Mabie's
Tavern, was also the building in which the British spy,
Major John Andre', awaited trial in 1780 and from
which he was taken to be hanged.
President Peter D. Talman presided at the brief
business meeting during which the election of branch
officers was held. By a unanimous vote, Talman and
the current slate of officers were re-elected for the
coming year. Besides Talman, they include Leigh K.
Lydecker, Jr., vice-president; John C. Van Riper,
secretary, and William D. Blauvelt, Jr., treasurer.
Announcement was made that the fall dinner of the
branch would be held October 5.
John Scott of West Nyack, N.Y., the speaker of the
evening, gave an informative and interesting
illustrated account of earlier days centering on the
Tappan Slote (Piermont, N.Y.) section of Rockland
County. Starting with the early patents, he told of the
difficulties inherent in settling the New Jersey-New
York boundary line and their effect on patent
boundaries. Scott also pointed out that the importance
of the channel leading into Piermont from the Hudson
river, offered, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the
easiest way of entering the river at water level. As a
result, the Hudson river sloops could easily dock at
Piermont and provide the means of shipping grain,
farm produce and other commodities from this Dutch
farming area to the New York markets until the advent
of the railroad.
Besides the officers, the following were present at
the dinner meeting: Samuel H. Ackerman, William
W. Amerman, Albert G. Bogert, Jr., Albert O.
Bogert, Chester H. Bogert, Eugene Bogert, Jr.,
Trustee Frederick W. Bogert, Robert W. DeGroat,
Voorhis D. Demarest, Mark Lydecker, Rev. William J.
F. Lydecker, Secretary Alexander Onderdonk,
William L. Paulison, Jr., Trustee James E.
Quackenbush, Associate Domine Louis O.
Springsteen, Trustee Emeritus Wilfred B. Talman,
Ralph D. Terhune, C. Spencer Terhune, J. Howard
Van Ness, Dr. John R. Voorhis III and his guests, his
father, George W. Voorhis, Sr., and brother George
W. Voorhis, Jr.
Connecticut-Westchester Branch
The Connecticut-Westchester Branch held its
Spring Meeting on May 2 1 , 1976, and it was a rare
treat and most memorable occasion for the 23
members, wives and guests in attendance. Our
Holland Society in Farmington Day was arranged and
hosted by Harrold & Ruth deGroff and the glorious
weather added to the joyousness and conviviality of
our visit to Farmington - an unspoiled community of
fine 18th century architecture far enough off the
beaten paths to have missed the worst effects of
spreading megalopolis. The Day started with a one
hour visit at the home of Mr. Wilmarth S. Lewis and
the Walpole Library he has established and which will
be known as Yale in Farmington. Mr. Lewis received
us in this magnificent setting and after most graciously
speaking with us about Walpole and the Library, he
escorted us on a tour of the Library and print room
where many 18th century Dutch prints were put on
special display for our visit.
We then adjourned for libations and a most
delicious lunch at Ruth and Harrold's lovely hilltop
home. Harrold showed us two old and beautiful hand
made bedspreads which have been in his family for
generations, and we also had the great pleasure of
viewing a most magnificent Bicentennial Quilt which
was made by the ladies of Farmington in honor of our
nation's 200th anniversary.
After this most delightful interlude, we concluded
our day by visiting Hill-Stead Museum, a 20 room
mansion and "magnified Mt. Vernon" designed by
Stanford White for Theodate Pope, the daughter of
Alfred A. Pope, a Cleveland industrialist, who later
married John W. Riddle, Ambassador to Russia.
Those in attendance, in addition to our host and
hostess, Mr. and Mrs. Harrold deGroff, were
President and Mrs. Carl A. Willsey, Domine and Mrs.
Howard Hageman, Kingsland Van Winkle, Mr. and
Mrs. Labar Hoagland, William Van Atten, Alexander
Onderdonk, Mr. J. Cornell Schenck and his guest, Dr.
and Mrs. Robert Elting, Mr. and Mrs. Earl Van
Derwerker, Jr. and their son Brett, Mr. and Mrs.
Henry Van Zandt, Mr. Charles Van Patten, Mr. and
Mrs. David Hopper.
Burgher Guard Executive
C o m m i t t e e Meets
At its session, Wednesday, May 18, the Burgher
Guard Executive Committee approved tentative plans
for a general membership picnic.
An arrangements committee was named to develop
plans for a Society family picnic late in September.
The Guard would sponsor the event.
Appointments approved by the Executive
Committee included Daniel Van Riper as lieutenant,
Lindsley Schepmoes as sergeant and Phillip Keirstead
as adjutant.
Recommendations were made and approved for
the awarding of the Guard medal for distinguished
service.
Plans were developed for publication of a booklet
containing a picture and a biographical sketch of each
current member of the Burgher Guard. James Van
Wagner of the Central Jersey chapter was appointed
to coordinate the project.
Other dates set for Guard events were October 18th
for a cocktail party and Wednesday, January 25,
1978 for the Burgher Guard Annual Dinner.
[11]
New England Branch Luncheon
On Thursday, May 19th, President Willsey flew to
Boston to attend a spring luncheon meeting of the
New England Branch at the Tennis and Racquet Club
on Boylston Street. A discussion of the method to be
followed in activating the branch was chaired by Peter
V. C. Van Wyck of Boston. The following members
were in attendance:
R o b e r t s . Mandeville
Edward S. Van Winkle
Peter V . C . Van Wyck
Edward E. Wendell
Edward E. Wendell, Jr.
Carl A. Willsey - President
The members introduced themselves by giving
anecdotes on their family history and their present
occupations. All of the latter were connected to real
estate including President Willsey.
It was decided that Peter Van Wyck would be acting
president until the next meeting of the Branch when
election of officers would take place due to John
Outwater's resignation.
A survey on the goals of the members will be mailed
shortly to be followed by a telephone committee
covering the five states involved. (Vermont,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
Maine).
Some thought was expressed about holding a
summer meeting, a picnic perhaps, on a convenient
Saturday, with a fall get together in October in the
Boston area since it is so convenient to all.
Also, a drive for new members will get under way
immediately.
The Acquackanonk Records
The Holland Society of New York is pleased to
announce the publication of the records of the
Protestant Dutch Reformed Church of Acquackanonk
(Passaic, New Jersey) as the sixth volume in a series of
collections started in 1891.
This volume includes, for the years 1727-1816,
baptisms (some as early as 1692), marriages, church
and consistory members as well as some early
cemetery inscriptions. These records are fully indexed
by surname as well as by given name. The book is
printed from typescript in 8V2" by 11" size with 381
pages and is bound in library quality buckram.
Published in a limited edition, the Acquackanonk
Records are being offered at a special price of $20.00
for a period of thirty days after September 1.
Memorial Church Service
The annual Memorial Church Service of the Society
was held on May 15 at the Reformed Dutch Church in
Fishkill, N.Y. Organized in 1716 and built shortly
thereafter, the Fishkill congregation is one of the most
historic Dutch churches in the Hudson Valley. The
service was conducted by the minister, the Rev. John
D. Elliott. President Carl Willsey read the lesson and
the sermon was preached by Domine Hageman.
Following the sermon Domine Hageman offered the
prayer of thanksgiving and memorial in which were
recalled the names of those members of the Society
who had been called to eternal life during the previous
year. Following the service, members of the Society
(Continued on Page 12)

HERE AND THERE
WITH MEMBERS
Appleton Fryer and Mrs. Fryer returned in late
April to their Buffalo, N.Y., home following a three-
week trip to Japan, in the course of which they also
visited Hawaii.
Daniel S. Van Riper, a partner in the accounting
firm of Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., is completing
his two-year term as a trustee of the New Jersey
Society of Certified Public Accountants.
Frederick W. Bogert spoke on "The Early History
of Bergen County and Its Settlers" before the Eighth
Annual Spring Meeting of the Genealogical Society of
New Jersey in the auditorium at Fort Lee Historic
Park, Fort Lee, N.J., April 30.
W. S c o t t Van Alstyne Jr., professor of law at the
Holland Law Center of the University of Florida, is to
serve as Visiting Professor at the Cornell Law School,
Ithaca, N. Y., during the Fall semester this year.
Richard H. Amerman gave a talk on the 17th
century settlers of the "French Patent" in northern
New Jersey before a meeting of the Demarest Family
Association in the Church-on-the-Green, Hackensack,
N.J., June 11.
Howard E. Bartholf has been named to the list of
"Outstanding Young Men of America" to be published
with the '77 edition of that publication, which is
sponsored by the U.S. Jaycees and other men's civice
organizations throughout the country.
Dr. J o s e p h M.A.H. Luns, Secretary General of
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the
Society's Medalist in January 1972, was depicted in
The New York Times of May 11 as he conferred with
President Jimmy Carter during the opening phase of
the recent NATO conference in Geneva.
Rev. Dr. Howard G. Hageman, Domine of the
Society, editor of de Halve Maen and president of
New Brunswick Seminary, was awarded the honorary
degree of Doctor of Divinity by Knox College,
Toronto, Canada, May 4. This is Domine Hageman's
fourth honorary degree.
Hobart D . Van D e u s e n of this city and
Wentworth, N.H., in May became engaged to Miss
Nancy M. Vaughan, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Robert
B. Vaughan of Roslyn Heights, L.I. The prospective
bride, a graduate of Emmanuel College '70 and
recipient of the M.A. degree from New York
University '74, is an assistant trust officer with the
Chemical Bank in New York. Mr. Van Deusen, who
received the B.S. degree from Dartmouth and M.B.A.
from New York University, is vice-president in charge
of the estate administration department of Chemical
Bank. A Fall wedding is planned.
Elmer B. Vliet, Secretary of the Mid West Branch
and retired chairman of Abbott Laboratories, was
presented with a plaque in recognition of his 48 years'
service to his home community of Lake Bluff, 111., at a
celebration held in his honor at the Village Hall, May
2. Formerly a member of the governing board of
trustees, and Village President for two years, he
chaired the zoning board of appeals for over three
decades and is now serving his 40th year as a
member. In times past he was president of the Lake
Bluff Park District, a member of the Lake Bluff
Elementary and Lake Forest High School boards of
education as well as coordinator of civil defense from
1941-46. Charter president of the Lake Forest-Lake
Bluff Historical Society in 1972, he is at present
[12]
preparing a history of the village from its inception as
the Lake Bluff Camp Meeting Association in 1875.
W. Averell Harriman, Governor of New York
from 1954-58 an J former U.S. Ambassador at Large,
and the Society's Medalist in 1969 was pictured in The
New York Times of May 26 as he joined Governor
Hugh L. Carey and former Governors Nelson A.
Rockefeller and Malcolm Wilson in singing the
National Anthem at a gala dinner and ball, with 1500
persons present to celebrate the 200th anniversary of
adoption of the State's Constitution, in the South Mall
Convention Center, Albany, N.Y., May 25.
Elmer B. Staats, Comptroller General of the
U.S., in testifying as chairman of the government's
Cost Accounting Standards Board as reported by the
New York Post, May 27, stated before a Senate
subcommittee looking into the practices of
accountants who audit publicly held companies, that
the SEC should monitor the present system, but it
ought to remain primarily in the private sector.
J a m e s E. Quackenbush's daughter Sally, Yale
'79, has had her article on the Van Voorhees-
Quackenbush-Zabriskie House republished, with due
credit to the Society, in a handsomely illustrated
brochure by the Trustees of the House, in Wyckoff,
N.J., which is now a museum. Miss Quackenbush's
article about this pre-Revolutionary Dutch dwelling
appeared originally in de Halve Maen for July 1975.
General William C. W e s t m o r e l a n d , USA
(Ret.), former Army Chief of Staff and the Society's
Medalist in January 1969, in a signed article titled
"Against Unionizing the Military" in The New York
Times of June 3, expressed strong disapproval of the
concept of union representation for the armed forces.
Declaring such a step unconstitutional, unneeded and
without appreciable support, he urged affirmative
action by the legislative and executive branches of the
government to ban such activity and thus help
preserve the effectiveness and reliability of the nation's
military forces.
Dr. S p e n c e r T. S n e d e c o r was honored by the
Bergen County Medical Society on May 15 by the
presentation of a plaque given in grateful appreciation
of his long and continued service to the physicians of
this state. The plaque was presented at the annual
meeting of the Medical Society of New Jersey which
also featured the S p e n c e r T. S n e d e c o r Trauma
Oration given by Dr. R. Adams Cowley of the
University of Maryland.
SOCIETY ACTIVITIES
(Continued from Page 11)
joined with members of the Fishkill congregation for a
coffee hour and reception.
After the Church Service and Reception a number
of Society members visited the Van Wyck Homestead
near the church. After touring the building they were
entertained by members of the Fishkill Historical
Society at a delicious colonial buffet luncheon.
The plan is to continue holding the annual Memorial
Church Service in historic Dutch Churches in various
parts of the area covered by Society membership. The
next service will be held in the Dutch Church in
Brookville, L.I. (1732) in the spring of 1978.
Florida Branch Luncheon
The Spring Luncheon of the Florida Branch was
held at the Sea Wolf Restaurant in Lakeland, Fla. on
April 16. There was an enjoyable meeting with short
(Continued on Page 14)
 THE FIRST SALUTE
(Continued from Page 4)
regard, nor do I find anything in your letter that
contains any denial or disavowal of the fact." He
closed with the observation that "he was deprived of
all expectation that further representations on my part
will have a more favorable reception from Your
Honor."
Having thus terminated his correspondence with
de Graff, he assembled all of the material relating to
the affair of the BALTIMORE HERO and the more
important exchange of salutes at St. Eustatius and
having enclosed sworn affidavits from all of the
witnesses to the latter, those by Trottman and Fraser
being the most important, he addressed the packet to
Lord George Germain, Minister for the Colonies, in
L o n d o n , for w h a t e v e r action His Majesty's
Government might see fit to take.
The ANDREW DORIA remained at 'Statia during
the winter months and her hold was gradually filled
with gunpowder, uniforms, muskets, and other
materials needed by the American Army and Navy.
By April it was full and Captain Robinson bade
"Goodby!" to his friends at 'Statia and hoisted anchor
for return to Philadelphia. The British had anticipated
this and planned to intercept the brigantine as she
headed northward. The only vessel available was the
armed topsail schooner RACEHORSE of twelve guns,
Lieutenant James Jones commander, which was sent
to cruise off the Northeastern end of Puerto Rico.
Here the ANDREW DORIA was sighted and the
RACEHORSE bore down on the approaching Amer-
ican warship. Captain Robinson cleared for action.
In the running fight that followed, the smartly served
double-reinforced four-pounders of the DORIA were
too much for the British sloop, and after a running
fight that lasted for two hours, during which Lieut.
Jones was killed, among other casualties, the
RACEHORSE struck her colors. The prize crew,
placed on board by Capt. Robinson, brought her
successfully to the Delaware and up to Philadelphia.
The ANDREW DORIA also arrived there safely,
having stopped only long enough en route to capture
a British Snow (a vessel similar to a full-rigged Brig.)
First Lieutenant Barney of the DORIA. having
volunteered to be prize-master for the captured vessel,
was also successful in reaching Philadelphia. Alas!
most of the vessels mentioned herein - ANDREW
DORIA; SACHEM; RACEHORSE; MAY; and the
captured Snow (name unknown) met their end in the
Delaware river above Philadelphia, shortly before the
British captured the city. They were burned to prevent
their falling into the hands of the enemy.
Under date of February 21st 1777, Sir Knight York,
British Ambassador at the Hague, delivered an aide
memoire to their High and Mightinesses, the States
General of the Netherlands. It began with a reminder
that he had on previous occasions complained to their
Hight and Mightinesses of the clandestine commerce
that had been carried on between their subjects and
the American rebels; that "had the measures which
their High and Mightinesses had promised to apply
been as efficacious as their assurances were friendly
he would not have now to bring to their knowledge
some facts of a most serious nature."
The memoire described offenses reported by the
President of St. Christopher in generally similar
manner as in his report and invited attention to the
accompanying affidavits. It stated that His Majesty had
read this evidence with "surprise and indignation",
and had ordered him to "expressly demand of your
High and Mighty Government a formal disavowal of
the salute rendered to the brigantine by the fort of
Orange at St. Eustatious, and the discharge and
immediate recall of Governor de Graaff," adding that
"you must not expect that His Majesty will allow
himself to be amused by simple assurances, or that he
will wait an instant to take such measures as he thinks
fit to take, and may be due to the worthiness of the
Crown."
The threatening tone of the memoire and the
premptory demands it contained could not be
answered in similar fashion. The Dutch Navy was far
from readiness for a confrontation with the British. A
conciliatory answer, followed by a time-consuming
investigation, evidently appeared to their High and
Mightinesses as the wisest course. Meanwhile,
developments in America and the growing friction
between France and Great Britain might create a more
favorable situation.
On March 26, 1777, the States General ordered their
envoy, Count van Welderen, to deliver their reply to
the King of England. Beginning with expressions of
dismay and regret at the menacing nature of the
British note, they assured His Majesty that the matters
therein would be promptly investigated; that to save
the time necessarily consumed in a trans-Atlantic
correspondence, they were ordering Governor de
Graaff to come to Holland to provide them with a first-
hand account of affairs at St. Eustatius. It was their
"hope that there would be no difficulty in disavowing
every act or proof of honor that may have been given
by their officers and functionaries to the ships of the
colonies of North America --- in so far as these acts or
proofs might be of a nature from which it may be
concluded that we recognized the independence and
sovereignty of these colonies." The note concluded
with an assurance that orders previously issued at the
request of the British government against the
exportation of ammunition to the American colonies
would be "executed with all possible strictness."
On the 11th of May, 1777 the British Secretary of
State, the Duke of Suffolk, sent a letter to Count van
Welderen informing him that His Majesty "had
accepted with pleasure" the Dutch note of March 26th
and was -"pleased to put an end to all occasion of grief
which the offending conduct of the Governor of St.
Eustatius may have caused."
As to Governor de Graaff, he was duly summoned
to come to Holland to give evidence relative to the
British complaint. However, the matter seems not to
have been regarded as urgent by their High and
Mightinesses, the States General, for one whole year
was allowed to elapse before he put in his appearance
and there was a long delay before he was called before
the Council appointed to investigate the matter.
It is not unlikely that this delay was inspired by
knowledge that developments were in the making.
France suddenly announced that she had formally
recognized the sovereignty of the United States of
America and urged the other European nations to do
likewise. The Netherlands did so immediately. This
rendered moot the promised investigation of Great
Britain's complaint regarding the Salute at 'Statia.
Governor deGraaf, when finally summoned to
appear, defended his administration of St. Eustatius so
ably as to be cleared of all censure and was ordered
back to his post as Governor, unfilled during his
absence, with the commendation of his "Masters".
De Graaff continued in office as the prosperity of St.
Eustatius continued to increase and the line of
warehouses and dwellings extended along shore for

IS3
Map of St. Eustatius. 1775, Library of Congress Collection
the full length of the beach below the fort. Their
contents was valued in millions of British of Pounds-
Sterling, whereby 'Statia acquired the title of "Golden
Rock", having became the richest island in the West
Indies. This fanciful title was presently swept away as
the result of two disasters. The first was a terrible
hurricane which occurred in October, 1780, which is
said to have killed 3000 persons, and did great
damage to Oranjested and the buildings along the
beach.
Three months later a disaster of a different nature
befell the island. On February 3rd, 1781, British
Admiral Sir Goerge Rodney sailed into the roadstead
with a powerful fleet, which included transports
carrying troops, and dispatched an ultimatum to
Governor de Graaff, requiring him to surrender the
island within one hour or accept the consequences,
Great Britain had declared war on the Netherlands on
December 20th 1780, a fact which was unknown to
the Governor, though the knowledge would have
made little difference. The island could have been
starved into submission within a few weeks without a
shot being fired. Its Governor had no choice but
comply.
Admiral Rodney presently ordered that the
warehouses be stripped of their contents which were
to be loaded in captured vessels for transportation to
Great Britain, and the warehouses then be unroofed.
It required 28 vessels to carry the loot. Unfortunately
for the Admiral, a large proportion of the goods taken
was the property of citizens of neutral European
nations, who subsequently filed suit to recover their
losses from the Admiralty Courts of the British Crown.
As Rodney was at fault, these claims were settled from
funds which would otherwise have been prize money
for the Admiral.
But worse was to come. As the convoy that was
carrying the purloined wealth of 'Statia was
approaching its destination, it was intercepted by a
French fleet which drove the convoying warships off
and captured all but a handull of the loaded
merchantmen.
A visitor to St. Eustatius as recently as the beginning
of the present decade would have found that the
population of the island was considerably less than it is
reported to have been at the beginning of the
American Revolution. The production of sugar ended
several generations ago, and the only produces, until
quite recently, consisted of yams and goats, mostly for
local consumption. The black male populations leaves
to earn substantial wages at the oil refineries at
[14]
Curacao and Aruba, returning to 'Statia and their
families periodically. Hitherto tourism has by-passed
'Statia, in favor of the more exotic islands further
South.
It was difficult, moreover, to get ashore if arriving by
sea, as the latest of a series of replacement piers had
been destroyed during the 20's by a hurricane. In
1961 it was necessary to land on the beach from a
small boat or await the aid of a surf-boat if breakers
were encountered. Otherwise, the way to reach 'Statia
was by air from St. Maarten, a daily service which
carried six passengers having been established which
landed on an open field, located in the vicinity of
Concordia, (Governor de Graaffs country estate.)
There were no more than a half-dozen automobiles on
the island.
'Statia's prospects have improved materially within the
past few years. An extended pier has been constructed
which can receive cruise ships. An hotel of moderate
size has been provided and there is a restaurant which
is described as being of "gourmet" quality. Retirees are
discovering the modest cost of real estate, and
cottages are being built as refuges from norther
winters, or to escape the ever-increasing flood of
automobiles in American cities. Visitors to old Fort
Oranje will find its ancient guns overlooking the
roadstead as they did two hundred years ago. (They
are not those that fired the famous "First Salute" but
replacements dated 1780.) Attached to the base of the
fort's flagpole they will find a large bronze plaque
which records the famous "First Salute", as follows -
In Commemoration
of the
Salute to the flag of the United States
Fired in this Fort on 16 November 1776
by order of
Johannes de Graaff
Governor of St. Eustatius
In reply to a National gun-salute
fired by the
United States brig-of-war ANDREW DORIA
Under Captain Isaiah Robinson
of the Continental Navy
Here the sovereignty of the
United States of America
Was first formally acknowledged to a
National vessel by a Foreign Official
Presented by Franklin Delano Roosevelt
President of the United States of America
(concluded)
SOCIETY ACTIVITIES
(Continued from Page 12)
remarks and introduction of guests by the members.
Those present included Mr. and Mrs. Leon W. Van
Deusen, Mr. Hugh Van Hooser, Jr., Mr. William B.
Vedder and his guest Miss Minto, Mr. J. D. Van
Atten, Mr. Rudolph W. Ackerman, Mr. Allen Durling,
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis B. Sebring, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas
Van der Veer and their guests, Mr. and Mrs. James
Hornbeak, Mr. and Mrs. Harold Lowe.
Since this luncheon was held primarily for the
members in central and northern Florida, the next will
be held in December in the Boca Raton area to
accomodate those living in the southern part of the
state. Any members who will be spending the winter in
Florida are asked to get in touch with the Branch
President, Mr. Harold W. Lowe, Villa 181, Imperial
South Gate, Lakeland, Fla., 33803.
 D U T C H WOMEN . . .
(Continued from Page 8)
inheritance. Secondly, females in Albany were
involved in a variety of economic activities which in
turn facilitated their participation in the legal system.
Dutch married women in Albany were public traders;
they bought and sold real estate unassisted by their
husbands. Furthermore, the Dutch married woman
reaped financial benefits, such as the joint ownership
of the household estate. In addition, during the
seventeenth century a wife was given preference over
children as the chief beneficiary of the estate. Wives
also made wills jointly with their husbands. Moreover,
women were able to come into court and came for
reasons similar to that of males. When judicial
decisions were rendered, women fared quite well.
Yet the exalted position of women was to be
transitory. When English control of Albany was fully
established in the latter part of the seventeenth
century, the position of women in the settlement
began to change, and in the eighteenth century, with
the imposition of English law, a restriction of rights
began. The economic activities of women declined,
joint wills were less frequent, children supplanted
wives as the chief beneficiaries in wills with male
children favored over female, and court appearances
by women decreased.
Although this study concentrates on the legal
position of women, and the most obvious factor which
contributed to these changes was that formal English
control in 1685 brought with it the English law and
court system which did not contain some of the
exceptions found in the Roman Dutch law, the courts
did not operate in a vacuum. There were a large
number of other forces at work. One important
element was the demographic change which saw a
primarily Dutch settlement grow to one in which the
Dutch population became overshadowed by other
European groups. Accompanying this population
movement was a concurrent shift in cultural patterns
and customs, and once again the Dutch influence
waned. Similarly, as the frontier nature of the
settlement began to change, economic opportunities
decreased and a more mature economy evolved. The
interaction of these various factors had important
consequences. For the Dutch woman, the era of the
Revolution was not characterized by an increase in
liberty. Instead, during the eighteenth century many of
the earlier privileges were eroded. Retrenchment set in
as evidenced in a more constrained economic sphere
and restrictive legal system.
(concluded)
"Annals of Albany. IX, 81-89, Census. 1698.
DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH
(Continued from Page 2)
had seen that "we must obey princes only in so far as
we can do so without offending God."
To the sixteenth-century Dutch, life under Phillip II
had been clearly an offense against God. They had
agreed with the Genevan Reformer that "we must
combat not only for the truth, but for liberty." They
also knew, as the Dutch Whigs were to learn, that
there could be no birth of liberty without birth-pangs.
Their own war of independence had been based on a
lively Reformed theology reinforced by Dutch
determination.
For the Dutch Whigs of the Middle States, the new
war against George III was a reenactment of the
[15]
uprisings against Philip II. In one of the most extensive
publications of the Revolutionary period, the Dutch-
born patriot Benjamin Romans presented the Annals
of the troubles in the Netherlands from the accession
of Charles V ... A proper and seasonable mirror for
the present Americans. Romans concluded the
preface to his first volume: "May 'Heaven smile on
your virtuous struggles, and give you a lasting and
glorious name among the nations, is the sincere prayer
of the author." 7
Romans' prayer, dated 30 September 1778. was
not to be answered until five years later, but to
Romans the cause of the patriots already seemed
assured. He had written to his readers: "May the
dreary examples through which I lead you be a
comfort to you respected Americans who are so highly
favored by Providence, as in all appearance to obtain
the glorious blessings contended for, with infinite less
trouble and hardships, then fell to the lot of those
heroes, whose sufferings in freedom's cause are
exhibited in this work." On the very day Benjamin
Romans sat in Hartford, Connecticut, signing his
preface, the local Dutch militia of the Hackensack
Valley were burying fifty American soldiers who had
been murdered by the British two nights before. There
had been one hundred twenty in the American
brigade when the British set upon them in their sleep.
Only the reluctance of a few junior officers frustrated
the order to kill them all. Those sleeping in the hayloft
of the barn "were bayoneted without mercy until blood
flowed through the cracks in the floor to the ground
below." 8 The Americans were a regiment from
Virginia. They had not realized that the Dutch farmer
with whom they had billeted themselves was a
notorious Tory, and that another Tory was on his way
to alert the British as soon as the Americans arrived.
To most Americans outside the Middle States,
Dutch settlers were known as patriots. The Dutch
Tories of New York and New Jersey were generally
categorized simply as Tories, and not thought of as
Dutch. The Dutch Whigs would certainly have wished
them correct. Unfortunately, the Dutch Tories were an
important help to the British and, as such, accounted
for much of the agony and the prolongation of
hostilities in the Middle States. Though the war was to
extend for several years beyond the optimistic forecast
of Benjamin Romans' first volume, the seven years of
the American Revolution were not to be compared in
time or in extent of savagery to the years of the
Netherlands' own war of independence. Nonetheless,
the Dutch tradition of political and religious struggle
was a constantly invigorating factor for the Dutch
Whigs and, in part through Romans' book, to other
patriots throughout the newly-created states. The
coetus domines drew heavily on the analogy between
the Dutch and American wars of independence; the
conferentie preachers denied the similarity.
(To Be Continued)
'Romans, Annals, vol. I, p. [viii].
8
Leiby, Adrian C , The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack
Valley. The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground. 1775-1783.
New Brunswick, 1962, p. 170.
Westchester Village, called by the Dutch, Oost-
Dorp, was originally a part of a general region known
as Vredeland or Land of Peace. When Thomas Pell
purchased 10,000 acres in this area from the Siwanoy
Indians in 1654, it was described in his deed as "all
that tract of land called Westchester."
F.W.B.
 CORNELIS JANSZEN BONGAERT
(Continued from Page 6)
In another letter Elisabeth, on August 4, apologized
to Maximilian and gave as the reason for her delay the
coming of age of her daughter. 37 She also stated that
she would convey to her brother-in-law his request
that the money he was to receive from her children be
increased to 3,200 gold guilders and that she would
also ask her brother-in-law to place the money in the
town of Usselstein. She also said that since her late
husband's debt to him had now been redeemed, she
would send him his I.O.U. as soon as she could get to
her trunk at Usselstein. 38 To compound things further,
a mistake was made apparently with the I.O.U.
because on January 2, 1546, Elisabeth apologized for
presenting it to Maximilian for payment. In the same
letter she asked that the interest on her children's
money that she had lent him be raised to 6%. She also
asked Maximilian to redeem part of the debt which he
owed her father, part of which had now fallen due. 3 9
On March 30, 1561, the Court of Utrecht passed
judgement concerning a dispute that Elisabeth had
with Jhr. 40 Jacob van Nijenrode over the two hoeven
of land in Achtersloot. 41 In 1562 the sum of 2,063
pounds was paid to her by the States of Utrecht as
discharge of a loan. 42 In 1567 she was noted as a
collator of the prebend on the altar of St. Peter in the
Breukelen church 43
Elisabeth was married again to Jhr. Ghysbert van
Coeuerden between August 24 and September 18,
1556. 44 He was the son of Ghysbert van Coeverden
and Berta Willemsdr. van Wijck. He was probably
born around 1516 and died around 1561. 4 5 Elisabeth
owned a house at the St. Janskerkhof in Utrecht,
where she lived for the remainder of her life.46 When
she died in 1577, the bells of the Utrecht cathedral
tower were rung for her. 47 This happened generally at
the death or burying of important persons in or outside
of Utrecht.
"Ibid., summary 1323.
3S
Ibid.. summary 1324.
*9Ibid., summary 1344.
40
J H R . = a n abbreviation of the Dutch word jonkheer, a term
indicating a position in the upper class or nobility.
"Rijksarchief (State Archives) at Utrecht (RAU). Rechterlijke
archieven (hereafter RA), inv. 188. Register van civiele sententien
van het Hof van Utrecht.
,2
Gemeentelijk archief (Municipal Archives,) of Utrecht. Inv. I
568. Rekeningen van de kameraar der drie Staten van Utrecht over
de ontvangst en uitgaven van verschillende gelden en renten.
(Hereafter GAU).
"RAU. RA inv. 2042. Repertorium op het leenregister van het
huis Nijenrode, fol. 11. In recapitulating archival sources hereafter,
only the inventory numbers will be given.
"RAU. RA, inv. 2 0 4 1 . Leenregister van het huis Nijenrode, Vol.
VII, fol. 70.
45
J. Belonje, "Het 'Adellijke Gesees' de Poll bij Huissen",
Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau uoor Genealogie, Vol. WII, The
Hague, 1958, p. 29.
"RAU. RA, inv. 2042, fol. 69.
47
/?AU. Copy of the knellings of the Dom 1562-1614 from:
Archief van het domkapittel te Utrecht, inv. 6 5 1 , Rekeningen van
de ontvangsten en uitgaven der Fabriek, and RAU Archief van het
domkapittel, inv. 702, Rekeningen van de ontvangsten en uitgaven
van de vereenigde kamers. All of the knellings mentioned hereafter
are derived from these sources.
The first obstruction placed by the Dutch at the
northern boundary of early New Amsterdam where
Wall Street is today was a brushwood fence which ran
the width of Manhattan Island at that time. It was
intended to serve as a barrier against the Indians from
without and the cattle within the settlement.
F.W.B.
[16]
IN MEMORIAM
PHILIP F. SWART
Philip Freeman Swart of Brooklyn, N.Y., a member
of The Holland Society of New York since 1954, died
at the age of 77 on Saturday, August 14, 1976.
Descended from Teunis Cornelise Swart who came to
this country from Holland in 1661, he was born at
Brockport, N.Y., October 20, 1898, son of Philip F.
Swart Sr. and Mina E. Miller. A retired New York
banker, he attended the Brockport schools and was
graduated from East High School in Rochester. After
two years active service in the U.S. Navy during World
War I, he began his banking career with the old
Mercantile Bank of the Americas. In 1920 he joined
the National Bank of Commerce in New York, and,
following its merger with the Guaranty Trust Company
in 1929, continued with the latter institution, being
elected a vice-president in 1952. When the bank was
merged with J . P . Morgan & Co. Inc. in 1959, he
became vice-president of Morgan Guaranty Trust
Company and held that office until his retirement.
Formerly president, treasurer and a director of the
New York Board of Trade, he was active in the
International Chamber of Commerce, chairing its
committee on banking technique and serving with
other committees at meetings here and abroad. Co-
author with Frank A. Southard Jr. of "Foreign
Exchange Practice and Policy" (McGraw-Hill, 1940),
he was a director of the Empire State Chamber of
Commerce, Bankers Association for Foreign Trade,
and the National Council of American Importers. A
Selective Service board member during World War II,
divisional chairman of the New York Heart Campaign,
and executive committeeman of Manhattan Council,
Boy Scouts of America, he belonged to the English
Speaking Union, Skytop Club and the Newcomen
Society. He is survived by his wife, the former Eve
Marie Allen, and a daughter, Mrs. Virginia Fredericks.
HENRY B. DECKER, M.D.
Henry Bristol Decker, M.D., of Ostrander, Ohio, a
member of the Holland Society of New York since
1934, died at the age of 83 on Friday, December 24,
1976. Descended from Jan Gerritsen Decker of
Heerden in Gelderland province, the Netherlands,
who came to this country before 1664, he was born in
Jersey City, N.J., August 28, 1893, son of William
Schoonover Decker and Anna Boyle. A retired
physician and eminent professionally as a teacher in
his specialty, president of medical societies and
founder of a medical school, he was graduated from
Jeffferson Medical College. Long a resident of
Colwick, near Merchantville in Camden County, N.J.,
he practiced in Camden and Moorestown, and was
attending physician at Pennsylvania, Cooper and
Burlington County Hospitals. Formerly professor and
chairman of the department of dermatology at
Jefferson Medical College, he was the author of books
and articles on this subject. A past president of the
Philadelphia and Camden County Medical Societies,
he had served as president and fellow of the New
Jersey Medical Society and was instrumental in the
formation of the New Jersey Medical School.
Following his retirement in 1970 he moved to Ohio to
live with his son, Dr. Henry Fleming Decker, a
member of the faculty at Ohio Wesleyan University.
His late brother, William E. Decker, was a Holland
Society member. He is survived by his son; two
daughters, Mrs. John Hulse Jr., of Cherry Hill, N.J.,
and Mrs. Warren Reeb, of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.; a
nephew, William S. Decker II, of Jersey City, a
member of the Society, and seven grandchildren.
DALE VAN DUZEN, M.D.
Dale Van Duzen, M.D., of Cleveland, Ohio, a
member of The Holland Society of New York since
1971, died at the age of 76 on Wednesday, February
2, 1977. Descended from Abraham Pieterse (van
Deursen) who came to this country from Haarlem,
North Holland, about 1 6 3 1 , he was born at
Breckenridge, Mich., January 26, 1901, son of
Charles Van Duzen and Amy Ophelia Taylor. A
retired physician, he attended Breckenridge High
School and was graduated from Alma College in 1920
and from the University of Michigan School of
Medicine in 1924. After interning at Lakeside Hospital
in Cleveland and spending two years as a resident
physician at the Cleveland Clinic, he established and
conducted a private practice at Lakewood, Ohio for
many years. One of the seven practitioners who
established the American Oncology Service for the
study and treatment of tumors, he was affiliated with
the American Medical Association and was a member
of the Presbyterian Church. He retired in 1971. He is
survived by his wife, the former Margaret Roberta
Ardis.
ROBERT H. SCHENCK
Robert Henry Schenck of Morristown, N.J., a
member of The Holland Society of New York since
1956, died at the age of 87 on Saturday, April 2,
1977. Descended from Roelof Martense Schenck who
came to this country from Holland in 1650, he was
born at Morristown, April 19, 1889, son of Henry D.
Schenck and Mary Ann Stone. A practicing lawyer for
more than 60 years, he attended the Morristown
schools and was graduated from New York Law
School in 1909. During his career at the New Jersey
Bar he was senior partner for many years in the firm of
Schenck, Price, Smith & King of Morristown, and its
predecessor firm which he joined in 1912. In 1932 he
was elected to the board of managers of the Morris
County Savings Bank and served for 35 years, during
which period he was also vice-president of the bank
from 1938-60. Counsel to the New Jersey Firemens
Association for nearly a half-century, he was a former
director of the First National Iron Bank and president
of the board of trustees of the Methodist Church in
Morristown. A Fellow of the American Bar Association
and member of the New Jersey Bar Association, he
was affiliated with Morristown Lodge No. 188 F. &
A.M., Sons of the American Revolution, American
Forestry Association and the Washington Association
of New Jersey. In 1963 he toured the Netherlands
with the Holland Society's "Meeting in Holland" travel
group. His wife, the former Gladys Stultz, died in
1941. He is survived by a sister, Mrs. A. Lincoln Sherk
of Merchantville, N.J.; a niece. Dr. Mary Ann
Zeiders of Glen Moore, Pa.; two nephews, Dr. Henry
H. Sherk of Philadelphia, and Judge A. Lincoln Sherk
of Winston-Salem, N.C.
HENRY H. VAN CLEEF, Jr.
Henry Howell Van Cleef, Jr., of Watch Hill, R.I., a
member of the Holland Society of New York since
1928, died at the age of 70 on Sunday, April 17,
1977. Descended from Jan van Cleef who came to
17]
this country from Holland in 1653, he was born at
Hyde Park, N.Y., November 25, 1906, son of Henry
Howell Van Cleef and Mary T. Thompson. A retired
manufacturers representative, he attended Riverdale
Country Day School and Choate School, and studied
industrial engineering three years at Yale University
with the class of 1928. During his business career he
was associated in engineering, sales and service
capacities with a number of industrial corporations,
among them the Aluminum Company of America,
Remington Rand, and Sikorsky Helicopters. In 1947
he started his own business, Van Cleef & Co. Inc., of
Branford, Conn., manufacturers representatives in the
sale of industrial products, continuing as president and
treasurer of the company until his retirement in 1963.
During World War II he served in the U.S. Navy. A
boating enthusiast for many years, he was also a
skillful banjoist and played with various musical
groups. His father was a Holland Society member. He
is survived by his second wife, the former Mary Imbrie
Millard; a son, Henry H. Van Cleef III; two daughters,
Mrs. Constantine P. Joannidis and Miss Shirley Van
Cleef; a stepson, Peter Millard, and two
grandchildren.
ISAAC B. HOPPER
Isaac Bogert Hopper of Westwood, N.J., a member
of The Holland Society of New York since 1957, died
at the age of 94 on Wednesday, April 27, 1977.
Descended from Andries Willemszen Hoppe who
came to this country from Holland in 1652, he was
born at Westwood, August 13, 1882, son of Jacob R.
Hopper and Harriet Ann Bogert. A retired New York
banker, he attended the Westwood schools and took
special courses in business and finance at New York
University. In 1899 he began his banking career with
the old Chemical National Bank of New York, serving
25 years and rising to become loan officer and vice-
president. In 1924 he c o m m e n c e d a 28-year
association with the Manufacturers Trust Company
(now the Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company) in
which he held similar posts as vice-president and
loaning officer. He retired in 1952. A leader in civic
affairs of Westwood, where the Hopper farm had been
operated by eight generations of his family down to
the 1890's, he served several terms on the board of
adjustment, was treasurer of the borough police
pension fund, and worked in the Red Cross during
both World Wars. A board member of the Peoples
Trust Company of Hackensack (now the United
Jersey Bank) and the Bergen County YMCA. he was
affiliated with the New York Credit and Financial
Association and the Robert Morris Associates, a
national association of banking loan officers. A
member of the Reformed Church of Westwood. he
was a member of Temple Lodge No. 173 F.&A.M. for
more than 50 years, and belonged to the Sons of the
American Revolution, Sons of Union Veterans of the
Civil War, Union League Club of New York,
Ridgewood Country Club, the Elks. Audubon Society
and the National Chrysanthemum Society. He is
survived by his wife, the former Martha de la Ree;
three sons, David T., of Redding. Conn., a member
and former trustee of the Society, Richard B.. of
Pompano Beach, Fla., and Theodore D. Hopper of
Severna Park, Md.; a sister Mrs. Fred Z. Board of
Ridgewood, and ten grandchildren.
•