Web SQL Database

W3C Working Group Note 18 November 2010

This Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/NOTE-webdatabase-20101118/
Latest Published Version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/webdatabase/
Latest Editor's Draft:
http://dev.w3.org/html5/webdatabase/
Previous Versions:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webdatabase-20091222/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webdatabase-20091029/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-webstorage-20090423/
Editors:
Ian Hickson, Google, Inc.
Copyright © 2010 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and
document use rules apply.
Abstract
This specification defines an API for storing data in databases that can be queried
using a variant of SQL.
Status of This Document

Beware. This specification is no longer in

active maintenance and the Web
Applications Working Group does not
intend to maintain it further.
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other
documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the most
recently formally published revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C
technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document is the 18 November 2010 Working Group Note of Web SQL
Database. Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by
the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or
obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document
as other than work in progress. The W3C Web Applications Working Group is the
W3C working group responsible for this document.

This document was on the W3C Recommendation track but specification work has
stopped. The specification reached an impasse: all interested implementors have
used the same SQL backend (Sqlite), but we need multiple independent
implementations to proceed along a standardisation path.

The Web Applications Working Group continues work on two other storage-related
specifications: Web Storage and Indexed Database API.

Implementors should be aware that this specification is not stable. Implementors

who are not taking part in the discussions are likely to find the specification
changing out from under them in incompatible ways. Vendors interested in
implementing this specification should join the aforementioned mailing lists and
take part in the discussions.

If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to
public-webapps@w3.org (subscribe, archives) or whatwg@whatwg.org (subscribe,
archives), or submit them using our public bug database. All feedback is welcome.

The latest stable version of the editor's draft of this specification is always available
on the W3C CVS server. Change tracking for this document is available at the
following location:
 • CVS log: http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/html5/webdatabase/Overview.html

This specification is automatically generated from the corresponding section in the

HTML5 specification's source document, as hosted in the WHATWG Subversion
repository. Detailed change history for all of HTML5, including the parts that form
this specification, can be found at the following locations:

• Twitter messages (non-editorial changes only): http://twitter.com/WHATWG

• Interactive Web interface: http://html5.org/tools/web-apps-tracker
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Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in
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for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which
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Table of Contents
1. 1 Introduction
2. 2 Conformance requirements
1. 2.1 Dependencies
3. 3 Terminology
4. 4 The API
1. 4.1 Databases
2. 4.2 Parsing and processing SQL statements
3. 4.3 Asynchronous database API
1. 4.3.1 Executing SQL statements
2. 4.3.2 Processing model
4. 4.4 Synchronous database API
1. 4.4.1 Executing SQL statements
5. 4.5 Database query results
6. 4.6 Errors and exceptions
5. 5 Web SQL
6. 6 Disk space
7. 7 Privacy
1. 7.1 User tracking
2. 7.2 Sensitivity of data
8. 8 Security
1. 8.1 DNS spoofing attacks
2. 8.2 Cross-directory attacks
3. 8.3 Implementation risks
4. 8.4 SQL and user agents
5. 8.5 SQL injection
9. References
1 Introduction
This section is non-normative.

This specification introduces a set of APIs to manipulate client-side databases

using SQL.

The API is asynchronous, so authors are likely to find anonymous functions

(lambdas) very useful in using this API.

Here is an example of a script using this API. First, a function prepareDatabase() is

defined. This function returns a handle to the database, first creating the database
if necessary. The example then calls the function to do the actual work, in this case
showDocCount().

function prepareDatabase(ready, error) {

return openDatabase('documents', '1.0', 'Offline document storage',
5*1024*1024, function (db) {
db.changeVersion('', '1.0', function (t) {
t.executeSql('CREATE TABLE docids (id, name)');
}, error);
});
}

function showDocCount(db, span) {

db.readTransaction(function (t) {
t.executeSql('SELECT COUNT(*) AS c FROM docids', [], function (t,
r) {
span.textContent = r.rows[0].c;
}, function (t, e) {
// couldn't read database
span.textContent = '(unknown: ' + e.message + ')';
});
});
}

prepareDatabase(function(db) {
// got database
var span = document.getElementById('doc-count');
showDocCount(db, span);
}, function (e) {
// error getting database
alert(e.message);
});

The executeSql() method has an argument intended to allow variables to be

substituted into statements without risking SQL injection vulnerabilities:
db.readTransaction(function (t) {
t.executeSql('SELECT title, author FROM docs WHERE id=?', [id],
function (t, data) {
report(data.rows[0].title, data.rows[0].author);
 });
});

Sometimes, there might be an arbitrary number of variables to substitute in. Even

in these case, the right solution is to construct the query using only "?" characters,
and then to pass the variables in as the second argument:
function findDocs(db, resultCallback) {
var q = "";
for each (var i in labels)
q += (q == "" ? "" : ", ") + "?";
db.readTransaction(function (t) {
t.executeSql('SELECT id FROM docs WHERE label IN (' + q + ')',
labels, function (t, data) {
resultCallback(data);
});
});
}
2 Conformance requirements
All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative, as are
all sections explicitly marked non-normative. Everything else in this specification is
normative.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHOULD", "SHOULD

NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119. For readability, these
words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification. [RFC2119]

Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms (such as "strip any

leading space characters" or "return false and abort these steps") are to be
interpreted with the meaning of the key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in
introducing the algorithm.

Some conformance requirements are phrased as requirements on attributes,

methods or objects. Such requirements are to be interpreted as requirements on
user agents.

Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps may be

implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is equivalent. (In particular,
the algorithms defined in this specification are intended to be easy to follow, and
not intended to be performant.)

The only conformance class defined by this specification is user agents.

User agents may impose implementation-specific limits on otherwise

unconstrained inputs, e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against
running out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations.

When support for a feature is disabled (e.g. as an emergency measure to mitigate

a security problem, or to aid in development, or for performance reasons), user
agents must act as if they had no support for the feature whatsoever, and as if the
feature was not mentioned in this specification. For example, if a particular feature
is accessed via an attribute in a Web IDL interface, the attribute itself would be
omitted from the objects that implement that interface — leaving the attribute on
the object but making it return null or throw an exception is insufficient.

2.1 Dependencies
This specification relies on several other underlying specifications.

HTML
Many fundamental concepts from HTML are used by this specification.
[HTML]
WebIDL
The IDL blocks in this specification use the semantics of the WebIDL
specification. [WEBIDL]
3 Terminology
The construction "a Foo object", where Foo is actually an interface, is sometimes
used instead of the more accurate "an object implementing the interface Foo".

The term DOM is used to refer to the API set made available to scripts in Web
applications, and does not necessarily imply the existence of an actual Document
object or of any other Node objects as defined in the DOM Core specifications.
[DOMCORE]

An IDL attribute is said to be getting when its value is being retrieved (e.g. by
author script), and is said to be setting when a new value is assigned to it.

The term "JavaScript" is used to refer to ECMA262, rather than the official term
ECMAScript, since the term JavaScript is more widely known. [ECMA262]
4 The API

4.1 Databases
Each origin has an associated set of databases. Each database has a name and a
current version. There is no way to enumerate or delete the databases available for
an origin from this API.

Each database has one version at a time; a database can't exist in multiple
versions at once. Versions are intended to allow authors to manage schema
changes incrementally and non-destructively, and without running the risk of
old code (e.g. in another browser window) trying to write to a database with
incorrect assumptions.

[Supplemental, NoInterfaceObject]
interface WindowDatabase {
Database openDatabase(in DOMString name, in DOMString version, in
DOMString displayName, in unsigned long estimatedSize, in optional
DatabaseCallback creationCallback);
};
Window implements WindowDatabase;

[Supplemental, NoInterfaceObject]
interface WorkerUtilsDatabase {
Database openDatabase(in DOMString name, in DOMString version, in
DOMString displayName, in unsigned long estimatedSize, in optional
DatabaseCallback creationCallback);
DatabaseSync openDatabaseSync(in DOMString name, in DOMString
version, in DOMString displayName, in unsigned long estimatedSize, in
optional DatabaseCallback creationCallback);
};
WorkerUtils implements WorkerUtilsDatabase;

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface DatabaseCallback {
void handleEvent(in Database database);
};

The openDatabase() method on the Window and WorkerUtils interfaces and the
openDatabaseSync() method on the WorkerUtils interface take the following
arguments: a database name, a database version, a display name, an estimated
size — in bytes — of the data that will be stored in the database, and optionally a
callback to be invoked if the database has not yet been created. The callback, if
provided, is intended to be used to call changeVersion(); the callback is invoked
with the database having the empty string as its version regardless of the given
database version. If the callback is not provided, the database is created with the
given database version as its version.
When invoked, these methods must run the following steps, with all but the last two
steps being run atomically:

1. The user agent may raise a SECURITY_ERR exception instead of returning a

Database object if the request violates a policy decision (e.g. if the user
agent is configured to not allow the page to open databases).

2. For the method on the Window object: let origin be the origin of the active
document of the browsing context of the Window object on which the method
was invoked.

For the methods on the WorkerUtils object: let origin be the origin of the
scripts in the worker.

3. If origin is not a scheme/host/port tuple, then throw a SECURITY_ERR

exception and abort these steps.

4. If the database version provided is not the empty string, and there is already
a database with the given name from the origin origin, but the database has
a different version than the version provided, then throw an
INVALID_STATE_ERR exception and abort these steps.

5. If no database with the given name from the origin origin exists, then create
the database and let created be true. If a callback was passed to the
method, then set the new database's version to the empty string. Otherwise,
set the new database's version to the given database version.

Otherwise, if a database with the given name already exists, let created be
false.

6. For the openDatabase() methods: let result be a newly constructed Database

object representing the database with the given database name from the
origin origin.

For the openDatabaseSync() method: let result be a newly constructed

DatabaseSync object representing the database with the given database
name from the origin origin.

7. If created is false or if no callback was passed to the method, skip this step.
Otherwise:

For the openDatabase() methods: queue a task to to invoke the callback

with result as its only argument.

For the openDatabaseSync() method: invoke the callback with result as its
only argument. If the callback throws an exception, rethrow that exception
and abort these steps.
 8. Return result.

All strings including the empty string are valid database names. Database names
must be compared in a case-sensitive manner.

Implementations can support this even in environments that only support a

subset of all strings as database names by mapping database names (e.g.
using a hashing algorithm) to the supported set of names.

The version that the database was opened with is the expected version of this
Database or DatabaseSync object. It can be the empty string, in which case there is
no expected version — any version is fine.

User agents are expected to use the display name and the estimated database
size to optimize the user experience. For example, a user agent could use the
estimated size to suggest an initial quota to the user. This allows a site that is
aware that it will try to use hundreds of megabytes to declare this upfront, instead
of the user agent prompting the user for permission to increase the quota every
five megabytes.

4.2 Parsing and processing SQL statements

When the user agent is to preprocess a SQL statement sqlStatement with an array
of arguments arguments, it must run the following steps:

1. Parse sqlStatement as a SQL statement, with the exception that U+003F

QUESTION MARK characters (?) can be used in place of SQL literals in the
statement. [SQL]

2. Bind each ? placeholder with the value of the argument in the arguments
array with the same position. (So the first ? placeholder gets bound to the
first value in the arguments array, and generally the nth ? placeholder gets
bound to the nth value in the arguments array.)

Binding the ? placeholders is done at the literal level, not as string

concatenations, so this provides a way to dynamically insert
parameters into a statement without risk of a SQL injection attack.

The result is the statement.

3. If the Database object that the SQLTransaction or SQLTransactionSync object

was created from has an expected version that is neither the empty string nor
the actual version of the database, then mark the statement as bogus. (Error
code 2.)
 4. Otherwise, if the syntax of sqlStatement is not valid (except for the use of ?
characters in the place of literals), or the statement uses features that are
not supported (e.g. due to security reasons), or the number of items in the
arguments array is not equal to the number of ? placeholders in the
statement, or the statement cannot be parsed for some other reason, then
mark the statement as bogus. (Error code 5.)

User agents must consider statements that use the BEGIN, COMMIT, and
ROLLBACK SQL features as being unsupported (and thus will mark them as
bogus), so as to not let these statements interfere with the explicit
transactions managed by the database API itself.

5. Otherwise, if the mode that was used to create the SQLTransaction or

SQLTransactionSync object is read-only but the statement's main verb can
modify the database, mark the statement as bogus. (Error code 5.)

Only the statement's main verb (e.g. UPDATE, SELECT, DROP) is considered
here. Thus, a statement like "UPDATE test SET id=0 WHERE 0=1" would
be treated as potentially modifying the database for the purposes of
this step, even though it could never in fact have any side-effects.

6. Return the statement.

The user agent must act as if the database was hosted in an otherwise completely
empty environment with no resources. For example, attempts to read from or write
to the file system will fail.

A future version of this specification will probably define the exact SQL
subset required in more detail.

4.3 Asynchronous database API

interface Database {
void transaction(in SQLTransactionCallback callback, in optional
SQLTransactionErrorCallback errorCallback, in optional
SQLVoidCallback successCallback);
void readTransaction(in SQLTransactionCallback callback, in
optional SQLTransactionErrorCallback errorCallback, in optional
SQLVoidCallback successCallback);

readonly attribute DOMString version;

void changeVersion(in DOMString oldVersion, in DOMString
newVersion, in optional SQLTransactionCallback callback, in optional
SQLTransactionErrorCallback errorCallback, in optional
SQLVoidCallback successCallback);
};

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
 interface SQLVoidCallback {
void handleEvent();
};

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface SQLTransactionCallback {
void handleEvent(in SQLTransaction transaction);
};

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface SQLTransactionErrorCallback {
void handleEvent(in SQLError error);
};

The transaction() and readTransaction() methods takes one to three

arguments. When called, these methods must immediately return and then
asynchronously run the transaction steps with the transaction callback being the first
argument, the error callback being the second argument, if any, the success
callback being the third argument, if any, and with no preflight operation or
postflight operation.

For the transaction() method, the mode must be read/write. For the
readTransaction() method, the mode must be read-only.

On getting, the version attribute must return the current version of the database
(as opposed to the expected version of the Database object).

The changeVersion() method allows scripts to atomically verify the version number
and change it at the same time as doing a schema update. When the method is
invoked, it must immediately return, and then asynchronously run the transaction
steps with the transaction callback being the third argument, the error callback
being the fourth argument, the success callback being the fifth argument, the
preflight operation being the following:

1. Check that the value of the first argument to the changeVersion() method
exactly matches the database's actual version. If it does not, then the
preflight operation fails.

...the postflight operation being the following:

1. Change the database's actual version to the value of the second argument
to the changeVersion() method.
2. Change the Database object's expected version to the value of the second
argument to the changeVersion() method.

...and the mode being read/write.

If any of the optional arguments are omitted, then they must be treated as if they
were null.
4.3.1 Executing SQL statements

The transaction(), readTransaction(), and changeVersion() methods invoke

callbacks with SQLTransaction objects.

typedef sequence<any> ObjectArray;

interface SQLTransaction {
void executeSql(in DOMString sqlStatement, in optional ObjectArray
arguments, in optional SQLStatementCallback callback, in optional
SQLStatementErrorCallback errorCallback);
};

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface SQLStatementCallback {
void handleEvent(in SQLTransaction transaction, in SQLResultSet
resultSet);
};

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface SQLStatementErrorCallback {
boolean handleEvent(in SQLTransaction transaction, in SQLError
error);
};

When the executeSql(sqlStatement, arguments, callback, errorCallback)

method is invoked, the user agent must run the following algorithm. (This algorithm
is relatively simple in that it doesn't actually execute any SQL — the bulk of the
work is actually done as part of the transaction steps.)

1. If the method was not invoked during the execution of a

SQLTransactionCallback, SQLStatementCallback, or
SQLStatementErrorCallback then raise an INVALID_STATE_ERR exception.
(Calls from inside a SQLTransactionErrorCallback thus raise an exception.
The SQLTransactionErrorCallback handler is only called once a transaction
has failed, and no SQL statements can be added to a failed transaction.)

2. Preprocess the SQL statement given as the first argument to the method
(sqlStatement), using the second argument to the method as the arguments
array, to obtain the statement.

If the second argument is omitted or null, then treat the arguments array as
empty.

3. Queue up the statement in the transaction, along with the third argument (if
any) as the statement's result set callback and the fourth argument (if any)
as the error callback.
4.3.2 Processing model

The transaction steps are as follows. These steps must be run asynchronously.
These steps are invoked with a transaction callback, optionally an error callback,
optionally a success callback, optionally a preflight operation, optionally a postflight
operation, and with a mode that is either read/write or read-only.

1. Open a new SQL transaction to the database, and create a SQLTransaction

object that represents that transaction. If the mode is read/write, the
transaction must have an exclusive write lock over the entire database. If
the mode is read-only, the transaction must have a shared read lock over
the entire database. The user agent should wait for an appropriate lock to
be available.

2. If an error occurred in the opening of the transaction (e.g. if the user agent
failed to obtain an appropriate lock after an appropriate delay), jump to the
last step.

3. If a preflight operation was defined for this instance of the transaction steps,
run that. If it fails, then jump to the last step. (This is basically a hook for the
changeVersion() method.)

4. If the transaction callback is not null, queue a task to invoke the transaction
callback with the aforementioned SQLTransaction object as its only
argument, and wait for that task to be run.

5. If the callback raised an exception, jump to the last step.

6. While there are any statements queued up in the transaction, perform the
following steps for each queued up statement in the transaction, oldest first.
Each statement has a statement, optionally a result set callback, and
optionally an error callback.

1. If the statement is marked as bogus, jump to the "in case of error"

steps below.

2. Execute the statement in the context of the transaction. [SQL]

3. If the statement failed, jump to the "in case of error" steps below.

4. Create a SQLResultSet object that represents the result of the

statement.

5. If the statement has a result set callback that is not null, queue a task
to invoke it with the SQLTransaction object as its first argument and
the new SQLResultSet object as its second argument, and wait for
that task to be run.
 6. If the callback was invoked and raised an exception, jump to the last
step in the overall steps.

7. Move on to the next statement, if any, or onto the next overall step
otherwise.

In case of error (or more specifically, if the above substeps say to jump to
the "in case of error" steps), run the following substeps:

8. If the statement had an associated error callback that is not null, then
queue a task to invoke that error callback with the SQLTransaction
object and a newly constructed SQLError object that represents the
error that caused these substeps to be run as the two arguments,
respectively, and wait for the task to be run.

9. If the error callback returns false, then move on to the next statement,
if any, or onto the next overall step otherwise.

10. Otherwise, the error callback did not return false, or there was no
error callback. Jump to the last step in the overall steps.

7. If a postflight operation was defined for this instance of the transaction

steps, then: as one atomic operation, commit the transaction and, if that
succeeds, run the postflight operation. If the commit fails, then instead jump
to the last step. (This is basically a hook for the changeVersion() method.)

Otherwise: commit the transaction. If an error occurred in the committing of

the transaction, jump to the last step.

8. Queue a task to invoke the success callback, if it is not null.

9. End these steps. The next step is only used when something goes wrong.

10. Queue a task to invoke the transaction's error callback, if it is not null, with a
newly constructed SQLError object that represents the last error to have
occurred in this transaction. Rollback the transaction. Any still-pending
statements in the transaction are discarded.

The task source for these tasks is the database access task source.

4.4 Synchronous database API

interface DatabaseSync {
void transaction(in SQLTransactionSyncCallback callback);
void readTransaction(in SQLTransactionSyncCallback callback);

readonly attribute DOMString version;

 void changeVersion(in DOMString oldVersion, in DOMString
newVersion, in optional SQLTransactionSyncCallback callback);
};

[Callback=FunctionOnly, NoInterfaceObject]
interface SQLTransactionSyncCallback {
void handleEvent(in SQLTransactionSync transaction);
};

The transaction() and readTransaction() methods must run the following steps:

1. If the method was the transaction() method, create a SQLTransactionSync

object for a read/write transaction. Otherwise, create a SQLTransactionSync
object for a read-only transaction. In either case, if this throws an exception,
then rethrow it and abort these steps. Otherwise, let transaction be the
newly created SQLTransactionSync object.

2. If the first argument is null, rollback the transaction, throw a SQLException

exception, and abort these steps. (Error code 0.)

3. Invoke the callback given by the first argument, passing it the transaction
object as its only argument.

4. Mark the SQLTransactionSync object as stale.

5. If the callback was terminated by an exception, then rollback the transaction,

rethrow that exception, and abort these steps.

6. Commit the transaction.

7. If an error occurred in the committing of the transaction, rollback the

transaction, throw a SQLException exception, and abort these steps.

On getting, the version attribute must return the current version of the database
(as opposed to the expected version of the DatabaseSync object).

The changeVersion() method allows scripts to atomically verify the version number
and change it at the same time as doing a schema update. When the method is
invoked, it must run the following steps:

1. Create a SQLTransactionSync object for a read/write transaction. If this throws

an exception, then rethrow it and abort these steps. Otherwise, let
transaction be the newly created SQLTransactionSync object.

2. Check that the value of the first argument to the changeVersion() method
exactly matches the database's actual version. If it does not, then throw a
SQLException exception and abort these steps. (Error code 2.)
 3. If the third argument is not null, invoke the callback given by the third
argument, passing it the transaction object as its only argument.

4. Mark the SQLTransactionSync object as stale.

5. If the callback was terminated by an exception, then rollback the transaction,

rethrow the exception, and abort these steps.

6. Commit the transaction.

7. If an error occurred in the committing of the transaction, rollback the

transaction, throw a SQLException exception, and abort these steps.

8. Change the database's actual version to the value of the second argument
to the changeVersion() method.
9. Change the Database object's expected version to the value of the second
argument to the changeVersion() method.

When the user agent is to create a SQLTransactionSync object for a transaction that
is either read/write or read-only, it must run the following steps:

1. Open a new SQL transaction to the database, and create a

SQLTransactionSync object that represents that transaction. If the mode is
read/write, the transaction must have an exclusive write lock over the entire
database. If the mode is read-only, the transaction must have a shared read
lock over the entire database. The user agent should wait for an appropriate
lock to be available.

2. If an error occurred in the opening of the transaction (e.g. if the user agent
failed to obtain an appropriate lock after an appropriate delay), throw a
SQLException exception and abort these steps.

3. Return the newly created SQLTransactionSync object.

4.4.1 Executing SQL statements

The transaction(), readTransaction(), and changeVersion() methods invoke

callbacks that are passed SQLTransactionSync objects.

// typedef sequence<any> ObjectArray;

interface SQLTransactionSync {
SQLResultSet executeSql(in DOMString sqlStatement, in optional
ObjectArray arguments);
};
A SQLTransactionSync object is initially fresh, but it will be marked as stale once it
has been committed or rolled back.

When the executeSql(sqlStatement, arguments) method is invoked, the user

agent must run the following algorithm:

1. If the SQLTransactionSync object is stale, then throw an INVALID_STATE_ERR

exception.

2. Preprocess the SQL statement given as the first argument to the method
(sqlStatement), using the second argument to the method as the arguments
array, to obtain the statement.

If the second argument is omitted or null, then treat the arguments array as
empty.

3. If the statement is marked as bogus, throw a SQLException exception.

4. Execute the statement in the context of the transaction. [SQL]

5. If the statement failed, throw a SQLException exception.

6. Create a SQLResultSet object that represents the result of the statement.

7. Return the newly created SQLResultSet object.

4.5 Database query results

The executeSql() method invokes its callback with a SQLResultSet object as an
argument.

interface SQLResultSet {
readonly attribute long insertId;
readonly attribute long rowsAffected;
readonly attribute SQLResultSetRowList rows;
};

The insertId attribute must return the row ID of the row that the SQLResultSet
object's SQL statement inserted into the database, if the statement inserted a row.
If the statement inserted multiple rows, the ID of the last row must be the one
returned. If the statement did not insert a row, then the attribute must instead raise
an INVALID_ACCESS_ERR exception.

The rowsAffected attribute must return the number of rows that were changed by
the SQL statement. If the statement did not affected any rows, then the attribute
must return zero. For "SELECT" statements, this returns zero (querying the
database doesn't affect any rows).

The rows attribute must return a SQLResultSetRowList representing the rows

returned, in the order returned by the database. The same object must be returned
each time. If no rows were returned, then the object will be empty (its length will be
zero).

interface SQLResultSetRowList {
readonly attribute unsigned long length;
getter any item(in unsigned long index);
};

For the asynchronous API, implementors are encouraged to prefetch all the
data for SQLResultSetRowList objects when the object is constructed (before
the result set callback is invoked), rather than on-demand, for better
responsiveness. For the synchronous API, an on-demand lazy evaluation
implementation strategy is encouraged instead, for better performance.

SQLResultSetRowList objects have a length attribute that must return the number
of rows it represents (the number of rows returned by the database). This is the
length.

Fetching the length might be expensive, and authors are thus encouraged to
avoid using it (or enumerating over the object, which implicitly uses it) where
possible.

The object's supported property indices are the numbers in the range zero to
length-1, unless the length is zero, in which case there are no supported property
indices.

The item(index) attribute must return the row with the given index index. If there is
no such row, then the method must return null.

Each row must be represented by a native ordered dictionary data type. In the
JavaScript binding, this must be Object. Each row object must have one property
(or dictionary entry) per column, with those properties enumerating in the order that
these columns were returned by the database. Each property must have the name
of the column and the value of the cell, as they were returned by the database.

4.6 Errors and exceptions

Errors in the asynchronous database API are reported using callbacks that have a
SQLError object as one of their arguments.

interface SQLError {
 const unsigned short UNKNOWN_ERR = 0;
const unsigned short DATABASE_ERR = 1;
const unsigned short VERSION_ERR = 2;
const unsigned short TOO_LARGE_ERR = 3;
const unsigned short QUOTA_ERR = 4;
const unsigned short SYNTAX_ERR = 5;
const unsigned short CONSTRAINT_ERR = 6;
const unsigned short TIMEOUT_ERR = 7;
readonly attribute unsigned short code;
readonly attribute DOMString message;
};

The code IDL attribute must return the most appropriate code from the table below.

The message IDL attribute must return an error message describing the error
encountered. The message should be localized to the user's language.

Errors in the synchronous database API are reported using SQLException

exceptions:

exception SQLException {
const unsigned short UNKNOWN_ERR = 0;
const unsigned short DATABASE_ERR = 1;
const unsigned short VERSION_ERR = 2;
const unsigned short TOO_LARGE_ERR = 3;
const unsigned short QUOTA_ERR = 4;
const unsigned short SYNTAX_ERR = 5;
const unsigned short CONSTRAINT_ERR = 6;
const unsigned short TIMEOUT_ERR = 7;
unsigned short code;
DOMString message;
};

The code IDL attribute must return the most appropriate code from the table below.

The message IDL attribute must return an error message describing the error
encountered. The message should be localized to the user's language.

The error codes are as follows:

 Constant Code Situation
UNKNOWN_ERR 0 The transaction failed for reasons unrelated to the
database itself and not covered by any other error code.
DATABASE_ERR 1 The statement failed for database reasons not covered by
any other error code.
VERSION_ERR 2 The operation failed because the actual database version
was not what it should be. For example, a statement
found that the actual database version no longer matched
the expected version of the Database or DatabaseSync
object, or the Database.changeVersion() or
DatabaseSync.changeVersion() methods were passed a
version that doesn't match the actual database version.
TOO_LARGE_ERR 3 The statement failed because the data returned from the
database was too large. The SQL "LIMIT" modifier might
be useful to reduce the size of the result set.
QUOTA_ERR 4 The statement failed because there was not enough
remaining storage space, or the storage quota was
reached and the user declined to give more space to the
database.
SYNTAX_ERR 5 The statement failed because of a syntax error, or the
number of arguments did not match the number of ?
placeholders in the statement, or the statement tried to
use a statement that is not allowed, such as BEGIN,
COMMIT, or ROLLBACK, or the statement tried to use a verb
that could modify the database but the transaction was
read-only.
CONSTRAINT_ERR 6 An INSERT, UPDATE, or REPLACE statement failed due to a
constraint failure. For example, because a row was being
inserted and the value given for the primary key column
duplicated the value of an existing row.
TIMEOUT_ERR 7 A lock for the transaction could not be obtained in a
reasonable time.
5 Web SQL
User agents must implement the SQL dialect supported by Sqlite 3.6.19.

When converting bound arguments to SQL data types, the JavaScript ToPrimitive
abstract operation must be applied to obtain the raw value to be processed.
[ECMA262].
6 Disk space
User agents should limit the total amount of space allowed for databases.

User agents should guard against sites storing data under the origins other
affiliated sites, e.g. storing up to the limit in a1.example.com, a2.example.com,
a3.example.com, etc, circumventing the main example.com storage limit.

User agents may prompt the user when quotas are reached, allowing the user to
grant a site more space. This enables sites to store many user-created documents
on the user's computer, for instance.

User agents should allow users to see how much space each domain is using.

A mostly arbitrary limit of five megabytes per origin is recommended.

Implementation feedback is welcome and will be used to update this suggestion in
the future.
7 Privacy

7.1 User tracking

A third-party advertiser (or any entity capable of getting content distributed to
multiple sites) could use a unique identifier stored in its client-side databases to
track a user across multiple sessions, building a profile of the user's interests to
allow for highly targeted advertising. In conjunction with a site that is aware of the
user's real identity (for example an e-commerce site that requires authenticated
credentials), this could allow oppressive groups to target individuals with greater
accuracy than in a world with purely anonymous Web usage.

There are a number of techniques that can be used to mitigate the risk of user
tracking:

Blocking third-party storage

User agents may restrict access to the database objects to scripts
originating at the domain of the top-level document of the browsing context,
for instance denying access to the API for pages from other domains
running in iframes.

Expiring stored data

User agents may, if so configured by the user, automatically delete stored
data after a period of time.

This can restrict the ability of a site to track a user, as the site would then
only be able to track the user across multiple sessions when he
authenticates with the site itself (e.g. by making a purchase or logging in to
a service).

However, this also reduces the usefulness of the API as a long-term storage
mechanism. It can also put the user's data at risk, if the user does not fully
understand the implications of data expiration.

Treating persistent storage as cookies

If users attempt to protect their privacy by clearing cookies without also
clearing data stored in the relevant databases, sites can defeat those
attempts by using the two features as redundant backup for each other.
User agents should present the interfaces for clearing these in a way that
helps users to understand this possibility and enables them to delete data in
all persistent storage features simultaneously. [COOKIES]

Site-specific white-listing of access to databases

User agents may require the user to authorize access to databases before a
site can use the feature.
Origin-tracking of stored data
User agents may record the origins of sites that contained content from
third-party origins that caused data to be stored.

If this information is then used to present the view of data currently in

persistent storage, it would allow the user to make informed decisions about
which parts of the persistent storage to prune. Combined with a blacklist
("delete this data and prevent this domain from ever storing data again"), the
user can restrict the use of persistent storage to sites that he trusts.

Shared blacklists
User agents may allow users to share their persistent storage domain
blacklists.

This would allow communities to act together to protect their privacy.

While these suggestions prevent trivial use of this API for user tracking, they do not
block it altogether. Within a single domain, a site can continue to track the user
during a session, and can then pass all this information to the third party along with
any identifying information (names, credit card numbers, addresses) obtained by
the site. If a third party cooperates with multiple sites to obtain such information, a
profile can still be created.

However, user tracking is to some extent possible even with no cooperation from
the user agent whatsoever, for instance by using session identifiers in URLs, a
technique already commonly used for innocuous purposes but easily repurposed
for user tracking (even retroactively). This information can then be shared with
other sites, using using visitors' IP addresses and other user-specific data (e.g.
user-agent headers and configuration settings) to combine separate sessions into
coherent user profiles.

7.2 Sensitivity of data

User agents should treat persistently stored data as potentially sensitive; it's quite
possible for e-mails, calendar appointments, health records, or other confidential
documents to be stored in this mechanism.

To this end, user agents should ensure that when deleting data, it is promptly
deleted from the underlying storage.
8 Security

8.1 DNS spoofing attacks

Because of the potential for DNS spoofing attacks, one cannot guarantee that a
host claiming to be in a certain domain really is from that domain. To mitigate this,
pages can use TLS. Pages using TLS can be sure that only pages using TLS that
have certificates identifying them as being from the same domain can access their
databases.

8.2 Cross-directory attacks

Different authors sharing one host name, for example users hosting content on
geocities.com, all share one set of databases. There is no feature to restrict the
access by pathname. Authors on shared hosts are therefore recommended to
avoid using these features, as it would be trivial for other authors to read the data
and overwrite it.

Even if a path-restriction feature was made available, the usual DOM

scripting security model would make it trivial to bypass this protection and
access the data from any path.

8.3 Implementation risks

The two primary risks when implementing these persistent storage features are
letting hostile sites read information from other domains, and letting hostile sites
write information that is then read from other domains.

Letting third-party sites read data that is not supposed to be read from their domain
causes information leakage, For example, a user's shopping wishlist on one domain
could be used by another domain for targeted advertising; or a user's work-in-
progress confidential documents stored by a word-processing site could be
examined by the site of a competing company.

Letting third-party sites write data to the persistent storage of other domains can
result in information spoofing, which is equally dangerous. For example, a hostile
site could add items to a user's wishlist; or a hostile site could set a user's session
identifier to a known ID that the hostile site can then use to track the user's actions
on the victim site.

Thus, strictly following the origin model described in this specification is important
for user security.
8.4 SQL and user agents
User agent implementors are strongly encouraged to audit all their supported SQL
statements for security implications. For example, LOAD DATA INFILE is likely to
pose security risks and there is little reason to support it.

In general, it is recommended that user agents not support features that control
how databases are stored on disk. For example, there is little reason to allow Web
authors to control the character encoding used in the disk representation of the
data, as all data in JavaScript is implicitly UTF-16.

8.5 SQL injection

Authors are strongly recommended to make use of the ? placeholder feature of the
executeSql() method, and to never construct SQL statements on the fly.
References
All references are normative unless marked "Non-normative".

[COOKIES]
HTTP State Management Mechanism, A. Barth. IETF.
[DOMCORE]
Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Core Specification, A. Le Hors, P. Le
Hegaret, L. Wood, G. Nicol, J. Robie, M. Champion, S. Byrnes. W3C.
[ECMA262]
ECMAScript Language Specification. ECMA.
[HTML]
HTML, I. Hickson. WHATWG.
[RFC2119]
Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, S. Bradner. IETF.
[SQL]
The precise dialect has not yet been specified.
[WEBIDL]
Web IDL, C. McCormack. W3C.