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Chapter 02: Scalars and Vectors

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02 Scalars and Vectors

→ 5. The displacement is along the Z direction, i.e.,
1. F = 4 î + 3 ĵ − 2 k̂ , →
→
s = 10 k̂
r = 1 î + 1 ĵ + 0 k̂
→ →
→ → → Work done W = F⋅ s
τ = r× F
ˆi ˆj kˆ W = (−2 î + 15 ĵ + 6 k̂ )⋅10 k̂ = 60 J

=1 1 0 6.
D C
4 3 −2 → → →
→ R =P+Q
= [ î (−2) − ĵ (−2) + k̂ (3 − 4)] Q

= −2 î + 2 ĵ − k̂
A θ
→ → B
| a | = 1 + 2 + ( −2 ) = 3 and
2 2 2
2. P
→
22 + 12 + ( −1) =
2
|b| = 6 R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
→ → From this relation, it is clear that
∴ |a | ≠ |b| R2 = P2 + Q2, when θ = 90°
But two unequal vectors may have same
magnitude. R2 > P2 + Q2, when θ < 90°
→ → R2 < P2 + Q2, when θ > 90°
eg.: if P = î + ĵ − k̂ and Q = î − ĵ + k̂ , then
→ →
two vectors are unequal but | P | = | Q | 7. 1 = a 2 + b 2 ⇒ a2 + b2 = 1 ….(i)

3. For the given two forces, magnitude of ( )( )

and aiˆ + bjˆ ⋅ 2iˆ + ˆj = 0 ⇒ 2a + b = 0
resultant is maximum if 2 forces act along ⇒ b = −2a
→ → →
same direction, i.e., | R max | = | A + B | and Substituting for b in (i)
1 2
magnitude of resultant is minimum if 2 forces a2 + (−2a)2 = 1 ⇒ a = and b = −
→ → → 5 5
act in opposite direction, i.e., | R min | = | A − B |
→
For all other directions, 8. r = ˆi − ˆj

( )
→ → →
R = A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ where, θ is the Torque at that point, τ = r × F = ˆi − ˆj × ( −4F ) kˆ
→ →
angle between A and B . ˆi × kˆ = − ĵ and ˆj × kˆ = ˆi
Therefore the magnitude of the resultant
( ) ( )
→
between 3 N and 5 N will be between 8 N and ∴ τ = −4 F ˆi × kˆ + 4 F ˆj × kˆ
2 N.
= −4 F ( −ˆj) + 4 F ( ˆi )
→
4. A = 3 units due east.
→
= 4 Fiˆ + 4 F ˆj
∴ −4 A = −4 (3 units due east)
= −12 units due east = 12 units due west. ( )
= 4 F ˆi + ˆj

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI : Triumph Physics

9. cos θ =
( ˆi + ˆj + kˆ ) ⋅ ˆj → →
( )(
W = F. s = 7iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ ⋅ 4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ )
( ˆi + ˆj + kˆ ) × ( ˆj )
1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2 2 2
= 28 + 4 − 8 = 24 units.
ˆi ⋅ ˆj + ˆj ⋅ ˆj + kˆ ⋅ ˆj 0 +1+ 0 1 → →
= = = 14. Let, A = ˆiA x + ˆjA y , B = ˆiBx + ˆjBy
(1 + 1 + 1)
1/ 2
×1 3 3
( ) ( )
→ →

( ˆi ⋅ ˆj = kˆ ⋅ ˆj = 0 and ˆj ⋅ ˆj = 1 ) ∴ A + B = ˆiA x + ˆjA y + ˆiBx + ˆjBy

10. To find the net force, we vectorially add the = ˆi ( A x + A x ) + ˆj( A y + By )

three vectors. The x-component is Given Ax = 4 m, Ay = 6 m
Fnet x = −F1 − F2 sin 60° + F3 cos 30°
Ax + Bx = 12 m , Ay + By = 10 m
= − 3 − 4 sin 60° + 10 cos 30°
∴ Bx = 12 m − Ax = 12 m − 4 m = 8 m
3 3
=−3−4× + 10 × = 2.196 N By = 10 m − Ay = 10 m − 6 m = 4 m.
2 2
and the y-component is 15. The angle subtended is
Fnet y = −F2 cos 60° + F3 sin 30° 3 3
sin θ = =
= − 4 cos 60° + 10 sin 30° = 3 N 6 +3 +4
2 2 2
61
The magnitude of net force is  3 
θ = sin−1  
Fnet = Fnet2 x + Fnet2 y = (2.196) 2 + 32  61 
= 3.72 N →
The work done by the net force is 16. p = ˆip x + ˆjp y
W = Fnet x ∆x = (3.72) (5) ≈ 18.6 J
= ˆi[3cos t] + ˆj [3sin t]
→ →
A.B ABcos θ According to Newton’s second law of motion,
11. → →
= = cot θ →
| A× B | ABsin θ → dp
F =
→ → dt
A.B 1 →
Given, = d ˆ
→ →
3 ∴ F = i 3cos t + ˆj 3sin t 
| A× B | dt  
1 = ˆi (−3sin t) + ˆj(3cos t)
∴ cot θ =
3 →

 1  πc ∴ |F| = (−3sin t)2 + (3cos t)2 = 3

⇒ θ = cot−1   = 60° = 3
 3 → →
→ → → → A.B
12. The three vectors not lying in one plane 17. A ⋅ B = | A | | B | cos θ ⇒ cos θ = → →

cannot form a triangle, hence their resultant | A |.| B|

→ →
cannot be zero. Also, their resultant will The component of A in the direction of B
→ →
→ →
neither be in the plane of P or Q nor in the → → A.B
→ = |A| cos θ = |A| ⋅ → →
plane of R . Hence option (D) is correct. |A||B|
→ → →
3+ 2 5 →
13. Net force on the body F = F1 + F 2 = = along B
( ) ( )
2 2
= 5iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ + 2 ˆi + ˆj − 2kˆ
18. The vector product of two non-zero vectors is
= 7 ˆi + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ zero if they are in the same direction or in the
( )
→ →
s = 6iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ − 2iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ opposite direction. Hence vector B must be
→
= 4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ parallel to vector A , i.e. along ± x-axis.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 02: Scalars and Vectors

1 → →
19. Area of the triangle = | A ×B|
2
ˆi ˆj kˆ
1
= 2 −3 4
2
1 0 −2
1 ˆ ˆ +3) 
= i(6 − 0) − ˆj (−4 − 4) + k(
2  
1
= 6iˆ + 8jˆ + 3kˆ
2
1
= 36 + 64 + 9
2
1
= × 109 = 5.22 units
2
→
20. A = a x ˆi + a yˆj + a z kˆ
→ →
Magnitude of vector A = | A | = a x 2 + a y 2 + a z 2
where, ax, ay and az are the magnitudes of
→
projections of A along three coordinate axes
x, y and z respectively.
| ˆj − kˆ | = 12 + (−1) 2 = 2
→
∴ Component of vector A along the direction of
ˆ = ay − az
(ˆj − k)
2